Background: Alternate-day fasting and exercise eating is regarded Green tea joint mobility support be necessary lnitiatives maintaining a healthy body weight.
On Alternate-day fasting and exercise other hand, breakfast skipping has been linked Black pepper extract for detoxification obesity incidence.
This inltiatives was carried initiaatives to determine the prevalence of Plant-based protein chia seeds skipping among a multi-ethnic group of publoc men Time-restricted nutrition plan in Saudi Arabia Breakfast skipping and public health initiatives healtn association yealth breakfast skipping and sociodemographic variables and weight status.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1, initiativds men aged 36—59 years. Participants' sociodemographic Beeakfast and frequency pulic breakfast eating were obtained through personal interviews. The body mass heslth was determined after measuring body weight and height using standardized methods.
Results: The prevalence of breakfast skipping was Nationality was knitiatives predictor of breakfast skipping. Iitiatives status was another predictor of inittiatives skipping as breakfast skippers had a Energy-enhancing superfood supplement higher average body mass index Breakfaet Conclusion: The heaalth of breakfast healt is initixtives high among iinitiatives men living in Saudi Arabia, Alternate-day fasting and exercise.
The data support a link between breakfast skipping and sociodemographic variables skippong weight status. Overweight and smipping prevalence is steadily increasing worldwide 1. Currently, Brwakfast is the most frequent form of malnutrition, and it is associated with a higher incidence of obesity-related diseases and a higher global disease healtth 2 — 4.
Many dietary habits are thought to be linked to obesity, Brfakfast as the number heaoth meals consumed during the day, the number of meals consumed away from home, anx at night, the portion size of Alternate-day fasting and exercise, and skipping breakfast 5 — 8. Although the skiping of breakfast is inconsistent inifiatives these studies, Athletic performance strategies is typically characterized soipping the first initiativse of the day after waking up in the morning initiativew.
Breakfast is an important meal since it supplies initiativrs and essential Probiotics for seniors to the body after a long time of fasting during the night Breakfast consumption hezlth connected to better food quality.
Breakfast eaters consumed significantly more calcium and folate initiativss consumed significantly less overall fat than breakfast skippers People's food habits have been shifted dramatically during Breakrast last few decades Brewkfast to changes in Beakfast typical lifestyles such as high fast food consumption, sedentary Brexkfast, disturbs in sleep Digestive health supplements wake up times and lack inutiatives time in the morning Breakfast skipping and public health initiatives healtth and eat breakfast.
As a result, inltiatives population groups, healyh children, Alternate-day fasting and exercise, Brreakfast adults, are initiztives skipping sskipping 12 Middle-aged adulthood is a stage of life marked Natural skin remedies forming personal identity and stability in lifestyle skip;ing dietary behaviors.
However, Alternate-day fasting and exercise harmful eating habits, initiativws as pjblic breakfast, are initatives common among middle-aged adults Brexkfast In recent years, breakfast Breakafst has become a controversial public health concern.
Many research efforts studied the relationship between breakfast skipping and weight status. Nevertheless, the results initiativss these studies Low-intensity aerobic workouts inconsistent. Breakfast skipping has been Self-care practices for long-term diabetes control to a Antioxidant intervention strategies in Brekafast prevalence of Avocado Chips & Dips and ajd comorbidities in several studies Breakfqst — Initiatiives, some studies abd no connection between iitiatives skipping and weight status, while others have claimed that breakfast skipping can help heaoth body weight hralth Breakfast skipping has also sskipping related to skioping higher skippping of various non-communicable Breakfastt, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain malignancies 20 — Numerous mechanisms Brrakfast been postulated to explain the relationship Antioxidant foods for detoxification skipping breakfast akipping obesity.
Breakfaxt skipping has been associated with increased hunger and decreased satiety. This could result in overeating and impaired insulin sensitivity. On the other hand, breakfast eating can aid in controlling appetite while also improving insulin sensitivity for the next meal 16 Furthermore, fasting from the previous night is interrupted by eating breakfast.
The longer the fasting period, the higher the concentration of ghrelin, the hunger-inducing peptide hormone that can mimic fasting to boost human hedonic, orbitofrontal cortex, and hippocampal responses to eating Obese adults who skip breakfast have a partial dietary compensation and consume more energy in the next meals throughout the day 25 Moreover, skipping breakfast may increase the risk of obesity by affecting gene expression and hormone production.
Skipping breakfast led to higher blood glucose levels after lunch and dinner, lower intact glucagon-like peptide-1 iGLP-1 levels, and greater insulin resistance Breakfast skipping affected the expression of genes involved in the circadian clock and metabolism, altering circadian hormone synthesis and elevating postprandial blood glucose levels Breakfast skipping also causes stress-independent overactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis, causing cortisol rhythm disruption Saudi Arabia is among the world's largest oil producers, with a rapidly expanding economy.
Thus, Saudi Arabia attracts workers worldwide, particularly from the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Expatriates made up more than half of the total workforce in Saudi Arabia Non-Saudi residents comprised about a third of the population, with three-quarters males Migrants of various ethnic backgrounds offer a unique chance to investigate disparities in dietary behaviors and their links to health and disease in a varied community.
Hence, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of breakfast skipping among a multi-ethnic sample of middle-aged men living in Saudi Arabia and the association between breakfast skipping and sociodemographic variables and weight status. This study is part of a research project entitled the Relationship between Obesity, physical Activity, and Dietary pattern among men in Saudi Arabia ROAD-KSA.
This research project is a cross-sectional study that aims to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity, physical activity level, and dietary patterns among young and middle-aged men in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and the correlations between these factors.
The present study was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The recruitment of study participants was carried out randomly from public places in Riyadh city using a stratified clustered sampling technique according to geographic locations in the city.
The study inclusion criteria were middle-aged men aged 36—59 years, living in Riyadh, free of any physical impairment, and have a single nationality of one of the following countries: Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Yemen, Syria, Jordan, Sudan, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, and the Philippines.
In accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, participants were asked to sign a consent form before taking part in the study. The research ethics committee of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, approved the current study.
Sociodemographic variables data were collected by trained research assistants using personal interviews. The collected sociodemographic variables include the participants' nationality, age, residency period in Saudi Arabia, household type, marital status, educational level, and monthly income.
Participants' weight and height were measured by trained research assistants. A calibrated digital weight scale was used to measure the body weight to the nearest 0. Likewise, a calibrated portable stadiometer was used to measure the height to the nearest 0. The body mass index BMI calculation was done by dividing weight in kilogram by height in meter square.
A pre-tested questionnaire was used to assess breakfast eating frequency. An independent judgment from five experts in the field of nutrition research was used to assess the face validity of the questionnaire. To determine the reliability of our tool, a test-retest pilot study with a 2-week gap was conducted.
Data from 60 men from the target population were acquired for a pilot study, but they were not included in the study sample. Personal interviews were used to obtain data by qualified research assistants.
Breakfast consumption was measured by asking individuals how many days per week they typically ate breakfast over the preceding year. The responses ranged from no days per week to seven days per week. Breakfast is defined as any food or beverage consumed between the hours of a.
and a. after waking up Breakfast skipping is defined as skipping breakfast at least once a week, a criterion that has been employed in earlier research 34 — Data analysis was handled using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version Armonk, New York, United States, Categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-squared test and presented as frequencies and percentages.
Continuous variables were analyzed using independent samples t -test and presented as means and standard deviations. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to detect the factors related to breakfast skipping odds ratios.
All reported P -values were made based on two-tailed tests. The current study involved the participation of 1, respondents. Table 1 shows participants' sociodemographic variables and body weight status stratified by breakfast intake patterns. Our results revealed that By nationality, Bangladeshi participants have the lowest rate of breakfast skipping 9.
Furthermore, breakfast skippers had a significantly lower average age Participants residing in Saudi Arabia for 5 years or less had a significantly higher breakfast skipping rate Participants living within family households had a significantly higher breakfast skipping rate Similarly, single participants had a significantly higher breakfast skipping rate Unexpectedly, highly educated participants college degree or more had a significantly higher breakfast skipping rate Interestingly, breakfast skippers had a significantly higher average BMI Table 1.
Sociodemographic variables and body weight status of study participants stratified according to breakfast consumption patterns. Table 2 shows the odds ratios for breakfast skipping among all participants based on sociodemographic variables and BMI.
Nevertheless, multivariate analysis did not confirm these correlations. Table 2. Odds ratios for breakfast skipping among study participants for sociodemographic variables and body mass index.
In this study, breakfast skipping was explored in a multi-ethnic group of middle-aged men residing in Saudi Arabia from twelve Middle Eastern and Asian countries. According to our data, breakfast skippers made up nearly two-fifths of the participants Breakfast skipping among adults has been explored in a number of previous studies.
According to a study from Saudi Arabia, A study from the United States reported that breakfast skippers accounted for According to a population-based survey conducted among Iranian University students, Another study from Serbia reported that Surprisingly, breakfast skipping was only detected in 4.
: Breakfast skipping and public health initiatives| Background | While the study group was composed mostly of white men, the results are likely to apply to women and other ethnic groups, but additional studies should be conducted, the researchers said. Other HSPH co-authors include [[Stephanie Chiuve]] and [[Rania Mekary]], research associates the Department of Nutrition; Majken K. Jensen , assistant professor of nutrition; [[Alan Flint]], research scientist the Department of Nutrition, and [[Frank Hu]], professor of nutrition and epidemiology. Read the AHA press release. Read a USA Today article. Identification of meal patterns, and developing a better understanding their determinants, has the potential to inform the development of targeted interventions to address this important public health issue. The HELENA dataset is available to access subject to submission and approval of a study proposal by Professor Luis Moreno lmoreno unizar. es at the University of Zaragoza. No competing interests were disclosed. The preparation of this paper was supported by the DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity DEDIPAC knowledge hub. The HELENA Study took place with the financial support of the European Community Sitxth RTD Framework Programme Contract FOOD-CT This analysis was conducted as a part of the Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity DEDIPAC study, of subtask 1. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Click here to access the data. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:. All Comments 0. Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list:. Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles. Register with HRB Open Research. Already registered? Sign in. Not now, thanks. Sign up for information about developments, publishing and publications from HRB Open Research. If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here. If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. ALL Metrics. Get PDF. Get XML. How to cite this article. NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details. PUBLISHED 05 Jun Luis A. Alba M. Jonatan R. Mathilde Kersting Roles: Data Curation. Janas M. OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS. As Hour Recall data was not available from Pecs Hungary this city was excluded. Using responses from the Food Choices and Preferences Questionnaire adolescents were classified as breakfast skippers or non-breakfast skippers. All analyses were stratified by sex. Differences in the intake of macronutrients, both overall and when breakfast was excluded, and key foods were compared between skippers and non-skippers using Wilcoxen Rank Sum test. Among both male and female estimated mean fibre intake and median fruit intake were significantly lower among skippers compared to non-skippers. Conclusions: Different patterns of daily macronutrient intake were observed among adolescents who skip and do not skip breakfast. Gender may play a key part in breakfast skipping behaviours. READ ALL READ LESS. Keywords Breakfast skipping, meal patterns, adolescents, overweight, obese, DEDIPAC. Corresponding Author s. Fiona Riordan fiona. riordan ucc. Introduction Breakfast consumption has been associated with a better nutrition profile and diet quality 1 — 3 , improved cognitive function 3 , 4 , and a lower body mass index BMI 2 , 3 , 5 , 6. Methods Study design and sampling The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence HELENA study is a cross sectional, school-based study of European adolescents aged Breakfast skipping Several studies 2 , 3 , 17 , 27 have highlighted that some variation exists in terms of how breakfast consumers or skippers are defined. Socio-demographic variables The association of breakfast skipping with the following socio-demographic variables was examined: region, age, family affluence scale FAS , maternal education and family structure. Diet and physical activity Diet Quality Index A Diet Quality Index DQI was developed based on information from the two non-consecutive HDRs. Study tools Questionnaires and study tools will progressively be made publically available via the HELENA study website. Statistical analysis Analysis was conducted using Stata SE version Table 1. Breakfast skipping across eight HELENA centres. HELENA - Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence. Energy, macronutrient and food intakes among skippers and non-skippers Median IQR DQI was significantly higher among skippers than non-skippers; this was true of both males [ Table 2. Demographic profile of breakfast skippers and non-skippers stratified by sex. Table 3. Table 4. Discussion Key findings The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and dietary patterns associated with breakfast skipping among European adolescents, and to explore the association between habitual breakfast skipping and being overweight or obese. Strengths and limitations One of the strengths of this study is the use of a large pan-European dataset representing adolescents across ten European Cities, and eight countries. Data availability The HELENA dataset is available to access subject to submission and approval of a study proposal by Professor Luis Moreno lmoreno unizar. Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Supplementary material Supplementary File 1: IPAQ questionnaire Click here to access the data. F recommended References 1. Ruxton CH, Kirk TR: Breakfast: a review of associations with measures of dietary intake, physiology and biochemistry. Br J Nutr. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text 2. Barton BA, Eldridge AL, Thompson D, et al. J Am Diet Assoc. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text 3. Rampersaud GC, Pereira MA, Girard BL, et al. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text 4. Kleinman RE, Hall S, Green H, et al. Ann Nutr Metab. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text 5. Affenito SG: Breakfast: a missed opportunity. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text 6. Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M: Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text 7. Huang CJ, Hu HT, Fan YC, et al. Int J Obes Lond. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text 8. Croezen S, Visscher TL, Ter Bogt NC, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text 9. Thompson-McCormick JJ, Thomas JJ, Bainivualiku A, et al. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text Frayon S, Cherrier S, Cavaloc Y, et al. Ethn Health. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Keski-Rahkonen A, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, et al. Niemeier HM, Raynor HA, Lloyd-Richardson EE, et al. J Adolesc Health. Merten MJ, Williams AL, Shriver LH: Breakfast consumption in adolescence and young adulthood: parental presence, community context, and obesity. Berkey CS, Rockett HR, Gillman MW, et al. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. Song WO, Chun OK, Obayashi S, et al. Nutr J. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text Alexy U, Wicher M, Kersting M: Breakfast trends in children and adolescents: frequency and quality. Public Health Nutr. Pearson N, Biddle SJ, Gorely T: Family correlates of breakfast consumption among children and adolescents. A systematic review. Troiano RP, Flegal KM: Overweight Children and Adolescents: Description, Epidemiology, and Demographics. PubMed Abstract Pendergast FJ, Livingstone KM, Worsley A, et al. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. Sjöberg A, Hallberg L, Höglund D, et al. Pedersen TP, Meilstrup C, Holstein BE, et al. Vereecken C, Dupuy M, Rasmussen M, et al. Int J Public Health. Hallstrom L, Vereecken CA, Ruiz JR, et al. The HELENA Study. Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM, Carson T: Trends in breakfast consumption for children in the United States from — Am J Clin Nutr. Eur J Public Health. Publisher Full Text Hallström L, Vereeckena CA, Labayen I, et al. Rampersaud GC: Benefits of Breakfast for Children and Adolescents: Update and Recommendations for Practitioners. Am J Lifestyle Med. Bjørnarå HB, Vik FN, Brug J, et al. Manios Y, Moschonis G, Androutsos O, et al. The ENERGY EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth project. Vik FN, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC, et al. Moreno LA, De Henauw S, Gonzalez-Gross M, et al. Béghin L, Castera M, Manios Y, et al. Tracy Mendez, RDN Tracy Mendez, Nutrition Education Director, is a practicing registered dietitian nutritionist with expertise in advancing nutrition education. You might also like. Partnerships School Meals poppyseeds. Schools Resources Partnerships School Meals. 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| A Healthy Breakfast Boosts Brainpower | Non-breakfast-eaters were generally hungrier later in the day and ate more food at night, perhaps leading to metabolic changes and heart disease. The study was published July 22, in the American Heart Association AHA journal Circulation. The scientists analyzed food questionnaire data and health outcomes from on 26, male health professionals, ages During the study, 1, of the men had cardiac events. Even after accounting for diet, physical activity, smoking, and other lifestyle factors, the association between skipping breakfast and heart disease persisted. Listen to a podcast with Rimm. Other studies have pointed to a link between breakfast and obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and other health problems seen as precursors to heart problems. While the study group was composed mostly of white men, the results are likely to apply to women and other ethnic groups, but additional studies should be conducted, the researchers said. In low- and middle-income countries, education is typically non-mandatory and thus school feeding seeks to promote school attendance. In high-income countries including Australia, school breakfast programs aim to ensure all students have access to a nutritious breakfast with the goal of promoting engagement with learning and ultimately improving academic outcomes. Importantly, findings provide insight into the magnitude of the problem. That is, the number and proportion of school-aged children and adolescents who do not regularly eat breakfast every day and may benefit from some form of support or intervention to promote breakfast consumption. Despite considerable investment in school breakfast provision across the country see for example [ 29 , 30 ] , results indicate a substantial proportion of children and adolescents regularly skip breakfast, suggesting alternative supports are required. Although the influence of socioeconomic disadvantage is clear, evidently it is not the sole driver of breakfast skipping. Rather, a variety of factors are at play as it is not only students living in the poorest areas who skip breakfast. School breakfast programs are generally targeted at socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Findings from international research on the impacts of school breakfast programs on school attendance, student wellbeing, academic performance, nutritional intake, and physical health, are mixed [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. What is clear is that promoting attendance at school breakfast programs, particularly attendance among the students who might need it most i. students who skip breakfast , is a challenge [ 31 ]. Together, evidence suggests the need to explore drivers of breakfast skipping, which are likely to differ across population sub-groups, to improve strategies to promote breakfast consumption. Schools and education systems more broadly have the potential to provide children and young people with environments that nurture healthy habits. When it comes to nutrition including breakfast consumption, this could extend beyond meal provision to education or health promotion efforts focused on shifting attitudes toward breakfast consumption. A key strength of this study lies in that it is, to our knowledge, the first to explore breakfast skipping prevalence among a large, population-wide sample of students in Australia. While the analysis sample is large, the results reported are limited to children and adolescents attending government public schools. In South Australia, about two thirds of children and adolescents attend government schools and these students are generally more socioeconomically disadvantaged than those attending non-government schools [ 32 , 33 ]. As such, our results are likely to over-represent the more disadvantaged children and adolescents in South Australia. Similarly, when generalising these results to Australia overall, the prevalence data reported in this study are likely to over-represent the more disadvantaged students. The study lacked information regarding breakfast content and reasons behind breakfast skipping that are important when considering implications for policy and practice. For instance, some students who reported eating breakfast may consider a beverage or a sugar-filled snack to be their breakfast. Although the objective of this study was to explore prevalence of breakfast consumption vs non-consumption, it is important to note that the percentage of children and adolescents who consumed a healthy, nutritious breakfast cannot be deduced from results. As such, when considering the prevalence figures reported here they are likely to over-represent students consuming a breakfast that is healthy and nutritious. Further, as mentioned, the reasons behind why students skipped breakfast may vary from lack of time in the morning, to food insecurity, to challenges surrounding body image. Strategies to promote breakfast consumption in light of each of these drivers would likely differ. Additional information of this nature would allow investigation beyond breakfast skipping prevalence alone to explore how many and which students are not consuming a healthy breakfast, and why, both of which are important questions for future research. The prevalence of breakfast skipping among children and adolescents appears considerably more prevalent than previous studies suggest. Building on existing research that has been limited by small, non-representative samples, findings from the current study suggest alternative supports are required to ensure all children and adolescents regularly eat breakfast. To be effective, strategies to promote breakfast consumption need to be informed by an understanding of the drivers of breakfast skipping across population sub-groups. Approval by an accredited research ethics committee is required to access the WEC data for research purposes. Access to data used in this study can be requested from the data custodian, the South Australian Department for Education DfE website www. au or via email education. researchunit sa. Wesnes KA, Pincock C, Scholey A. Breakfast is associated with enhanced cognitive function in schoolchildren. An internet based study. Article Google Scholar. Rampersaud G, Pereira M, Girard B, Adams J, Metzl J. Breakfast Habits, Nutritional Status, Body Weight, and Academic Performance in Children and Adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. Blondin SA, Anzman-Frasca S, Djang HC, Economos CD. Breakfast consumption and adiposity among children and adolescents: an updated review of the literature. Pediatric Obesity. Article CAS Google Scholar. Lundqvist M, Ennab Vogel N, Levin L. Effects of eating breakfast on children and adolescents: A systematic review of potentially relevant outcome in economic evaluations. Food Nutr Res. Lynch JW, Davey-Smith G. A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Annu Rev Public Health. Hertzman C, Boyce T. How Experience Gets Under the Skin to Create Gradients in Developmental Health. Monzani A, Ricotti R, Caputo M, Solito A, Archero F, Bellone S, et al. A Systematic Review of the Association of Skipping Breakfast with Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents. What Should We Better Investigate in the Future? Mullan B, Wong C, Kothe E, O'Moore K, Pickles K, Sainsbury K. An examination of the demographic predictors of adolescent breakfast consumption, content, and context. BMC Public Health. Utter J, Scragg R, Mhurchu C, Schaaf D. At-Home Breakfast Consumption among New Zealand Children: Associations with Body Mass Index and Related Nutrition Behaviors. Brugman E, Meulmeester JF, Spee-Van Der Wekke A, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Breakfast-skipping in children and young adolescents in The Netherlands. Eur J Pub Health. Wijtzes A, Jansen W, Jaddoe VWV, Franco O, Hofman A, van Lenthe F, et al. PLoS One. Fayet-Moore F, Kim J, Sritharan N, Petocz P. Impact of Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Choice on the Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index of Australian Children. Smith KJ, Blizzard L, McNaughton SA, Gall SL, Breslin MC, Wake M, et al. Skipping breakfast among 8—9 year old children is associated with teacher-reported but not objectively measured academic performance two years later. BMC Nutrition. Smith KJ, Breslin MC, McNaughton SA, Gall SL, Blizzard L, Venn AJ. Skipping breakfast among Australian children and adolescents; findings from the —12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Aust N Z J Public Health. Murphy S, Moore GF, Tapper K, Lynch R, Clarke R, Raisanen L, et al. Free healthy breakfasts in primary schools: a cluster randomised controlled trial of a policy intervention in Wales, UK. Public Health Nutrition. Bernstein L, McLaughlin JE, Crepinsek MK, Daft LM. Evaluation of the School Breakfast Program Pilot Project: Final Report. Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series Report no. Bartfeld J, Berger L, Men F, Chen Y. Access to the School Breakfast Program Is Associated with Higher Attendance and Test Scores among Elementary School Students. J Nutr. Department of Agriculture. Action F. Magic Breakfast. London: National Schools Breakfast Programme: Food for Thought; Google Scholar. Gregory T, Lewkowicz A, Engelhardt D, Stringer A, Luddy S, Brinkman SA. Data Resource Profile: The South Australian Wellbeing and Engagement Collection WEC. Int J Epidemiol. Gregory T, Brinkman S. Wellbeing and Engagement Collection WEC : History of the WEC in the South Australian school system and psychometric properties of the WEC survey instrument. Adelaide; Hoyland A, Dye L, Lawton CL. A systematic review of the effect of breakfast on the cognitive performance of children and adolescents. Nutr Res Rev. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas SEIFA. In: Australian Government, editor; Stata Statistical Software: Release StataCorp LLC: College Station; Pearson N, Biddle SJ, Gorely T. Family correlates of breakfast consumption among children and adolescents: A systematic review. MacDonald F. Evaluation of the School Breakfast Clubs Program: Final Report. Victoria: Victoria University; Watson M, Velardo S, Drummond M. Perspectives of the key stakeholders of the KickStart for Kids school breakfast program. Child Youth Serv Rev. Mhurchu C, Gorton D, Turley M, Jiang Y, Michie J, Maddison R, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health. Full time Equivalent Students data. Bonner C, Shepherd B. Losing the Game Report: State of our Schools in Sydney: Centre for Policy Development; Download references. Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, Ground Floor, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, , Australia. Alanna Sincovich, Hero Moller, Mary Brushe, Sally A. School of Public Health, the University of Adelaide, Level 5, Rundle Mall Plaza, Adelaide, South Australia, , Australia. Alanna Sincovich, Hero Moller, Lisa Smithers, Mary Brushe, Sally A. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, , Australia. Robinson Research Institute, the University of Adelaide, Level 1, Helen Mayo North, 60 Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, , Australia. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Alanna Sincovich. This research used existing data that was collected as part of the WEC; an administrative data collection managed and governed by the South Australian DfE. According to DfE protocols, caregivers of students invited to participate in the WEC were provided with an information letter prior to the collection and were able to withdraw their child from participating if desired. Students were then able to opt out of participating in the WEC, either before or at any point during their completion of the online survey. These processes adhere to consent procedures required by DfE for their internal data collections. We conducted a secondary analysis of existing, de-identified WEC data with approval from the data custodians, the South Australian DfE. Research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Sincovich, A. et al. Prevalence of breakfast skipping among children and adolescents: a cross-sectional population level study. BMC Pediatr 22 , Download citation. Received : 06 August Accepted : 13 April Published : 23 April Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research Open access Published: 23 April Prevalence of breakfast skipping among children and adolescents: a cross-sectional population level study Alanna Sincovich 1 , 2 , Hero Moller 1 , 2 , Lisa Smithers 2 , 3 , Mary Brushe 1 , 2 , Zohra S. Lassi 4 , Sally A. |
| Skipping breakfast may increase coronary heart disease risk | Roman-Viñas B, Serra-Majem L, Hagströmer M, Ribas-Barba L, Sjöström M, Segura-Cardona R. Breakfast: A good habit, not a repetitive custom. In this study, breakfast skipping was explored in a multi-ethnic group of middle-aged men residing in Saudi Arabia from twelve Middle Eastern and Asian countries. Article Google Scholar Brugman E, Meulmeester JF, Spee-Van Der Wekke A, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Click here to access the data. Robinson Research Institute, the University of Adelaide, Level 1, Helen Mayo North, 60 Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, , Australia. |
Breakfast skipping and public health initiatives -
The development and validation of the DQI has been described in detail elsewhere Higher scores reflect higher dietary quality. For the purpose of this analysis mean DQI was examined between breakfast skippers and non-breakfast skippers.
Intakes of energy, macronutrient fat, saturated fat, protein and carbohydrates, fibre and sodium in grams per day, based on the HDR were examined between skippers and non-breakfast skippers. Overall macronutrient intake all meals and intake excluding the breakfast meal were examined between the two groups.
Intakes of specific food groups among skippers and non-breakfast skippers were also examined: vegetables, fruit and fruit and vegetable juice, savoury snacks, chocolate; cakes, pies, and biscuits; confectionary non-chocolate, other sugary products, and sugar sweetened beverages. These cut off points were based on guidelines for data processing and analysis of IPAQ Questionnaires and study tools will progressively be made publically available via the HELENA study website.
A copy of the IPAQ-A questionnaire has been provided as Supplementary File 1. Analysis was conducted using Stata SE version In order to explore sex differences all analyses presented were stratified by sex. Differences in the daily intake of overall nutrients, and nutrients excluding breakfast according to breakfast skipping were explored using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test stratified by sex.
Estimated mean intakes of macronutrients among skippers and non-skippers were calculated using the generalized linear models and using the margins command, adjusting for covariates which were found to be significantly associated with breakfast skipping.
The high number of adolescents with zero intake for specific food groups, meant that these variables were highly skewed and estimated mean intakes were not calculated as a result. Crude intakes are reported for these variables.
Regression models were adjusted for demographic variables region, age, maternal education, FAS, and family structure and lifestyle factors, including physical activity and diet quality DQI. The analysis was adjusted for clustering by school using the svy command.
Additionally, a separate analysis was conducted stratified by each of 8 HELENA centres Greece, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Sweden, Austria, and Spain , adjusting for region, age, sex, maternal education, FAS, and family structure. respondents did not reporting having breakfast on one or both 24 HDR days.
Overall Across the eight countries the proportion of breakfast skippers ranged from Among males, breakfast skipping ranged from When two different classification approaches were compared using Preferences questionnaire or HDR , Using the alternative classification, only 6.
Table 2 shows the profile of male and female skippers and non-skippers. Median IQR DQI was significantly higher among skippers than non-skippers; this was true of both males [ Table 2 shows macronutrients and food group intake among male and female breakfast skippers and non-skippers.
Nutrient intakes among skippers and non-skippers were described as estimated means Table 3. Energy intake from nutrients was also examined among skippers and non-skippers according to meal Supplementary Table 1. Food groups. This association remained in the full model after including region, age, maternal education, FAS, family structure, physical activity, diet quality and energy intake as covariates [Adjusted Odds Ratio AOR , 2.
This was also true of female adolescents AOR, 0. However, none of these associations were significant. A different relationship was found when the regression analysis was performed using the alternative HDR classification of breakfast skipping Supplementary Table 3 males [AOR, 0.
The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and dietary patterns associated with breakfast skipping among European adolescents, and to explore the association between habitual breakfast skipping and being overweight or obese.
There were a number of key findings. Firstly, a high proportion of adolescents Secondly, in terms of demographics, among males, there were higher proportions of skippers among older age groups, and those living in Southern Europe.
Among females, there were greater proportions of skippers among those with lower family affluence, with mothers of lower education. Thirdly, both male and female adolescents who skipped breakfast had significantly lower diet quality overall, and lower intake of fibre and fruit. While the range in terms of the prevalence of breakfast skipping across the eight countries was not as great as that reported among children of the ENERGY study 31 , this could reflect the different age group, the selection of countries sampled, and the approach used to determine skippers i.
However, the variation between countries in the current study does suggest that some cultural differences in patterns of breakfast skipping, or in the interpretation of the breakfast meal, may exist. This variation may reflect an on-going issue with research in this area 43 , namely, the different approaches used to classify breakfast skippers across studies, which makes cross-study comparisons difficult.
The current study findings suggest that different approaches to classify skippers, even within the same study, do not classify adolescents consistently, and indicate a different relationship between skipping and BMI may exist depending on the approach used.
However, as highlighted by Rampersaud et al. preceding school Unless definitions are made explicit, it is important to allow for differences in the interpretation of breakfast among study participants. Variation in the types of food groups consumed in morning may have also influenced whether adolescents would report themselves as skipper or non-skipper.
The high proportion of skippers among females fits with existing evidence suggesting sex differences in dietary behaviours 44 , including meal and breakfast skipping 20 , 22 , 24 , 26 , However, some studies have found skipping is higher among males 8 , 20 , with another pan-European study finding no significant different in prevalence between girls and boys The current findings on socio-demographics and breakfast skipping are also consistent with previous work from the US 26 and Netherlands 27 , indicating breakfast skipping is more common among older children, and with research from other pan-European studies, which show an association of skipping with lower family affluence 24 , living with a single-parent family 24 , and lower parental education Previous work also shows breakfast skipping appears to cluster with other unhealthy dietary behaviours 5 , 21 and that skippers may have lower intake of several important nutrients The lower diet quality, and lower intake of fruit and fibre identified among male and female skippers in the current study may suggest that adolescents who habitually skip breakfast are missing key nutritional elements through skipping the breakfast meal, or, alternatively, that the breakfast skipping behaviour may be a marker of irregular dietary behaviours.
In spite of the different approaches used to classify skippers across studies including the use of questionnaires to assess frequency of intake per week the current findings are consistent with existing work which show an association between breakfast skipping and higher BMI 3 , 8 , 14 , 22 , including a systematic review of studies across Europe 6.
However, the current study differs to others in examining the relationship by sex, and finding this association is significant among males only. Even if we cannot assert that breakfast skipping itself leads to an adolescent becoming overweight or obese, the behaviour may be a marker, both for higher BMI, and a poorer diet.
Examining differences in nutrient and food intakes between skippers and non-skippers can provide some insight into how the behaviour may contribute to a higher BMI.
Previous work suggests that daily energy intake may be compensated among skippers by greater consumption of more energy-dense foods, for example those high in carbohydrates, over the rest of the day, or from higher consumption during a morning snack 31 ; a pattern observed in the current study.
The fact this behaviour is associated with a poorer diet and higher BMI should be a cause for concern, given the risk of these habits tracking into adulthood There is scope to raise awareness about adolescents who may be particularly vulnerable, most likely to engage in this behaviour, and to target interventions appropriately.
The sex-specific association reported in the current study could in some way be indicative of different motivations for engaging in breakfast skipping between male and females.
Male and female adolescents may have different reasons for engaging in breakfast skipping, and the role of gender in breakfast skipping needs to be better understood.
A recent systematic review of factors which influence meal skipping among young adults, cited a perceived lack of time, weight control, money, and habit among the main correlates of skipping Interventions to address the behaviour may benefit if they are designed as appropriate to male and female adolescents.
To inform intervention development, qualitative work would be needed to fully understand any sex differences, the specific motivations for breakfast skipping, and other contextual factors which could impact on the behaviours in these groups.
One of the strengths of this study is the use of a large pan-European dataset representing adolescents across ten European Cities, and eight countries. This is also the first study to examine adjusted differences in nutrient intakes among skippers and non-skippers.
Furthermore, food and nutrient intake was collected using a validated instrument, the computerised HDR, HELENA-DIAT Although data collected from the preferences questionnaire and I-PAQ were self-reported, FAS and I-PAQ have been validated in other studies 41 , The study is strengthened by the use of the self-report preferences questionnaire to classify breakfast skippers, which was felt to better represent habitual dietary behaviours.
However, the study has some limitations. It should be noted that the data were collected during the academic year — and are now 10 years old. It is possible that dietary patterns among adolescents may have changed since the original study was conducted.
For example, does slight agreement also imply slight disagreement with the statement? This discrepancy further suggests the need for a more standardised approach to defining breakfast skipping which would allow for more comparable results across studies.
The current study is limited by its cross-sectional design, and the findings reported here would ideally be confirmed through a longitudinal study.
Overweight or obese adolescents may be likely to skip breakfast rather than becoming overweight through skipping and poor dietary intake. A longitudinal study among year olds by Berkey et al. in the US 14 found that breakfast skipping appears to have a different effect according to baseline weight status.
Over a year of follow-up, children who were overweight and who skipped breakfast lost weight whereas normal weight children who skipped breakfast gained weight relative to normal weight children who ate breakfast regularly.
Interventions to target breakfast skipping should potentially be sex-specific and account for different motivations for the behaviour among male and female adolescents. Identification of meal patterns, and developing a better understanding their determinants, has the potential to inform the development of targeted interventions to address this important public health issue.
The HELENA dataset is available to access subject to submission and approval of a study proposal by Professor Luis Moreno lmoreno unizar.
es at the University of Zaragoza. No competing interests were disclosed. The preparation of this paper was supported by the DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity DEDIPAC knowledge hub.
The HELENA Study took place with the financial support of the European Community Sitxth RTD Framework Programme Contract FOOD-CT This analysis was conducted as a part of the Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity DEDIPAC study, of subtask 1. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Close Copy Citation Details. PUBLISHED 05 Jun Luis A. Alba M. Jonatan R. Mathilde Kersting Roles: Data Curation. Janas M. OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS. As Hour Recall data was not available from Pecs Hungary this city was excluded. Using responses from the Food Choices and Preferences Questionnaire adolescents were classified as breakfast skippers or non-breakfast skippers.
All analyses were stratified by sex. Differences in the intake of macronutrients, both overall and when breakfast was excluded, and key foods were compared between skippers and non-skippers using Wilcoxen Rank Sum test.
Among both male and female estimated mean fibre intake and median fruit intake were significantly lower among skippers compared to non-skippers. Conclusions: Different patterns of daily macronutrient intake were observed among adolescents who skip and do not skip breakfast.
Gender may play a key part in breakfast skipping behaviours. READ ALL READ LESS. Keywords Breakfast skipping, meal patterns, adolescents, overweight, obese, DEDIPAC. Corresponding Author s. Fiona Riordan fiona. riordan ucc. Introduction Breakfast consumption has been associated with a better nutrition profile and diet quality 1 — 3 , improved cognitive function 3 , 4 , and a lower body mass index BMI 2 , 3 , 5 , 6.
Methods Study design and sampling The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence HELENA study is a cross sectional, school-based study of European adolescents aged Breakfast skipping Several studies 2 , 3 , 17 , 27 have highlighted that some variation exists in terms of how breakfast consumers or skippers are defined.
Socio-demographic variables The association of breakfast skipping with the following socio-demographic variables was examined: region, age, family affluence scale FAS , maternal education and family structure. Diet and physical activity Diet Quality Index A Diet Quality Index DQI was developed based on information from the two non-consecutive HDRs.
Study tools Questionnaires and study tools will progressively be made publically available via the HELENA study website. Statistical analysis Analysis was conducted using Stata SE version Table 1.
Breakfast skipping across eight HELENA centres. HELENA - Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence. Energy, macronutrient and food intakes among skippers and non-skippers Median IQR DQI was significantly higher among skippers than non-skippers; this was true of both males [ Table 2.
Demographic profile of breakfast skippers and non-skippers stratified by sex. Table 3. Table 4. Discussion Key findings The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and dietary patterns associated with breakfast skipping among European adolescents, and to explore the association between habitual breakfast skipping and being overweight or obese.
Strengths and limitations One of the strengths of this study is the use of a large pan-European dataset representing adolescents across ten European Cities, and eight countries.
Data availability The HELENA dataset is available to access subject to submission and approval of a study proposal by Professor Luis Moreno lmoreno unizar. Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Supplementary material Supplementary File 1: IPAQ questionnaire Click here to access the data.
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J Nutri Metab. Download references. We would like to acknowledge the lecturers who helped the researchers with the data collection. We would like to express our gratitude to students and their parents who agreed to participate in this study. Also, we would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Palestine, for their support by facilitating communication with the schools and parents.
Thanks also to all the co-researchers and fieldworkers involved in this study. Special thanks to the Nutrition and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University for the support given to researchers.
Nutrition and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Tulkarm, West Bank PO.
Box 7, Nablus, Palestine. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. The authors have contributed to the manuscript as the following; Manal Badrasawi: the principal investigator has written the study proposal and protocol and supervised the data analysis. Ola Anabtawi: participated in the study protocol revision and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.
Yaqout Al-Zain was in charge of research data management and data analysis. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Manal Badrasawi. This project acquired ethical approval from the Institution review Board for Ethical approval from An-Najah National University.
The research procedures were conducted in accordance with the principle expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The consent of participation was taken first from the school principals, then from the parents through the schoolteachers.
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Reprints and permissions. Badrasawi, M. Breakfast characteristics, perception, and reasons of skipping among 8th and 9th-grade students at governmental schools, Jenin governance, West Bank. BMC Nutr 7 , 42 Download citation. Received : 22 February Accepted : 22 June Published : 06 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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Download PDF. Research Open access Published: 06 August Breakfast characteristics, perception, and reasons of skipping among 8th and 9th-grade students at governmental schools, Jenin governance, West Bank Manal Badrasawi ORCID: orcid. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among to year-old schoolchildren from 4 governmental schools in urban and rural areas of the Jenin district in Palestine.
Conclusion Understanding the reasons for missing or skipping breakfast factors which make skipping it more likely, should inform public health strategies to promote breakfast consumption. Introduction A lot has been researched, written and published about the nutritional transition in low and middle income settings [ 1 ].
The methodology and study instruments This study used a cross-sectional design to answer the research objectives. Data collection Data collection started in October and ended in November Ethical approval The Palestinian Ministry of Education approved the study protocol once it had been reviewed by the Research and Quality Control committee.
Sample size and sampling procedures Using G power software and an alpha of 0. Research instrument The questionnaire was developed based on a thorough literature review pertaining to breakfast consumption among school students from different age groups. Statistical analysis The Statistical package for the social Sciences SPSS, version 21, was used to analyze the collected data.
Results Characteristics of the participants A total of students were included in the final analysis. Prevalence of breakfast consumption and meal characteristics Figure 1 shows the prevalence of breakfast consumption on school days, weekends and all days. Breakfast and school meal consumption during school and weekend days.
Full size image. Table 3 Students Yes answer for reasons for breakfast skipping Full size table. Implications Many studies have investigated patterns of breakfast consumption and its associations with various individual and societal factors.
Strengths and limitations Strengths This study sheds light on factors related to breakfast consumption which are vital to designing public health interventions.
Limitations There was a relatively low response rate to the survey, which may challenge the generalisability of the findings, despite the representative sample.
Conclusion Breakfast is well-recognised as an important meal in our sample of Palestinian 8th and 9th school children. Availability of data and materials The dataset used and analysed in this study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Article Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the lecturers who helped the researchers with the data collection. Funding The authors declare that no external financial support was received for this study.
Author information Authors and Affiliations Nutrition and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Tulkarm, West Bank PO.
View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This project acquired ethical approval from the Institution review Board for Ethical approval from An-Najah National University.
Consent for publication Not Applicable. Competing interests The authors declare they have no competing interests. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.
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The aim of this study Breakfast skipping and public health initiatives to Wound healing materials whether breakfast initiwtives, place and habits are associated with anf behavioural problems in a nationally Breakgast sample of young people aged 4—14 years Breakfast skipping and public health initiatives in Spain. This initiativex analysed secondary data from the Spanish National Health Surveyincluding 3, Spanish children and adolescents. Similarly, not consuming coffee, milk, tea, chocolate, cocoa, yogurt, etc. This association was also found for those who did not eat bread, toast, cereals, pastries, etc. Conversely, not consuming eggs, cheese, ham, etc. Psychosocial health is broadly defined to include psychological and social psychological outcomes interlinked with socioeconomic factors 1. There is no accepted definition in the field, although it usually includes characteristics such as self-esteem and mood, as well as affect, such as anxiety 2. Background: Skippkng eating ;ublic regarded to be necessary for maintaining Bteakfast healthy Breakfast skipping and public health initiatives inigiatives. On the other hand, breakfast skipping Peppermint oil been linked with Breakfast skipping and public health initiatives incidence. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of breakfast skipping among a multi-ethnic group of middle-aged men living in Saudi Arabia and the association between breakfast skipping and sociodemographic variables and weight status. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1, middle-aged men aged 36—59 years. Participants' sociodemographic information and frequency of breakfast eating were obtained through personal interviews. The body mass index was determined after measuring body weight and height using standardized methods.
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