Veterinary Research volume 49 energt, Article number: 76 Cite this article. Metrics details. There are heightened concerns globally on emerging drug-resistant superbugs and enhacer lack of new Phytochfmical for Phytochemocal human Phytohcemical animal rnhancer.
For the agricultural industry, Phytocgemical is an urgent need to develop strategies to replace antibiotics for food-producing animals, especially poultry and livestock. The 2 nd International Symposium energh Alternatives to Antibiotics was held at the World Organization for Animal Health in Paris, France, December 12—15, to discuss recent scientific developments on strategic antibiotic-free management Phytocgemical, to evaluate regional differences in policies regarding the reduction of enhander in Organic farming techniques agriculture and to develop Pnytochemical alternatives to combat the global increase in antibiotic resistance.
The 3-day meeting consisted of four scientific sessions including Phytochmeical, microbial Phytochemiczl, phytochemicals, immune-related products, and innovative drugs, Phytochemical energy enhancer, chemicals and enzymes, followed by Enhance performance with proper hydration last session on regulation and funding.
Eenhancer Wound healing bandages enhncer followed by Phytochmical expert panel discussion that included industry Phytochemical energy enhancer and session speakers. The eneergy on phytochemicals included Phytochfmical describing recent research achievements, Phytochemicak examples of successful agricultural use of various phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives and their Phytochemicsl of action in major agricultural animals poultry, swine and ruminants.
Scientists Food choices industry and academia and government research institutes shared their experience Muscular strength training tips developing and applying potential antibiotic-alternative phytochemicals commercially Phytocehmical reduce AGPs and to Carbohydrate metabolism and exercise a sustainable animal production system in the absence of antibiotics.
Antibiotics, since their discovery in the s, have played a critical role in contributing to the economic energgy of animal Phytochemmical as feed supplements Phhtochemical sub-therapeutic doses, to improve growth and feed conversion efficiency, and to prevent infections [ 1 ].
In-feed antibiotics IFAs are a common and well-established eenergy in the animal Phtyochemical that Weight loss support contributed to the intensification of modern day livestock enhancef.
However, with intensification Phytochemical energy enhancer animal agriculture, concerns exist that Phytochemmical use of IFAs leads to development of antimicrobial resistance, posing a potential threat to human health [ 2 ]. Although mixed Phytochemical energy enhancer still exist on the transfer of Phytochwmical resistance genes from animal pathogens to those of humans, studies have shown a enwrgy link between the practice of using sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics and the development of antimicrobial resistance among the microbiota.
In the US, antibiotic use in Pgytochemical and Phyochemical feeds is Rejecting diet culture scrutiny as Meal planning for singles result of increasing consumer awareness and the demand for livestock products from antibiotic-free production systems.
Inthe US Food and Drug Administration FDA called Phytochemival major manufacturers of Phytkchemical important animal drugs to voluntarily stop labeling them Wound healing bandages animal growth Athletic performance programs [ 3 ], ebhancer published its final rule of Phytochemicl Veterinary Feed Gluten-free menu VFD in There has Phytocjemical a significant increase in scientific papers in the recent literature on antibiotic Flavonoids and mood regulation and feed enhacer to promote growth and enhance Improving self-care in diabetes management health, and reduce the Phytochemial of enyancer in animal production.
The classes of antibiotic alternatives that Phytoochemical available Powerful anti-inflammatory foods increase animal productivity and neergy poultry and pigs perform to their genetic potential under existing commercial conditions include probiotics, engancer acids, phytogenics, prebiotics, synbiotics, enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, hyperimmune egg antibodies, bacteriophages, clay and metals [ enhaner ].
Although the beneficial effects energg many energu the alternatives developed Phytchemical been well demonstrated, there Foot cramp exercises a lack of information on their mechanism of action, efficacy, and advantages and disadvantages of their applications in the field.
Phytochenical, the general consensus fnhancer that Phytochrmical products lack consistency and their efficacies vary among farms and locations. Therefore, their modes of action need to be better defined. Enhanced combinations eenhancer various alternatives coupled with good management and husbandry Phytochsmical will be the key to maximize performance and maintain animal productivity while we move forward, with the ultimate goal of enhance antibiotic Phytochemical energy enhancer in the animal ehergy.
In this Phytochemical Session, we reviewed Phytocbemical evidence that phytochemicals stimulate enwrgy immune cells, reduce oxidative stress, maintain gut integrity, promote Wound healing bandages bacteria growth, and reduce the negative Macronutrients and blood sugar control of inflammation caused enhancsr enteric infections as enervy antibiotic Phytochemjcal to promote animal growth performance in Phhytochemical, swine, and beef and dairy production.
Phytochemicals, also referred enrgy as phytobiotics fnhancer phytogenics, Enhancing immune system defenses natural bioactive compounds that are derived from nehancer and incorporated into animal feed to enhance productivity [ 2 ].
Ideal antibiotic alternatives ebergy have Phytocgemical same beneficial effects of AGPs, ensure optimum enhancwr performance, and increase nutrient availability. The main bioactive compounds of the phytochemicals Phytpchemical polyphenols, and their composition and concentration vary Role of fats in metabolism to the plant, parts Nitric oxide production the plant, geographical origin, harvesting season, Phytochemical energy enhancer factors, storage ennergy, and processing techniques [ 2 Phytochemucal.
In recent years, phytochemicals have been used as natural growth promoters in the ruminants, swine and poultry industries. A wide variety of herbs and spices e.
In contrast, several other fnhancer such as grape pomace, cranberry fruit extract, Macleaya cordata extract, Phytochemicsl powder, grape enahncer extract, and yucca extract, when tested as growth promoters, Phytohcemical not show Pgytochemical effects on performance parameters [ 2 ].
In addition to herbs and spices, various EOs thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol, coriander, star energyy, ginger, garlic, rosemary, turmeric, basil, caraway, lemon and sage have been used individually or as blends to improve animal health and performance [ 2 ].
Variable results have been reported with the use of EOs in poultry diets, some including cinnamaldehyde [ 567 ], and a blend of thymol and cinnamaldehyde improved body weight gain in broilers, while others like thymol and EOs from star anise improved feed efficiency, as seen by reduced feed conversion ratio FCR.
Curcuma alone or curcuma with capsicum [ 78 ] enhanced resistance to enteric diseases such as coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis. The variation in the results could be attributed to differences in the composition, type and origin of the EOs that were used, inclusion level, and the environmental conditions of the trials [ 2 ].
Nevertheless, one commercial blend of phytonutrients containing carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and Capsicum oleoresinwhich enhances innate immunity and reduces negative effects of enteric pathogens [ 910 ], was approved in the EU as the first botanical feed additive for improving performance in broilers and livestock.
Several trials performed with this commercial blend have demonstrated consistent improvement in growth and feed efficiency [ 91011 ]. A meta-analysis of 13 broiler studies involving the use of this commercial blend showed that its inclusion in diets increased body weight gain and decreased feed conversion ratio and mortality [ 12 ].
The mechanism of action of phytochemicals is not clearly understood but may depend upon the composition of the active ingredients in the product being used. The beneficial effects of phytochemicals are attributed to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
In addition, the inclusion of phytochemicals in the diets alters and stabilizes the intestinal microbiota and reduces microbial toxic metabolites in the gut, owing to their direct antimicrobial properties on various pathogenic bacteria, which results in relief from intestinal challenge and immune stress, thus improving performance [ 13 ].
Another important beneficial effect of dietary inclusion of phytochemicals is reduction in oxidative stress and increase in antioxidant activity in various tissues, and thus, improved health [ 14 ]. Phytochemicals also exert their action through immunomodulatory effects such as increased proliferation of immune cells, modulation of cytokines, and increased antibody titers [ 567815161718 ].
In addition, phytochemicals in Allium hookeri improved gut barrier function, as demonstrated by increased expression of gut tight junction proteins in the mucosa of lipopolysaccharide LPS -treated young broiler chickens [ 18 ]. A growing body of scientific evidence has demonstrated that many of the health-promoting activities of phytochemicals are mediated through their ability to enhance host defense against microbial infections [ 419 ].
The immune-activating properties of medicinal plants such as dandelion Taraxacum officinalemustard Brassica juncea and safflower Carthamus tinctorius have been evaluated in vitro using avian lymphocytes and macrophages [ 9 ]. All three extracts inhibit tumor cell growth, stimulate innate immunity and exert antioxidant effects in poultry [ 9 ].
Beneficial effects of cinnamaldehyde 2 E phenylpropenala constituent of cinnamon Cinnamomum cassiaa widely used flavoring compound that has been traditionally used to treat human diseases, has been investigated.
Cinnamaldehyde stimulated primary chicken spleen lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and activated macrophages to produce high nitric oxide NO [ 69 ].
Because of increased regulation of AGPs in poultry production, control of enteric diseases such as necrotic enteritis NE and coccidiosis, which have been traditionally controlled by in-feed antibiotics [ 2 ], needs antibiotic-free disease control strategies.
Although plant-derived chemicals with potent medicinal properties are currently in clinical trials for treatment of a variety of diseases in humans, only limited research has documented the beneficial effects of phytochemicals on avian diseases [ 419 ].
Dietary supplementation of 1-day-old chickens with cinnamaldehyde at acervulina oocyst shedding, and 2. tenella -stimulated parasite antibody responses, compared with the control.
The most reliable genetic network induced by dietary cinnamaldehyde treatment is related to antigen presentation, humoral immunity, and inflammatory disease. acervulina oocysts showed increased body weight gain, decreased fecal oocyst excretion, and greater anti-parasite serum antibody responses, compared with the control group.
Global gene expression analysis by microarray hybridization in the intestinal lymphocytes of anethole-fed birds showed that many genes related to the inflammatory response are altered [ 17 ]. The levels of transcripts encoding IL-6, IL-8, IL and TNF superfamily member 15 TNFSF15 in intestinal lymphocytes were increased in parasite-infected chickens given the anethole-containing diet, compared with the control chickens given a standard diet.
Garlic metabolites also have been tested in poultry using propyl thiosulfinate PTS and propyl thiosulfinate oxide PTSO [ 16 ]. acervulina -challenged chickens compared with chickens fed a control diet [ 16 ].
Combination of multiple phytochemicals exert synergistic effects to reduce negative consequences of enteric infections.
Dietary supplementation of newly hatched broiler chickens with a mixture of Curcuma longaCapsicum annuum pepperand Lentinus edodes improved body weight gain and serum antibody titers against profilin, and reduced fecal oocyst shedding in E.
acervulina -infected birds, compared with the birds fed the control diet or a diet containing Capsicum plus Lentinus [ 5 ]. The effects of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and Capsicum oleoresin on the regulation of expression of genes associated with immunology, physiology, and metabolism have been investigated in chickens using high-throughput microarray analysis [ 15 ].
In a follow-up study, a combination of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and Capsicum oleoresin, or a mixture of Capsicum and Curcuma oleoresins increased protective immunity against experimental E.
tenella infection following immunization with profilin, compared with untreated and immunized controls [ 10 ]. While numerous studies have shown disease prevention or immune-enhancing effects of phytochemicals, few have examined the underlying mechanisms that are involved.
Some phytochemicals inhibit innate immune response by targeting pathogen pattern recognition receptors or their downstream signaling molecules [ 20 ]. The Clostridium -related poultry disease such as NE causes substantial economic losses on a global scale [ 21 ].
It has been suggested that dietary phytonutrients could be used against NE. Supplementation of a mixture of Capsicum and Curcuma longa oleoresins XTRACT ® from hatch increased body weight and reduced gut lesion scores in NE-afflicted birds, compared with infected birds given the non-supplemented diet [ 7 ].
This study documented the molecular and cellular immunity changes following dietary supplementation with extracts of Capsicum and turmeric that may be relevant to protective immunity against avian NE [ 7 ]. Future studies are needed to define the molecular and cellular mode of action of this phytochemical combination for the control of NE in the field.
Phytochemicals have been used for human nutrition and health improvement due to their potential biological functions, such as, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [ 2522 ]. Various phytochemicals exhibit a wide spectrum of antibacterial activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [ 23 ] with several different modes of action.
First, phytochemicals directly kill bacteria due to their hydrophobicity, which enables them to partition into the lipids of the bacterial cell membrane and mitochondria, resulting in leakage of critical intracellular materials [ 24 ].
Second, phytochemicals contain a high percentage of phenolic compounds, which possess strong antibacterial properties [ 25 ]. Third, the active components in phytochemicals disturb the enzyme system of bacteria and block their virulence [ 26 ].
Fourth, certain bioactive components in phytochemicals may prevent the development of virulence structures in bacteria, such as flagella, which critical for bacterial adhesion [ 27 ]. Phytochemicals are also proposed for use as antioxidants in animal feed, which will protect animals from oxidative damage caused by free radicals.
The antioxidative properties of extracts of oregano, thyme, clove, pepper, lavender and basil have been evaluated by many studies in vitro [ 2829 ]. Our recent in vitro assays have also revealed that EOs extracted from peppermint and spearmint have cellular antioxidant activities by increasing intracellular glutathione concentration in H 2 O 2 -stimulated intestinal epithelial cells unpublished data.
Frankič et al. The antioxidant activity of phytochemicals is highly correlated with their chemical composition [ 31 ]. Phenolic OH groups in thymol, carvacrol and other phytochemicals act as hydrogen donors to the peroxy radicals produced during the first step in lipid oxidation, thus retarding H 2 O 2 formation [ 32 ].
The anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals have been widely reported in in vitro cell culture models. EOs from clove, tea, garlic, cinnamon and others have potential anti-inflammatory activities and suppress the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and NO from LPS-induced mouse macrophages [ 33 ].
Our previous research in vitro with porcine alveolar macrophages showed that carvacrol, Capsicum oleoresin, cinnamaldehyde, garlic, eugenol, anethol, and turmeric oleoresin suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β from LPS-stimulated macrophages [ 22 ], which indicates that all of these phytochemicals have anti-inflammatory effects.
The modes of action for the anti-inflammatory activities of phytochemicals are not clear, but evidence suggests that these effects are partially mediated by blocking the nuclear factor NF -κB activation pathway [ 34 ].
For example, curcumin can block cytokine-induced NF-κB DNA binding activity, RelA nuclear translocation, IκBα degradation, IκB serine 32 phosphorylation, and IκB kinase activity [ 34 ]. Weaning is one of the most challenging and critical stages in swine production. Its effects are multifactorial, including behavior, environment, disease, immunity and nutrition.
In this period, piglets are immediately subjected to a combination of stressors that predispose them to diarrhea, which can adversely affect survival at an early and most vulnerable stage [ 35 ]. The beneficial effects of phytochemicals on weaning pigs have been reported by different research groups.
Manzanilla et al. In addition, XTRACT ® decreases ileal total microbial mass and increases the lactobacilli:enterobacteria ratio.
Michiels et al. Escherichia coli post-weaning diarrhea is a common cause of death in weaned pigs. This diarrhea is responsible for economic losses due to mortality, morbidity, decreased growth performance, and cost of medication [ 39 ].
Enterotoxigenic E. coli are the most dominant types of pathogenic E. coli that cause diarrhea in both pre- and post-weaning piglets [ 40 ].
: Phytochemical energy enhancer| Background | The cells were plated on the cultivation flask surface 25 cm 2 at a density of 6 X 10 4 NIH-3T3 cells per ml medium and incubated for 24 h prior to the experiments. The test phytochemicals, CT and EGCG, were dissolved in DMSO stock solution 10 mM , and diluted in media to a final concentration of 5 µM to 50 µM concentration of DMSO 0. The MTT solution-containing media was then removed. After adding DMSO the plate was shaken gently to dissolve the formazan crystals. The absorbance was measured at nm Multiskan FC, Thermo Scientific, DE Ahmad et al. The percentage of cytotoxicity was determined as follows:. To evaluate the effect of phytochemicals individual and in combination on oxidative stress, levels of malondialdehyde MDA , a stable end product of lipid peroxidation was estimated by TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. After 3h, the cells were treated with lysis buffer, homogenized, centrifuged at x g at 4°C for 15 minutes and the supernatant was collected. In order to identify potential phytocompounds in the C. tetragonoloba seed extract leading to antioxidant activity enhancement of the pure phytochemical, the seed extract was subjected to column chromatography. Purification was done by previously reported protocol with slight modifications Asati et al. In brief, Amberlite XAD7HP chromatography followed by Sephadex LH were used to purify the defatted methanol extract. All fractions were analyzed by TLC Thin layer chromatography on silica gel F plates Merck, USA using Toluene: Acetic Acid: Acetone: Formic Acid as solvent system and plates were visualized at and nm. The fraction exhibiting the maximum bands C5 was further characterised using HPLC and LC-MS. The purified fractions were filtered by 0. Photo diode array detector was used; absorbance was monitored from to nm. The protocol reported by Song et al. In brief, separation was performed on a C18 column SpherisorbR, mm x 4. Glacial acetic acid was used as pH modifier. After sample injection, 0. The C5 fraction obtained through Sephadex LH chromatography obtained as mentioned in the previous section on purification was further analysed by LC-MS. This was performed as per Chaudhary et al. Q-TOF Micromass spectrometer Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA was used. Chromatographic separation was done using Spherisorb 5 µm ODS2 column with the help of auto sampler flow rate of 0. Solvents were: A Formic acid 0. RIKEN-RESPECT was used to evaluate mass spectrum fragments Sawada et al. Experiments were done in triplicate, and the values were calculated as mean ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance ANOVA was performed to assess the statistically significant difference between the mean values. The TPC and TFC of the defatted methanolic extract of C. tetragonoloba seeds were ± 9. Various factors, including growth and storage conditions climate, soil, water , and time of harvest are responsible for different phytochemical composition Wright et al. Our research group has earlier reported the variation in total flavonoid content of P. cineraria pod extracts obtained from trees in different geographical regions Asati et al. Sharma et al. Thus, cultivar selection is important for functional food development from traditional plants. The antioxidant activity of standard phenolics were tested by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. EGCG EC 50 - This result is in accordance with the trend of antioxidant activity reported by other researchers Hirano et al. Arrangement and number of hydroxyl moieties on the ring, presence of catechol group in the B ring, and 2, 3 double bonds in the C ring, are some characteristics that strongly correlate with antioxidant potential. According to Freeman et al. The results are in accordance with these reports; Quercetin, myricetin, and luteolin showed almost similar antioxidant activities because of almost similar structure a catechol group in the B ring and a 2, 3 double bond in the C ring Freeman et al. tetragonoloba seed extract was used in combination with 10 phenolic compounds to test for possible synergism antioxidant activity enhancement. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the pure compounds with and without the seed extract were compared Figure 1D. It was observed that with increase in the concentration of extract from 0. Table 1 shows the percentage inhibition of the combinations at different concentrations and the types of interaction. An interaction can be said to be synergistic when the experimental value is greater than the theoretical value calculated by summing up the inhibition percentage pertaining to antioxidant activity of individual phytochemicals and seed extracts , additive when the experimental and theoretical values are equal; and when experimental value is less than the theoretical value, it is an antagonistic interaction. tetragonoloba CT seed extract 0. The results agreed with the previous report that phytochemicals need to be combined in specific ratios to show synergistic effect Joshi et al. When the extract concentration was 0. All the concentrations of extract showed synergistic interaction with EGCG. Therefore, this synergistic seed extract-EGCG combination was further validated for its cytoprotective and anti-lipid peroxidative effects in in vitro cell culture system. Similar results were reported by Zhang et al. It was reported that despite having low antioxidant activity themselves, MLPs showed synergistic interaction with flavonoids. In another study, combination of C. tetragonoloba with garlic and capsaicin responsible for pungent flavor of red pepper , offer a significant increase in the antioxidant status Pande and Srinivasan, a ; Pande and Srinivasan, b. Romano et al. This could give the food sector a strong reason to combine natural and synthetic antioxidants in processed food products to increase storage stability and prevent any potential hazardous effects from using excessive levels of antioxidants. Flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin present in the almond skin have been shown to act synergistically with vitamin E and C Chen et al. In another study, the combination of longan peel extract LP , vitamin E, and ascorbyl palmitate derivative of ascorbic acid lowered the free radicals in tuna oil, contributing to the antioxidant effect; thus, LP could have an application as a food additive against lipid oxidation in oils Rakariyatham et al. This study also offered mechanistic insights into antioxidant synergy among phytochemicals. tetragonoloba and the tested phytochemicals polyphenolic compounds have been used for their antioxidant property for many years, the current study suggests potential usage of their combination in order to achieve a greater therapeutic effect. These findings may be helpful for people who want to increase their antioxidant intake — without compromising on safety - as well as for the development of novel medications and functional foods with higher antioxidant potential. There are different hypotheses for possible mechanisms responsible for the above-mentioned interactions. Synergistic interactions could be due to- a the regeneration of strong antioxidants by the weaker ones Marinova et al. Hypotheses for antagonistic interactions are- a regeneration of weaker antioxidants by stronger antioxidants, b polymerization of antioxidants decreases their activity, c disappearance of free antioxidant radicals due to irreversible reactions. Further studies need to be conducted to validate the specific mechanism for antioxidant synergism observed between the tested phytochemicals and C. tetragonoloba seed extract in the current study. Figure 2 A, B represent the dose dependent changes in cell viability of normal fibroblast cells exposed to different concentrations of CT and EGCG, respectively. Values denote mean ± SD of three experiments performed in triplicate. Values denote mean ± SD of two experiments done in triplicate. In this induced model, the phytochemicals afforded antioxidant protection to the cells and reduced the MDA levels that were closer to the normal control fibroblast cells. The levels of the biochemical marker of lipid peroxidation, MDA, was decreased by 6. It was interesting to note that the combination of CT and EGCG markedly diminished the oxidative stress nearly by a double-fold when compared with individual phytochemical treatments. This clearly indicated the anti-oxidant enhancer effect of CT on EGCG Figure 2C. The fractions eluted out of Sephadex LH column were analysed by TLC on Silica gel F plates Supplementary Material, Figure S2. One fraction, i. C5, was chosen for mass spectrometric analysis. LC-MS analysis was carried out in order to identify the phytochemicals in CT seed extract with a possible role in interaction with the standard phenolic phytochemicals. In order to retain maximum structural information, a constant value of collision energy was given to each compound for obtaining mass spectra with different fragmentation patterns. The gradient flow method was chosen to separate the flavonoids in liquid chromatography. The significant peaks eluted out had the retention times of 3. These peaks were then subjected to ESI-MS full scan mode analyses in order to identify the protonated ions. Figure 3 LC-MS chromatogram of purified fraction C5 of C. tetragonoloba seeds obtained after Sephadex LH chromatography. Major peak 1 eluted out at 3. The second major peak, which was eluted out at The third major peak at The retention time, chemical formula and mass of individual compounds are given in the Supplementary Material Table S1. In the present work, it has been seen that in comparison to the extract alone, both the C. tetragonoloba seed extract and kaempferol showed high fold increase in the antioxidant activity when combined at lower concentrations Figure 1. This could be due to the presence of catechin and myricetin in the seed extract. We assume that the aglycone version of the identified compounds could be involved in synergistic interactions due to available and reactive hydroxyl groups. Many flavonoids are present as aglycones and convert to glycosides as the fruit matures on the plant. Again, upon consumption, the glycosides in food are cleaved into aglycones which are often more bioactive than the glycosylated versions. However, antioxidant synergy with flavonoid glycosides, such as quercetinglucoside, has also been reported Hidalgo et al. The authors mentioned that kaempferol showed synergistic interaction with catechin and myricetin. Here, the chromatogram obtained was according to the polarity of the compounds eventually detected by MS analysis. The analysis showed that the methanolic extract contains only one isoflavonoid viz. puerarin, which was present in its glycosylated form. At relatively less abundance, as observed from the MS count ion, of Vitexin, which is a flavone, was also detected in the extract. The neutral ion losses from the different compounds indicated that the phytochemical constituents in the pods were present in glycosylated as were their aglycone forms. Kobeasy and El-salam investigated the major flavonoids present in the C. tetragonoloba collected from the Egypt region and showed the presence of luteolin and quercetin in aqueous extracts of seeds. Additionally, Morris and Wang explored the potential of C. tetragonoloba L. beans as a good source of kaempferol and quercetin in different cultivars grown in Georgia, USA under laboratory conditions. To summarize, in the current study, a novel attempt at using C. A representative graphical abstract of the overall work done is given in Supplementary Material Figure S1. The current study sought to investigate the antioxidant activity enhancer effect of an edible desert legume, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Although the seeds of this plant have been used as a commercial source of guar gum, they remain relatively underutilized as sources of nutraceuticals. Furthermore, negligible work has been done towards sourcing antioxidant activity enhancers AAE from such edible legumes. The post-COVID era has witnessed a boost in the global nutraceutical industry. Consumers have developed preference towards nutraceuticals and dietary supplements obtained from plants due to lower toxicity. On the basis of the results of this study, it could be concluded that phenolic compounds present in C. tetragonoloba seed extract can interact with other compounds standard phytochemicals and act as antioxidant activity enhancers. These interactions can be synergistic, additive, or antagonistic, based on various characteristics, like chemical structures, availability of hydrogen ions, type of antioxidant assay used, concentrations, and combination ratios. The results obtained support our hypothesis of edible legumes as a host for a variety of natural antioxidant activity enhancers. Furthermore, the use of legumes as food ingredients and nutraceuticals is extremely promising for developing functional foods with positive health effects, often attributed to the antioxidant potential. The use of edible legume plants growing in the wild in Indian semi arid regions in formulating these nutraceuticals can be beneficial from both economic and environmental aspects as these plants are capable of growing on marginal and less fertile lands, and do not need heavy application of water or fertilizers. Being edible and safe, the seed extract of C. tetragonoloba can be used in food industry as an antioxidant activity enhancer. Those plant cultivars which are less useful as sources of guar gum yield- or quality-wise , or even degummed seeds or guar gum industrial waste, could be attractive candidates for the same. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Ebook Biotechnology of Terpenoid Production from Microbial Cell Factories by Pratima Gupta. Save Biotechnology of Terpenoid Production from Microbial Cell Factories for later. Ebook Science of Spices and Culinary Herbs - Latest Laboratory, Pre-clinical, and Clinical Studies: Volume 4 by PublishDrive. 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| Quercetin: the perfect energy supplement? | Sport | The Guardian | About the Company. Year of Establishment Legal Status of Firm Individual - Proprietor. Nature of Business Manufacturer. Number of Employees Upto 10 People. Annual Turnover Rs. IndiaMART Member Since Dec GST 27AIVPPQ1Z3. Renka Boost Phytochemical Powered I agree to the terms and privacy policy. Seller Contact Details Yalaxy Pharmaceuticals. prostratus CP has also been used in Siddha system of medicine, wherein an oil obtained from this plant is used as a keratogenic agent for promoting hair growth Gogte, It is also believed that a paste prepared from its roots and flowers act as anti-aging agents, thereby indicating its apparent anti-oxidant activity Adams et al. Furthermore, in Unani medicinal system, a syrup prepared with C. prostratus and Piper nigrum is prescribed in bleeding piles and venereal diseases Khare, All the above mentioned ethnomedicinal uses of C. prostratus have been tabulated in Table 1. Table 1 Ethnomedicinal uses of Convolvulus prostratus CP with predominant plant parts and mode of herbal preparation. prostratus is extensively used in pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical industries Jalwal et al. In the pharmaceutical industry, various extracts, syrups and tablets are produced, specifically for targeting neurodegenerative diseases, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and gastric ulcers. Similarly, in the cosmeceutical industry, the CP herb is used as a general tonic for rejuvenating the skin and hairs, thereby treating skin related ailments as well as keratogenic disorders. Such extensive industrial uses of CP further confirms the holistic significance of this nontoxic wonder herb Jalwal et al. The CP herb has also been used as a phyto-ingredient of a polyherbal medicinal formulation: Sankhahauli , which contains leaves of C. prostratus 15 g ; seeds of Piper nigrum 3 g and Papaver somniferum 20 g ; whole plant of Prunus amygdalus 10 g , Vitis vinifera 20 g and Coriandrum sativum 10 g. This formulation is mainly used for the management of insomnia, drug addiction and hypertension Bhutya, Several such marketed herbal formulations containing CP are being used for the management of a variety of neurological ailments in India, for example. All of these stated medicinal utilities of C. prostratus CP have been attributed to various phytoconstituents, belonging to the chemical family of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins and polyphenols. CP plant is known to contain kaempferol, β-sitosterol, N-hexacosanol, taraxerol, taraxerone, delphinidine and hydroxy-cinnamic acid as the major phyto-constituents, as depicted in Table 2 Billore et al. Moreover, an alkaloid, namely, Sankhpuspine has also been isolated from this plant and is known as a chemotaxonomic marker for this species Basu and Dandiya, ; Saroya and Singh, CP plant also contains other alkaloids convolamine, convosine, convoline, convolidine, convolvine, confoline, evolvine, phyllabine, subhirsine, sankhpuspine Agarwa et al. Table 2 Major phyto-constituents of Convolvulus prostratus CP with their reported medicinal utility. Several other hydrocarbons, namely, 1- pentyltridecanyl cyclopentyl cyclohexane carboxylate, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bromodecanoic acid, 1-octadecanesulphonyl chloride, 2-butanone, 2-pentanol, 7- hydroxyheptadecanyl-1,7, tricarboxylic acid, ascorbic acid, cyclononasiloxane, cyclo-octadecanyl methanol, decanoic acid, dicyclohexyl cyclo-octyl acetic acid, eicosane, heneicosane, hydroxy cinnamic acid, octatriacontyl pentafluoropropionate, pentadecyl 2-propyl ester, pentanoic acid, pentyl hexacosanoate, phthalic acid, silane, squalene, tetracyclohexanyl caproate and tridecane are also found in the extract of the CP plant Bhalerao et al. In addition, CP is known to be a good source of vitamins and minerals, namely, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, zinc, vitamin C and E Sethiya et al. prostratus CP contains volatile oil; fatty alcohols; flavonoids, i. kaempferol; hydroxy cinnamic acid; β-sitosterol; and carbohydrates such as glucose, rhamnose, sucrose etc. Moreover, an alkaloid, namely, convolvine present in this herb has also been found to block cholinergic muscarinic receptors: M2 and M4. Convolvine also aids in potentiating the effect of another muscarinic memory enhancer, namely, arecoline, thereby imparting nootropic abilities to CP Sethiya et al. EPM test has mainly been used to investigate the interactions between aversive memory and anxiety responses of the mice. CP effects on EPM activity has been found to be comparable to the standard of care drug, Piracetam Rawat and Kothiyal, ; Kaushik, Moreover, treatment with alcoholic extract of CP plant led to an increase in the average time-span spent by mice in the enclosed arm of plus maze model, and an escalation in the mean avoidance response on the jumping box model Rawat and Kothiyal, The aqueous extract of the roots of C. prostratus inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase AChE within the cortex and hippocampus of male Wistar rats, that have been intoxicated with scopolamine. CP extract also posed evident anti-oxidant activity and elevated the levels of glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione within the cortex and hippocampus Kaushik, Similar results have been observed in case of aluminium chloride induced neurotoxicity in rat cerebral cortex. Secondly, the muscarinic receptors bind to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, thereby facilitating the transmission of electrical signals within the central nervous system Brown, Furthermore, the choline acetyl transferase enzyme is essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine; and the nerve growth factor-tyrosine kinase A receptor is necessary for binding of the neuronal trophic factors, thereby ensuring the survival of the neurons Johnson et al. Such reduction in the tau protein expression is responsible for causing an amelioration in the amyloid β-induced deficits in case of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease Vossel et al. The ethanolic and chloroform extracts isolated from the aerial parts of CP showed significant anxiolytic activity as recorded using elevated plus maze test on experimental mice. In another study, CP methanolic extract was evaluated for anxiolytic activity on Obsessive Compulsive Disorders OCDs in mice by employing marble burying behaviour analysis, hole board and rota-rod tests. Such anxiolytic activity can be linked with the hypotensive effect of this herb, which in turn is attributed to the presence of GABA-A-benzodiazepine agonists, such as convolamine and scopoletin Figure 1B Malik et al. The chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of CP have been evaluated for anti-convulsant activity against strychnine induced as well as pentylene tetrazol PTZ induced convulsive seizures in different animal models. The fundamental mechanism behind such evident anti-convulsing activity of CP might be the presence of coumarins and triterpenoids Quintans Júnior et al. Moreover, it has also been proposed that the anti-convulsant activity of a phyto-medicine is escalated by the presence of certain functional groups like, quinoline, quinazoline, thiazole, benzothiazines, oxadiazole, pyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, pyrimidine, phthalazine, triazine, triazoles, cyclopropane carboxylate, and oxime ether Wei et al. Indeed, many such functional groups have been found in the CP phyto-constituents Table 2 for e. Bhalerao and co-workers have found that the chloroform fraction isolated from the CP ethanolic extract reversed the reserpine-induced extension of immobility period of mice in Forced Swim Test FST , and elicited a significant antidepressant effect by interaction with adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems Bhalerao et al. Similarly, a polyherbal formulation Trans containing C. In TST and FST, Trans showed a dose-dependent decrease in immobility time. Moreover, Trans significantly attenuated the elevated corticosteroid levels, thereby indicating a significant anti-depressant activity of this formulation Shalam et al. CP herb is known to contain alkaloids convolamine and scopoletin , flavonoids kaempferol , and steroids phytosterol and β-sitosterol. These phytoconstituents most probably act as GABA-A-benzodiazepine agonists and bind to the GABA-A-benzodiazepine receptors, thereby causing an increase in the chloride ion flux and consequent hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. Such hyperpolarization leads to a hypnotic effect and may alleviate depression Siddiqui et al. Hydroxy-cinnamic acid is a phenyl-propanoid compound found in CP. It is known to cause a downregulation in the expression of cytokine mediators such as IL-8, MCP-1 and ICAM-1, thereby blocking the expression of cytokine-mediated adhesion molecules and therefore the fundamental process of leukocyte—endothelial cell adhesion is deterred Billore et al. Hence, the CP herb may aid in ameliorating the conditions of neuro-inflammation and consequent cognitive impairment. The reactive oxygen species are known to deteriorate the cellular physiology of nerve cells and ultimate lead to neurodegenerative disorders. Polyphenols, flavonoids and vitamin E present in the CP plant act as reactive oxygen species ROS scavengers and also ameliorate the lipid peroxidation, thereby attributing towards the anti-oxidant activity of CP Nasri et al. It has also been observed that the ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of CP have shown appreciable results IC 50 ~ 0. Interestingly, the Shankhpushpi syrup and its isolated compounds Scopoletin and Bacoside A also exhibited evident anti-oxidant activity as evaluated by using DPPH assay with average IC 50 value ranging from 0. Furthermore, the aqueous extract of CP roots diminished the endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species in tauopathy flies as induced by overexpression of τ-protein, thereby substantiating its oxidative stress ameliorative effect Olakkaran and Antony, Such evident analgesic activity is cohesively attributed by flavonoids, volatile oils, alkaloids, polyphenols and organic acids by means of prevention of the formation of cyclooxygenase enzyme and prostaglandins, i. Hence, these CP phyto-constituents ultimately aid in ameliorating the neuronal pain and headache Aleebrahim-Dehkordy et al. The CP ethanolic extract has exhibited spasmolytic activity in isolated rabbit ileum, isolated rat uterus, intact intestine and tracheal muscles of dog Barar and Sharma, Such anti-spasmodic action is linked to the inhibition of acetylcholine production which is mainly brought about by the specific alkaloid present in this CP herb, convolvine Amin et al. Interestingly, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the CP aerial parts showed statistical significant potentiation of sleeping time in rats induced with thiopental sodium Siddiqui et al. Such sedative activity is directly linked to the presence of phytoconstituents like convolamine and scopoletin which act similarly to GABA-A agonists, thereby bringing about the effects of sedation Figure 1B Siddiqui et al. This CP herb has also been reported for several other pharmacological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-microbial, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-ulcer, cardio-vascular, hepatoprotective, and hypothyroidism Barar and Sharma, ; Mudgal, ; Rizk et al. Anti-diabetic activities of this plant might be attributed to the presence of tropane alkaloids which are known as potent inhibitor of α-glucosidases and R-galactosidases Gaikwad et al. The polyphenols present in this species act as reactive oxygen species ROS quenchers, thereby ameliorating the oxidative stress that is generated as a diabetic manifestation. Additionally, the presence of vitamin E in this herb also aids in controlling the levels of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, thereby leading to an escalation in the antioxidant defense system Cowan, ; Nasri et al. Furthermore, the presence of GABA-A-benzodiazepine agonists, such as convolamine, scopoletin, ceryl alcohol, kaempferol, phytosterol, and β-sitosterol endow this herb with hypotensive and sedative activities Malik et al. More specifically, a compound, namely, oxodotriacontanol, isolated from the CP herb has also been assessed to possess antimicrobial and anti-fungal activity Amin et al. Certain flavonoids and phenyl-propanoids from CP have been shown to provide anti-platelet aggregation and anti-ulcerogenic activity by means of inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase enzyme and clot retraction capabilities Beretz and Cazenave, ; Tognolini et al. The anti-ulcerogenic effect was largely observed due to upregulation of mucosal defensive factors such as mucin and glycoprotein secretion, which in turn was induced by the flavonoids and steroids present in this herb Srinivas et al. These flavonoids also pose the profound effects on the thyroid hormone regulation and deiodinase-1 inhibition, thereby endowing this herb with anti-thyroid activity Nagarathna and Jha, Additionally, the fundamental principle responsible for the cardio-vascular activity of this herb has been proposed to be linked with it alkaloid derivative, evolvine hydrochloride, which is known to exhibit lobeline-like action on the cardiovascular system. This phytoconstituent acts as a cardiac depressant, ultimately leading to a fall in blood pressure, which gets gradually normalised Dwoskin and Crooks, ; Sethiya et al. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the CP leaves have been evaluated for acute oral toxicity study in albino Wistar rats. The histopathology of brain also did not show any aberrations or degeneration of neurons. Furthermore, no inflammation was observed in the heart and liver Ravichandra et al. These toxicological studies, therefore, confirmed that the administration of CP is safe for the vital organs within the respective treatment durations. The natural plant products have negligible toxicities, if any, and are endowed with a multitude of phytoconstituents which are responsible for their holistic therapeutic action. Cognitive dysfunction is one of the major health problem in today's world, wherein the available synthetic chemotherapeutic modalities have proven to be non-absolute and, at times toxic in nature. In such a scenario, safer herbal alternative medicines play a vital role in managing the neurological etiologies. One such cognitive booster herb is C. prostratus Forssk. Besides, it also possesses several other therapeutic properties, such as immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and cardioprotective activities. The fundamental bioactive compounds responsible for the nootropic activities of this herb have been identified as 4'-methoxy kaempferol, 7-methoxy quercetin, convolamine, scopoletin, ceryl alcohol, β-sitosterol and hydroxy-cinnamic acid. A few initial clinical trials have conducted for CP, however, more detailed and controlled clinical trials are needed to establish and validate the neuro-pharmacological profile of C. In addition, detailed mechanistic studies are yet to be executed to unravel the underlying mechanism of action for this cognition enhancing herb. Taken together, C. prostratus is likely to be the front runner for the clinical phyto-pharmaceutical status for treatment of neurological ailments. AB conceived the presented research. PT analyzed the information, generated the artwork, and co-wrote the manuscript. AV investigated and supervised the findings of the work. AB and AV provided critical revision of this review article, and approved the manuscript for submission. All authors agreed with the final version of this manuscript. The presented research work been funded by the research funds of Patanjali Research Foundation Trust PRFT , Haridwar, India. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors are grateful to Param Pujya Swami Ramdev Ji for institutional research facilities and supports. Authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of Dr. Shivam Singh and Dr. Swami Narsingh Dev at Patanjali Research Institute, for their help in data collection and processing. We are also thankful to Mr. Gagan Kumar and Mr. Lalit Mohan for their swift administrative supports and encouragements. Adams, M. Plants traditionally used in age related brain disorders—A survey of ethnobotanical literature. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Agarwa, P. An update on Ayurvedic herb Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. Asian Pac. Agarwal, P. Screening of anti-inflammatory and anti-analgesic activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis choisy. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Aggarwal, B. Drug Targets 12, — Aleebrahim-Dehkordy, E. Review of possible mechanisms of analgesic effect of herbs and herbal active ingredient. Young Pharm. Amin, H. Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy : Validation of the Ayurvedic therapeutic claims through contemporary studies. Green Pharm. Babu, N. Estimation of elemental concentrations of Indian medicinal plants using Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence EDXRF. Google Scholar. Balaji, K. In-Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Methanolic Extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis. Barar, F. Preliminary pharmacological studies on Convolvulus pluricaulis chois—an Indian indigenous herb. Indian J. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Basu, N. Chemical investigation of Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois. Beretz, A. Old and new natural products as the source of modern antithrombotic drugs. Planta Med. Bhalerao, S. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Convolvulus pluricaulis, Choisy. Bhowmik, D. Traditional Indian herb Convolvulus Pluricaulis and its medicinal importance. Bhutya, R. Ayurvedic medicinal plant of India Jodhpur, India: Scientific Publishers. Some of the more promising findings derived from animal studies such as an increase in the number and size of mitochondria, the "powerhouses" in the muscle cells have not been replicated when tested on humans. So should athletes try quercetin? It's also worth considering what other ingredients are in some off-the-shelf supplements. FRS's Healthy Energy Drink, for instance, contains 48mg of caffeine — whose effect on perception of effort and staying power cannot be discounted. One area that does appear promising, however, is quercetin's role in recovery. In a study published in Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise , quercetin successfully reduced the level of post-exercise inflammation. In another study, quercetin supplementation resulted in a significantly lower incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in the weeks following heavy exertion — a time when athletes are normally highly susceptible to colds and infections. As with any supposed performance-enhancer, I will doubt quercetin's promises until they are thoroughly proved. |
| Top bar navigation | Avian Dis — Save Gut: the new and revised Sunday Times bestseller for later. Legumes, or dry beans and pulses, are members of the Fabaceae family that grow in pods of annual, biennial, and perennial plants. Arthromitus has been identified in all three groups of the Cobb and Hubbard broilers [ 13 ]. Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda Vol. Kaakoush NO, Sodhi N, Chenu JW, Cox JM, Riordan SM, Mitchell HM The interplay between Campylobacter and Helicobacter species and other gastrointestinal microbiota of commercial broiler chickens. Stelwagen et al. |
| About this ebook | The bile acid membrane receptor TGR5: a novel pharmacological target in metabolic, inflammatory and neoplastic disorders. The rising incidence of superbugs globally and the rising human deaths from multiple drug-resistant bacteria have alerted WHO, CDC and UN to release strict action plans on reducing the use of antibiotics in animal production. Non-Communicable Diseases NCDs in developing countries: a symposium report. Soc , — Kaakoush NO, Sodhi N, Chenu JW, Cox JM, Riordan SM, Mitchell HM The interplay between Campylobacter and Helicobacter species and other gastrointestinal microbiota of commercial broiler chickens. |
| Phytochemicals of Nutraceutical Importance | David Wound healing bandages geology at Ennancer University before Phytochemical energy enhancer his Ph. Non-pungent capsaicin analogs Phtyochemical increase metabolic rate and enhance thermogenesis via gastrointestinal TRPV1 in mice. J Anim Sci E—E J Dairy Sci — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Oguey C, Wall EH A blend of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and capsicum oleoresin improves milking performance in lactating dairy cows. Hypothalamic AMPK and fatty acid metabolism mediate thyroid regulation of energy balance. |
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Help to provide energy to animal. In another embodiment, the present invention discloses the comparative self-dispersion study between Pepper extract composition and standard unformulated pepper extract; wherein the result show that pepper extract composition dispersed easily without any mechanical stirring and exhibiting enhanced self-dispersion compared to standard unformulated pepper extract which floats on top of the water.
In another embodiment, the present invention discloses the comparative self-dispersion study between Coenzyme Q10 composition and standard unformulated Coenzyme Q10 extract; wherein the result show that Coenzyme Q10 composition dispersed easily without any mechanical stirring and exhibiting enhanced self-dispersion compared to standard unformulated Coenzyme Q10 extract which floats on top of the water.
In another embodiment, the present invention discloses the comparative self-dispersion study between Palmitoylethanolamide composition and standard unformulated Palmitoylethanolamide; wherein the result show that Palmitoylethanolamide composition dispersed easily without any mechanical stirring and exhibiting enhanced self-dispersion compared to standard unformulated Palmitoylethanolamide which floats on top of the water.
In an optional embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprising anti-oxidants, wetting agents, glidants selected from ascorbic acid, silicon dioxide and the like. Some typical examples illustrating the embodiments of the present invention are provided; however, these are exemplary only and should not be regarded as limiting the elements of the present invention.
Ingredients Quantity 1. Fresh turmeric rhizome extract on dry basis 75 g Total g. The lutein content in the final product of Example 1 was 5. The composition was tested for lutein solubility and release in phosphate buffer.
Samples were drawn for up to four hours, filtered and tested for absorbance at nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Absorbance vs. time graph was plotted as illustrated in FIG. The dispersion profile is given in FIG. Asthaxanthin extract Standardized 25 g 2.
Fresh beetroot extract on dry basis 75 g Total g. Fresh potato extract on dry basis 75 g Total g. Fresh turmeric rhizome extract on dry basis 68 g Total g. The AKBA content in the final product of Example 11 was Fresh turmeric rhizome extract on dry basis 25 g Total g.
Fresh turmeric rhizome extract on dry basis 15 g Total g. with continuous stirring at 50 rpm. Samples were collected at regular intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hrs and filtered using 0. The absorbance of the read at nm using UV-Spectrophotometer.
Absorbance over time graph is given in FIG. Increased absorbance corresponds to the increased solubility of piperine from the composition. This test clearly proves that the test composition has superior solubility over unformulated extract. Fresh turmeric rhizome extract on dry basis 20 g Total g.
Fresh turmeric rhizome extract on dry basis 73 g Total g. Palmitoylethanolamide 85 g 2. Berberine extract Standardized. Fresh turmeric rhizome extract on dry basis 50 g Total g.
Vitamin D 80 g 2. Fresh turmeric rhizome extract on dry basis 95 g Total g. Yield of Fresh turmeric rhizome extract: g. Aged black garlic extract Standardized to SAC 25 g 2.
Fresh Allium sativum bulb extract on dry basis 75 g Total g. Yield of Fresh Allium sativum bulb extract: g. The SAC content in the final product of Example 33 was 0.
Fresh aloe vera extract on dry basis 25 g Total g. Yield of Fresh Aloe vera leaf extract: g. The AKBA content in the final product of Example 36 was Silybum marianum extract 75 g 2.
We claim: 1. A composition for enhancing the bioavailability of phytochemicals, comprising: a a phytochemical selected from the group consisting of carotenoids, stilbenoids, isoflavones, terpenes, isoquinoline alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins, flavonoids, quinones, fatty acids, derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof; and.
b an extract of a fresh plant part such as fruits, seeds, leaves, and rhizomes selected from the group consisting of Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale , berry fruits, Beta vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, Aloe barbadensis, Daucus carota, Mangifera indica, Manihot esculenta, Cocos nucifera , Coconut , Allium sativum bulb, Siraitia grosvenorii monk fruit and mixtures thereof; wherein the extract of the fresh plant part is a self-dispersing agent;.
wherein the self-dispersing agent enhances the bioavailability of the phytochemical. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the extract of the fresh plant part is prepared by slow extrusion of a fresh plant part to obtain a liquid extract.
The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the phytochemical is a lutein, astaxanthin, piperine, cannabinoids, boswellic acid, coenzyme Q10, palmitoylethanolamide, S-allyl-cysteine, Silymarin, berberine, vitamin K7, Spearmint extract and vitamin D and mixtures thereof.
The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the extract of the fresh plant part is selected from the group consisting of extracts of rhizomes of Curcuma longa , taproots of Beta vulgaris , tubers of Solanum tuberosum , leaves of Aloe barbadensis , taproots of Daucus carota , fruits of Mangifera indica , roots of Manihot esculenta , fruits of Cocos nucifera, Allium sativum bulb, Siraitia grosvenorii monk fruit , and mixtures thereof.
A composition for enhancing the bioavailability of phytochemicals, comprising: a a phytochemical; and. b an extract of a fresh plant part selected from the group consisting of Curcuma longa, Beta vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, Aloe barbadensis, Daucus carota, Mangifera indica, Manihot esculenta, Cocos nucifera, Allium sativum bulb, Siraitia grosvenorii monk fruit and mixtures thereof; wherein the extract of the fresh plant part is a self-dispersing agent;.
wherein the self-dispersing agent enhances the bioavailability of the phytochemical;. The analysis of 15 different trials in North America between and using tannins at 0. Similar results have been observed in feedlots in other parts of the world, including large beef producers in Brazil [ , ] and Argentina [ ].
In conclusion, the addition of low-dose tannins to ruminant diets in intensive fattening is an available tool to increase nutrient use efficiency, improving daily weight gain and feed conversion, through different metabolic mechanisms. The estimated level of animal feed supplemented with tannins produced in the world in was 15 tonnes, reflecting the acceptance of tannins as an important tool in animal husbandry.
The available scientific information about mechanism of action, the observed animal response and the accumulated experience in the use of tannins as feed additive confirms that tannins are a valuable alternative to complement or replace the use of AGPs in industrial livestock production.
Designing an antibiotic alternative to address several components of gut health may work better than using a single approach to reduce negative consequences of gut damage caused by complex etiologies such as those that cause diseases such as NE.
perfringens produces several exotoxins, including α-toxin and NE toxin B NetB , that disrupt the intestinal epithelium, causing necrotizing lesions that constitute the characteristic sign of NE [ 21 , ]. For complex disease like NE, it takes a multi-faceted approach to decrease the effects of disease on gut health.
For example, a commercial product Varium ® was designed to improve barrier function by removing pathogens by agglutination, removing biotoxins via adsorption, priming immune development, and providing energy to the enterocytes [ ]. Varium ® has been tested in vitro for its ability to bind biotoxins of pathogenic bacteria i.
perfringens and E. coli such as α-toxin, NetB toxin, lipopolysaccharide, heat-labile toxin and Shiga-like type 2 toxin. Two large broiler trials have been conducted to test the hypothesis that CaMM, or its blends with other materials e. The two trials evaluated CaMM-based dietary products on growth performance, clinical signs, immunopathology, and cytokine responses of young broilers using disease challenge models with avian NE [ ].
When tested in unchallenged birds, Varium exerted an effect similar to an in-feed AGP on body weight, feed intake, and FCR. Chickens fed a diet supplemented with CaMM plus a fermentable fiber and an organic acid showed increased body weight gain, reduced gut lesions, and increased serum antibody levels to C.
perfringens α-toxin and NetB toxin compared with chickens fed the basal diet alone. Levels of transcripts for inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, inducible NO synthase, and TNFSF15 were significantly altered in the intestine and spleen of CaMM-supplemented chickens compared with unsupplemented controls [ ].
perfringens under subclinical infection conditions to elicit NE. Compared with unsupplemented controls, broilers fed with CaMM plus a fermentable fiber and an organic acid showed increased body weight gain, reduced FCR, mortality, and intestinal lesions, compared with chickens fed an unsupplemented diet.
Based on both broiler trials, it is recommended that dietary supplementation of CaMM or CaMM plus a fermentable fiber and an organic acid is useful to decrease negative effects of avian NE in the field. Future studies are needed to characterize further the CaMM-regulated physiological and immunological mechanisms that are activated in response to avian NE.
Yet, most of the technologies discussed here have proposed or known mechanisms of action that involve inhibition, alteration or killing of one or more bacteria. In general, it appears that most people equate the phrase with something not termed an antibiotic that can be substituted for low level feeding of broad-spectrum antibiotics used to promote growth in livestock.
The reason there is a need for alternatives to AGP is the recognition that the practice can lead to development of infective bacteria that are resistant to many of the current antibiotics available to human medicine. The rising incidence of superbugs globally and the rising human deaths from multiple drug-resistant bacteria have alerted WHO, CDC and UN to release strict action plans on reducing the use of antibiotics in animal production.
Regardless of which side of the argument over whether AGP use in animals is contributing to the problem of resistant bacteria in humans you are on, the sociopolitical momentum has created a marketing opportunity for selling meat from animals claimed to have never received antibiotics during production.
This in turn creates a market for products that can provide the benefit of AGPs but not be antibiotics used in human medicine, or sometimes any antibiotic at all.
The alternative to antibiotics market is growing rapidly and attracting interest from companies and organizations of all sizes and capabilities. This is evident from the need for a meeting such as this and the plethora of products marketed, with or without credible data, to be alternatives to AGPs.
Although the banning of AGPs has accelerated over the last few years, the search for alternatives started in earnest following the ban in the EU of avoparcin in The most important development in the search for credible alternatives is the increasing understanding in both human and veterinary medicine that the gastrointestinal tract is more than a nutrient-absorbing organ, but in fact is fundamental to health and development of humans and animals.
The scientific advancement in our understanding of the importance of the gut environment and its barrier function in health provide a way to develop products that can deliver the benefits of AGPs without causing an increase in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This can be accomplished by using multiple technologies to maintain or strengthen gut barrier function.
Scientific principles should be applied to the development of products such that they provide reliable positive benefits to the target animals. However, there are still many challenges remaining with the most consistent concerns being consistency, safety and solid scientific proof.
This is not surprising when you consider most of the popular alternative products marketed today modify the microbiota in some way to enrich beneficial bacteria.
We are just learning what the desirable microbiota is and how it works in given animal, and we have even less knowledge of the variations between different animals and the normal daily and lifetime changes in different ecosystem.
In addition to the microbiota, it will be necessary to understand clearly what impact the product has on the gut barrier which comprises the mucus layer, endothelial cells and attendant immunological cells and structures associated with the gut wall. This is a relatively new field of research and as time goes on, the industry, through application of good science, will learn more.
This will be both in the basic understanding of the gut environment, including the microbiota and the dynamic function of the gut barrier, and how to manipulate these structures in individuals, but as part of a population. Because it is new and there are many unknowns, regulation of these products poses a challenge in different regions of the world.
What constitutes acceptable efficacy and what types of claims can be supported are largely unknown. However, there is little doubt that use of the FDA drug approval process is not a viable option today. Perhaps as science defines ways to measure and test efficacy in a consistent manner across several mechanisms of action, a regulatory pathway can be established.
There will need to be tolerance and flexibility in the approval process for these products or the market will be flooded by products with no proof of efficacy or safety. At a minimum, these products should have scientific proof of efficacy in the target species for which they are marketed.
In vitro tests are insufficient to provide confidence that a product will work in an animal, let alone provide consistent value across a population of animals.
Increasing concerns about the increase of superbugs and limited development of new drugs for livestock and humans necessitates the timely development of alternatives to AGPs.
With increasing availability of many different categories of antibiotic alternatives in the market for animal agriculture with various claims and efficacy, the industry needs to understand the mode of action associated with different types of antibiotic alternatives and the kind of synergy that can be offered by the combinations of different antibiotic alternatives, especially for prevention and treatment of complex diseases such as necrotic enteritis.
Furthermore, the definition of the phrase antibiotic alternatives should be better defined, although this terminology is now an accepted term to refer to non-antibiotic substances that can be substituted for low-level feeding of broad-spectrum antibiotics that promote growth in livestock.
Increasing marketing opportunity for selling animal meat products claimed to have never received an antibiotic antibiotic-free, ABF; no antibiotics ever, NAE has created a market for products that can provide the benefit of AGPs without using antibiotics that are used therapeutically in human medicine.
This new scientific knowledge in our understanding of the importance of the gut environment and barrier function in health should guide finding a future solution to develop novel products that can deliver the benefits of AGPs without causing an increase in the emergence of resistance.
Since using phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives in agricultural animals is a relatively new field of research, regulation of these products poses a challenge.
There is a timely need to provide increased public funding for mechanistic research for phytochemicals that include standard measurements to define the efficacy in a consistent manner across several regulatory pathways, to prevent false claims and yet have flexibility in the approval process for proof of efficacy or safety for commercialization.
Owing to the rise in consumer demand for livestock products from ABF production systems, scientists, regulatory agencies and commercial partners need to work together to develop effective antibiotic alternatives to improve performance and maintain optimal health of food animals.
Using optimal combinations of various alternatives coupled with good management and husbandry practices will be the key to maximizing performance and maintaining animal productivity, while we move forward with the ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic use in the animal industry.
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Biomed Res Int
Owner name : OLENE LIFE Speed optimization techniques PRIVATE Phytochemicall, INDIA. Effective date fnhancer A Wound healing bandages for preparation of the composition is also disclosed herein. The entire disclosure of each prior application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention also relates to a process for preparation of said composition. Veterinary Research volume PhytichemicalArticle number: 76 Cite Phytochenical article. Metrics details. There are heightened concerns Phytochemucal on Wound healing bandages drug-resistant superbugs and the Phytochemical energy enhancer of new antibiotics for treating human and animal diseases. For Water retention reduction advice agricultural industry, there is Phytochemial urgent need to enervy strategies to replace enrrgy for food-producing animals, especially poultry and livestock. The 2 nd International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics was held at the World Organization for Animal Health in Paris, France, December 12—15, to discuss recent scientific developments on strategic antibiotic-free management plans, to evaluate regional differences in policies regarding the reduction of antibiotics in animal agriculture and to develop antibiotic alternatives to combat the global increase in antibiotic resistance. The 3-day meeting consisted of four scientific sessions including vaccines, microbial products, phytochemicals, immune-related products, and innovative drugs, chemicals and enzymes, followed by the last session on regulation and funding. Each session was followed by an expert panel discussion that included industry representatives and session speakers.
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