Ginseng for focus -
A study published in the American Journal of Chinese Medicine done on rats also measured the impact that Korean red ginseng has on inflammatory cytokines. After giving rats milligrams of Korean red ginseng extract for seven days, it proved to significantly reduce the extent of inflammation, and it improved the damage that was already done to the brain.
Korean red ginseng was tested for its anti-allergic properties on 40 mice with allergic rhinitis, a common upper airway inflammatory disease typically seen in children and adults. The most frequent symptoms include congestion, nasal itching and sneezing. Another surprising ginseng benefit is its ability to work as a natural appetite suppressant.
It also boosts your metabolism and helps the body burn fat at a faster rate. A study done at the Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research in Chicago measured the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of Panax ginseng berry in adult mice.
The mice were injected with milligrams of ginseng berry extract per kilogram of body weight for 12 days. By day five, the mice taking the extract had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels. After day 12, the glucose tolerance in the mice increased, and overall blood glucose levels decreased by 53 percent.
The treated mice showed weight loss, too, starting at 51 grams and ending the treatment at 45 grams. A similar study done in found that Panax ginseng plays a vital role in the anti-obesity effect in mice. This suggests the clinical importance of improving the management of obesity and related metabolic syndromes with this herb.
Taking powdered Korean red ginseng seems to improve sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction in men. A systematic review included 28 randomized clinical studies that evaluated the effectiveness of red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction.
The review provided suggestive evidence for the use of the herb, but researchers believe that more rigorous studies are necessary in order to draw definitive conclusions. Of the 28 reviewed studies, six reported an improvement of erectile function when using red ginseng compared with placebo control.
Four studies tested the effects of red ginseng for sexual function using questionnaires compared with placebo, and all trials reported positive effects. Ginseng treatment has significantly decreased lung bacteria, and studies involving rats have shown that it can stop the growth of cystic fibrosis, a common lung infection.
In one study, rats were given ginseng injections, and after two weeks, the treated group showed a significantly improved bacterial clearance from the lungs.
Research also shows another ginseng benefit is its ability to treat a lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD , which is characterized as chronically poor airflow that typically worsens over time.
According to the research, taking Panax by mouth seems to improve lung function and some symptoms of COPD. Several studies show that American ginseng lowers blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes, working to improve diabetes symptoms.
One study done at the Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit in the United Kingdom found that Panax causes a reduction in blood glucose levels one hour after the consumption of glucose, confirming that ginseng possesses glucoregulatory properties.
One of the primary difficulties with type 2 diabetes is that the body is not responsive enough to insulin. Research has shown that ginseng possesses powerful anticancer properties because of its ability to inhibit tumor growth.
Although more research is needed on this subject, reports conclude that the improvements in cell immunity involving T cells and NK cells natural killer cells — along with other mechanisms such as oxidative stress, apoptosis and angiogenesis — give this herb its anticancer properties.
Scientific reviews state that ginseng mitigates cancer through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and apoptotic mechanisms to influence gene expression and stop tumor growth.
This shows this herb may work as a natural cancer preventer. will get colorectal cancer during his or her lifetime. Researchers treated human colorectal cancer cells with steamed ginseng berry extract and found the anti-proliferation effects were 98 percent for HCT and 99 percent for SW cells.
When researchers tested steamed American ginseng root, they found results comparable to that of the steamed berry extract. Another well-researched ginseng benefit is its ability to boost the immune system — helping the body fight off infection and disease.
The roots, stems and leaves have been used for maintaining immune homeostasis and enhancing resistance to illness or infection. Several clinical studies have shown that American ginseng improves the performance of cells that play a role in immunity. It regulates each type of immune cell, including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells and B cells.
Ginseng extracts produce antimicrobial compounds that work as a defense mechanism against bacterial and viral infections.
Studies show that its polyacetylene compounds are effective against bacterial infections. Research involving mice showed that ginseng decreased the number of bacteria present in the spleens, kidney and blood.
Ginseng extracts also protected mice from septic death due to inflammation. Reports show that this herb also has inhibitory effects on the growth of many viruses, including influenza, HIV and rotavirus.
Pesky symptoms, such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, depressive symptoms, vaginal dryness, decreased sex drive, weight gain, insomnia and thinning hair, tend to accompany menopause.
Some evidence suggests that ginseng can help decrease the severity and occurrence of these symptoms as part of a natural menopause treatment plan.
A systematic review of randomized clinical trials found that in three different trials Korean red ginseng had the efficacy to boost sexual arousal in menopausal women, increase well-being and general health while decreasing depressive symptoms, and better improve menopause symptoms on the Kupperman index and Menopausal Rating Scale compared to the placebo group.
A fourth study found no significant difference in the frequency of hot flashes between the ginseng and placebo group. Ginseng products are made from the root and the offshoots that are called root hairs. You can find the herb in dried, powdered, capsule and tablet forms.
It is also available in a number of combination formulas. The contents of products labeled as containing Panax can vary greatly, and some may contain little or no Panax. Be sure to read the ingredient labels carefully, and always purchase products from a reputable and reliable company.
When buying Asian ginseng, look for Korean, red or Panax ginseng. When buying the American variety, look for Panax quinquefolius.
In China, people have been drinking ginseng tea for 5, years. In Chinese herbal medicine, practitioners recommend that adults over 40 drink one cup every day. Ginseng tea, just like ginseng supplements and extracts, is used to improve your mental power and memory. When making the tea, first choose the type of ginseng you want to use: American which is better during hotter months or Korean better during colder months.
You can buy ginseng tea bags from your local food store, but making it yourself from the root of the plant is the most beneficial form. Proper dosing is an important factor for ginseng use. The following ginseng doses have been studied in scientific research:. The side effects from ginseng are generally mild in healthy adults.
Therefore, it is recommended to investigate the memory effects of Cereboost® in an older adult population. There are several possible underlying mechanisms of action that could explain the cognitive and mood changes that were observed in the current study following treatment with Cereboost®.
For example, acetylcholine plays an important role in the modulation of cognition and affect, and acetylcholine-related pathways of neurotransmission are already known to be impacted by P. quinquefolius [ 13 ]. The chronic mood and fatigue effects observed here may therefore be due to facilitation of acetylcholine neurotransmission.
Indeed, caffeine [ 52 ] and other natural extracts [ 53 , 54 ] are known to promote benefits to mental fatigue, through inhibition of acetylcholine esterase [ 55 ]. With respect to cognition, RVIP was previously reported to be an acetylcholine-sensitive task following observed increases and decreases in task performance after treatment with an acetylcholine agonist scopolamine and an acetylcholine antagonist nicotine , respectively [ 35 ].
In the current study, chronic treatment with Cereboost® seems to provide a beneficial effect on the RVIP task, thereby suggesting an acetylcholine-related mechanism of action for long-term cognitive improvements. Acute benefits to RVIP performance were not observed in the current study.
It is possible, however, that an acute mg dose of Cereboost is insufficient to impact acetylcholine. Indeed, other previous research similarly failed to observe any effects of acute Cereboost® on RVIP performance [ 6 ]. One potential limitation of the current study design is that participants were required to abstain from caffeine for 24 h prior to test visits.
The intention was to minimise the confounding effects of caffeine on cognitive function. However, habitual caffeine consumption was not determined and so participants may have been in caffeine withdrawal at the time of acute testing.
This may have impacted any acute acetylcholine response, and so caffeine intake should be considered in any future research. Emerging evidence also suggests that the gut microbiome may impact cognitive function and mood, in part due to the facilitation of effective digestion and metabolism of bioactive compounds in food.
The health of the gut microbiome is largely dependent on diet quality. Diets high in fruit and vegetables are most beneficial for a healthy gut microbiota profile.
The reported habitual fruit and vegetable consumption of the participants in the current study is in line with current UK recommended guidelines of 5 portions per day. However, these values were calculated via food frequency questionnaire and so may be overestimated [ 56 ].
Recent nutritional research also suggests that much higher fruit and vegetable intakes may be preferable for the optimisation of gut microbiota; a study investigating the benefits of increased fruit and vegetable intake observed benefits to gut health following the addition of up to 6 extra portions per day, on top of previous habitual intake levels though these initial levels were not reported [ 57 ].
Therefore, irrespective of the habitual intake of the student participants here, it remains possible that their microbiome was not optimal at the start of the in vivo study, with potential to improve following Cereboost® treatment.
Indeed, during the present in vitro study using a donor sample from a young adult of similar demographic to the cognitive participants, significant increases in SCFA levels and Akkermansia muciniphila abundance, and a clear trend towards increased Lactobacillus levels, were observed across three weeks of Cereboost® supplementation.
These improvements to the gut microbiome model provide a potential mechanism of action for improvements to cognitive function by facilitating not only the absorption and metabolism of bioactive compounds present in American ginseng, but potentially also the absorption of beneficial bioactive compounds found in habitually consumed foods.
It has been suggested that the gut microbiota play an important role in the bidirectional interactions between the central and the enteric nervous system, thereby likely affecting cognitive function [ 58 ]. Effective treatment paradigms for improving the gut microbiota profile include high-fibre diets, prebiotics, and probiotics [ 59 ].
In the current in vitro study, Cereboost® has demonstrated a prebiotic effect resulting in increased metabolite production as well as modulation of the microbial community composition.
Therefore, it can be hypothesised that microbial modulation might be involved in the observed cognitive improvements following Cereboost® supplementation. Indeed, this mechanism is consistent with both the chronic benefits of Cereboost® observed here, and the increase in acute benefits observed after a period of chronic supplementation.
As an important caveat, the supplementation period used for the SHIME® study was a week longer than the cognitive intervention in the current study. The changes to the gut microbial community were determined by comparing pre-treatment bacteria levels with post-treatment levels, but as sampling only occurred once per week during the treatment period, an average was calculated across the three weeks of treatment.
This made it impossible to determine whether microbiota levels had significantly changed after two weeks. However, significant SCFA changes generally associated with increased microbial activity were observed after only one or two weeks, as shown in Fig.
Given these increased SCFA levels observed during this shorter period, it appears likely then that alterations to the gut microbiota remain a viable mechanism by which cognitive changes could be effected after only two weeks of daily Cereboost® treatment.
One further caveat is that these changes to gut microbiome were observed in vitro , rather than in the cognitive study participants, and so it will be critical for future research to provide an in vivo link between changes in gut microbiota and cognitive changes in the same host either animal or human.
A further limitation in the current study is that participants were predominantly female, while the faecal donor was male, so future studies should seek to confirm the cognitive and gut microbiota effects of Cereboost® in a representative sample of both males and females.
This would also allow determination of any sex differences in observed effects. In conclusion, this study confirmed the promising effects of Cereboost® on cognitive function. Acute benefits to working memory and executive function were further improved following a two-week period of daily supplementation.
Daily supplementation with Cereboost® also benefitted performance accuracy, mood and mental fatigue. Results from the concurrent in vitro study suggest a possible mechanism of action, via changes to the gut microbiome, potentially underlying the observed improvements to cognitive function.
Chronic improvements to RVIP task performance also suggest that acetylcholine pathways of neurotransmission may be implicated. Further studies will be required to fully unravel the mechanisms involved. Jia L, Zhao Y, Liang X-J Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine-ginseng II : Collected chemical entities, modern pharmacology, and clinical applications emanated from traditional Chinese medicine.
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The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75 7 — Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, Verbeke K The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota—gut—brain communication. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
For the in vivo experiment, RLC and CW designed the research, LB and AW conducted the research, and LB analyzed the data. For the in vitro experiment, RLC, PFB and MM designed the research, CD conducted the research, and PVA analyzed the data. LB wrote the paper with contributions from all other authors.
LB and CW had primary responsibility for final content. Correspondence to Claire Williams. Romain Le Cozannet, Pascale Fança-Berthon, and Emilie Fromentin are employees of Naturex SA.
They contributed to experimental design and write-up but were not involved in any data collection or analysis.
Cindy Duysburgh, Massimo Marzorati, and Pieter Van den Abbeele are employees of ProDigest BV. They designed and performed the in vitro investigation including data analysis using their in-house SHIME® technology.
Claire Williams, Lynne Bell, and Adrian Whyte are independent researchers at the University of Reading and have no conflict of interest to declare.
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Download PDF. Methods Cognitive effects of Cereboost® were assessed using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, with 61 healthy young adults. Conclusion This study confirmed the promising effects of Cereboost® on cognitive function and mood, while suggesting a possible link to alterations of the gut microbiome and modulation of acetylcholine.
Registration The study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials. gov on 6th July Identifier: NCT The Australian Research Council Longevity Intervention ARCLI study protocol ANZCTR addendum: neuroimaging and gut microbiota protocol Article Open access 05 January A specific dietary fibre supplementation improves cognitive performance—an exploratory randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study Article 20 September Effectiveness of Yi-Zhi-An-Shen granules on cognition and sleep quality in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Article Open access 20 August Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction Ginseng is a globally popular herbal root extract obtained from plants of the Panax family [ 1 ]. Table 1 Participant demographic information Full size table. Full size image. Results Recruitment and data collection took place from May to August CONSORT diagram. Methods Treatment and test chemicals All chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Overijse, Belgium unless stated otherwise.
Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem SHIME® The reactor configuration of the current experiment was adapted from the SHIME ® protocol ProDigest and Ghent University, Belgium [ 39 ]. Microbial metabolic activity During the control and treatment period, samples for microbial metabolic activity were collected three times per week from the PC and DC.
Microbial community analysis Starting from the control period, samples for microbial community analysis were collected once per week from each colon vessel. Statistics Statistical analysis was performed in GraphPad Prism 8. Results Analysis of the microbial metabolic activity The SCFA profiles predominantly comprised acetate, propionate and butyrate.
Table 2 ANOVA outcomes for SCFA analysis Full size table. Table 3 Levels of microbial groups within the SHIME® simulation following treatment with Cereboost® Full size table. Discussion The emerging pattern of cognitive results highlighted a maintenance of executive function and working memory performance in the immediate postprandial period following Cereboost® treatment, while chronic supplementation also offered some long-term benefits to performance accuracy and to subjective measures of mood and mental fatigue.
Availability of data and materials A supplementary data file is included. References Jia L, Zhao Y, Liang X-J Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine-ginseng II : Collected chemical entities, modern pharmacology, and clinical applications emanated from traditional Chinese medicine.
Curr Med Chem 16 22 — CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Lieberman HR The effects of ginseng, ephedrine, and caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and energy. Nutr Rev 59 4 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kim J-S Investigation of phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin contents in different parts of Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng CA Meyer.
Prevent Nutr Food Sci 21 3 CAS Google Scholar Smith I, Williamson EM, Putnam S, Farrimond J, Whalley BJ Effects and mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides on cognition.
Nutr Rev 72 5 — PubMed Google Scholar Chen C-f, Chiou W-f, Zhang J-t Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Acta Pharmacol Sin 29 9 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Scholey A, Ossoukhova A, Owen L, Ibarra A, Pipingas A, He K, Roller M, Stough C Effects of American ginseng Panax quinquefolius on neurocognitive function: an acute, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.
Human Psychopharmacol 30 2 — Google Scholar Oshima Y, Sato K, Hikino H Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of quinquefolans A, B, and C, glycans of Panax quinquefolium roots.
J Nat Prod 50 2 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Francis T, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Xu Z, Vidgen E American ginseng Panax quinquefolius L reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Arch Intern Med 7 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Wong J, Xu Z, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Arnason JT, Assinewe V, Stavro MP, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA American ginseng Panax quinquefolius L attenuates postprandial glycemia in a time-dependent but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals.
Am J Clin Nutr 73 4 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Wong E, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Francis T, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Josse RG American ginseng improves glycemia in individuals with normal glucose tolerance: effect of dose and time escalation.
J Am Coll Nutr 19 6 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sloley BD, Pang P, Huang B-H, Ba F, Li FL, Benishin CG, Greenshaw AJ, Shan JJ American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine-induced amnesia in a spatial learning task. J Psychiatry Neurosci 24 5 CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Shin K, Guo H, Cha Y, Ban Y-H, Seo DW, Choi Y, Kim T-S, Lee S-P, Kim J-C, Choi E-K Cereboost TM , an American ginseng extract, improves cognitive function via up-regulation of choline acetyltransferase expression and neuroprotection.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol —58 CAS PubMed Google Scholar Salim KN, McEwen BS, Chao HM Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates ChAT, NGF and trkA mRNA expression in the rat brain.
Mol Brain Res 47 1—2 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Benishin CG, Lee R, Wang LCH, Liu HJ Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on central cholinergic metabolism. Pharmacology 42 4 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hasselmo ME, Sarter M Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition.
Curr Neuropharmacol 14 1 — CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Sünram-Lea S, Birchall R, Wesnes K, Petrini O The effect of acute administration of mg of Panax ginseng on cognitive performance and mood in healthy young volunteers. Curr Top Nutraceut Res 3 1 —74 Google Scholar Wang C-Z, Kim KE, Du G-J, Qi L-W, Wen X-D, Li P, Bauer BA, Bissonnette MB, Musch MW, Chang EB Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of ginsenoside metabolites in human plasma.
Am J Chin Med 39 06 — CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Oh J, Kim J-S Compound K derived from ginseng: neuroprotection and cognitive improvement. Food Funct 7 11 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kim H-K Pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K after oral administration of Korean Red Ginseng extract.
J Ginseng Res 37 4 CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Hasegawa H Proof of the mysterious efficacy of ginseng: basic and clinical trials: metabolic activation of ginsenoside: deglycosylation by intestinal bacteria and esterification with fatty acid. J Pharmacol Sci 95 2 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Wan JY, Wang CZ, Zhang QH, Liu Z, Musch MW, Bissonnette M, Chang EB, Li P, Qi LW, Yuan CS Significant difference in active metabolite levels of ginseng in humans consuming Asian or Western diet: the link with enteric microbiota.
Biomedical Chromatography 31 4 :e Google Scholar Wang C-Z, Yu C, Wen X-D, Chen L, Zhang C-F, Calway T, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Anderson S American ginseng attenuates colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice: Impact on gut microbiota and metabolomics.
Cancer Prev Res 9 10 — Google Scholar Song M-Y, Kim B-S, Kim H Influence of Panax ginseng on obesity and gut microbiota in obese middle-aged Korean women.
J Ginseng Res 38 2 — PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Davidson GL, Cooke AC, Johnson CN, Quinn JL The gut microbiome as a driver of individual variation in cognition and functional behaviour.
Philos Trans R Soc B Google Scholar Leeming ER, Johnson AJ, Spector TD, Le Roy CI Effect of diet on the gut microbiota: rethinking intervention duration. Nutrients 11 12 PubMed Central Google Scholar Neale C, Camfield D, Reay J, Stough C, Scholey A Cognitive effects of two nutraceuticals G inseng and B acopa benchmarked against modafinil: a review and comparison of effect sizes.
Br J Clin Pharmacol 75 3 — CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bell L, Lamport DJ, Field DT, Butler LT, Williams CM Practice effects in nutrition intervention studies with repeated cognitive testing. Nutr Healthy Aging 4 4 — PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Watson D, Clark LA The PANAS-X: manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form.
J Pers Soc Psychol 54 6 CAS PubMed Google Scholar Whyte AR, Cheng N, Fromentin E, Williams CM A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to compare the safety and efficacy of low dose enhanced wild blueberry powder and wild blueberry extract ThinkBlue TM in maintenance of episodic and working memory in older adults.
Nutrients 10 6 PubMed Central Google Scholar Whyte AR, Schafer G, Williams CM The effect of cognitive demand on performance of an executive function task following wild blueberry supplementation in 7 to 10 years old children. Food Funct 8 11 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Watson AW, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Kennedy DO, Cooney JM, Trower T, Scheepens A Acute supplementation with blackcurrant extracts modulates cognitive functioning and inhibits monoamine oxidase-B in healthy young adults.
Journal of functional foods — CAS Google Scholar Wesnes K, Warburton DM Effects of scopolamine and nicotine on human rapid information processing performance. J Psychopharmacol 20 6 — PubMed Google Scholar Miller MG, Hamilton DA, Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B Dietary blueberry improves cognition among older adults in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Eur J Nutr 57 3 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mulligan AA, Luben RN, Bhaniani A, Parry-Smith DJ, O'Connor L, Khawaja AP, Forouhi NG, Khaw K-T A new tool for converting food frequency questionnaire data into nutrient and food group values: FETA research methods and availability.
BMJ open 4 3 : Molly K, Woestyne MV, Verstraete W Development of a 5-step multi-chamber reactor as a simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 39 2 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Possemiers S, Verthé K, Uyttendaele S, Verstraete W PCR-DGGE-based quantification of stability of the microbial community in a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem.
FEMS Microbiol Ecol 49 3 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Van den Abbeele P, Roos S, Eeckhaut V, MacKenzie DA, Derde M, Verstraete W, Marzorati M, Possemiers S, Vanhoecke B, Van Immerseel F Incorporating a mucosal environment in a dynamic gut model results in a more representative colonization by lactobacilli.
Microb Biotechnol 5 1 — PubMed Google Scholar De Weirdt R, Possemiers S, Vermeulen G, Moerdijk-Poortvliet TC, Boschker HT, Verstraete W, Van de Wiele T Human faecal microbiota display variable patterns of glycerol metabolism.
FEMS Microbiol Ecol 74 3 — PubMed Google Scholar Boon N, Top EM, Verstraete W, Siciliano SD Bioaugmentation as a tool to protect the structure and function of an activated-sludge microbial community against a 3-chloroaniline shock load. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 3 — CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Guo X, Xia X, Tang R, Zhou J, Zhao H, Wang K Development of a real-time PCR method for Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in faeces and its application to quantify intestinal population of obese and lean pigs.
Lett Appl Microbiol 47 5 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Collado MC, Derrien M, Isolauri E, de Vos WM, Salminen S Intestinal integrity and Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucin-degrading member of the intestinal microbiota present in infants, adults, and the elderly.
Appl Environ Microbiol 73 23 — CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Furet J-P, Firmesse O, Gourmelon M, Bridonneau C, Tap J, Mondot S, Doré J, Corthier G Comparative assessment of human and farm animal faecal microbiota using real-time quantitative PCR.
FEMS Microbiol Ecol 68 3 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Rinttilä T, Kassinen A, Malinen E, Krogius L, Palva A Development of an extensive set of 16S rDNA-targeted primers for quantification of pathogenic and indigenous bacteria in faecal samples by real-time PCR.
Ginseng is a High-fiber diet herbal supplement used for hundreds fof years, particularly in Fkcus Ginseng for focus. Especially Ginsfng for its Oats and immune system support and adaptogenic effects, ginseng has become a popular supplement focuss the globe. Many believe that consuming it can maintain healthy blood sugar levels already in normal range and possibly help with mood, stress relief, and libido. The supplement is also regarded as an aid in helping to support healthy cognitive function, boost the immune system, and combat fatigue. You can consume this supplement lightly steamed or raw.One Protein-rich snacks for weight management use of Korean red ginseng is vor improve focus and concentration. This is Best Foods for Recovery helpful for students and Oats and immune system support who need to be able fot focus on one task at Creatine monohydrate supplement Gonseng without being easily distracted.
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As mentioned above, Korean red ginseng can help to boost the level of serotonin in the brain, thereby reducing stress and anxiety. This can help people to feel more relaxed and be able to cope with stressful situations more easily.
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The other effects of Korean red ginseng are that it can help to protect against chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancers.
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Popular Searches: Ginseng Extract Everytime Sticks. Tap Here for Current Promos. Facebook Instagram Linkedin YouTube TikTok. Home Ginseng Blogs Korean Red Ginseng: The Nootropics That Boosts Brain Power and Memory. Korean Red Ginseng: The Nootropics That Boosts Brain Power and Memory September 21, Posted by.
Korean Red Ginseng: The Nootropics That Boosts Brain Power and Memory What is the best memory supplement for you? Depending on your needs, there are a variety of memory supplements that can help you achieve your personal goals.
Nootropic drugs can be used to improve concentration, focus, and memory; reduce stress and anxiety; increase memory retention; and assist with learning. Some are more effective than others, however. Boost Brain Power and Memory One common use of Korean red ginseng is to improve focus and concentration.
Reduce Stress and Improve Sleep Quality As mentioned above, Korean red ginseng can help to boost the level of serotonin in the brain, thereby reducing stress and anxiety. Protect Against Chronic Diseases Finally, another useful effect of boosting serotonin levels is that it can help to increase memory retention.
Share Tweet Pin it Share Whatsapp Email. Previous Next. Back to Ginseng Blogs. What are the Health Benefits of Ginseng? December 14, What is Ginseng?
November 14, Exploring Different Types Of Ginseng: From Korean Red Ginseng To American Ginseng November 13, Unleashing the Potential of Ginseng: What is Ginseng Good For? November 06, The Incredible Benefits of Korean Ginseng: Unveiling the Power of Panax Ginseng October 10, What are you looking for?
: Ginseng for focus| Panax Ginseng | AAFP | As an important caveat, the supplementation period used for the SHIME® study was a week longer than the cognitive intervention in the current study. The changes to the gut microbial community were determined by comparing pre-treatment bacteria levels with post-treatment levels, but as sampling only occurred once per week during the treatment period, an average was calculated across the three weeks of treatment. This made it impossible to determine whether microbiota levels had significantly changed after two weeks. However, significant SCFA changes generally associated with increased microbial activity were observed after only one or two weeks, as shown in Fig. Given these increased SCFA levels observed during this shorter period, it appears likely then that alterations to the gut microbiota remain a viable mechanism by which cognitive changes could be effected after only two weeks of daily Cereboost® treatment. One further caveat is that these changes to gut microbiome were observed in vitro , rather than in the cognitive study participants, and so it will be critical for future research to provide an in vivo link between changes in gut microbiota and cognitive changes in the same host either animal or human. A further limitation in the current study is that participants were predominantly female, while the faecal donor was male, so future studies should seek to confirm the cognitive and gut microbiota effects of Cereboost® in a representative sample of both males and females. This would also allow determination of any sex differences in observed effects. In conclusion, this study confirmed the promising effects of Cereboost® on cognitive function. Acute benefits to working memory and executive function were further improved following a two-week period of daily supplementation. Daily supplementation with Cereboost® also benefitted performance accuracy, mood and mental fatigue. Results from the concurrent in vitro study suggest a possible mechanism of action, via changes to the gut microbiome, potentially underlying the observed improvements to cognitive function. Chronic improvements to RVIP task performance also suggest that acetylcholine pathways of neurotransmission may be implicated. Further studies will be required to fully unravel the mechanisms involved. Jia L, Zhao Y, Liang X-J Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine-ginseng II : Collected chemical entities, modern pharmacology, and clinical applications emanated from traditional Chinese medicine. Curr Med Chem 16 22 — CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Lieberman HR The effects of ginseng, ephedrine, and caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and energy. Nutr Rev 59 4 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Kim J-S Investigation of phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin contents in different parts of Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng CA Meyer. Prevent Nutr Food Sci 21 3 CAS Google Scholar. 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J Am Coll Nutr 19 6 — Sloley BD, Pang P, Huang B-H, Ba F, Li FL, Benishin CG, Greenshaw AJ, Shan JJ American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine-induced amnesia in a spatial learning task. J Psychiatry Neurosci 24 5 Shin K, Guo H, Cha Y, Ban Y-H, Seo DW, Choi Y, Kim T-S, Lee S-P, Kim J-C, Choi E-K Cereboost TM , an American ginseng extract, improves cognitive function via up-regulation of choline acetyltransferase expression and neuroprotection. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol — Salim KN, McEwen BS, Chao HM Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates ChAT, NGF and trkA mRNA expression in the rat brain. Mol Brain Res 47 1—2 — Benishin CG, Lee R, Wang LCH, Liu HJ Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on central cholinergic metabolism. Pharmacology 42 4 — Hasselmo ME, Sarter M Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 36 1 — Curr Neuropharmacol 14 1 — Sünram-Lea S, Birchall R, Wesnes K, Petrini O The effect of acute administration of mg of Panax ginseng on cognitive performance and mood in healthy young volunteers. Curr Top Nutraceut Res 3 1 — Wang C-Z, Kim KE, Du G-J, Qi L-W, Wen X-D, Li P, Bauer BA, Bissonnette MB, Musch MW, Chang EB Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of ginsenoside metabolites in human plasma. Am J Chin Med 39 06 — Oh J, Kim J-S Compound K derived from ginseng: neuroprotection and cognitive improvement. Food Funct 7 11 — Kim H-K Pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K after oral administration of Korean Red Ginseng extract. J Ginseng Res 37 4 Hasegawa H Proof of the mysterious efficacy of ginseng: basic and clinical trials: metabolic activation of ginsenoside: deglycosylation by intestinal bacteria and esterification with fatty acid. J Pharmacol Sci 95 2 — Wan JY, Wang CZ, Zhang QH, Liu Z, Musch MW, Bissonnette M, Chang EB, Li P, Qi LW, Yuan CS Significant difference in active metabolite levels of ginseng in humans consuming Asian or Western diet: the link with enteric microbiota. Biomedical Chromatography 31 4 :e Wang C-Z, Yu C, Wen X-D, Chen L, Zhang C-F, Calway T, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Anderson S American ginseng attenuates colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice: Impact on gut microbiota and metabolomics. Cancer Prev Res 9 10 — Song M-Y, Kim B-S, Kim H Influence of Panax ginseng on obesity and gut microbiota in obese middle-aged Korean women. J Ginseng Res 38 2 — PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Davidson GL, Cooke AC, Johnson CN, Quinn JL The gut microbiome as a driver of individual variation in cognition and functional behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc B Leeming ER, Johnson AJ, Spector TD, Le Roy CI Effect of diet on the gut microbiota: rethinking intervention duration. Nutrients 11 12 PubMed Central Google Scholar. Neale C, Camfield D, Reay J, Stough C, Scholey A Cognitive effects of two nutraceuticals G inseng and B acopa benchmarked against modafinil: a review and comparison of effect sizes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 75 3 — Bell L, Lamport DJ, Field DT, Butler LT, Williams CM Practice effects in nutrition intervention studies with repeated cognitive testing. Nutr Healthy Aging 4 4 — Watson D, Clark LA The PANAS-X: manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 54 6 Whyte AR, Cheng N, Fromentin E, Williams CM A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to compare the safety and efficacy of low dose enhanced wild blueberry powder and wild blueberry extract ThinkBlue TM in maintenance of episodic and working memory in older adults. Nutrients 10 6 Whyte AR, Schafer G, Williams CM The effect of cognitive demand on performance of an executive function task following wild blueberry supplementation in 7 to 10 years old children. Food Funct 8 11 — Watson AW, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Kennedy DO, Cooney JM, Trower T, Scheepens A Acute supplementation with blackcurrant extracts modulates cognitive functioning and inhibits monoamine oxidase-B in healthy young adults. Journal of functional foods — Wesnes K, Warburton DM Effects of scopolamine and nicotine on human rapid information processing performance. Psychopharmacology 82 3 — J Psychopharmacol 20 6 — Miller MG, Hamilton DA, Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B Dietary blueberry improves cognition among older adults in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 57 3 — Mulligan AA, Luben RN, Bhaniani A, Parry-Smith DJ, O'Connor L, Khawaja AP, Forouhi NG, Khaw K-T A new tool for converting food frequency questionnaire data into nutrient and food group values: FETA research methods and availability. BMJ open 4 3 : Molly K, Woestyne MV, Verstraete W Development of a 5-step multi-chamber reactor as a simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 39 2 — Possemiers S, Verthé K, Uyttendaele S, Verstraete W PCR-DGGE-based quantification of stability of the microbial community in a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 49 3 — Van den Abbeele P, Roos S, Eeckhaut V, MacKenzie DA, Derde M, Verstraete W, Marzorati M, Possemiers S, Vanhoecke B, Van Immerseel F Incorporating a mucosal environment in a dynamic gut model results in a more representative colonization by lactobacilli. Microb Biotechnol 5 1 — De Weirdt R, Possemiers S, Vermeulen G, Moerdijk-Poortvliet TC, Boschker HT, Verstraete W, Van de Wiele T Human faecal microbiota display variable patterns of glycerol metabolism. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 74 3 — Boon N, Top EM, Verstraete W, Siciliano SD Bioaugmentation as a tool to protect the structure and function of an activated-sludge microbial community against a 3-chloroaniline shock load. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 3 — Guo X, Xia X, Tang R, Zhou J, Zhao H, Wang K Development of a real-time PCR method for Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in faeces and its application to quantify intestinal population of obese and lean pigs. Lett Appl Microbiol 47 5 — Collado MC, Derrien M, Isolauri E, de Vos WM, Salminen S Intestinal integrity and Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucin-degrading member of the intestinal microbiota present in infants, adults, and the elderly. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 23 — Furet J-P, Firmesse O, Gourmelon M, Bridonneau C, Tap J, Mondot S, Doré J, Corthier G Comparative assessment of human and farm animal faecal microbiota using real-time quantitative PCR. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 68 3 — Rinttilä T, Kassinen A, Malinen E, Krogius L, Palva A Development of an extensive set of 16S rDNA-targeted primers for quantification of pathogenic and indigenous bacteria in faecal samples by real-time PCR. J Appl Microbiol 97 6 — Cummings JH Short chain fatty acids in the human colon. Gut 22 9 White DJ, Camfield DA, Ossoukhova A, Savage K, Le Cozannet R, Fança-Berthon P, Scholey A Effects of Panax quinquefolius American ginseng on the steady state visually evoked potential during cognitive performance. Hum Psychopharmacol. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. 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Annals of gastroenterology: quarterly publication of the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology 28 2 Sun Y, Baptista LC, Roberts LM, Jumbo-Lucioni P, McMahon LL, Buford TW, Carter CS The gut microbiome as a therapeutic target for cognitive impairment. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75 7 — Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, Verbeke K The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota—gut—brain communication. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. For the in vivo experiment, RLC and CW designed the research, LB and AW conducted the research, and LB analyzed the data. For the in vitro experiment, RLC, PFB and MM designed the research, CD conducted the research, and PVA analyzed the data. LB wrote the paper with contributions from all other authors. LB and CW had primary responsibility for final content. Correspondence to Claire Williams. Romain Le Cozannet, Pascale Fança-Berthon, and Emilie Fromentin are employees of Naturex SA. They contributed to experimental design and write-up but were not involved in any data collection or analysis. Cindy Duysburgh, Massimo Marzorati, and Pieter Van den Abbeele are employees of ProDigest BV. They designed and performed the in vitro investigation including data analysis using their in-house SHIME® technology. Claire Williams, Lynne Bell, and Adrian Whyte are independent researchers at the University of Reading and have no conflict of interest to declare. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Bell, L. et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigating the acute and chronic benefits of American Ginseng Cereboost® on mood and cognition in healthy young adults, including in vitro investigation of gut microbiota changes as a possible mechanism of action. Eur J Nutr 61 , — Download citation. Received : 26 November Accepted : 04 August Published : 15 August Issue Date : February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Methods Cognitive effects of Cereboost® were assessed using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, with 61 healthy young adults. Conclusion This study confirmed the promising effects of Cereboost® on cognitive function and mood, while suggesting a possible link to alterations of the gut microbiome and modulation of acetylcholine. Registration The study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials. gov on 6th July Identifier: NCT The Australian Research Council Longevity Intervention ARCLI study protocol ANZCTR addendum: neuroimaging and gut microbiota protocol Article Open access 05 January A specific dietary fibre supplementation improves cognitive performance—an exploratory randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study Article 20 September Effectiveness of Yi-Zhi-An-Shen granules on cognition and sleep quality in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Article Open access 20 August Asian ginseng may act as a blood thinner, increasing the risk of bleeding during or after a procedure. If you are currently taking any of the following medications, you should not use Asian ginseng without first talking to your health care provider:. ACE inhibitors blood pressure medications : Asian ginseng may interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE inhibitors used to lower high blood pressure. These medications include:. Calcium channel blockers heart and blood pressure medications : Asian ginseng may make certain heart medications, including calcium channel blockers, work differently than intended. Blood-thinners anticoagulants and antiplatelets : Asian ginseng may increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you already take blood thinners, such as aspirin, warfarin Coumadin , or clopidogrel Plavix. Caffeine: Ginseng may make the effect of caffeine stronger, possibly causing nervousness, sweating, insomnia, or irregular heartbeat. Diabetes medications, including insulin: Ginseng may lower blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. Drugs that suppress the immune system: Asian ginseng may boost the immune system and may interact with drugs taken to treat an autoimmune disease or drugs taken after organ transplant. Stimulants: Ginseng may increase the stimulant effect and side effects of some medications taken for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD , including amphetamine and dextroamphetamine Adderall and methylphenidate Concerta, Ritalin. MAOIs monoamine oxidase inhibitors : Ginseng may increase the risk of mania when taken with MAOIs, a kind of antidepressant. There have been reports of interaction between ginseng and phenelzine Nardil causing headaches, tremors, and mania. MAOIs include:. Furosemide Lasix : Some researchers think Asian ginseng may interfere with Lasix, a diuretic water pill that helps the body get rid of excess fluid. Other medications: Asian ginseng may interact with medications that are broken down by the liver. To be safe, if you take any medications, ask your doctor before taking Asian ginseng. Adams LL, Gatchel RJ. Complementary and alternative medicine: applications and implications for cognitive functioning in elderly populations. Alt Ther. Ang-Lee MK, Moss J, Yuan C-S. Herbal medicines and perioperative care. Biondo PD, Robbins SJ, Walsh JD, McCargar LJ, Harber VJ, Field CJ. A randomized controlled crossover trial of the effect of ginseng consumption on the immune response to moderate exercise in healthy sedentary men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Bucci LR. Selected herbals and human exercise performance. Am J Clin Nutr. Cardinal BJ, Engels HJ. Ginseng does not enhance psychological well-being in healthy, young adults: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Am Diet Assoc. Caso MA, Vargas RR, Salas VA, Begoña IC. Double-blind study of a multivitamin complex supplemented with ginseng extract. Drugs Exp Clin Res. Chen CF, Chiou WF, Zhang JT. Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Coleman CI, Hebert JH, Reddy P. The effects of Panax ginseng on quality of life. J Clin Pharm Ther. Ernst E. The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: ginkgo, St. John's wort, ginseng, echinacea, saw palmetto, and kava. Ann Intern Med. Gao JL, Lv GY, He BC, et al. Ginseng saponin metabolite 20 S -protopanaxadiol inhibits tumor growth by targeting multiple cancer signaling pathways. Oncol Rep. Geng J, Dong J, Ni H, Lee MS, Wu T, Jiang K, Wang G, Zhou AL, Malouf R. Ginseng for cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Gyllenhaal C, Merritt SL, Peterson SD, et al. Efficacy and safety of herbal stimulants and sedatives in sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev. Harkey MR, Henderson GL, Gershwin ME, et al. Variability in commercial ginseng products: an analysis of 25 preparations. Hartley DE, Elsabagh S, File SE. Gincosan a combination of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng : the effects on mood and cognition of 6 and 12 weeks' treatment in post-menopausal women. Nutr Neurosci. Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Heo JH, Lee ST, Chu K, Oh MJ, Park HJ, Shim JY, Kim M. An open-label trial of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. Hong B, Ji YH, Hong JH, et al. A double-blind crossover study evaluating the efficacy of korean red ginseng in patients with erectile dysfunction: a preliminary report. J Urol. Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Jang DJ, Lee MS, Shin BC, Lee YC, Ernst E. Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Kabalak AA, Soyal OB, Urfalioglu A, et al. Menometrorrhagia and tachyarrhythmia after using oral and topical ginseng. J Womens Health. Larchmt ;13 7 Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Physiol Behav. Kim JH, Park CY, Lee SJ. Effects of Sun Ginseng on subjective quality of life in cancer patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Lieberman HR. The effects of ginseng, ephedrine, and caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and energy. Sünram-Lea SI, Birchall RJ, Wesnes KA et al. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 3, Sørensen H, Sonne J A double-masked study of the effects of ginseng on cognitive functions. Current Therapeutic Research 57, Namgung E, Kim J, Jeong H et al. Hum Psychopharmacol. LaSala GS, McKeever RG, Patel U et al. Clin Toxicol Phila 53, Ong Lai Teik D, Lee XS, Lim CJ et al. PLoS One 11, e Persson J, Bringlov E, Nilsson LG et al. Psychopharmacology Berl , Reay JL, Scholey AB, Kennedy DO Panax ginseng G improves aspects of working memory performance and subjective ratings of calmness in healthy young adults. Hum Psychopharmacol 25, Yeo HB, Yoon HK, Lee HJ et al. J Ginseng Res 36, Baek JH, Heo JY, Fava M et al. J Ginseng Res 43, Park KC, Jin H, Zheng R et al. Translational and clinical pharmacology 27, Geng J, Dong J, Ni H et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev , CD Lho SK, Kim TH, Kwak KP et al. Alzheimers Res Ther 10, Moreira SC, Jansen AK, Silva FM Dietary interventions and cognition of Alzheimer's disease patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trial. Heo JH, Lee ST, Chu K et al. |
| The 5 Biggest Heath Benefits of Ginseng, According to Science | Of course, some RCTs have also shown that high-dose at least 4. However, ginseng dietary supplements do not contain such a high dose. There has been only one study exploring the effect of ginseng intake based on a prospective cohort study that reflects real-world settings. In the study by Persson et al. A beneficial effect of ginseng on cognitive function was not observed in the 4-year prospective observation. The cognitive changes over 4 years were comparable between the subjects who had taken ginseng for 5 years or more at baseline and those who had never taken ginseng. This was the case when we additionally accounted for the use of ginseng during the follow-up period in the analysis. This discrepancy between the cross-sectional and prospective analyses may be attributable to several causes. First, the follow-up period may be too short to show the beneficial effects of ginseng on cognitive function. Second, the subjects who responded to the follow-up evaluations had better cognitive function at baseline than those who did not and thus were less likely to show cognitive decline over a short period. The data are presented in detail in Additional file 1 : Table S1. Therefore, it may be beneficial to follow the subjects for a longer period of time. It is not yet well understood how ginseng improves cognitive reserve or brain reserve [ 28 ]. Some previous studies showed that ginsenosides were protective against AD pathologies: antioxidative effects, inhibition of Aβ-induced cytotoxicity and tau phosphorylation, immunomodulatory activities on intracellular signaling pathway, cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial function [ 5 , 6 ]. These neuroprotective and compensatory effects of ginseng may directly and indirectly contribute to cognitive reserve, resulting in better baseline CERAD total score in individuals who consumed ginseng over 5 years. Although there were less cognitive disorders i. This discrepant association of lifetime ginseng intake with cognitive function and cognitive disorders may be attributable to several factors. First, the effect of ginseng may improve cognitive function but not prevent or delay cognitive disorders. Second, the statistical power for testing the association between ginseng intake and cognitive disorders was smaller than that between ginseng intake and cognitive function in the current study. Third, subjective cognitive complaints are required to diagnose MCI in addition to objective cognitive impairments [ 22 ]. Subjective concerns on objective cognitive impairments may be different between the groups classified by the level of ginseng intake. There are several limitations to this study. First, this study is subject to recall biases since the use of ginseng was evaluated using a questionnaire. Second, the dose effect was not analyzed using the amount of ginseng use, but was analyzed using the duration of ginseng use. Third, we did not adjust for other dietary supplements that could also influence cognitive function. Lastly, the beneficial effect of ginseng on cognitive function was shown in the CERAD total score but not in the MMSE score. Compared to the CERAD Assessment Battery, the MMSE may be less sensitive to subtle cognitive changes and more susceptible to the ceiling effect in highly educated, cognitive normal people [ 29 , 30 ]. In this study, 6. Cumulative ginseng use for longer than 5 years may be beneficial for cognitive function in late life. However, its effect on the rate of cognitive decline over 4 years in late life was not observed, which warrants future studies with longer duration of follow-up. Baeg IH, So SH. The world ginseng market and the ginseng Korea. J Ginseng Res. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Geng J, Dong J, Ni H, Lee MS, Wu T, Jiang K, Wang G, Zhou AL, Malouf R. Ginseng for cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Radad K, Gille G, Liu L, Rausch W-D. Use of ginseng in medicine with emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. J Pharmacol Sci. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Howes M-JR, Perry E. The role of phytochemicals in the treatment and prevention of dementia. Drugs Aging. Kim KH, Lee D, Lee HL, Kim C-E, Jung K, Kang KS. Beneficial effects of Panax ginseng for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: past findings and future directions. Howes M-JR, Fang R, Houghton PJ. Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Alzheimer's Disease. Int Rev Neurobiol. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Mohanan P, Subramaniyam S, Mathiyalagan R, Yang D-C. Molecular signaling of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions. Heo JH, Lee ST, Chu K, Oh M, Park HJ, Shim JY, Kim M. Eur J Neurol. Lee S-T, Chu K, Sim J-Y, Heo J-H, Kim M. Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. Heo J-H, Lee S-T, Oh MJ, Park H-J, Shim J-Y, Chu K, Kim M. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. Heo J-H, Lee S-T, Chu K, Oh MJ, Park H-J, Shim J-Y, Kim M. Heat-processed ginseng enhances the cognitive function in patients with moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci. Wang Y, Yang G, Gong J, Lu F, Diao Q, Sun J, Zhang K, Tian J, Liu J. Ginseng for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Top Med Chem. Persson J, Bringlöv E, Nilsson L-G, Nyberg L. The memory-enhancing effects of Ginseng and Ginkgo biloba in healthy volunteers. Kim TH, Park JH, Lee JJ, Jhoo JH, Kim B-J, Kim J-L, Kim SG, Youn J, Ryu S-H, Lee DY. Overview of the Korean longitudinal study on cognitive aging and dementia. Alzheimers Dement. Article Google Scholar. Lee JH, Lee KU, Lee DY, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Kim JH, Lee KH, Kim SY, Han SH, Woo JI. Development of the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet CERAD-K : clinical and neuropsychological assessment batteries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview M. J Clin Psychiatry. quiz PubMed Google Scholar. Yoo SW, Kim YS, Noh JS, Oh KS, Kim C-H, Namkoong K, Chae J-H, Lee GC, Jeon S-I, Min K-J, et al. Validity of Korean Version of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Anxiety Mood. Google Scholar. Lee DY, Lee KU, Lee JH, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Kim SY, Yoon JC, Woo SI, Ha J, Woo JI. A normative study of the CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery in the Korean elderly. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. Kim TH, Jhoo JH, Park JH, Kim JL, Ryu SH, Moon SW, Choo IH, Lee DW, Yoon JC, Do YJ, et al. Psychiatry Investig. Chandler M, Lacritz L, Hynan L, Barnard H, Allen G, Deschner M, Weiner M, Cullum C. A total score for the CERAD neuropsychological battery. Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Interestingly, one animal study found that black red ginseng extract increased the number of immune cells and enhanced antioxidant levels in the liver Similarly, another study in people showed that taking 2 g of Korean red ginseng per day for 8 weeks significantly increased levels of immune cells compared to a placebo However, more studies in humans are needed to understand the potential effects of ginseng on immune function. Ginseng can boost immune function and may increase levels of immune cells. Ginseng may be helpful in reducing the risk of certain cancers 23 , Ginsenosides in this herb have been shown to help reduce inflammation and provide antioxidant protection 25 , The cell cycle is the process by which cells normally grow and divide. Ginsenosides could benefit this cycle by preventing abnormal cell production and growth 25 , Ginseng may also help improve the health of people undergoing chemotherapy and could reduce side effects and enhance the effect of some cancer treatments However, while studies on the role of ginseng in cancer prevention show some benefits, they remain inconclusive Ginsenosides in ginseng seem to regulate inflammation, provide antioxidant protection, and maintain the health of cells, which could help decrease the risk of certain kinds of cancer. Nevertheless, more research is needed. Ginseng has been shown to help ease fatigue and increase energy levels. Various animal studies have linked some components in ginseng, like polysaccharides and oligopeptides, with lower oxidative stress and higher energy production in cells, which could help decrease fatigue 28 , One review of 10 studies concluded that ginseng could significantly improve symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome compared to a placebo, even after just 15 days Another review showed that taking American or Asian ginseng could decrease symptoms of cancer-related fatigue when taken in doses of 2, mg or 3, mg per day, respectively Furthermore, a review of over studies suggested that ginseng supplements may not only help reduce fatigue but could also enhance physical performance Ginseng may help fight fatigue and enhance physical performance by lowering oxidative damage and increasing energy production in cells. Ginseng seems to be beneficial in the control of blood sugar levels in people both with and without diabetes American and Asian ginseng have been shown to improve pancreatic cell function, boost insulin production, and enhance the uptake of blood sugar in tissues Moreover, studies show that ginseng extracts help by providing antioxidant protection that can help reduce free radicals in the cells of those with diabetes One review of eight studies found that ginseng supplementation could decrease fasting blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes, but it did not significantly reduce hemoglobin A1C levels, which are an average of blood glucose over 3 months. Another 8-week study showed that taking 3 g per day of American ginseng significantly reduced fasting blood sugar levels The study showed ginseng improved hemoglobin A1c , a marker of long-term blood sugar control, compared to a placebo in people with type 2 diabetes but larger studies using standardized preparations of ginseng are needed to verify these results It seems that fermented red ginseng could be even more effective at blood sugar control. Fermented ginseng is produced with the help of live bacteria that transform the ginsenosides into a more easily absorbed and potent form In fact, an older study demonstrated that taking 2. Ginseng, particularly fermented red ginseng, may help increase insulin production, enhance blood sugar uptake in cells, and provide antioxidant protection. Ginseng root can be consumed in many ways. It can be eaten raw or you can lightly steam it to soften it. It can also be stewed in water to make a tea. To do this, just add hot water to freshly sliced ginseng and let it steep for several minutes. Ginseng can be added to various recipes like soups and stir-fried dishes, too. Additionally, the extract can be found in powder, tablet, capsule, and oil forms. How much you should take depends on the condition you want to improve. Overall, daily doses of 1—2 g of raw ginseng root or — mg of extract are suggested. Ginseng can be eaten raw, made into tea or added to various dishes. It can also be consumed as a powder, capsule, or oil. According to research, ginseng appears to be safe and should not produce any serious adverse effects 39 , However, people taking diabetes medications should monitor their blood sugar levels closely when using ginseng to ensure these levels do not go too low. Additionally, ginseng may reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs Note that due to the lack of safety studies, ginseng is not recommended for children or people who are pregnant or breastfeeding Lastly, there is evidence suggesting that the extended use of ginseng could decrease its effectiveness in the body. Full scientific report PDF on Cognitive Vitality Reports. Potential Benefit. com Full scientific report PDF on Cognitive Vitality Reports. D'Angelo L, Grimaldi R, Caravaggi M et al. J Ethnopharmacol 16, Sünram-Lea SI, Birchall RJ, Wesnes KA et al. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 3, Sørensen H, Sonne J A double-masked study of the effects of ginseng on cognitive functions. Current Therapeutic Research 57, Namgung E, Kim J, Jeong H et al. Hum Psychopharmacol. LaSala GS, McKeever RG, Patel U et al. Clin Toxicol Phila 53, Ong Lai Teik D, Lee XS, Lim CJ et al. PLoS One 11, e Persson J, Bringlov E, Nilsson LG et al. Psychopharmacology Berl , Reay JL, Scholey AB, Kennedy DO Panax ginseng G improves aspects of working memory performance and subjective ratings of calmness in healthy young adults. Hum Psychopharmacol 25, Yeo HB, Yoon HK, Lee HJ et al. J Ginseng Res 36, Baek JH, Heo JY, Fava M et al. J Ginseng Res 43, Park KC, Jin H, Zheng R et al. Translational and clinical pharmacology 27, Geng J, Dong J, Ni H et al. |
| Heart health | special ingredients. Ginsenng leaves Oats and immune system support stem have higher concentrations Ginseng for focus the bioactive ginsenoside. Ginsegn Am Coll Nutr. Fro memory in young adults A study carried with 56 healthy young adults proves that ginseng can improve memory quality and cognitive functioning. Drug Saf. Any ginseng that is harvested past six years of growth is considered red ginseng. Ang-Lee MK, Moss J, Yuan C-S. |
Absolut ist mit Ihnen einverstanden. Darin ist etwas auch mir scheint es die ausgezeichnete Idee. Ich bin mit Ihnen einverstanden.
Ich denke, dass Sie den Fehler zulassen. Es ich kann beweisen.