Antibacterial material properties -
Overall antimicrobial activity is another important property to consider when using LDMs for pre-infection treatments. Materials, such as BP NSs 45 and g-C 3 N 4 QDs , can be used as fast-acting treatments, while other materials including 0D MOs 41 , and MXene NSs have shown antimicrobial activity over several days.
This duration is important as it influences the frequency of treatments, and how often the wound is exposed to unsterile conditions, increasing the risk of re-infection. Once an infection has formed, it can become much harder to treat and prevent more entrenched infection , The use of stimuli-activated LDMs, such as photothermal 75 or photoactivation 35 could be utilised within clinical settings.
Importantly, LDMs have the ability to treat established infections with large quantities of microbial cells , One method of achieving this higher microbial inactivation can be the use of external stimuli, such as light activation , Following the initial treatment to reduce the infection, previously discussed pre-infection treatments can be used in tandem to help prevent another infection.
Computational modelling techniques have demonstrated great potential to aid in the understanding of existing antimicrobial mechanisms and guide development of new LDMs.
Classical molecular dynamics MD simulations have been used to show in atomistic detail how GO, N-g-C 3 N 4 and MoS 2 nanosheets can destructively extract lipids from bacterial membranes 62 , 63 , 99 Fig. In addition, coarse-grained MD simulations allow for a direct and fast in silico screening of LDMs candidate materials MD simulations have also shown why some LDMs are effective in vitro but not in vivo.
For example, Duan et al. demonstrated that the efficacy of GO as an antimicrobial agent was significantly reduced by the presence of a protein corona formed by serum proteins that reduced the available surface area and sterically hindered membrane penetration and disruption On the other hand, MD simulations have also shown how the effects of a protein corona can be overcome, or even utilised advantageously, for cell penetration of functionalized nanoparticles While MD simulations are useful for studying interactions that can occur between LDMs and microbial membranes or biofilms , , quantum chemical QC methods can calculate bandgaps of candidate LDMs , , or examine the reaction mechanisms involved in ROS generation.
Taking BP as an example, while the full ROS production reaction mechanism has yet to be elucidated, studies have shown that initial reactions leading to ROS production and BP degradation are most likely to occur at edges and defects in BP 17 , Fig.
For the rapid and efficient exploration of a large number of candidate LDM properties, machine learning ML is often the best approach. ML algorithms can predict properties ranging from bandgaps of MXenes and hybrid 2D materials , to biocompatibility of ZnO nanoparticles a Lipid extraction by graphene oxide nanosheets from the outer membrane surface b Top view and side view of the reaction of O 2 red with monovalent defect BP purple from QC calculations.
These materials include hBN NSs , WS 2 QDs 84 , BP QDs 21 and graphene NSs Some morphologies of these materials have demonstrated higher antimicrobial efficiency.
This reduced antimicrobial activity is likely due to hBN not generating ROS, which means it is more reliant on a physical rather than a chemical mechanism which limits the overall antimicrobial potential , A careful review of the literature reveals the several QDs have lower antimicrobial activity compared to their 1D or 2D counterparts.
The medium of the LDMs can also influence the antimicrobial efficiency. MOs have an increased antimicrobial potential on a surface 12 , , where most 0D materials are more effective as a suspension 72 , For LDMs that rely on chemical interaction, suspension-based approaches have a higher antimicrobial efficiency 72 , In contrast, physical-based antimicrobial mechanisms are efficient as both surface- and suspension-based treatments, depending on the desired application 23 , For water purification, membranes equipped with LDMs are more effective than LDMs freely suspended in solution, and do not have to be removed from the purified water 27 , For wound treatments, however, depositing LDMs onto traditional wound dressing surfaces, such as bandages or adhesive resins, have shown to promote improved wound healing compared to untreated dressings 75 , Although LDMs have promising antimicrobial properties, there are still limitations in fabrication processes and scalability that prevents practical implementation, for instance;.
Synthesis methods for LDMs often use toxic solvents 87 , , require prolonged synthesis at high temperatures 18 , and result in low yields 25 , Many 1D nanostructures, aside from MOs and GO, have only recently been synthesised and currently lack exploration into possible antimicrobial activity 18 , Some LDMs are less stable in desired environments such as in air or in solutions with a neutral pH 25 , One of the significant concerns using LDMs within a medical and commercial setting are related to their fabrication.
Although LDMs should be available for feasible consumer products, consistent, cost-efficient methods need to be developed to allow for batch production. Major challenges to resolve for LDMs to attain market growth include 1 scalability, especially roll-to-roll manufacturing, 2 repeatable and reliable fabrication methods, 3 low contact resistance and 4 LDM-based precise characterisation techniques.
One key point to a favourable outcome is the capability to prepare 2D materials at the wafer level. In this way, it will be possible to create large amounts of 2D devices for fabrication and decrease product cost The current use of either high temperatures or toxic solvents 18 , has led to an increased interest in developing green synthesis routes using natural materials for LDMs fabrication 40 , 82 , increasing the potential for wider biomedical applications.
Several current fabrication processes can take several days 15 , 47 , and long-term storage can be limited 24 , One method of overcoming the rapid degradation of LDMs is to suspend the LDMs in liquid stabilisers or through storage in controlled environments 35 , For example, some materials require a specific pH for storage of more than a few weeks, which is not ideal for biomedical applications 35 , Although these stabilising measures are effective within a controlled laboratory setting, implementation on a larger scale for practical use is limited.
For clinical applications, stabilisation could be achieved by embedding LDMs in medically relevant materials currently being used as wound treatments, such as hydrogels The scalability and long-term impacts of LDMs on biological systems still require more research.
There have been some cytotoxicity studies for a range of LDMs but these are predominantly carried out using in vitro cell cultures or mouse models 81 , However, the method of excretion of LDMs from vital organs and the potential risks posed by LDMs aggregating within the body still needs to be examined futher , Within the published literature, most LDMs have only been tested against a few key bacterial strains.
The most common models are S. aureus for Gram-positive and E. coli for Gram-negative bacteria, which are human pathogens capable of significant morbidity and have several documented drug-resistant strains 48 , Often in biological studies, fungal cells are overlooked, even though they pose a similar health threat 5.
This is important as fungal cells are larger than bacteria cells and possess different membrane structures and hence can be impacted differently by the antimicrobial mechanisms generated by LDMs For example, if biofilm prevention is tested, typically only single strain models are used with limited testing on biofilms containing multiple bacterial strains, which are common on implant-associated infections LDMs 1 , 35 , 45 , utilise a combination of chemical and physical modes of action to kill pathogenic microbes with extremely high efficacy in a range of conditions.
Combining this with the emerging capability to control the properties of LDMs offers an unprecedented opportunity for the research community to explore a plethora of potential antimicrobial applications. Furthermore, the synthesis of composites LDMs which can have synergistic effects provides the basis to create new paradigms in a field of antimicrobials, which has stagnated to a dangerous point 24 , Importantly, there is a lot more work that needs to be done.
Many facets of the antimicrobial mechanisms of LDMs remain unclear, and the library of prospective materials should be expanded. Further, the clinical and commercial applications of these materials remain under researched.
Such areas of research need to be further investigated for LDMs to be considered a serious alternative to current antimicrobial treatment strategies. It is hoped that this review will provide a foundation for informed decisions and design parameters of next-generation antimicrobial LDMs with antipathogenic activity and reveal an antipathogenic technology capable of combatting AMR pathogens.
Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. No time to wait: securing the future from drug-resistant infections. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Report to the secretary-general of the United Nations. Google Scholar.
Boyce, K. Insights into the global emergence of antifungal drug resistance. Aust 40 , 87 Article Google Scholar. Cave, R. Whole genome sequencing revealed new molecular characteristics in multidrug resistant staphylococci recovered from high frequency touched surfaces in London.
Article ADS PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar. World Health Organization. Prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of new antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infections, including tuberculosis World Health Organization, Humphreys, G.
in Bulletin of the World Health Organization Vol. Tan, L. et al. In situ disinfection through photoinspired radical oxygen species storage and thermal-triggered release from black phosphorous with strengthened chemical stability.
Small 14 , Article CAS Google Scholar. Richter, A. An environmentally benign antimicrobial nanoparticle based on a silver-infused lignin core. Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Jenkins, J. Antibacterial effects of nanopillar surfaces are mediated by cell impedance, penetration and induction of oxidative stress.
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Christofferson, A. Conformationally tuned antibacterial oligomers target the peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria. Interface Sci. Article ADS CAS Google Scholar.
Rai, M. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Durán, N. Silver nanoparticles: a new view on mechanistic aspects on antimicrobial activity. Nanomedicine 12 , — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar.
Kim, E. Thorn-like TiO 2 nanoarrays with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity through physical puncture and photocatalytic action. Singh, R.
Solid State Sci 89 , 1—14 Yu, X. Fluorine-free preparation of titanium carbide MXene quantum dots with high near-infrared photothermal performances for cancer therapy. Nanoscale 9 , — Hebeish, A.
TiO 2 nanowire and TiO 2 nanowire doped Ag-PVP nanocomposite for antimicrobial and self-cleaning cotton textile. Zhang, Y. Nanotoxicity of boron nitride nanosheet to bacterial membranes. Langmuir 35 , — Ahmed, T. Multifunctional optoelectronics via harnessing defects in layered black phosphorus.
Jiang, X. Stable one-dimensional single crystalline black phosphorus nanowires for gas sensing. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. Ahir, M. Tailored-CuO-nanowire decorated with folic acid mediated coupling of the mitochondrial-ROS generation and miRPTEN axis in furnishing potent anti-cancer activity in human triple negative breast carcinoma cells.
Biomaterials 76 , — Lu, T. Hexagonal boron nitride nanoplates as emerging biological nanovectors and their potential applications in biomedicine. B 4 , — Zhang, L. Interfaces 11 , — Elbourne, A. Significant enhancement of antimicrobial activity in oxygen-deficient zinc oxide nanowires.
Bio Mater. Alimohammadi, F. Antimicrobial properties of 2D MnO 2 and MoS 2 nanomaterials vertically aligned on graphene materials and Ti 3 C 2 MXene. Langmuir 34 , — Arabi Shamsabadi, A. Antimicrobial mode-of-action of colloidal Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets.
ACS Sustain. Sun, Z. New solvent-stabilized few-layer black phosphorus for antibacterial applications. Nanoscale 10 , — Tripathy, A. flexible antibacterial surface reduces the viability of drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens.
Azzam, A. Antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nano-hexagonal sheets for wastewater remediation. Energy 38 , S—S Zou, X.
Mechanisms of the antimicrobial activities of graphene materials. He, X. Haloperoxidase mimicry by CeO 2—x nanorods of different aspect ratios for antibacterial performance. Hwang, G. Photobactericidal activity activated by thiolated gold nanoclusters at low flux levels of white light.
Mir, I. Bandgap tunable AgInS based quantum dots for high contrast cell imaging with enhanced photodynamic and antifungal applications. Liu, J. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of photoluminescent carbon nanodots with selective antibacterial activity against.
Porphyromonas gingivalis. Jung, J. Defect engineering route to boron nitride quantum dots and edge-hydroxylated functionalization for bio-imaging. RSC Adv. Tang, X. A nanohybrid composed of MoS 2 quantum dots and MnO 2 nanosheets with dual-emission and peroxidase mimicking properties for use in ratiometric fluorometric detection and cellular imaging of glutathione.
Acta , Aunins, T. Isolating the Escherichia coli transcriptomic response to superoxide generation from cadmium chalcogenide quantum dots.
ACS Biomater. Xu, Y. Titania nanowires functionalized polyester fabrics with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial performances. Zhu, Y. De Cesare, F.
A study on the dependence of bacteria adhesion on the polymer nanofibre diameter. Nano 6 , — Multifunctional CuO nanowire mesh for highly efficient solar evaporation and water purification. Ezhilarasi, A. Green mediated NiO nano-rods using Phoenix dactylifera dates extract for biomedical and environmental applications.
Li, X. Surface treatments on titanium implants via nanostructured ceria for antibacterial and anti-inflammatory capabilities. Acta Biomater 94 , — Pardo, M. Low cytotoxicity of inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like nanostructures in human bronchial epithelial cells: relation to inflammatory gene induction and antioxidant response.
Wang, K. Fabrication and thermal stability of two-dimensional carbide Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets. Khan, H. Liquid metal-based synthesis of high performance monolayer SnS piezoelectric nanogenerators. Li, Z. Synergistic antibacterial activity of black phosphorus nanosheets modified with titanium aminobenzenesulfanato complexes.
Zhu, C. Pandit, S. High antibacterial activity of functionalized chemically exfoliated MoS 2. Interfaces 8 , — Cheng, P. ChemSusChem 12 , — Kaur, J. Biological interactions of biocompatible and water-dispersed MoS 2 nanosheets with bacteria and human cells.
Rasool, K. Antibacterial activity of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene. ACS Nano 10 , — Dallavalle, M. Graphene can wreak havoc with cell membranes. Interfaces 7 , — Mejías Carpio, I. Toxicity of a polymer—graphene oxide composite against bacterial planktonic cells, biofilms, and mammalian cells.
Nanoscale 4 , — Article ADS PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Mangadlao, J. On the antibacterial mechanism of graphene oxide GO Langmuir—Blodgett films. Li, J. Antibacterial activity of large-area monolayer graphene film manipulated by charge transfer. Article PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar.
Tsao, N. In vitro action of carboxyfullerene. Chen, H. Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of carbon nanotubes to human gut bacteria. Small 9 , — Akasaka, T. Capture of bacteria by flexible carbon nanotubes. Acta Biomater 5 , — Liu, S. ACS Nano 3 , — Wang, J.
Cellular entry of graphene nanosheets: the role of thickness, oxidation and surface adsorption. RSC Adv 3 , — Yi, X. Cell interaction with graphene microsheets: near-orthogonal cutting versus parallel attachment.
Nanoscale 7 , — Titov, A. ACS Nano 4 , — Tu, Y. Destructive extraction of phospholipids from Escherichia coli membranes by graphene nanosheets. Wu, R. Membrane destruction and phospholipid extraction by using two-dimensional MoS 2 nanosheets.
Jiang, W. Effects of charge and surface defects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the disruption of model cell membranes.
Total Environ. Fang, F. Antimicrobial actions of reactive oxygen species. mBio 2 , e— Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. Zheng, K. Antimicrobial gold nanoclusters.
ACS Nano 11 , — Yang, X. Antibacterial activity of two-dimensional MoS 2 sheets. Nanoscale 6 , — Ristic, B. Photodynamic antibacterial effect of graphene quantum dots. Biomaterials 35 , — Gui, R. Black phosphorus quantum dots: synthesis, properties, functionalized modification and applications.
Ouyang, J. A Black phosphorus based synergistic antibacterial platform against drug resistant bacteria. B 6 , — Kang, S. Antibacterial effects of carbon nanotubes: size does matter! Langmuir 24 , — Courtney, C. Photoexcited quantum dots for killing multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Wang, D. Iron oxide nanowire-based filter for inactivation of airborne bacteria. Tian, X. Photogenerated charge carriers in molybdenum disulfide quantum dots with enhanced antibacterial activity. Qiao, Y. Laser-activatable CuS nanodots to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria and release copper ion to accelerate healing of infected chronic nonhealing wounds.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Hu, L. Venkateswarlu, S. Actuators B , — Superoxide anion: critical source of high performance antibacterial activity in Co-Doped ZnO QDs.
ZnO quantum dots modified bioactive glass nanoparticles with pH-sensitive release of Zn ions, fluorescence, antibacterial and osteogenic properties.
Huang, L. Generation of vanadium oxide quantum dots with distinct fluorescence and antibacterial activity via a room-temperature agitation strategy. ChemNanoMat 4 , — Ma, W. Bienzymatic synergism of vanadium oxide nanodots to efficiently eradicate drug-resistant bacteria during wound healing in vivo.
Peng, D. Facile and green approach to the synthesis of boron nitride quantum dots for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol sensing. Interfaces 10 , — Xue, Q. Photoluminescent Ti 3 C 2 MXene quantum dots for multicolor cellular imaging.
Mohid, S. Application of tungsten disulfide quantum dot-conjugated antimicrobial peptides in bio-imaging and antimicrobial therapy.
B , — Hameed, A. In vitro antibacterial activity of ZnO and Nd doped ZnO nanoparticles against ESBL producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Karim, M. Visible-light-triggered reactive-oxygen-species-mediated antibacterial activity of peroxidase-mimic CuO nanorods.
Podder, S. Effect of morphology and concentration on crossover between antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity of MgO nanostructures. Yousefi, A. Maghemite nanorods and nanospheres: synthesis and comparative physical and biological properties. BioNanoScience 8 , 95— Bai, X. Photocatalytic activity enhanced via g-C 3 N 4 nanoplates to nanorods.
C , — Maria Nithya, J. Aqueous dispersion of polymer coated boron nitride nanotubes and their antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies. RSC Adv 4 , — Zhang, X. General construction of molybdenum-based nanowire arrays for pH-universal hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis. Ajori, S. The mechanical properties and structural instability of single- and double-walled boron-nitride nanotubes functionalized with 2-methoxy-N,N-dimethylethanamine MDE using molecular dynamics simulations.
D 73 , Watts, M. Production of phosphorene nanoribbons. Nature , — Iqbal, T. Facile synthesis of ZnO nanosheets: structural, antibacterial and photocatalytic studies.
Liang, Y. Injectable antimicrobial conductive hydrogels for wound disinfection and infectious wound healing. Biomacromolecules 21 , — Prasad, K. Synergic bactericidal effects of reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Barbolina, I.
Purity of graphene oxide determines its antibacterial activity. Thurston, J. Urea-derived graphitic carbon nitride u-g-C 3 N 4 films with highly enhanced antimicrobial and sporicidal activity. Cui, H. Stimulating antibacterial activities of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets with plasma treatment.
Nanoscale 11 , — Fakhri, A. CAS Google Scholar. Rajivgandhi, G. Antibiofilm activity of zinc oxide nanosheets ZnO NSs using Nocardiopsis sp.
GRG1 KT against MDR strains of gram negative Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli. Process Biochem. Ruangtong, J. Green synthesized ZnO nanosheets from banana peel extract possess anti-bacterial activity and anti-cancer activity. Today Commun. Appel, J. Low cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of two-dimensional MoS 2 and WS 2.
Gu, Z. Exploring biological effects of MoS 2 nanosheets on native structures of α-helical peptides. Navale, G. Oxidative and membrane stress-mediated antibacterial activity of WS 2 and RGO-WS 2 nanosheets.
Liu, X. Membrane destruction-mediated antibacterial activity of tungsten disulfide WS 2. RSC Adv 7 , — Kim, T. Antibacterial activities of graphene oxide—molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite films.
Interfaces 9 , — Kiani, F. Effect of graphene oxide nanosheets on visible light-assisted antibacterial activity of vertically-aligned copper oxide nanowire arrays. Okyay, T. Antibacterial properties and mechanisms of toxicity of sonochemically grown ZnO nanorods.
Lu, X. Enhanced antibacterial activity through the controlled alignment of graphene oxide nanosheets. Natl Acad. USA , E Zhao, C.
Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots as an antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus for the treatment of infected wounds. B , 17—27 Sun, H.
Graphene quantum dots-band-aids used for wound disinfection. ACS Nano 8 , — Garcia, I. Influence of zinc oxide quantum dots in the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of an experimental adhesive resin. Owusu, E. Synergistic interactions of cadmium-free quantum dots embedded in a photosensitised polymer surface: efficient killing of multidrug-resistant strains at low ambient light levels.
Nanoscale 12 , — Midya, L. Li, R. Graphitic carbon nitride g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets functionalized composite membrane with self-cleaning and antibacterial performance.
Zhao, H. Efficient antibacterial membrane based on two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets. Harame, D. Process integration and analog applications.
IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. Khan, K. Recent developments in emerging two-dimensional materials and their applications. C 8 , — Iannaccone, G. Quantum engineering of transistors based on 2D materials heterostructures.
Kargupta, R. Coatings and surface modifications imparting antimicrobial activity to orthopedic implants. WIREs Nanomed.
Yadav, P. Metal-free visible light photocatalytic carbon nitride quantum dots as efficient antibacterial agents: an insight study. Carbon , — Heo, N. Shape-controlled assemblies of graphitic carbon nitride polymer for efficient sterilization therapies of water microbial contamination via 2D g-C 3 N 4 under visible light illumination.
C , Ultrasmall WS 2 quantum dots with visible fluorescence for protection of cells and animal models from radiation-induced damages.
Mu, X. Black phosphorus quantum dot induced oxidative stress and toxicity in living cells and mice. Zhang, K. Two dimensional hexagonal boron nitride 2D-hBN : synthesis, properties and applications. C 5 , — Ikram, M.
Evaluation of antibacterial and catalytic potential of copper-doped chemically exfoliated boron nitride nanosheets. Xu, X. Interfaces 8 , 91— Kuriakose, S. Black phosphorus: ambient degradation and strategies for protection. Shaw, Z. Broad-spectrum solvent-free layered black phosphorus as a rapid action antimicrobial.
Interfaces 13 , — Solution-processable two-dimensional In 2 Se 3 nanosheets as efficient photothermal agents for elimination of bacteria. Chemistry 24 , — Singh, A. Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide quantum dots using Eclipta alba.
Vimbela, G. Antibacterial properties and toxicity from metallic nanomaterials. Nanomed 12 , — Wang, W. Development of novel implants with self-antibacterial performance through in-situ growth of 1D ZnO nanowire. Ionic liquid—stabilized titania quantum dots applied in adhesive resin.
Dent Res. Lim, G. Synthesis, characterization and antifungal property of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets. Boateng, J. Advanced therapeutic dressings for effective wound healing—a review.
Sci , — Cheeseman, S. Antimicrobial metal nanomaterials: from passive to stimuli-activated applications. Biswas, A. Surface disordered rutile TiO 2 —graphene quantum dot hybrids: a new multifunctional material with superior photocatalytic and biofilm eradication properties.
Chem 41 , — Wang, R. Mechanism insight into rapid photocatalytic disinfection of Salmonella based on vanadate QDs-interspersed g-C 3 N 4 heterostructures.
Sibilo, R. Direct and fast assessment of antimicrobial surface activity using molecular dynamics simulation and time-lapse imaging. Duan, G. Protein corona mitigates the cytotoxicity of graphene oxide by reducing its physical interaction with cell membrane. Zhang, W.
Cobalt-directed assembly of antibodies onto metal—phenolic networks for enhanced particle targeting. Nano Lett. Truong, V. Three-dimensional organization of self-encapsulating Gluconobacter oxydans bacterial cells. ACS Omega 2 , — Ley, K.
Surface-water interface induces conformational changes critical for protein adsorption: implications for monolayer formation of EAS hydrophobin. Prediction of MXene based 2D tunable band gap semiconductors: GW quasiparticle calculations.
McDougall, N. Influence of point defects on the near edge structure of hexagonal boron nitride. B 96 , Article ADS Google Scholar.
Kistanov, A. The role of H 2 O and O 2 molecules and phosphorus vacancies in the structure instability of phosphorene. Rajan, A. Machine-learning-assisted accurate band gap predictions of functionalized MXene. Tawfik, S. Efficient prediction of structural and electronic properties of hybrid 2D materials using complementary DFT and machine learning approaches.
Theory Simul. Le, T. An experimental and computational approach to the development of ZnO nanoparticles that are safe by design. Small 12 , — Onyszko, M.
Article CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar. Mao, H. Graphene: promises, facts, opportunities, and challenges in nanomedicine. Shao, J. Black-phosphorus-incorporated hydrogel as a sprayable and biodegradable photothermal platform for postsurgical treatment of cancer.
Zhan, Y. A facile and one-pot synthesis of fluorescent graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots for bio-imaging applications. Wang, X. Quantum dots derived from two-dimensional materials and their applications for catalysis and energy.
Fluorination-enhanced ambient stability and electronic tolerance of black phosphorus quantum dots. Shin, Y. Application of black phosphorus nanodots to live cell imaging.
Lin, L. Fabrication and luminescence of monolayered boron nitride quantum dots. Small 10 , 60—65 Liu, M. Chan, M. Near-infrared light-mediated photodynamic therapy nanoplatform by the electrostatic assembly of upconversion nanoparticles with graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots.
Dong, G. A fantastic graphitic carbon nitride g-C 3 N 4 material: electronic structure, photocatalytic and photoelectronic properties. C 20 , 33—50 Wang, T.
Recent progress in g-C 3 N 4 quantum dots: synthesis, properties and applications in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. A 8 , — One-pot exfoliation of graphitic C 3 N 4 quantum dots for blue QLEDs by methylamine intercalation.
Small 15 , Wang, Z. Understanding the aqueous stability and filtration capability of MoS 2 membranes. Martincová, J. Is single layer MoS 2 stable in the air? Chemistry 23 , — Tan, C.
Preparation of high-percentage 1T-phase transition metal dichalcogenide nanodots for electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Habib, T. Oxidation stability of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets in solvents and composite films.
npj 2D Mater. Chen, X. Ratiometric photoluminescence sensing based on Ti 3 C 2 MXene quantum dots as an intracellular pH sensor.
Patra, M. Synthesis of stable dispersion of ZnO quantum dots in aqueous medium showing visible emission from bluish green to yellow. Diamanti, M. Das, R.
Carbon nanotube membranes for water purification: A bright future in water desalination. Desalination , 97— Chen, C. Band gap modification of single-walled carbon nanotube and boron nitride nanotube under a transverse electric field. Nanotechnology 15 , — Bhati, A. Sunlight-induced photochemical degradation of methylene blue by water-soluble carbon nanorods.
Photoenergy , Hu, T. Geometry, electronic structures and optical properties of phosphorus nanotubes. Nanotechnology 26 , The use of extracts in consumable products, for instance cleaners and wipes, is well established. Certain surface topographies have been borrowed from nature as nonchemical antimicrobials.
One example is a surface comprised of millions of microscopic diamond-shaped patterns arranged into a distinct texture based on natural sharkskin. Instead of killing microbes, this surface creates an inhospitable environment that inhibits microbe growth. Another antimicrobial formula taken from nature bonds to a clean surface; when viruses and bacteria land on the protected surface, their cellular structure is ruptured not poisoned and becomes defunct.
It is impermeable, resistant to stains, and accepts even the most aggressive chemical detergents. For these reasons it is often used in spaces that require high levels of hygiene.
Ceramic material is naturally non-toxic, and the heating process involved in creating these surfaces over 1, degrees Celsius eliminates virtually all harmful biological residue. When the glaze is imbued with antibacterial additives, it can provide continuous protection against microbial reproduction and growth throughout the lifetime of the ceramic surface.
For products such as antimicrobial ceramic tiles, the use of titanium dioxide fortified with silver fights off all kinds of bacteria, including those that are antibiotic-resistant. This coating also gives ceramics self-cleaning properties, destroys odours, and kills bacteria.
Linoleum is made from all-natural biodegradable materials and typically lasts between 20 and 40 years. It is stain resistant, fire retardant, antimicrobial, and hypoallergenic. Research has found that the flooring, invented more than years ago, has natural bacteria-killing properties.
The effect is thought to be due to the antibacterial properties in the linseed oil used to make the lino. These wall plasters passively regulate the humidity of an indoor environment, helping to maintain an optimum humidity level between 30 and 70 percent the Goldilocks zone , and they minimize mold and fungal growth.
They also absorb odors, making them a great choice for the restaurant industry. More expensive than most plaster and gaining in popularity for residential and hospitality use, they have yet to make an impression on commercial and workplace environments.
Antimicrobial paint is a surface covering, such as a decorative paint, that uses an active ingredient that is effective against microbial growth and the nesting of microorganisms harmful to our health.
Antibacterial or antimicrobial wallpaper has been designed for tough environments that receive a lot of footfall in commercial establishments such as healthcare facilities.
While antibacterial wallpaper prevents the development of bacteria, antimicrobial wallpaper stops bacteria, mold and mildew that breed in moisture and spread. Antimicrobial fabrics are found to be effective at killing bacteria and neutralizing viruses.
These ionized fabrics are produced by mixing silver into natural or synthetic fabric. The challenge that manufacturers now face as they further develop these technologies is in discovering ways to inhibit bacterial growth naturally or without additional additives.
With many options already available and an increasing interest in antimicrobial materials, more intriguing applications are sure to soon appear on the market. Disclaimer: IA does not and cannot approve, or endorse the material s or product s described herein, or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in such material s or product s.
Nothing contained in our documents shall be deemed or construed as an approval, endorsement, or recommendation by IA in any way.
Veronica comes to IA with a wealth of experience in the hospitality sector garnered over 20 years working across Europe and North America. She studied at the Milan Polytechnic Faculty of Architecture, graduating in in Interior Design at the Istituto Europeo di Design IED. Interested in sustainable solutions, her experience has given her the opportunity to work with brands such as Curio by Hilton, JW Marriott, Le Meridien, and more.
Watts New: Things Have Changed. Watts New: Things Have ChangedBy Gary Bouthillette, AIA, NCARB, LC Senior Director of Lighting The drive for sustainability is impacting every aspect of the built environment creating exciting challenges and innovations.
Not least among those aspects is lighting design which must creatively meet stringent building codes that limit the use of watts W , the unit that …continued. The Elf Had It Right: the Impact of Visual Merchandising. The Elf Had It Right: The Impact of Visual MerchandisingBy Ron Singler Principal, Design Director · Retail During the recent holidays, while watching the movie Elf starring Will Ferrell, I was thrilled once again by the scene where Buddy the Elf spends the night in a large New York department store.
While there he redecorates …continued.
DKA and diabetic retinopathy work aims Replenish cruelty-free products evaluate the antimicrobial Antibacterial material properties materiql ethanolic and water extracts of Antjbacterial Hibiscus Antubacterialrosemary Rosmarinus officinalisclove Antibacterial material properties aromaticumand thyme Thymus vulgaris on Replenish cruelty-free products food pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. Agar well diffusion method has been used to determine the prooerties activities and minimum inhibitory concentrations MIC of different plant extracts against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus propertes, Staphylococcus aureusGram-negative matreial Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Vibrio parahaemolyticusand Pseudomonas aeruginosaand one fungus Candida albicans. The extracts exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activities against tested microorganisms. Only the ethanolic extracts of clove and thyme showed antifungal effects against CA with inhibition zones ranging from Bacillus cereus BC appears to be the most sensitive strain to the aqueous extract of clove with a MIC of 0. To enhance our understanding of antimicrobial activity mechanism of plant extracts, the changes in internal pH pH intand membrane potential were measured in Staphylococcus aureus SA and Escherichia coli EC cells after exposure to the plant extracts. The results indicated that the plant extracts significantly affected the cell membrane of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as demonstrated by the decline in pH int as well as cell membrane hyperpolarization. Thank you for visiting nature. You are mwterial a browser Replenish cruelty-free products propertiees limited support for Poperties. To obtain prperties best experience, we recommend you Antiibacterial a more up to date browser or turn off Antjbacterial mode in Internet Explorer. Herbal weight loss capsules the meantime, to ensure Angibacterial Antibacterial material properties, we Fat loss success stories displaying the materia without styles and JavaScript. Novel block antibacterial polyurethane BAPU and terminated antibacterial polyurethane TAPU with N -methyl- N -dodecyl- N,N -bis 2-hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide C12QAS were prepared through pre-polymerization, chain-extending and termination reactions. The physical performances of the antibacterial polyurethane APU s, including the film-building effect, differential scanning calorimetry, viscometry, mechanical properties and water absorption rate, were primarily investigated. Their antibacterial properties, tested by the inhibition zone method and the oscillation method, indicate that the APUs display marked mechanical properties, water absorption and improved antibacterial properties against Escherichia coliStaphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtiliswith the most potency against E.
ist mit der vorhergehenden Mitteilung gar nicht einverstanden