Low estrogen levels and insulin resistance can have negative health consequences, and your doctor can best guide you on how to manage and treat these health concerns. In addition to impairing insulin action, low estrogen levels may hinder the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insufficient insulin causes the liver to produce excess glucose and send this surplus into the blood.

Estrogen deficiency may also cause inflammation, which can further impair insulin action. Adding to the complexity of this issue, certain conditions characterized by insulin resistance — obesity, pregnancy and polycystic ovarian disease — are associated with high estrogen levels.

Therefore, additional quality research is warranted to fully understand the effects of low estrogen on the body. Insulin resistance increases the risk of serious health problems, and low estrogen levels may be related to insulin resistance.

While insulin resistance usually occurs without any symptoms, it may be more likely to occur if you have gained unwanted weight or have extra belly fat.

If you have insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome, work with your doctor on a treatment strategy that should include regular physical activity and a healthy weight loss plan. If you are postmenopausal, or if you suspect you have low estrogen levels, speak with your doctor for guidance on treatment options.

To avoid estrogen dominance, you want to keep a fine balance between your progesterone and estrogen. You can naturally balance estrogen dominance by:. You can ask your doctor to test your hormones, as well as use the information to try different techniques to bring suspected problem hormones back into balance.

Whether you are currently at a gym, in a group exercise program, working with a personal trainer, or managing your fitness routine on your own, understanding the role that stress and hormones play go a long way.

Our Personal Trainers have helped hundreds of people in Howard County and the surrounding areas lose weight, tone up, and become stronger. Our neighbors in Highland, Clarksville, Columbia, Burtonsville, Olney, Ashton and Silver Spring love their personalized training program. Unlike group fitness classes, each client receives a custom program.

Normally, insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels. It does this by allowing cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. In cases of insulin resistance, cells become less responsive to signals from insulin. This can lead to elevated blood sugar levels.

It can then potentially progress into type 2 diabetes if left untreated. Insulin resistance often occurs as part of metabolic syndrome. This includes other risk factors such as obesity and high blood pressure. Insulin resistance is a complex metabolic condition that can have various causes.

While you can address some of these causes through lifestyle changes, other causes are not as easy to address. Understanding the underlying causes is crucial. It can help with developing effective strategies for managing and treating insulin resistance.

There are a couple of ways you can address these causes. One of the primary culprits behind insulin resistance is excess body weight. This is particularly true when it accumulates around the abdomen.

This visceral fat releases chemicals called adipokines. Another major factor in causing insulin resistance is a sedentary lifestyle. Lack of physical activity can lead to decreased muscle mass and increased fat deposition.

Both of those contribute to impaired glucose metabolism. Certain genetic variants can affect how cells respond to insulin. This makes them less efficient at utilizing glucose for energy. Chronic inflammation is another underlying cause of insulin resistance. Inflammation disrupts normal cellular signaling pathways.

This impairs the function of key molecules involved in glucose regulation. Hormonal imbalances can contribute. This includes conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS or overproduction of stress hormones like cortisol.

There are a variety of treatments for hormonal imbalances that can help to reduce insulin resistance. Treatments may include the following:. Insulin resistance can have serious health implications if left untreated. Here are some of the dangers associated with insulin resistance:.

The symptoms of insulin resistance can vary from person to person. Some individuals may not experience any noticeable symptoms at all. However, others may have more pronounced signs. They can overlap with other conditions or health issues. If you suspect you have insulin resistance, consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment options.

One common symptom is fatigue or feeling tired even after getting enough rest. Weight gain and difficulty losing weight are also commonly associated with insulin resistance. The excess glucose in the bloodstream gets stored as fat rather than being used for energy.

This leads to unwanted weight gain. Another symptom is increased hunger or cravings for sugary foods. This occurs because the body is not efficiently using insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.

It can cause your body to send signals for more food intake. Other potential symptoms include the following:. While they are related, they are not the same thing. This results in higher levels of glucose sugar in the bloodstream. It is considered a precursor to type 2 diabetes. It can increase the risk of developing this chronic disease if left untreated.

Diabetes, on the other hand, is a medical condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin.

Fruit will not spike your glucose if you are not already insulin resistant. This depends on how insulin sensitive you are — fruit is a complex food that we evolved eating! Hormonal Imbalance? Because insulin is a major hormone, it is impossible for the body to balance its minor hormones estrogen, progesterone and testosterone for example until insulin metabolism is balanced first.

The body is not designed for prolonged high levels of insulin. Anyone can become insulin resistant — even if they are thin. The good news is that glucose metabolism is highly responsive to lifestyle changes and can be supported through dietary modification and supplementation.

Weight loss improves insulin resistance. Specifically, losing abdominal fat if key. Also, to sustain weight loss, preserving muscle and lean mass is critical. Diet and Lifestyle Interventions Keys to an effective dietary prescription include: Eat a balanced breakfast and eat foods with a low glycemic impact.

Eat on a regular basis every hours to keep blood sugar levels stable. Reduce total calories while maintaining regular protein intake — consume some type of protein with each meal and snack throughout the day.

Avoid dairy and meat that may have added hormones. Shift carbohydrate intake from sweets and wheat and flour containing products to whole foods — primarily organic vegetables, fruits, nuts and seeds such as chia, hemp and quinoa and home cooked cereals not instant or refined and less starchy vegetables and grains.

Select healthy fats and include small fatty fish such as sardines, mackerel, herring and wild caught salmon, flax seed, nuts, olives and cold-pressed extra virgin olive oil, avocado, macadamia and coconut oils.

Avoid all sweetened drinks — soda, fruit juices, sports and energy drinks. Avoid all artificial sweeteners, high fructose corn syrup and foods with preservatives and food colorings.

Eat foods high in fiber to slow the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream. Include hard-shell beans such as kidney beans, navy beans and chickpeas.

Advancing Health Homepage. Get health information you can use, fact-checked by Nebraska Medicine experts. Breadcrumb Home Advancing Health Conditions and Services Body Systems Diabetes 5 best foods to improve insulin resistance.

Conditions and Services Body Systems Diabetes 5 best foods to improve insulin resistance. March 2, Complex carbohydrates These types of food are high in fiber and nutrients. Complex carbohydrates include: Whole wheat Oats Brown rice Quinoa Whole grain breads Whole grain pastas Whole barley Millet Bulgar wheat Buckwheat Whole rye Whole corn 2.

Lean proteins Lean cuts of red meat Chicken Fish like salmon, tuna and trout Beans, lentils and legumes Nuts and seeds Nut butters 3. Fruits All fruits are packed with fiber and nutrients, but some are higher in sugar than others, like grapes and bananas.

With this in mind, some lower carbohydrate fruits include: Watermelon, cantaloupe and peaches Oranges, mangoes and pineapple Berries such as raspberries, strawberries and blueberries 4. Vegetables While vegetables are always a good choice, keep in mind that some vegetables, like potatoes and sweet potatoes, are starchier than others and provide more carbohydrates.

Vegetables with little to no carbohydrate include: Broccoli Dark leafy greens Tomatoes Peppers Cucumbers Carrots 5. These include: Sweetened beverages like soda, regular fruit juices, sweet tea or lemonade Foods high in saturated fats like whole milk, butter, coconut oil and red meat Sugary sweets such as candy, cookies, cake and ice cream White bread, rice, pasta and flour-based foods Packaged, highly processed foods and snacks Canned fruits, which are often packed in sugary syrup find ones with no added sugar Fried foods Alcohol Tips for creating a balanced, insulin-resistant diet Trying to make the changes in your diet needed to adhere to these food choices may seem overwhelming at first.

To make it easier, Hoskins recommends the following tips: Set small, realistic goals. Commit to starting fresh the next day and getting back on track Need help controlling your blood sugars? Call us at Related articles. Conditions and Services. August 30, You asked, we answered: What is insulin resistance?

August 31, Insulin disrupts fat metabolism. Fat cells are loaded with glucose receptors so this is a vicious cycle. The fat cells are now considered a metabolically active endocrine organ. The extra fat cells are little factories producing estrogen. This contributes to estrogen dominance which causes multiple symptoms in the perimenopausal transition for women.

This cycle of glycemic stress places a great burden on the HPA axis hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Elevated cortisol interferes with the function of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, and leads to increased progesterone conversion to cortisol and hence decreased progesterone, resulting in a state of relative estrogen dominance.

The more processed and refined foods we eat, the more insulin we require to metabolize it. The more insulin in our blood, the less responsive our cells become. As we age, this continual exposure wears out our tolerance for refined carbohydrates and reduces our sensitivity to insulin. Women with the greatest risk for developing insulin resistance and progressing into Metabolic Syndrome are those who suffered from gestational diabetes, have hypertension, are seriously overweight, or have a family history of Type 2 Diabetes.

Women who are apple-shaped, carrying their weight around their abdomen, show less tolerance for insulin. One last note, never eat carbohydrates in isolation except for fruit. Fruit will not spike your glucose if you are not already insulin resistant.

This depends on how insulin sensitive you are — fruit is a complex food that we evolved eating! Hormonal Imbalance? Because insulin is a major hormone, it is impossible for the body to balance its minor hormones estrogen, progesterone and testosterone for example until insulin metabolism is balanced first.

The body is not designed for prolonged high levels of insulin. Anyone can become insulin resistant — even if they are thin.

The good news is that glucose metabolism is highly responsive to lifestyle changes and can be supported through dietary modification and supplementation. Over time, though, insulin resistance tends to get worse, and the pancreatic beta cells that make insulin can wear out. Eventually, the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin to overcome the cells' resistance.

The result is higher blood glucose levels, and ultimately prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. Insulin has other roles in the body besides regulating blood glucose levels, and the effects of insulin resistance are thought to go beyond diabetes. For example, some research has shown that insulin resistance, independent of diabetes, is associated with heart disease.

Scientists are beginning to get a better understanding of how insulin resistance develops. For starters, several genes have been identified that make a person more or less likely to develop the condition. It's also known that older people are more prone to insulin resistance.

Lifestyle can play a role, too. Being sedentary, overweight or obese increases the risk for insulin resistance. It's not clear, but some researchers theorize that extra fat tissue may cause inflammation, physiological stress or other changes in the cells that contribute to insulin resistance.

There may even be some undiscovered factor produced by fat tissue, perhaps a hormone, that signals the body to become insulin resistant. Doctors don't usually test for insulin resistance as a part of standard diabetes care.

In clinical research, however, scientists may look specifically at measures of insulin resistance, often to study potential treatments for insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.

They typically administer a large amount of insulin to a subject while at the same time delivering glucose to the blood to keep levels from dipping too low.

Hormone therapy aims to alleviate this inflammation. This helps to promote healthier functioning of cells and tissues throughout the body. Hormone therapy also offers the advantage of addressing underlying causes of insulin resistance.

For example, women experiencing menopause may have decreased estrogen levels. This can increase their risk of developing insulin resistance. Hormone therapy can help replace or replenish these hormones.

This can lead to improved glucose metabolism and reduced risk of diabetes. Studies have shown that hormone replacement therapies like HRT can enhance cardiovascular health. Recent studies have shown it to be especially beneficial in menopausal women. HRT could be an option worth considering if you have been diagnosed with insulin resistance and have not seen improvements through lifestyle changes alone.

Women experiencing menopause or perimenopause may find hormone therapy helpful in managing their insulin resistance. Hormone imbalances during these life stages can exacerbate insulin resistance symptoms. This makes it more difficult to control blood sugar levels. Individuals who have a family history of diabetes or other hormonal disorders may also be good candidates for HRT as a preventive measure.

By addressing any underlying hormonal imbalances early on, it may be possible to reduce the risk of developing insulin resistance or diabetes later in life. While hormone therapy can be beneficial for many individuals with insulin resistance, it may not be suitable for everyone.

There are certain risk factors that can make it a bad choice. Are you ready to get started with hormone therapy?

This is a decision that should be discussed with your healthcare provider. The first step is to schedule an appointment with your doctor or endocrinologist who specializes in hormone therapy. They will take the following steps:.

This may involve prescribing medications or hormones such as estrogen or testosterone. This will also help you make any needed adjustments with your doctor. Lifestyle modifications are crucial in managing insulin resistance.

These can include the following:. Insulin resistance can have a significant impact on your health. Ultimately, it puts you at risk of developing more serious conditions the longer it is left unaddressed.

However, treatments like hormone therapy for insulin resistance can help. Book an appointment to get started with online hormone therapy today. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

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Follow us. Join Our Wellness Revolution. While no medications are FDA approved for the treatment of insulin resistance, general approaches include the following:. Surgical intervention in the form of gastric sleeves, banding, and bypass is available for qualified individuals with obesity.

The excess fat loss associated with bariatric surgery improves insulin sensitivity. The results of the STAMPEDE trial provide good evidence of the benefit of bariatric surgery on T2D. The prognosis of insulin resistance depends on the subset of the disease, the severity of the disease, underlying pancreatic beta-cell function, the heritable susceptibility of the patient to the secondary complications from insulin resistance, and individual response to appropriate therapy.

The outcomes range from mildly insulin-resistant, asymptomatic individuals to those with catastrophic cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events and their resulting morbidity and mortality. Statistically, coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality in the US, with diabetes as seventh.

The common basis for diabetes and much of the resultant vascular disease is insulin resistance. Additional mortality from insulin resistance occurs in the less common manifestations of the disease, including genetic syndromes and fatty deposition diseases.

Finally, substantial morbidity manifests with the loss of reproductive function and associated features of PCOS. Mitigation for the disease exists. Increased clinical awareness enables early diagnosis and treatment. Improved understanding of the disease process has resulted in more targeted, multi-faceted therapies.

Efforts to attain and maintain a healthy weight through improved dietary intake and increased physical activity can reduce insulin resistance and prevent associated complications. More generalized lay recognition can increase the efficacy of preventative care, with the hope of an eventual downturn in epidemic obesity and resultant insulin resistance.

Most of the complications from insulin resistance are related to the development of vascular complications. The microvascular disease manifests as retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. In the central nervous system, dementia, stroke, mood disturbance, and gait instability may occur.

Cardiac microvascular disease can manifest as angina, coronary artery spasm, and cardiomyopathy. Renal microvascular disease is a significant cause of chronic kidney disease, renal failure, and dialysis.

Ophthalmological small vessel disease is a leading cause of retinopathy and visual impairment. Macrovascular disease, secondary to insulin resistance, causes PAD, CAD, and CVA. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD is intricately related to insulin resistance and T2D. Patients with T2D have a 2-fold increased risk for NAFLD.

With an increasing worldwide prevalence and incidence in children, NAFLD should be of great concern to clinicians treating patients with insulin resistance. Primary prevention promotes public education regarding the importance of regular health monitoring. A healthy diet and increased activity level can prevent or delay the onset of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, along with the associated complications.

The emphasis on behavior modification and a sustainable lifestyle is critical for long-term weight management. Secondary prevention includes laboratory screening for insulin resistance, diabetes, and further subspecialist referral to manage the early intervention for insulin resistance. Public acceptance of tertiary prevention, such as intensive medical intervention and bariatric surgery for weight reduction, can lead to decreased morbidity and mortality associated with the consequent complications of insulin resistance.

Intensive lifestyle intervention should be the first line of therapy for patients with metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance syndrome. The benefits of exercise cannot be understated in treating patients with insulin resistance. Barriers to exercise should be discussed, and a well-formulated plan, including moderate-intensity cardiovascular exercise like walking, should be provided in accordance with the physical activity guidelines.

Discussion of dietary modification following the dietary guidelines should also be provided with individualization to the patient's preferences, with particular attention to reducing sugar, refined grain products, and high glycemic index carbohydrates.

Over the past few decades, the incidence of insulin resistance has skyrocketed primarily due to our lifestyle and the rising incidence of obesity. Without treatment, the condition is associated with numerous complications, including fatal cardiac events. Therefore, the management of insulin resistance is best done with an interprofessional team.

The consultations and coordination of care most indicated for the treatment of insulin resistance include:. There is limited evidence in favor of continuous glucose monitoring CGM. Remote monitoring for healthcare teams shows benefits in the management of T2D.

More research is needed to show the effects of CGM on those with prediabetes or insulin resistance without T2D. The key to the management of insulin resistance is encouraging lifestyle changes. Dietary intervention should include a combination of calorie restriction and reduction of high glycemic index carbohydrates.

The outcomes of well-managed insulin resistance are good for those who remain adherent to therapy. Unfortunately, many patients struggle with adherence to therapy, with consequential progression to T2D and subsequent risk of adverse cardiac or CNS events.

Early identification and intervention with an interprofessional team approach are essential in managing these patients. Disclosure: Andrew Freeman declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Luis Acevedo declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Nicholas Pennings declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

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StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island FL : StatPearls Publishing; Jan-. Show details Treasure Island FL : StatPearls Publishing ; Jan-. Search term. Insulin Resistance Andrew M. Author Information and Affiliations Authors Andrew M.

Affiliations 1 Southeastern Regional Medical Center. Continuing Education Activity Insulin resistance, identified as an impaired biologic response to insulin stimulation of target tissues, primarily involves liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Introduction Insulin resistance is identified as the impaired biologic response of target tissues to insulin stimulation.

Etiology The etiologies of insulin resistance may be acquired, hereditary, or mixed. Medications glucocorticoids, anti-adrenergic, protease inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, atypical antipsychotics, and some exogenous insulins.

Type-A insulin resistance: Characterized by severe insulin resistance abnormal glucose homeostasis, ovarian virialization, and acanthosis nigricans caused by abnormalities of the insulin receptor gene. Type-B insulin resistance: Characterized severe impairment of insulin action triggered by the presence of insulin receptor autoantibodies with resultant abnormal glucose homeostasis, ovarian hyperandrogenism, and acanthosis nigricans.

Epidemiology Epidemiologic assessment of insulin resistance is typically measured in relation to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance syndrome.

Pathophysiology The 3 primary sites of insulin resistance are the skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. History and Physical The clinical presentation of insulin resistance is variable concerning both history and physical examination findings.

Common presentations include: Associated Diseases Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD. Evaluation The gold standard for measuring insulin resistance is the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamp technique.

Elevated blood pressure greater than or equal to mm Hg systolic or greater than or equal to 85 mm Hg diastolic or on antihypertensive medication. Metformin is a common first-line therapy for medication treatment of T2D and is approved for use in PCOS. Despite the concerns about using metformin in mild to moderate renal dysfunction, several organizations, including the American Geriatric Society and the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines, endorse use as long as the GFR exceeds Glucagon-like peptide one GLP-1 receptor agonists stimulate the GLP-1 receptors in the pancreas, thereby increasing insulin release and inhibiting glucagon secretion.

The use of GLP-1 agonists is associated with weight loss, which may reduce insulin resistance. Liraglutide and semaglutide are FDA-approved for the treatment of T2D and obesity. Another agent, tirzepitide, is a dual GLP-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide GIP agonist, has effects similar to semaglutide, and is also FDA-approved for treating T2D.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 SGLT2 inhibitors increase urinary glucose excretion, thereby reducing plasma glucose levels and exogenous insulin requirements. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors has also been associated with weight loss, which may reduce insulin resistance.

Thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity and glucose control by increasing insulin-dependent glucose disposal in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and decreasing hepatic glucose output.

Though effective, associated secondary weight gain and fluid retention, with associated cardiovascular concerns, limit their use.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 DPP-4 inhibitors prolong the activity of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP by preventing their breakdown. Differential Diagnosis Lipodystrophy acquired, localized or generalized : Loss of adipose tissue that results from either genetic or acquired causation and can result in the ectopic deposition of fat in either hepatic or muscular tissue [56].

Obesity: Excess body weight is categorized as overweight BMI of 25 to Other forms of glucose intolerance impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and gestational diabetes.

Prognosis The prognosis of insulin resistance depends on the subset of the disease, the severity of the disease, underlying pancreatic beta-cell function, the heritable susceptibility of the patient to the secondary complications from insulin resistance, and individual response to appropriate therapy.

Complications Most of the complications from insulin resistance are related to the development of vascular complications. Deterrence and Patient Education Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention have distinct roles in managing insulin resistance. Pearls and Other Issues Intensive lifestyle intervention should be the first line of therapy for patients with metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance syndrome.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes Over the past few decades, the incidence of insulin resistance has skyrocketed primarily due to our lifestyle and the rising incidence of obesity.

The consultations and coordination of care most indicated for the treatment of insulin resistance include: Obesity medicine specialist: medical management for obesity treatment.

Bariatric surgeon: bariatric surgery is effective for obesity treatment in individuals who satisfy the criteria for surgery. Cardiology and cardiac surgery: management of the cardiovascular complications of insulin resistance. Neurology: management of the cerebrovascular and peripheral neurologic complications of insulin resistance.

Pharmacist: educates the patient on the importance of medication adherence, instructing the patient on the proper use of medications, potential drug-drug interactions, and side effects. Review Questions Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. Figure Acanthosis Nigricans Contributed by Scott Dulebohn, MD.

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Levy JC, Matthews DR, Hermans MP. Correct homeostasis model assessment HOMA evaluation uses the computer program.

Diabetes Care. Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, Baron AD, Follmann DA, Sullivan G, Quon MJ. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Kim-Dorner SJ, Deuster PA, Zeno SA, Remaley AT, Poth M. Should triglycerides and the triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio be used as surrogates for insulin resistance? Tobin GS, Cavaghan MK, Hoogwerf BJ, McGill JB.

Addition of exenatide twice daily to basal insulin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: clinical studies and practical approaches to therapy. Int J Clin Pract. Abdul-Ghani M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia: the Egg and the Chicken.

Laursen TL, Hagemann CA, Wei C, Kazankov K, Thomsen KL, Knop FK, Grønbæk H. Insulin also signals the liver to store blood sugar for later use. Blood sugar enters cells, and levels in the bloodstream decrease, signaling insulin to decrease too.

But this finely tuned system can quickly get out of whack, as follows: A lot of blood sugar enters the bloodstream.

The pancreas pumps out more insulin to get blood sugar into cells. The pancreas keeps making more insulin to try to make cells respond.

Do You Have Insulin Resistance? What Causes Insulin Resistance? How to Reverse Insulin Resistance If you have insulin resistance, you want to become the opposite—more insulin sensitive cells are more effective at absorbing blood sugar so less insulin is needed.

Prediabetes and Insulin Resistance Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Features CDCDiabetes on Twitter CDC Diabetes on Facebook. Last Reviewed: June 20, Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate.

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