Endurance athletes need healthy fats in their diet. Supply two fatty acids the body can't manufacture linoleic acid and linolenic acid. There are many types of fat, some good and some not. The most significant types are triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol.

Of these, triglycerides are most commonly found in food. Fatty acids break down further into saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats. Endurance athletes need to minimize the amount of saturated fat consumed. Most fat calories should be in the form of monounsaturated fatty acids.

When adding fat to your diet to keep up with the demands of endurance training, focus your fat intake on healthy fats 1. This includes:. In addition to the three macros, endurance athletes also benefit from some specific micronutrients.

Two to consider are vitamins C and D. Vitamin C is perhaps best known for boosting immunity. But it also serves other important purposes. One is that it is an antioxidant, protecting the cells against free radical damage.

Another is that it supports wound healing. According to a study , vitamin C also helps athletes recover during the competitive season 2.

Citrus fruits and potatoes are high in vitamin C. So are peppers, broccoli, strawberries, and kiwi. Vitamin D is important for bone health. Weak bones mean more fractures and breaks. A study also ties adequate vitamin D levels with improved athletic performance 3.

Taking a cod liver oil supplement is one way to get more of this nutrient. Orange juice and dairy are also high in vitamin D. We lose water throughout the day.

It escapes our body through normal respiration, sweating, and urinary output. When we exercise, we lose more.

Staying hydrated is more than about satisfying thirst. The top reasons for proper hydration, which are especially important for clients taking on endurance events, include:. Endurance athletes need to watch their hydration throughout the day, especially during workouts.

Water intake guidelines are provided by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 4. Current guidelines are 2. This includes water consumed both from beverages and food.

When your client is taking part in endurance activity, they need to up their intake. Here are some recommendations to follow:. After endurance exercise: 24 ounces for every pound of body weight lost. In addition to water loss through sweating, we also lose electrolytes. When we sweat, we lose sodium, chloride potassium, magnesium, and calcium.

These electrolytes serve important roles in supporting bodily systems. There are many electrolyte drinks on the market. These can help replace lost nutrients. Many exist in the form of a sports drink.

The problem is that these drinks can also be high in sugar and calories. One of the best ways to replenish electrolytes after a long endurance training session is by eating whole foods.

Here are a few options to consider:. Potassium - banana, sweet potato, dried fruits, avocado, kale, peas, beans. Magnesium - whole grains, leafy vegetables, nuts, lentils, peanut butter. Achieving peak performance requires having nutrients available when you need them.

This can be accomplished by developing a nutrient intake plan. And this plan should provide nutrient timing guidelines. Timing the intake of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and water is essential to endurance success.

It involves laying out what to consume before, during, and after endurance training and endurance events. Consume 20 ounces of water 2 hours before the start of endurance training.

Carbohydrate loading should only occur leading up to an endurance event. Consume 1. Consume 15 to 25 grams of protein within the first 30 minutes post-exercise.

Nutrition for endurance involves a lot. But when endurance athletes pay attention to the recommendations and figure out what methods work best for them, the outcome is improved athletic performance.

This can translate to higher awards come race day. Whether you are an elite athlete, a weekend warrior, or a personal trainer designing programs for athletes, it is important to fuel the body properly.

Proper nutrients at the right time allow the body to perform at its highest level. Want to learn more about nutrition and its impact on sports performance?

Check out the ISSA Nutritionist Certification and join a network of experts in sports nutrition. By becoming an ISSA Nutritionist, you'll learn the foundations of how food fuels the body, plus step by step methods for implementing a healthy eating plan into clients' lifestyles.

Healthy Fat foods for your diet. Heaton, L. Selected in-season nutritional strategies to enhance recovery for Team Sport Athletes: A practical overview.

Sports Medicine , 47 11 , — de la Puente Yagüe, M. Role of vitamin D in athletes and their performance: Current concepts and new trends.

Nutrients , 12 2 , Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. All Categories Anatomy Audio Blogs Behavior Change Business More. BY: ISSA DATE: What Is Endurance? No One-Size-Fits-All Diet for Improved Endurance Events vary, as do athletes and your everyday personal training clients.

Endurance Athlete Macronutrient Needs Macronutrients are the basic components of the food we eat. How Many Carbohydrates Should Endurance Athletes Eat? How Much Protein Should Endurance Athletes Eat?

Effective nutrition and hydration strategies during workouts and games depend on how long each session lasts, the environmental conditions, and whether you are training or competing just once or multiple times on the same day. It takes minutes of high-intensity activity to become almost completely depleted of your glycogen stores.

If the activity is going to be less than minutes and you are well-nourished beforehand , focus on water. This will help with replenishing glycogen, as well as any sodium losses.

For individuals exercising for more than an hour or in the heat, a sports drink or other carbohydrate source may be appropriate to maintain performance. When ingesting carbohydrate during exercise, you should consume no more than grams of carbohydrates per hour.

Many sports drinks contain g per 8 oz of fluid and carbohydrate gels have anywhere from g per packet. Sports beans contain 25 g of carbohydrate per packet.

Ample water intake is extremely important for any athlete — recreational or competitive. Nutrition post-workout or game is also very important, because it promotes recovery by replenishing glycogen stores and helping repair muscle damage. Recovery starts fairly close to when you finish your activity.

Therefore, within about minutes, focus on protein and carbohydrate foods or drinks. Consume a ratio of or of protein to carbohydrate.

Consuming a combination of carbohydrate and protein is ideal for aiding in muscle recovery and repair, improving recovery time, providing energy and potentially decreasing soreness. A sweat loss of more than 2 percent of your pre-activity, normally hydrated body weight has been shown to negatively affect your athletic performance, and more so in a hot and humid environment.

Use the following strategies to avoid significant dehydration:. Posted In Basketball , Healthy Living , Nutrition , Sports Medicine. Written by SHN Staff. November 14, Pre-activity nutrition Pre-activity nutrition is divided into two main time frames, based on when practices and games are scheduled.

Pre-activity meal hours before grams of carbohydrates High in lean protein Low in fiber and fat fl. milk, juice or sports drink Example: Grilled chicken, brown rice, corn, green beans, salad and vanilla pudding With less time, try something smaller, lower in fat and fiber, like instant oatmeal with fruit and milk, or an apple with nuts or peanut butter.

Pre-activity snack grams of easily digestible carbohydrate Moderate in protein Low in fiber and fat fl. water or sports drink Example: Banana and peanut butter, yogurt and small amounts of granola, cereal and milk, granola bar, etc. Nutrition during training or competition Effective nutrition and hydration strategies during workouts and games depend on how long each session lasts, the environmental conditions, and whether you are training or competing just once or multiple times on the same day.

Nutrition during activity Drink oz. Recovery Nutrition post-workout or game is also very important, because it promotes recovery by replenishing glycogen stores and helping repair muscle damage. Post-activity meal High in whole grain carbohydrates High in lean protein Good amount of fiber and fats fl.

chocolate milk, smoothie, sports drink, water Example: in. Hydration A sweat loss of more than 2 percent of your pre-activity, normally hydrated body weight has been shown to negatively affect your athletic performance, and more so in a hot and humid environment.

Use the following strategies to avoid significant dehydration: If you are thirsty, you are probably already somewhat dehydrated. Minimize pre-activity body water deficits by drinking regularly throughout the day.

Check the color of your urine.

Consuming approximately ml of fluid in the 2 to 4 hours prior to an event may be a good general strategy to take. Some people may experience a negative response to eating close to exercise. A meal high in fat, protein or fibre is likely to increase the risk of digestive discomfort. It is recommended that meals just before exercise should be high in carbohydrates as they do not cause gastrointestinal upset.

Liquid meal supplements may also be appropriate, particularly for athletes who suffer from pre-event nerves. For athletes involved in events lasting less than 60 minutes in duration, a mouth rinse with a carbohydrate beverage may be sufficient to help improve performance.

Benefits of this strategy appear to relate to effects on the brain and central nervous system. During exercise lasting more than 60 minutes, an intake of carbohydrate is required to top up blood glucose levels and delay fatigue.

Current recommendations suggest 30 to 60 g of carbohydrate is sufficient, and can be in the form of lollies, sports gels, sports drinks, low-fat muesli and sports bars or sandwiches with white bread.

It is important to start your intake early in exercise and to consume regular amounts throughout the exercise period.

It is also important to consume regular fluid during prolonged exercise to avoid dehydration. Sports drinks, diluted fruit juice and water are suitable choices. For people exercising for more than 4 hours, up to 90 grams of carbohydrate per hour is recommended.

Carbohydrate foods and fluids should be consumed after exercise, particularly in the first one to 2 hours after exercise. While consuming sufficient total carbohydrate post-exercise is important, the type of carbohydrate source might also be important, particularly if a second training session or event will occur less than 8 hours later.

In these situations, athletes should choose carbohydrate sources with a high GI for example white bread, white rice, white potatoes in the first half hour or so after exercise.

This should be continued until the normal meal pattern resumes. Since most athletes develop a fluid deficit during exercise, replenishment of fluids post-exercise is also a very important consideration for optimal recovery. It is recommended that athletes consume 1.

Protein is an important part of a training diet and plays a key role in post-exercise recovery and repair. Protein needs are generally met and often exceeded by most athletes who consume sufficient energy in their diet. The amount of protein recommended for sporting people is only slightly higher than that recommended for the general public.

For athletes interested in increasing lean mass or muscle protein synthesis, consumption of a high-quality protein source such as whey protein or milk containing around 20 to 25 g protein in close proximity to exercise for example, within the period immediately to 2 hours after exercise may be beneficial.

As a general approach to achieving optimal protein intakes, it is suggested to space out protein intake fairly evenly over the course of a day, for instance around 25 to 30 g protein every 3 to 5 hours, including as part of regular meals.

There is currently a lack of evidence to show that protein supplements directly improve athletic performance. Therefore, for most athletes, additional protein supplements are unlikely to improve sport performance. A well-planned diet will meet your vitamin and mineral needs.

Supplements will only be of any benefit if your diet is inadequate or you have a diagnosed deficiency, such as an iron or calcium deficiency. There is no evidence that extra doses of vitamins improve sporting performance.

Nutritional supplements can be found in pill, tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form, and cover a broad range of products including:. Before using supplements, you should consider what else you can do to improve your sporting performance — diet, training and lifestyle changes are all more proven and cost effective ways to improve your performance.

Relatively few supplements that claim performance benefits are supported by sound scientific evidence. Use of vitamin and mineral supplements is also potentially dangerous. Supplements should not be taken without the advice of a qualified health professional.

The ethical use of sports supplements is a personal choice by athletes, and it remains controversial. If taking supplements, you are also at risk of committing an anti-doping rule violation no matter what level of sport you play.

Dehydration can impair athletic performance and, in extreme cases, may lead to collapse and even death. Drinking plenty of fluids before, during and after exercise is very important. Fluid intake is particularly important for events lasting more than 60 minutes, of high intensity or in warm conditions.

Water is a suitable drink, but sports drinks may be required, especially in endurance events or warm climates. Sports drinks contain some sodium, which helps absorption. While insufficient hydration is a problem for many athletes, excess hydration may also be potentially dangerous.

In rare cases, athletes might consume excessive amounts of fluids that dilute the blood too much, causing a low blood concentration of sodium.

This condition is called hyponatraemia, which can potentially lead to seizures, collapse, coma or even death if not treated appropriately. Consuming fluids at a level of to ml per hour of exercise might be a suitable starting point to avoid dehydration and hyponatraemia, although intake should ideally be customised to individual athletes, considering variable factors such as climate, sweat rates and tolerance.

This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional.

The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances.

The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Healthy eating. Home Healthy eating. Sporting performance and food. Dehydration can cause tiredness and affect performance by reducing strength and aerobic capacity especially when exercising for longer periods.

So, especially when exercising at higher levels or in warmer conditions, it is important to try and stay hydrated before, during and after exercise to prevent dehydration. In most cases, unless training at a high intensity for over an hour, water is the best choice as it hydrates without providing excess calories or the sugars and acids found in some soft drinks that can damage teeth.

For more information on healthy hydration see our pages on this topic. For those who are recreationally active to a high level, or for athletes, managing hydration around training or competition is more important.

The higher intensity and longer duration of activity means that sweat rates tend to be higher. Again, the advice for this group would be to ensure they drinks fluids before, during and after exercise. Rehydration would usually involve trying to drink around 1. Below are some examples of other drinks, other than water that may be used by athletes, both recreational and elite.

Sports drinks can be expensive compared to other drinks; however it is easy to make them yourself! To make your own isotonic sports drink, mix ml fruit squash containing sugar rather than sweeteners , ml water and a pinch of salt. Supplements are one of the most discussed aspects of nutrition for those who are physically active.

However, whilst many athletes do supplement their diet, supplements are only a small part of a nutrition programme for training. For most people who are active, a balanced diet can provide all the energy and nutrients the body needs without the need for supplements.

Sports supplements can include micronutrients, macronutrients or other substances that may have been associated with a performance benefit, such as creatine, sodium bicarbonate or nitrate. The main reasons people take supplements are to correct or prevent nutrient deficiencies that may impair health or performance; for convenient energy and nutrient intake around an exercise session; or to achieve a direct performance benefit.

Whilst adequate amounts of protein and carbohydrate are both essential in maximising performance and promoting recovery, most people should be able to get all the nutrients they need by eating a healthy, varied diet and, therefore, supplements are generally unnecessary.

For athletes, supplementing the diet may be beneficial, possibly on performance, on general health or for reducing injury and illness risk. However, there is not much research on many of the commonly used supplements, and there are only a small number of supplements where there is good evidence for a direct benefit on performance, including caffeine, creatine in the form of creatine monohydrate , nitrate and sodium bicarbonate.

Even in these cases, the benefits on performance vary greatly depending on the individual and there is only evidence for a benefit in specific scenarios.

This means that any athletes considering supplementation will need to weigh the potential benefits with the possible negative impacts, such as negative effects on general health or performance, risk of accidental doping or risks of consuming toxic levels of substances such as caffeine.

The advice to consider supplementation for a performance benefit is for high performance athletes and should be carried out alongside expert advice from qualified sports nutritionists or dietitians.

It is a common myth that consuming lots of excess protein gives people bigger muscles. Quite often, people taking part in exercise focus on eating lots of protein, and consequently may not get enough carbohydrate, which is the most important source of energy for exercise.

The main role of protein in the body is for growth, repair and maintenance of body cells and tissues, such as muscle. Fifteen to 25g of high-quality protein has been shown to be enough for optimum muscle protein synthesis following any exercise or training session, for most people, and any excess protein that is ingested will be used for energy.

The recommendations for daily protein intake are set equally for both endurance training and resistance training athletes, so higher intakes are not recommended even for those exclusively trying to build muscle. Any more protein than this will not be used for muscle building and just used as energy.

Therefore, whilst among recreational gym-goers protein supplementation has become increasingly popular for muscle building, it is generally unnecessary. However, after competition or an intense training session, high quality protein powders can be a more convenient and transportable recovery method when there is limited access to food or if an individual does not feel hungry around exercise, and may be effective for maintenance, growth and repair of muscle.

If you have a more general query, please contact us. Please note that advice provided on our website about nutrition and health is general in nature.

We do not provide any personal advice on prevention, treatment and management for patients or their family members.

If you would like a response, please contact us. We do not provide any individualised advice on prevention, treatment and management for patients or their family members.

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Enlarge Text A A. Nutrition for sports and exercise. The article looks at: Foods for fuel and exercise How to stay well hydrated Supplements. Eating well for physical activity and sport can have many benefits including: allowing you to perform well in your chosen sport or activity reducing the risk of injury and illness ensuring the best recovery after exercise or a training programme However, the dietary patterns that will best suit an individual will depend on the amount and intensity of activity.

Physical activity when losing weight Doing physical activity will increase your energy expenditure the calories you use , as energy is required during exercise to fuel the contracting muscles, increased breathing and heart rate and metabolism.

Foods for fuel and exercise Carbohydrates Protein Vegetarian and vegan diets for athletes Fat Carbohydrates The main role of carbohydrates in physical activity is to provide energy. The table below shows the carbohydrate content of some common foods: Food source Serving size Carbohydrate content g per serving size Wholewheat pasta boiled g Protein Protein is important in sports performance as it can boost glycogen storage, reduce muscle soreness and promote muscle repair.

The table below shows the protein content of some common foods: Food source Serving size Protein content g per serving size Chicken breast grilled g Fat Fat is essential for the body in small amounts, but it is also high in calories.

How to stay well hydrated Water is essential for life and hydration is important for health, especially in athletes and those who are physically active, who will likely have higher requirements.

The amount an individual sweats varies from person to person and depends on: intensity and duration of exercise — longer and higher intensity exercise can cause greater sweat loss. environmental temperature — in hot, humid conditions sweat loss can increase. clothing — the more clothing that is worn, the quicker you are likely to heat up which may cause greater sweat loss.

genetics — some people sweat more than others. Sports drinks: sports drinks contain carbohydrates in the form of glucose, as well as electrolytes such as sodium.

Sodium will replace any lost from sweating and enhance rehydration, and glucose will replenish carbohydrate stores. Sports drinks have been shown to help endurance performance and recovery for active individuals performing endurance exercise over a longer duration 60 minutes or more e.

participating in a marathon. However, it is important to remember that sports drinks are like other soft drinks that contain sugars. This means that they can be high in calories and contribute to tooth decay, so they are only suitable if taking part in high-level endurance sports or if sweat loss is high.

Milk: Skimmed or semi-skimmed milk has been used in some studies as a post-exercise recovery drink. It contains minerals that can replace those lost via sweating, as well as providing nutrients involved in muscle function and bone health potassium and calcium.

It also naturally contains high quality protein and some carbohydrate in the form of lactose and is relatively cheap to buy. Energy drinks: are not designed to replace the electrolytes lost in sweat and may contain other ingredients with stimulant properties, such as caffeine.

As some are high in sugars, they can increase the risk of tooth decay and contain energy, which may cause weight gain if consumed in excess. Supplements Supplements are one of the most discussed aspects of nutrition for those who are physically active.

Do I need to supplement protein to build muscle? Information reviewed April Help us improve We'd love to hear your thoughts about this page below. Why did you visit the page? Would you like to add any comments? What is the issue? Would you like to be contacted about your feedback?

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To bookmark your favourite articles, enter your details below to sign up. Athletes who participate in endurance sports have particular nutrition requirements that differ from those involved in more general sporting codes.

In this article, we discuss how young athletes can optimise their nutrition intake to maximise sport performance. In addition to meeting nutrition requirements for growth and development, the endurance athlete also has other considerations regarding performance nutrition.

If carbohydrate intake is insufficient, this will result in fatigue, and reduced exercise performance and recovery. Carbohydrate and protein intake will vary depending on the volume amount and type of training a young athlete is involved in.

Because the body uses carbohydrate as its preferred source of energy, intake needs to at least provide enough energy to support training load and recovery.

There is significant evidence that supports a high carbohydrate diet for athletes who compete in endurance-based sports, and for those who compete in intermittent high intensity-based sport for example squash, tennis, rugby. For sport nutrition, carbohydrates are measured in grams per kg.

General guidelines for carbohydrate intake are shown in the table below. Carbohydrate intake varies according to the type and intensity of training an athlete is involved in.

The Food Cruncher has designed a sport nutrition plan for young athletes that lets them work out their own carbohydrate intakes using digital calculators, based on training load and volume. See here for more information on this new sport nutrition programme. Endurance athletes need to pay attention to their fluid intake.

Dehydration can result in increased heart rates and body temperature and can also reduce concentration and the ability to make decisions. One of the most important considerations regarding fluid intake is that the young athlete starts from a well hydrated position.

Body weight should be monitored to assess weight gain or loss after training. Athletes who drink too much during training or competition, will gain weight. Although over-hydration is a consideration for athletes, dehydration is usually more common. Young athletes need to practice their hydration strategies during training to ensure they remain optimally hydrated for their endurance events.

Low salt levels as a result of exercise can cause serious health issues. Sports drinks often have salt sodium added to them. Consuming these should alleviate concerns around sweat loss and exercise performance. Note that water is generally an adequate replacement for training lasting less than 90 minutes.

Salty snacks after training will also help. Foods such as pretzels, pizza, salted nuts, canned soups, and baked beans would be suitable for replacing salt levels after an endurance event. Because sweat levels are highly variable, it is not possible to provide a general salt replacement guide that will fit all situations.

Consuming a sports drink or having a salty snack after training should be enough to replace any sodium losses during exercise. Protein allows for muscular repair and adaptation. Requirements for the young athlete range between 1.

However, this is highly variable depending on an athletes training load volume and sport. Protein should come from lean meat skin and fat removed , fish, low fat dairy products milk, yoghurt, cheese , vegetarian and vegan sources include lentils, chickpeas, beans, tofu , and should be spread out across the day over meals.

As a general guide, grams of high-quality protein after training should be sufficient to allow for muscular adaptation, repair, and recovery. A well-constructed vegetarian or vegan diet will meet all the protein requirements needed for health and training, however after training it is important to combine protein sources to ensure a complete protein profile is achieved.

This will allow for better muscular repair, adaptation and recovery from training. Saturated and trans fats come from foods like butter, cream, cheese, meat fat, coconut products oil, cream, milk , palm oil, and processed foods like cakes and biscuits supermarket , pies, donuts, sausage rolls, and deep-fried foods.

Always choose unsaturated fats where possible. These include plant-based oils such as olive, rapeseed, peanut, sunflower. The bottom line on macronutrients carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Endurance athletes need to pay attention to their carbohydrate intake to ensure they are eating enough to allow for training and recovery.

Protein is important to allow for muscular repair and adaption and should be spread out across meals during the day. A word on supplements. If training is longer than an hour, Gatorade or Powerade is probably safe.

Energy drinks are not. Do not take them. Read: How coaches support clean and balanced youth sport. The Food Cruncher has designed a sport nutrition programme for young athletes aged This lets them work out their own carbohydrate, protein, and fat requirements using digital calculators.

There are also example meal plans and lots of recipes to use. See here for further information. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Nutrition and athletic performance. Sports Exerc.

The Food Cruncher provides a digital nutrition platform aimed at reducing the incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression using evidence-based nutrition information. The Food Cruncher also provides evidence-based sport nutrition guidelines for both adults and young athletes.

Michelle Redmond is the co-founder of The Food Cruncher and uses evidence-based nutrition information to help inform people to improve their long-term health outcomes. We share stories, provide expert insights, and highlight the wins from youth sport across New Zealand.

filter your search All Content All Journals Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 57, Issue Suppl. Physiological Characteristics of Match Play in Team Sports. Achieving Ideal Physique for Team Sports.

Fuel for Training Adaptation, Recovery and Match Preparation. Fuel and Fluid for Match Play. Supplements and Sports Foods for Team Sports. Practical Nutrition Considerations for the Team Athlete. Disclosure Statement. Article Navigation. Review Articles February 22 Nutrition in Team Sports Subject Area: Endocrinology , Further Areas , Nutrition and Dietetics , Public Health.

Iñigo Mujika ; Iñigo Mujika. a USP Araba Sport Clinic, Vitoria-Gasteiz, and. b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;. This Site. Google Scholar. Louise M. Burke Louise M. c Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, A.

Ann Nutr Metab 57 Suppl. Article history Published Online:. Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest.

Table 1 Factors related to nutrition that could produce fatigue or suboptimal performance in team sports. View large. View Large. Table 2 Risk factors and strategies to manage unwanted gain of body fat among players in team sports adapted from Burke [24]. Table 3 Fuel requirements for training and match play adapted for team players adapted from Burke and Cox [ 39 ].

Table 4 Opportunities to drink during a match play in selected team sports adapted from Burke and Hawley [32]. Table 5 Sports foods and supplements that are of likely benefit to team sport players adapted from Burke [24]. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Hawley J, Burke L: Peak Performance: Training and Nutritional Strategies for Sport.

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A necessary and accurate approach. Can J Appl Physiol ;—