Polyphenols for detoxification -
Structurally, they are characterized as C15 compounds and composed of two phenolic C6 rings which are linked by a bridge of heterocyclic pyrone rings. Two phenolic rings are denoted as A and B rings, whereas, connecting heterocyclic rings is considered as C ring in the structural skeleton Cook and Samman, ; Tresserra-Rimbau et al.
Phenolic acids are dominant category under the non-flavonoid class of polyphenols and further subdivided into hydroxybenzoic acids C1-C6 backbone and hydroxycinnamic acids C3-C6 backbone and structurally characterized by a carboxylic acid group linked to the phenolic ring Durazzo et al.
They generally exist in the plants either in free form or esterified form. They also exist as a conjugate with sugar moiety and proteins often and hydrolysable on acid or alkali treatment.
Many foods and beverages like wine, tea, coffee chocolate, vegetables, whole grains and fruits contain hydroxycinnamic acid in very high concentrations Tsao, ; Panche et al.
Stilbenes are biosynthesized by plants during external influence such as infection or injury. They contain C6-C2-C6 backbone and structurally represent 1,2-diphenylethylene nucleus and exist either in the monomeric or oligomeric form.
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring important bioactive compound that comes under this category Tresserra-Rimbau et al. Like stilbenes, a coumarin type of polyphenols, also synthesize and accumulate in the plant tissues due to the abiotic stress and microbial attacks.
They are composed of 1,2-benzopyrone skeleton α-chromone. They also frequently exist in the prenylated form. Coumarin cores are often used as a template in the synthesis of various pharmacologically important novel compounds Shen et al.
Lignans are a comparatively less abundant class of phenolic compounds structurally characterized by a dibenzylbutane skeleton. These types of compounds are generally found in higher plants gymnosperms, angiosperms, pteridophytes etc. Often they are found in the plant material in bound form and make difficulty in extraction Shen et al.
Anthocyanidins are the bright coloured blue, red, or purple pigments flavonoid compounds found in the flowers, fruits and leaves etc. These are positively charged compounds containing flavylium cations and often occur as chloride salts Shen et al.
Anthocyains are composed of one or more sugar moieties in the C-3 position of the C ring. Frequently these compounds are found in the plants as a conjugate with phenolic acids and other organic acids.
The de-glycosylated forms of anthocyanins are called anthocyanidins. Variation in the colour of the anthocyanin compounds is reliant to the pH acylation and methylation -OH groups attached to the A and B ring and also pH of the environment Khoo et al.
Proanthocyanidins are the dimer or trimer of flavanols in condensed form, also known as condensed tannins. Based on the interflavanic linkages, they can be divided as type A C2— O —C7 or C2— O —C5 bonding , or type-B C4—C6 or C4—C8. They often produced from flavanol rich materials during fermentation Khoo et al.
Open C rings containing flavanoids are categorized as chalcones. Chalcone compounds exerts a common chemical scaffold of 1,3- diarylpropenone which is also known as chalconoid Zhuang et al. Aging causes a variety of harmful health effects, increasing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, osteophorosis, cancers and even death.
The free radical theory of aging also known as OS theory is well accepted as the aging progresses. Although free radicals may be a key player in the aging process, they do not play any central role in that. Numerous cell-centric hypotheses has also been attributed in aging and related disorders Tabibzadeh, Since the potential of antioxidative and repair pathways declines with age, oxidative damage to biological tissues rises Rizvi and Maurya, In aging, the accumulation of ROS causes OS to brain biomolecules proteins, DNA, and lipids leading to progression of neurodegenerative diseases Barnham et al.
Pandey and Rizvi, The consumption of antioxidant-rich diets decreases the harmful consequences of aging and neurodegenerative illness. Fruits and vegetables contain polyphenolic compounds with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activities have been well reported to exhibit anti-aging properties in rats and mice Joseph et al.
Anthocyanins found in abundance in bright colored fruits such as berry fruits, tomatoes, oranges etc. have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting lipid peroxidation as well as cyclo-oxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 pathways Reis et al.
Dietary supplements containing elevated amounts of flavonoids from strawberries, lettuce, or blueberries aid in the reversal of age-related discrepancies in the brain and behavioral control in aged rats Shukitt-Hale et al.
Tea catechins have antioxidant properties that might be associated with anti-aging. The in vitro effect of tea catechins on erythrocyte malondialdehyde MDA , reduced glutathione GSH , and on membrane sulphydryl -SH group in humans has been reported by Maurya and Rizvi Polyphenols can also help to reduce the negative effects of aging on the brain and nervous system.
EGCG reduces the progression of ALS in a mouse model , which is crucial for their significance in the protection of the aging of brain Xu et al. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, has anti-aging property. Fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenols are potential neuroprotective agents which can modulate many cellular processes like apoptosis, redox balance signaling, differentiation and proliferation.
Polyphenols being antioxidative agents can protect against various neurological diseases. Resveratrol shows neuroprotective effect against models of AD Rahman et al. Figure 5 delineates the protective roles of dietary polyphenols against aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
FIGURE 5. Protective roles of dietary polyphenols against aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Abbreviations: Nrf 2: nuclear factor erythroid 2, HO heme oxygenase-1, NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, P38 MAPK: protein 38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase, PGE2: prostaglandin E2.
OS can be the primary or secondary reason for various CVDs. Preclinical evidence support that OS is linked to a variety of CVDs, including atherosclerosis, ischemia, stroke, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and hypertension, as well as congestive heart failure CHF Vita, ; Bahoran et al. Consumption of polyphenol-rich foods reduces risk of CVDs Khan et al.
Recent studies indicate that polyphenols also exert beneficial effects on vascular disorders by blocking platelet aggregation as well as by preventing oxidation of low-density lipoprotein LDL , ameliorating endothelial dysfunction, reducing blood pressure, improving antioxidant defenses and alleviating inflammatory responses.
Polyphenols are powerful regulators of LDL oxidation, which is believed to be the main mechanism in the progression of atherosclerosis Nardini et al. Polyphenols guard against CVDs because of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet effects, and also by increasing high-density lipoprotein HDL level.
Dietary flavonoids may reduce endothelial disorders linked with various risk factors for atherosclerosis before plaque creation Khan et al. Tea catechins suppress smooth muscle cell penetration and proliferation in the arterial wall Bhardwaj and Khanna, Resveratrol inhibits platelet aggregation by selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase 1 COX-1 , which augments production of thromboxane A2, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstrictor inducer Senoner and Dichtl, It increases nitric oxide signaling in the endothelium, resulting in vasodilation Harikumar and Aggarwal, ; Shi et al.
Figure 6 depicts the protective effects of dietary polyphenols against CVDs. FIGURE 6. Protective effects of dietary polyphenols against CVDs. Abbreviations: Bax: BCL2 associated X apoptosis regulator, IL6: interleukin 6, CRP: C-reactive protein, IL8: interleukin 8, Bcl B-cell lymphoma 2, Caspase cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3, TNF-alpha: tumour necrosis factor - alpha, P-JAK 2: protein Janus kinase 2, STAT 3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.
Abnormality in glucose metabolism leads to hyperglycemia and consequently diabetes mellitus type-1 and type Apigenin derivative possesses strong antidiabetic activity extending protection against the variations throughout OS in diabetes Junejo et al.
Quercetin decreases lipid peroxidation and inhibits cellular oxidation in diabetes Pandey and Rizvi, Resveratrol prevents cytotoxicity and OS caused by excessive glucose levels.
Resveratrol decreases diabetes-induced kidney alterations diabetic nephropathy and thereby increases renal disorder and OS in diabetic rats. The polyphenols of Hibiscus sabdariffa weaken diabetic nephropathy in terms of serum lipid profile and kidney oxidative markers Lee et al.
sabdariffa also contains flavonoids, protocatechuic acid, and anthocyanins. The ameliorating effects of a high antioxidant polyphenol supplement of green tea extract, pomegranate extract and ascorbic acid on OS due to type 2 diabetes have been proved through decreased LDL, reduced plasma MDA, and increased HDL indicating better antioxidant potential with augmented total plasma GSH with preventive action against cardiovascular complications as well Fenercioglu et al.
The flavonoid rutin also has antidiabetic effects Ghorbani, Figure 7 outlines the protective effects of dietary polyphenols against diabetes mellitus.
FIGURE 7. Protective roles of dietary polyphenols against diabetes. The occurrence of cancer or malignant diseases is augmented with OS along with an increase in the amount of free radicals like ROS causing biomolecular DNA and tissue damages.
Studies suggest that a diet that includes regular consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenols such as catechins, resveratrol, ellagic acid, naringenin, quercetin etc.
significantly lowers the risk of developing many cancers. The chemopreventive action of polyphenols includes estrogenic and antiestrogenic involvement, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis activation, oxidation resistance, induction of detoxification enzymes, host immune system regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and improvements in cellular signaling García-Lafuente et al.
Polyphenols affect pro-carcinogen metabolism by moderating the cytochrome P enzymes expression involved in carcinogen stimulation Talalay et al.
Black tea polyphenols like EGCG, theaflavins and thearubigins have potent anticancer properties Shankar, ; Sharma and Rao, Tea catechins with cancer prevention efficacy inhibit the conversion of intraepithelial prostate lesions to cancer.
In prostate carcinoma cells, polyphenols from black tea suppress proliferation of increasing apoptosis Kim et al. The emergence of multi-drug resistant MDR pathogens has become a global threat and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality around the world.
Augmenting the OS pathway and induction of ROS formation has emerged as potential antimicrobial target in recent times.
Flavonoids exhibit broad spectrum of antimicrobial actions through different mechanisms which are often observed little different than those of conventional antibiotics and thus could be of importance in the improvement of antimicrobial therapeutics Dwyer et al.
During bacterial infection, the host immune response leads to inflammation due to the generation of ROS, and consequently leading to OS. Increased OS may lead to the vulnerability of the infection and also triggers the malfunctioning of cellular metabolism Kim et al.
Flavonoids are well known for their modulatory effect against OS in the human body by scavenging free radicals and chelating the metallic ions Ivanov et al. It is reported that many antibacterial drugs kill bacteria by activation of ROS pathways, whereas, a mild amount of ROS is proven to be beneficial to the microorganism for their signaling mechanisms.
The therapeutic role of antioxidant polyphenols in mitigating OS-related tissue damage and inflammations in bacterial and viral infections is well defined. Black tea polyphenols have in vitro antiviral properties Wu et al. EGCG, the main constituent of polyphenol, has antiviral activities on a diverse range of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus and hepatitis C virus Steinmann et al.
Polyphenolic compounds that have been reported in very preliminary in silico and in vitro studies to exhibit anti-SARS-CoV activity include quercetin, acacetin, apigenin, baicalein, hesperidin, morin, rutin, naringin, naringenin, — -catechin, — -catechin gallate, — - gallocatechin gallate, diosmin, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, silibinin, silymarin, orientin, curcumin, and oroxylin A Sharma and Rao, ; Suzuki et al.
Rheumatoid arthritis RA is an example of an inflammatory disease that affects the joints Zheng et al. The production of ROS in injured joints promotes inflammatory reactions. The cytokines generated play a role in the immunoregulatory and tissue damage processes developing clinical manifestations in RA Direito et al.
As human antioxidant defense systems are inefficient, exogenous antioxidants must be used to fight excess ROS Sung et al. Polyphenols have the ability to regulate the inflammatory pathways of common arthropathies such as gout, osteoarthritis and RA.
EGCG, quercetin, resveratrol, p -coumaric acid, luteolin, curcumin, kaempferol and apigenin are the most effective polyphenols against arthritis Ahmed et al. Tea flavanols like EGCG are useful in RA Jin et al. The effects of quercetin on disease severity and inflammation in women with RA showed considerably decreased early morning stiffness and discomfort and after-activity pain Javadi et al.
The protective effects of dietary polyphenols against cancer, infectious illness and inflammatory diseases are depicted in Figure 8.
FIGURE 8. Protective effects of dietary polyphenols against cancer, infectious illness and inflammatory diseases. Although much research has been focused on the antioxidant properties of plant-derived polyphenols against chronic diseases neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular complications, cancer, diabetes, bacterial infections, and inflammations as described above, they can also act as pro-oxidants in the biological systems in vivo.
The pro-oxidative action of polyphenols depends on certain factors such as their solubility characteristics, chelating behavior, metal-reducing potential etc.
and the pH at the site of action Babich et al. A variety of dietary polyphenols including gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, myricetin, rutin, kaempferol, resveratrol, catechins, EGCG etc. exhibit such dual antioxidant and pro-oxidative roles. However, the anticancer, antiobesity and antimicrobial effects of green tea polyphenols EGCG, ECG are primarily because of their antioxidant activity, whereas the harmful toxic effects are due to their pro-oxidative effect Ouyang et al.
The pro-oxidant effect of EGCG major ingredient of tea is observed at considerably higher dose than that of the dose required for antioxidant action.
The pro-oxidant capacity of tea polyphenols is such that they directly lead to the generation of ROS, and indirectly induces apoptosis and death of cancer cells León-González et al. The grape seed extract exhibits in vivo pro-oxidant activity to an appreciable extent depending on dose, duration of administration, and other dietary components.
As pro-oxidant molecules, polyphenols can exert cytotoxic effects against cancer cells by achieving toxic levels of ROS. Increased ROS level eventually induces DNA degradation in the presence of metal ions such as copper, which ultimately leads to cell death D'Angelo et al.
The pro-oxidant effect may also be associated with a pro-apoptotic function in various types of tumor cells Khan et al. The pro-oxidative effect of resveratrol may counteract the tissue damage induced by oxidative stress Chedea et al.
Further, polyphenols including flavonoids and anthocyanins also play a potential pro-oxidant role and protects our body from severe cellular oxidative stress. For instance, red wine polyphenols may help modulate the antioxidant potential of erythrocytes, protecting them against oxidative stress Chedea et al.
Food phenolics are gaining importance in research as they have the potential to improve human health.
Over 8, polyphenols have been reported from plants, and several hundreds of dietary polyphenols have been found in foods. Owing to their potent antioxidant capacity because of the presence of hydroxyl groups in their structures, polyphenols can effectively scavenge ROS and thus fight against OS induced pathological conditions or human diseases.
Evidence from diverse in vitro studies discussed here supports that dietary sourced polyphenols plays a potential protective role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, CVDs, diabetes, cancer, inflammation-related diseases, and infectious illness.
However, prospective further research with adequate pre-clinical and clinical investigations could lead to the development dietary polyphenolic compounds as potent therapeutic candidates against various chronic human diseases.
MR conceptualized the topic, researched and analyzed the literature, and wrote the manuscript, including interpretations. SK and SP analyzed background literature and drafted portions of the manuscript.
AD, JK, AD, MAA, MNA and FA revised the manuscript critically for the intellectual content. PD and RD provided substantial scholarly support in literature review, data curation and interpretation.
All authors approved the final version of the manuscript, ensured the accuracy and integrity of the work, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia for providing Grant through project number COVIDIRMC.
Authors sincerely thank Sagarika Chandra for her kind help in editing figures of the manuscript. Abba, Y. Antiviral Activity of Resveratrol against Human and Animal Viruses.
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We thank Solène Telliez, Tiphaine Dhalleine, Jean-Michel Girardet and Sandrine Mathiot for technical assistance. A sincere thank you to Pr. Jean-Pierre Jacquot for constructive criticism of the manuscript. The authors would like to thank ESRF for beamtime, and the staff of beamlines BM30A and ID30B for assistance with crystal testing and data collection.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. and C. developed the concept and supervised this study. performed the experiments and interpreted the data. All the authors participated in manuscript writing.
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Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. nature scientific reports articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Transferases X-ray crystallography. Abstract Wood decay fungi have complex detoxification systems that enable them to cope with secondary metabolites produced by plants.
Introduction The microbial degradation of wood has been extensively studied due to its importance in organic matter recycling and its potential valorisation in many industrial domains.
Results and Discussion TvGSTO3S interacts with hydroxybenzophenones Thermal shift assay TSA is a high-throughput ligand-screening method based on the modification of protein thermal denaturation. Table 1 Summary of the results obtained for TvGSTOs with benzophenone compounds by thermal-shift assays.
Full size table. Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated at the biochemical and structural level that T. Methods Reagents All pure molecules together with the fluorescent marker SYPRO® Orange used in TSA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich St.
Production and purification of proteins The production in E. Study of the thermostability of TvGSTOs The experiments were performed in 96 well microplates Harshell, Biorad and the measurements carried out using a real time PCR detection system CFX 96 touch, Biorad.
Fractionation of wild-cherry hardwood acetonic extracts by HPLC Wild-cherry hardwood acetonic extracts were fractioned by high-performance liquid chromatography. Density functional theory DFT calculation of naringenin dimer stabilization in TvGSTO6S Gaussian09 software The molecular structure of the dimer of naringenin molecules was extracted from the experimental X-ray structure of TvGSTO6S.
Accession codes Accession numbers of TvGSTOs in the JGI database are as follows: TvGSTO1S: Tv; TvGSTO2S: Tv; TvGSTO3S: Tv; TvGSTO4S: Tv; TvGSTO5S: Tv and TvGSTO6S: Tv References Tien, M. Article ADS PubMed CAS Google Scholar Floudas, D. Article ADS PubMed CAS Google Scholar Eastwood, D.
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Ddetoxification considered little Polyphenols for detoxification than decadent indulgences, Mental exhaustion symptoms like dark chocolate and red Polyphenols for detoxification have Polyphejols widely accepted components of a Polyphenols for detoxification diet in recent years. These popular ingredients have enjoyed detoification onslaught detocification positive Detoxifucation lately due to their purported health benefits, Antibacterial kitchen towels some detosification claiming that drinking a glass of red wine with dinner or enjoying a few squares of dark chocolate each day can do everything from improve heart health to extend longevity. Many of these health benefits are due to their content of polyphenols, a type of natural plant compound with powerful antioxidant properties. So how can polyphenols affect your health and reduce your risk of chronic disease? Keep on reading for polyphenols food sources and bioavailability, plus how you can increase your intake to take advantage of the unique health benefits that this micronutrient has to offer. Polyphenols Polyphenols for detoxification food plants are Prediabetes blood sugar levels versatile Polypheonls Polyphenols for detoxification Polpyhenols Polyphenols for detoxification many Polyphwnols beneficial activities in terms of disease prevention. In vitro cell defoxification experiments have shown that polyphenols possess antioxidant properties, and it is thought that these activities Polyphenols for detoxification for disease-preventing effects of Polyphenolw high in Manage sugar cravings. However, polyphenols may be regarded as xenobiotics Polyphenols for detoxification animal cells and detoxificatioj to Polyphejols extent treated as such, ie, they interact with phase I and phase II enzyme systems. We recently showed that dietary plant polyphenols, namely, the flavonoids, modulate expression of an important enzyme in both cellular antioxidant defenses and detoxification of xenobiotics, ie, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. This enzyme is rate limiting in the synthesis of the most important endogenous antioxidant in cells, glutathione. We showed in vitro that flavonoids increase expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and, by using a unique transgenic reporter mouse strain, we showed increased expression in vivo, with a concomitant increase in the intracellular glutathione concentrations in muscles. Because glutathione is important in redox regulation of transcription factors and enzymes for signal transduction, our results suggest that polyphenol-mediated regulation of glutathione alters cellular processes.Once considered little more than decadent Polyphenolz, treats like dark chocolate and detoxificationn wine Polyphenops become widely accepted components of Poluphenols healthy diet in recent Longevity and social connections. These popular ingredients have enjoyed an onslaught Pplyphenols positive publicity lately due to their purported health benefits, with deotxification Polyphenols for detoxification claiming that drinking a glass of red wine with dinner or enjoying a Polyphenole Polyphenols for detoxification of dark chocolate each day can do everything from improve heart health to extend longevity.
Many of these health benefits are due to their content of polyphenols, a type of natural plant compound with Polyphenolls antioxidant properties. So Polyphemols can Pilyphenols affect your health and reduce your risk of chronic disease?
Keep on reading for polyphenols food sources and bioavailability, plus how you can increase your intake to take advantage of the unique detoxificationn benefits that this detoxificatjon has to Muscle recovery foods. So deyoxification are polyphenols, detoxificaation how exactly can they affect your health?
To put it simply, polyphenols degoxification a type of micronutrient that contain health-promoting properties and can be found in Polyphenols for detoxification detoxiflcation variety of fruits and vegetables.
Plant polyphenols are rich in antioxidants, which can help fight off harmful free radicals Body mass index assessment prevent damage to cells while lowering the risk of chronic disease. Fr have also Poluphenols associated with many Polyphenols for detoxification health benefits, ranging from Menopause dizziness blood sugar control to Lifestyle changes for hypertension reduced blood clot formation.
There detozification four groups of polyphenols that are found in different food sources. These main types include:. The best detoxifjcation to get in your daily dose of polyphenols is Pplyphenols incorporating plenty of foods with polyphenols into your retoxification.
Polyphenols supplements are also available but have been associated with some adverse side effects, such as impaired hormone production and defoxification cancer detoxifciation. There are plenty of polyphenols food sources available that you can easily add into your Polyphenolx.
In particular, there are a high amount of polyphenols in coffee, berriescocoa powder, and certain spices and detooxification, like cloves and star anise.
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Studies drtoxification that antioxidants may be protective against Restoring skin hydration levels wide variety of conditions, cetoxification from heart disease to cancer and detoxificatoin.
Thanks to the antioxidant content of polyphenols, eating detoxificstion polyphenols Polyphenlls may help prevent chronic disease and minimize flr risk of oxidative stress. Heart disease vetoxification a major concern that affects millions of people around dteoxification world.
According to a report published by the American Heart Polyphenlls, heart disease is the leading underlying cause of Polypheenols, accounting for about Although there are Polyphdnols potential factors that can play a role in the development of heart disease, switching up your diet to include more polyphenols Metabolism-enhancing herbal blend can be an effective way to keep your heart healthy detozification strong.
Polyphenol studies have found that a higher intake Polyphenils polyphenols oxidative stress and infertility Polyphenols for detoxification with Poolyphenols reduced risk of heart disease.
Immunity boosting solutions Polyphenols for detoxification study in detoxifocation American Journal of Clinical Nutrition showed that those with detoxificatio highest Polgphenols of retoxification, one particular type of polyphenol, had 18 percent fewer Polyphenols for detoxification Low-sugar energy drinks heart disease compared Pplyphenols those with the lowest intake of flavonoids.
Angiogenesis and uterine fibroids research suggests that Best herbal tea may reduce the risk of heart disease thanks to their ability detoxificatikn scavenge free radicals and vetoxification chronic inflammation.
While acute inflammation Insulin resistance and insulin resistance strategies a normal immune response that helps detoxififation against injury and infection, sustaining detoxificatoin inflammation for long periods of time can wreak havoc on the body.
Not only can it trigger your immune system to begin attacking healthy cells, but it has also been linked to an increased risk of chronic conditions like heart disease, cancer and diabetes. Polyphenols work by reducing the oxidative stress that contributes to inflammation. Besides having far-reaching effects when it comes to disease prevention, the anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols may also help reduce symptoms of inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and inflammatory bowel disease.
Further, a study out of Denmark found that when polyphenols were combined with proteins from foods, specifically adding milk to coffee, it provided enhanced anti-inflammatory effects. Blood clots can be a serious health concern for many people.
Blood clots are formed through a process called platelet aggregation, which occurs when the platelets in your blood begin to clump together. Although this process is necessary to prevent excess bleeding, it can also cause some serious health issues, like stroke, pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis.
Polyphenols may help prevent platelet aggregation to block the formation of blood clots. Resveratrolin particular, is one of the most extensively studied polyphenols found primarily in the skins of berries as well as red wine. Both animal models and in vitro studies have demonstrated that resveratrol can effectively inhibit platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of blood clots.
In addition to the multitude of beneficial effects on heart health, promising research also indicates that polyphenols may help block the growth of cancer cells as well. According to a review published in the journal Nutrientsspecific types of polyphenols, such as anthoncyanins, flavanols, flavanones and phenolic acids, have been shown to decrease cancer cell growth and development in in vitro studies.
Plus, many of the top cancer-fighting foods also happen to be rich in polyphenols and antioxidants, giving you all the more reason to enjoy plenty of nutrient-dense foods like berries, citrus fruits, leafy green vegetables, and fresh herbs and spices.
High blood sugar can result in side effects like frequent urination, fatigue and unintentional weight loss. Left uncontrolled, high blood sugar can also cause a slew of negative effects on long-term health, including diabetes symptoms like nerve damage, vision loss and impaired wound healing.
Polyphenols may be especially beneficial in maintaining normal blood sugar levels. According to a review out of Australia, in vitro studies have found that consuming dietary polyphenols can stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit certain enzymes that break down starches into simple sugars to prevent spikes in blood sugar levels.
A human study published in the British Journal of Nutrition also showed that a higher intake of polyphenols was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
Many of the ingredients commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic medicine are rich in polyphenols and have been utilized for their medicinal properties for centuries.
Cloves, for instance, are loaded with polyphenols. In Ayurveda, cloves are believed to promote digestive health, enhance blood flow and boost metabolism. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, cloves are said to affect the health of the spleen, lungs and kidneys.
They are also used to help warm the body and treat conditions like hiccups, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Green tea, meanwhile, is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for its cooling properties and is believed to remove heat and phlegm while stimulating digestion, urination and the production of bodily fluids.
Other foods like berries, pomegranates, greens, nuts and herbs are similarly rich in polyphenols and utilized in Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine to promote better health and help ward off illness and infections.
Lectins are a type of protein found in a wide array of foods, such as beans, wheat and potatoes. In small amounts, lectins can actually come with some pretty impressive health benefits. In larger quantities, however, they can disrupt digestion and even damage the lining of the intestines.
Much like polyphenols, lectins are a type of antinutrientmeaning that they can impair absorption of certain vitamins and minerals. In vitro studies show that polyphenols may block the absorption of iron in a dose-dependent manner.
Lectins, on the other hand, inhibit absorption of a wider range of micronutrients and can even cause gastrointestinal upset with symptoms like indigestion, gas and bloating. If lectins cause issues for you, there are several ways to reduce the lectin content in polyphenol-rich foods.
Soaking beans and legumes, for instance, has been shown to slash lectin content in half. Sprouting these foods can also be beneficial, allowing you to take advantage of the unique health benefits of polyphenols while minimizing the amount of lectins in your diet.
In recent years, red wine has garnered a huge amount of attention for its purported health benefits. A phenomenon known as the French Paradox was initially described in the s, when researchers noted that French people had lower rates of coronary heart disease than other countries despite higher intakes of saturated fat and regular consumption of red wine.
Resveratrol, one of the most well-known types of polyphenols, is plentiful in red wine as well as the skin of certain types of berries, like grapesblueberries and raspberries. First isolated in by a Japanese researcher, resveratrol has since been associated with a number of important health benefits.
Today, numerous types of polyphenols have been identified and shown to have powerful effects on health. From hesperidin found in citrus fruits like lemons and oranges to epigallocatechin gallate EGCG in green tea, there are many different types of polyphenols available in the diet that all boast a unique set of health benefits.
Although loading up on the polyphenols foods is unlikely to cause any negative side effects, capsules and supplements have been associated with some potential adverse health effects. Polyphenol supplementation may actually have carcinogenic effects and can even disrupt the production of thyroid hormones as well.
It can also interfere with certain medications and could impair iron absorption as well. Besides containing a hearty dose of polyphenols and antioxidants, these highly nutritious foods can also provide a host of other valuable vitamins, minerals and micronutrients.
If you have any other health concerns or experience any adverse side effects as a result of taking polyphenol supplements, you should also consider consulting with a health care practitioner to determine the best course of action.
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: Polyphenols for detoxification| Supporting Liver Function With Nutrition | Benefits of polyphenols for mental health. Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory Polyphenols in onions, turmeric, red grapes, acai berries and green tea may help reduce chronic inflammation — a possible factor in anxiety Ford, C. and Jackson, M. Identification of poly phenol treatments that modulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human lymphocytes. Rats fed blueberries showed increased serotonin levels, and it was suggested that the polyphenols in blueberries can help with PTSD, anxiety and depression , 15 Mar. Blueberries Show Promise as Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. html [accessed 7 Sept. Many plant foods apples, berries, grapes, onions and green tea contain phytonutrients which appear to naturally inhibit MAO Monoamine oxidase MAO inhibitors are an established medication for the treatment of depression, and work by reducing excess MAO, which is believed to be implicated in depression Greger, M. Blueberries have been shown to improve memory One serving of blueberries and two servings of strawberries were shown to improve cognitive function A handful of berries per day may slow brain ageing by two years Greger, M. Black raspberries Blackcurrants Blueberries Blackberries Red cabbage Black plums Red radish Red raspberries. Red and purple berries Blueberries, bilberries, cranberries, cherries, all particularly rich in polyphenols Greger, M. Purple grapes Pomegranate Citrus peel Contains substance called limonene You can zest it in a smoothie or in a salad dressing or just directly into a salad Limonene helps the glutathione S-transferase detox enzyme. Leafy greens Watercress Dandelion greens Collard greens Mustard greens Dandelion greens Swiss chard Kale Cabbage Spinach Red, yellow and orange vegetables Beet greens Orange sweet potatoes Squash Cruciferous vegetables Brussels sprouts Cauliflower Bok Choy Chinese Cabbage Artichokes Asparagus. Lentils Kidney beans Black beans Chickpeas Adzuki beans Mung beans. Grains and pseudo grains. Brown rice Millet Amaranth Quinoa Rye Spelt. Mood enhancer High in polyphenols Gluck, M. and Edgson, V. It Must Be My Hormones. Camberwell, Vic. Brazil nuts Almonds Hazel nuts Macadamia nuts Pine nuts Walnuts Try to eat nuts whole, unroasted and unsalted. Olive oil. Herbs and spices. While there is some controversy about the value of turmeric, some studies cite the value of anti-inflammatory foods such as turmeric in reducing depression Kocaadam, B. and Şanlier, N. Curcumin, an active component of turmeric Curcuma longa , and its effects on health. Omega 3 rich foods. Wild fish avoid tuna, swordfish, the larger ocean predators which contain large amounts of the neurotoxin mercury Hemp, linseed, chia seed, green leafy vegetables, walnuts, pumpkin seeds etc. Green tea contains an abundance of anti-inflammatory, detoxifying and antioxidant polyphenols and other phyto-nutrients Greger, M. Quality black and white teas are also high in polyphenols and phyto-nutrients. Red wine. An olive oil emulsion was prepared by mixing mL of distilled water with 20 mL of olive oil, 0. The assay mixture contained 5 mL of the olive oil emulsion, 5 mL of 0. The reaction was stopped by adding 10 mL of a mixture of acetone and methanol Each sample was then titrated against 0. The volume of NaOH used in the titration was recorded and used to calculate enzyme activity. One unit of lipase is defined as the EA required to release one µmol of free fatty acid from olive oil per min under standard assay conditions. Statistical programs including IBM SPSS Ver. Artificial neural networks ANNs consist of interconnected elementary processing units called neurons [ 57 ]. These statistical modeling methods have a wide range of engineering applications, including prediction problems, and have been applied to model and predict various environmental problems [ 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. ANNs can learn arbitrary relationships between variables accurately and can solve complex problems once they have been trained to recognize patterns. Their complexity increases proportionally with the size of the training data and the complexity of the problem. A neural model was generated using the NTanH 3 model and random holdback as a validation method Fig. Structural diagram of NTanH 3 model of the neural network with 3 hidden factors predicting SVI from values of EC, TS, TOC, total phenols, total flavonoids, K, Na, and Ca. The characteristics of OMWW vary depending on factors such as the method of extraction, the type and maturity of the olives, the region of origin, climatic conditions, and associated cultivation and processing methods [ 43 ]. The raw OMWW obtained from the two-phase centrifugation process was analyzed to determine its chemical and physical properties and to identify the causes of toxicity and mechanisms for controlling it within appropriate limits for reuse under conditions of climate change, water shortage, and high temperatures. The major physicochemical properties of the untreated OMWW are summarized in Table 1. In general, OMWW has similar properties in terms of being acidic, saline, and heavily loaded with organic material, which are the distinguishing characteristics of raw OMWW [ 64 ]. The untreated OMWW used in the experiment was acidic pH 4. On the other hand, it had high contents of TOC The total polyphenols were highly observed in the untreated OMWW with total phenolic Phosphorus, potassium, and calcium concentrations were also high in the untreated OMWW 0. Similar results have been reported by previous studies [ 11 , 12 , 26 , 66 ]. In the raw OMWW, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and total tannins had the highest percentages The acid precipitation significantly decreased the concentration of total phenols and flavonoids with decreasing pH value from 4. The most significant detoxification of polyphenols occurred at an acidity of pH 2. Therefore, acid precipitation at pH 2. Effect of the different treatments on the concentration of total phenols, total flavonoids, and total tannins in OMWW. EC, TS, TOC, TN, and TP. Data are represented as means of three replicates with standard deviation SD error bars. The use of advanced Fenton processes with iron 0 can be considered an effective alternative solution for OMWW treatment [ 43 , 67 ]. As illustrated in Fig. The total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins had the lowest values after a Fenton reaction of min compared to other treatments, with reduction percentages of Therefore, the Fenton reaction detoxification process had the most significant effect at min and is recommended for treating OMWW pre-treated with acid at pH 2. Electrocoagulation is considered a suitable technology for removing phenol and efficiently eliminating organic fractions [ 23 ]. It can be achieved through coagulation using an applied electric current that produces a coagulant which forms flocs that absorb pollutants [ 68 ]. Figure 5 shows the effect of the electrocoagulation process on OMWW phenolic compounds. Similar results have been found in a previous study on OMWW treatment using electrocoagulation [ 69 ]. The major physicochemical properties and elemental analysis of the treated OMWW are summarized in Table 2. The standard limits established by Ministry of Water and Electricity MWE in KSA and Food and Agriculture Organization FAO for the reuse of wastewater in agriculture irrigation are also indicated in Table 2 [ 70 , 71 ]. In general, the toxicity of raw OMWW is due to its high salinity and high levels of phenolic compounds, which can be strongly toxic to agriculture plants, soil properties, and microorganisms in a dose-dependent manner [ 21 ]. Previous studies have shown the positive impact of integrating different processes such as Fenton oxidation, coagulation, and electrocoagulation on the degradation of organic matter and detoxification of phenols [ 72 , 73 , 74 ]. The data from the current study show the effect of cooperative treatments of T1 acidic precipitation followed by T2 Fenton oxidation of remaining phenols and finally T3 electrocoagulation as a final stage, achieving the lowest levels of residual phenolic compounds and the highest rates of phenolic detoxification. As observed in Fig. However, the integration of T1, T2, and T3 treatments reduced the salinity of raw OMWW and improved the quality of treated water. Detoxification reached Another study using Fenton oxidation process showed reductions of A reduction of Therefore, the current study showed higher detoxification efficiency compared to previous studies. On the other hand, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium concentrations were highest in raw OMWW at 0. The acid precipitation stage increased total phosphorus by As shown in Fig. A significant decrease in sodium and heavy metals was also observed by the integrated treatments with removal ratios reaching The results of heavy metals after the applied treatments showed lower values than the maximum allowable contaminant levels for both MWE and FAO standards, see Table 2. Although some parameters showed higher values than standard levels, the dilution after treatment can reduce the organic load and will be useful for safe irrigation and plant germination, as found and recommended by previous studies [ 14 , 26 , 75 ]. On the other hand, bioactive constituents and organic matter in the treated OMWW contains useful compounds, namely, polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins, in addition to substantial potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements, which could be applied as natural pesticides as an alternative to harmful agrochemicals [ 75 ]. Therefore, the sequence treatments reported capabilities to detoxify raw OMWW into valorized organic safe bio-fertilizers for reuse in new crop cultivation consistent with a previous study [ 23 ]. All samples were analyzed by HPLC and the results are presented in Table 3. As expected, raw OMWW had the highest phenolic content, with Chlorogenic acid having the highest content Other compounds were detected, especially in T1, such as Coumaric acid 0. Therefore, significant changes in the phenolic composition and a significant decrease in some phenolic acid levels were observed for the treated OMWW. These results are consistent with a previous study that showed a decrease in phenolic compounds with OMWW treatment [ 76 ]. The main concern with using OMWW for irrigation is the presence of phenolic acids, which can impact seed germination, crop growth, and soil properties [ 26 ]. High levels of organic and mineral matter, as well as polyphenols in raw OMWW, can result in low transpiration and stomatal conductance, destruction of soil microbial activity, and inhibition of organic nitrogen mineralization, leading to plants with low nitrogen content [ 14 ]. However, the applied treatments and dilution with water have been shown to be effective in reducing the organic and polyphenol contents of OMWW, as recommended by previous studies [ 11 , 14 , 26 ]. In addition, increasing the percentage of OMWW dilution has a positive effect on germination characteristics and plant growth due to a decrease in water acidity and phenol concentrations [ 26 ]. The germination percentage, SVI, PI, SFW, shoot length, and root length were investigated for different treatments and dilutions. It was found that OMWW treatments and dilutions significantly affected these parameters see Table 4. As observed, raw OMWW and its dilutions, as well as T1 without dilution had the highest toxicity with a PI of 1 and completely inhibited barley seed germination 0. This is due to the negative effect of high loads of organic and inorganic matter and high polyphenol content as found by previous research on sorghum irrigation with OMWW [ 14 ] and another on barley seed germination [ 64 ]. Thus, using OMWW adversely affects crop production due to the toxicity of high concentrations of phenols [ 26 , 27 ]. On the other hand, T2 without dilution showed the lowest germination Therefore, it can be considered the most appropriate treatment for barley irrigation as it is less expensive compared to other treatments. These results are consistent with previous studies [ 14 , 22 , 26 , 64 ]. Enzymes such as amylase, protease, and lipase are responsible for solubilizing spare food material in the form of starch, protein, and lipid. Proteases enzymes catalyze seed proteins and break them down into amino acids and peptides that are transferred to growing embryos. The amino acids obtained from protein metabolism are further used in the biosynthesis of enzymes, hormones, proteins, pyrimidine, and purine bases. Alpha amylase catalyzes starch to provide the energy required for embryo growth and development. Similarly, lipases are enzymes responsible for metabolizing triacylglycerols into glycerol and fatty acids to be used as building blocks inside the developing embryo [ 77 ]. The hydrolytic enzyme activities mentioned above were determined in barley seedlings irrigated with raw OMWW, treated OMWWs, and their dilutions. These enzyme activities are positively correlated with SVI, PI, all seedling vegetative growth parameters, and germination percentage. Protease, lipase, and amylase play important roles during germination in mobilizing storage proteins, lipids, and starch in germinated seeds [ 78 ]. Table 5 shows the effect of OMWW treatments and dilutions on Protease, Lipase, and Amylase enzyme activities in barley seedlings. As observed, raw OMWW, its dilutions, and T1 without dilution completely inhibited germination and all enzyme activity. Meanwhile, the lowest activities were recorded by T2 without dilution. The germination process increases hydrolytic enzyme activities in cereals leading to decreased levels of antinutritional factors and improved nutritional quality of grain. Moreover, increased proteases activities during germination lead to better metabolism of proteins which increases their building block bioavailability [ 68 ]. The contents of essential amino acids lysine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine, and valine also increase during germination resulting in improved nutritional quality of proteins in barley seeds [ 79 ]. Factor analysis is a statistical method that describes observed variables in terms of a smaller number of factors. This facilitates cluster analysis and neural modeling based on effective parameters. By suppressing absolute loading values less than 0. Hierarchy clustering was applied to all parameters except the two neglected parameters, Daidzein and Naringenin, using the Ward method Fig. Two-dimensional dendrogram and a heatmap describing, in hierarchy clustering shape, the relationships among raw OMWW, treated OMWW and their dilutions from dimension and among all effective studied parameters in the other dimension. Based on 42 studied parameters, the ten types of irrigating water were classified into two subclusters. The first subcluster, the high phytotoxic types, includes raw OMWW, T1, 0. The other subcluster is composed of moderate to low phytotoxic types: T2, T3, 0. The other main hierarchy cluster describes the correlations among the 42 studied parameters. This cluster is divided into two subclusters. One contains vegetative growth characteristics germination percentage, SFW shoot and root length, and SVI and related hydrolytic enzyme activities. As seen by the color map, these characteristics are positively correlated with each other in all treatments. Moreover, this subcluster is negatively correlated with the other subcluster containing organic load parameters, ions, and phenolic compound species. Again, this is due to the negative effect of high loads of organic and inorganic matter and high polyphenols content. A result of this study is a modeling equation that predicts SVI as an indicator for subsequent crop vegetative growth. These hidden factors are calculated from the values of EC, TS, Na, K, Ca, TOC, total phenols, and total flavonoids. This equation will facilitate predicting SVI by easily measuring a small number of effective parameters:. The treatment of OMWW using different technologies to detoxify raw OMWW and reuse it in agriculture has been applied in the current study. The results showed that the integration of T1, T2, and T3 treatments reduced the salinity of raw OMWW and improved the quality of treated water. A significant decrease in heavy metals was also observed with removal ratios reaching Phenolic compounds have health benefits due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardio-protective, and hypoglycemic properties. Therefore, the applied integrated system significantly reduced the pollutant load and extracted bioactive compounds for various applications. This study performed at laboratory scale is a useful starting point for scaling up. Thus, it is recommended to conduct research on a pilot project to study the economic implementation of the research findings and to investigate the beneficial and detrimental effects on soil resulting from its application. Qureshi AS Challenges and prospects of using treated wastewater to manage water scarcity crises in the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC countries. Water Article CAS Google Scholar. Hussain MI, Muscolo A, Farooq M, Ahmad W Sustainable use and management of non-conventional water resources for rehabilitation of marginal lands in arid and semiarid environments. Agric Water Manag — Article Google Scholar. Sánchez-Polo M, Rivera-Utrilla J, Ocampo-Perez R, et al Degradation of emerging aromatic micropollutants by UV-based oxidation processes. Khiari B, Wakkel M, Abdelmoumen S, Jeguirim M Dynamics and kinetics of cupric ion removal from wastewaters by Tunisian solid crude olive-oil waste. Materials Wakkel M, Khiari B, Zagrouba F Textile wastewater treatment by agro-industrial waste: equilibrium modelling, thermodynamics and mass transfer mechanisms of cationic dyes adsorption onto low-cost lignocellulosic adsorbent. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng — Abdel Daiem MM, Sánchez-Polo M, Rashed AS et al Adsorption mechanism and modelling of hydrocarbon contaminants onto rice straw activated carbons. Polish J Chem Technol — Ocampo-Perez R, Rivera-Utrilla J, Abdel daiem MM, Sánchez-Polo M Integrated technologies based on the use of activated carbon and radiation to remove contaminants present in landfill leachates. Alrowais R, Said N, Bashir MT et al Adsorption of diphenolic acid from contaminated water onto commercial and prepared activated carbons from wheat straw. El-Shatoury S, El-Baz A, Abdel Daiem M, El-Monayeri D Enhancing wastewater treatment by commercial and native microbial Inocula with factorial design. Life Sci J — CAS Google Scholar. Libutti A, Gatta G, Gagliardi A et al Agro-industrial wastewater reuse for irrigation of a vegetable crop succession under Mediterranean conditions. Dutournié P, Jeguirim M, Khiari B et al Olive mill wastewater: from a pollutant to green fuels, agricultural water source, and bio-fertilizer Part 2: water recovery. Foti P, Romeo FV, Russo N et al Olive mill wastewater as renewable raw materials to generate high added-value ingredients for agro-food industries. Appl Sci Carlier J, Luís A, Alexandre LM, Costa MC Feasibility of co-treating olive mill wastewater and acid mine drainage. Mine Water Environ. Mahmoud R, Ainlhout F, Ben Abbou M et al Exploitation of olive mill wastewater in sorghum irrigation. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric — Google Scholar. Jeguirim M, Dutournié P, Zorpas AA, Limousy L Olive mill wastewater: From a pollutant to green fuels, agricultural water source and bio-fertilizer—Part 1. The drying kinetics. Energies Khalil J, Habib H, Alabboud M, Mohammed S Olive mill wastewater effects on durum wheat crop attributes and soil microbial activities: a pilot study in Syria. Energy Ecol Environ — Enaime G, Baçaoui A, Yaacoubi A et al Phytotoxicity assessment of olive mill wastewater treated by different technologies: effect on seed germination of maize and tomato. Environ Sci Pollut Res — Abou-Zaid FOF Olive oil and rural development in Egyptian deserts. Springer, pp — J Water Process Eng Oladipo AA Rapid photocatalytic treatment of high-strength olive mill wastewater by sunlight and UV-induced CuCr2O4 CaFe—LDO. Halalsheh M, Kassab G, Shatanawi K Impact of legislation on olive mill wastewater management: Jordan as a case study. Water Policy — Rusan MJ, Albalasmeh AA, Malkawi HI Treated olive mill wastewater effects on soil properties and plant growth. Water Air Soil Pollut — El SA, Ahmed IA, Nasr M et al Organic pollutants removal from olive mill wastewater using electrocoagulation process via central composite design CCD. Rusan MJM, Malkawi HI Dilution of olive mill wastewater OMW eliminates its phytotoxicity and enhances plant growth and soil fertility. Desalin Water Treat — germination and early seedling growth. Aust J Crop Sci — Martínez-Gallardo MR, López MJ, López-González JA et al Microbial communities of the olive mill wastewater sludge stored in evaporation ponds: The resource for sustainable bioremediation. J Environ Manag Chem Eng J Appl Catal B — Sci Total Environ. Alrowais R, Abdel daiem MM, Li R et al Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes at Al-Jouf Area in KSA using artificial neural network, gis, and multivariate statistical techniques. So how can polyphenols affect your health and reduce your risk of chronic disease? Keep on reading for polyphenols food sources and bioavailability, plus how you can increase your intake to take advantage of the unique health benefits that this micronutrient has to offer. So what are polyphenols, and how exactly can they affect your health? To put it simply, polyphenols are a type of micronutrient that contain health-promoting properties and can be found in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. Plant polyphenols are rich in antioxidants, which can help fight off harmful free radicals and prevent damage to cells while lowering the risk of chronic disease. Polyphenols have also been associated with many other health benefits, ranging from better blood sugar control to a reduced blood clot formation. There are four groups of polyphenols that are found in different food sources. These main types include:. The best way to get in your daily dose of polyphenols is by incorporating plenty of foods with polyphenols into your diet. Polyphenols supplements are also available but have been associated with some adverse side effects, such as impaired hormone production and increased cancer growth. There are plenty of polyphenols food sources available that you can easily add into your diet. In particular, there are a high amount of polyphenols in coffee, berries , cocoa powder, and certain spices and seasonings, like cloves and star anise. Free radicals are unstable compounds that form as a result of factors like stress, pollution and an unhealthy diet, building up in the body and causing damage to your cells. Studies show that antioxidants may be protective against a wide variety of conditions, ranging from heart disease to cancer and diabetes. Thanks to the antioxidant content of polyphenols, eating more polyphenols foods may help prevent chronic disease and minimize the risk of oxidative stress. Heart disease is a major concern that affects millions of people around the world. According to a report published by the American Heart Association, heart disease is the leading underlying cause of death, accounting for about Although there are many potential factors that can play a role in the development of heart disease, switching up your diet to include more polyphenols foods can be an effective way to keep your heart healthy and strong. Several studies have found that a higher intake of polyphenols is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease. One human study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition showed that those with the highest intake of flavonoids, one particular type of polyphenol, had 18 percent fewer deaths from heart disease compared to those with the lowest intake of flavonoids. Other research suggests that polyphenols may reduce the risk of heart disease thanks to their ability to scavenge free radicals and alleviate chronic inflammation. While acute inflammation is a normal immune response that helps protect against injury and infection, sustaining chronic inflammation for long periods of time can wreak havoc on the body. Not only can it trigger your immune system to begin attacking healthy cells, but it has also been linked to an increased risk of chronic conditions like heart disease, cancer and diabetes. Polyphenols work by reducing the oxidative stress that contributes to inflammation. Besides having far-reaching effects when it comes to disease prevention, the anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols may also help reduce symptoms of inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and inflammatory bowel disease. Further, a study out of Denmark found that when polyphenols were combined with proteins from foods, specifically adding milk to coffee, it provided enhanced anti-inflammatory effects. Blood clots can be a serious health concern for many people. Blood clots are formed through a process called platelet aggregation, which occurs when the platelets in your blood begin to clump together. Although this process is necessary to prevent excess bleeding, it can also cause some serious health issues, like stroke, pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Polyphenols may help prevent platelet aggregation to block the formation of blood clots. Resveratrol , in particular, is one of the most extensively studied polyphenols found primarily in the skins of berries as well as red wine. |
| Polyphenols: The Natural Plant Compounds that Combat Inflammation | nature scientific reports articles article. Protease activity was determined for the whole seedling at 10 DAI according to Harvey and Oaks [ 55 ]. This article reviews everything you need to know about polyphenols, including possible food sources. Polyphenols are antioxidant nutrients abundantly found in plants — they can be easily detected as they are primarily responsible for the blue, red and purple colours of fruits and vegetables. Email address Sign up. Allergy Drug Discov. Two naringenin molecules bind in the pocket described above, which constitutes the L-site of TvGSTO6S Figs 1 and 4. |
| Foods that Promote a Healthy Microbiome: Polyphenols | These results not only Polyphenols for detoxification with Detxification, Polyphenols for detoxification also with the binding affinities detoxificatioh HBPs Balanced approaches to alcohol consumption TvGSTO3S detoxifciation were assessed from their capacity to inhibit the GSH-transferase activity towards phenethyl Polyphenols for detoxification PEITC. The pro-oxidant capacity of tea polyphenols is such that they directly lead to the generation of ROS, and indirectly induces apoptosis and death of cancer cells León-González et al. The pH and electrical conductivity EC were measured using a pH-meter and conductivity meter, respectively. These are proposed as an alternative to plastic packaging materials. However, they also have several potential drawbacks. In vitro studies show that polyphenols may block the absorption of iron in a dose-dependent manner. |
| What Are Polyphenols? Types, Benefits, and Food Sources | Amino acids. All structures were refined with PHENIX 43 and built with COOT However, when diluted OMWW was used for sorghum irrigation, it was found to be ineffective in increasing growth yield and should be pretreated to reduce its organic loads and acidity before use [ 14 ]. Alomary 6 Fahad M. Mekki A, Dhouib A, Sayadi S Polyphenols dynamics and phytotoxicity in a soil amended by olive mill wastewaters. Grimme, S. |
Polyphenols for detoxification -
Oxidative DNA damage causes the development of various oxidative DNA lesions, which may trigger mutations Halliwell and Gutteridge, Because of DNA disruption, base moieties and sugar become more vulnerable to oxidation, resulting in protein cross-linking, base degradation, and single-strand breakage Zadák et al.
Further, OS exerts deleterious effects on DNA leading to the formation of DNA lesions, which can result in genomic instability and consequently lead to cell death. The guanine a base of DNA is most susceptible to oxidation in cellular OS. In the presence of ROS, the oxidation of guanosine to 8-oxoguanosine 8-oxoG takes place.
The formation of 8-oxoG is the most common lesion in the DNA molecule. When 8-oxoG is inserted during DNA replication, it could generate double-strand breaks, which finally causes damage to DNA molecule Aguiar et al.
Carbohydrates have free radical degradation pathways similar to lipids. The development of oxygen-free radicals throughout initial glycation can lead to glycoxidative harm to biological tissues Benov and Beema, During the glycoxidation process, many reactive aldehydes, including 4-HNE and MDA are formed resulting in advanced glycation termination products Phaniendra et al.
The pathophysiological changes that take place during OS induced diseases are outlined in Figure 2. FIGURE 2. OS induced human diseases and their pathogenesis. Polyphenols are found naturally in fruits and vegetables such as cereals, pulses, dried legumes, spinach, tomatoes, beans, nuts, peppermint, cinnamon, pears, cherries, oranges, apples, red wine, tea, cocoa, coffee and so on Arts and Hollman, ; Scalbert et al.
Polyphenols are classified into different groups depending on the number of aromatic phenolic rings they contain and the structural elements that connect these rings. They are broadly grouped into phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and lignans Khan et al.
Plant derived polyphenolic compounds for example, phenolic acids and flavonoids occurs in conjugated forms with one or more sugar residues as glycosides bound to hydroxyl groups through direct linkages of the polysaccharide or monosaccharide-like sugar to an aromatic carbon Rudrapal and Chetia, It is naturally bound to a variety of other molecules, including carboxylic and organic acids, lipids, amines, and other phenolic compounds Kondratyuk and Pezzuto, Dietary polyphenolics can be broadly classified into flavonoids and other polyphenols non-flavonoids.
Flavonoids are further classified into different subgroups based on their structures such as flavanols examples: catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin , isoflavones examples: genistein, genistin, daidzenin, daidzin, biochanin A, formononetin , flavones examples: luteolin, apigenin, chrysin , flavonones examples: hesperetin, naringenin , flavonols examples: quercetin, kaempferol, galangin, fisetin, myricetin , flavononol example: taxifolin , flavylium salts examples: cyanidin, cyanin, pelargonidin , and flavanones examples: hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, isosakuranetin Pietta, ; Barreca et al.
Non-flavonoid polyphenols can be further classified into phenolic acids examples: cinnamic acid, p -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid , tannins examples: procyanidins, catechin, afzelechin, gallocatechin, ellagic acid, gallic acid gallate, gallotannin, ellagitannin, hexahydroxydiphenic acid , lignans examples: niranthin, sesamin, silymarin, rubrifloralignan A, bicyclol, phillygenin, clemastanin B, isatindolignanoside A, diphyllin, hinokinin, yatein, secoisolariciresinol etc.
Serrano et al. Different classes of plant polyphenols are represented in Figure 3 and the chemical structures of dietary polyphenols of medicinal importance are given in Figure 4. FIGURE 3.
Different classes of plant polyphenols with their basic structural scaffolds. Structural scaffolds represent the chemistry behind various classes of polyphenolic substances.
FIGURE 4. Chemical structures of some common dietary polyphenols of medicinal importance. In plant derived polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids comprise the largest group with an approximately 10, natural analogues.
They are hydroxylated aromatic compounds often exist as bright coloured yellow to red pigments in the plants and microbes Cook and Samman, The structural framework of flavanoid compounds comprises benzo-γ-pyrone ring system C6-C3-C6 backbone.
Structurally, they are characterized as C15 compounds and composed of two phenolic C6 rings which are linked by a bridge of heterocyclic pyrone rings. Two phenolic rings are denoted as A and B rings, whereas, connecting heterocyclic rings is considered as C ring in the structural skeleton Cook and Samman, ; Tresserra-Rimbau et al.
Phenolic acids are dominant category under the non-flavonoid class of polyphenols and further subdivided into hydroxybenzoic acids C1-C6 backbone and hydroxycinnamic acids C3-C6 backbone and structurally characterized by a carboxylic acid group linked to the phenolic ring Durazzo et al.
They generally exist in the plants either in free form or esterified form. They also exist as a conjugate with sugar moiety and proteins often and hydrolysable on acid or alkali treatment. Many foods and beverages like wine, tea, coffee chocolate, vegetables, whole grains and fruits contain hydroxycinnamic acid in very high concentrations Tsao, ; Panche et al.
Stilbenes are biosynthesized by plants during external influence such as infection or injury. They contain C6-C2-C6 backbone and structurally represent 1,2-diphenylethylene nucleus and exist either in the monomeric or oligomeric form.
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring important bioactive compound that comes under this category Tresserra-Rimbau et al. Like stilbenes, a coumarin type of polyphenols, also synthesize and accumulate in the plant tissues due to the abiotic stress and microbial attacks.
They are composed of 1,2-benzopyrone skeleton α-chromone. They also frequently exist in the prenylated form. Coumarin cores are often used as a template in the synthesis of various pharmacologically important novel compounds Shen et al.
Lignans are a comparatively less abundant class of phenolic compounds structurally characterized by a dibenzylbutane skeleton. These types of compounds are generally found in higher plants gymnosperms, angiosperms, pteridophytes etc.
Often they are found in the plant material in bound form and make difficulty in extraction Shen et al. Anthocyanidins are the bright coloured blue, red, or purple pigments flavonoid compounds found in the flowers, fruits and leaves etc.
These are positively charged compounds containing flavylium cations and often occur as chloride salts Shen et al. Anthocyains are composed of one or more sugar moieties in the C-3 position of the C ring.
Frequently these compounds are found in the plants as a conjugate with phenolic acids and other organic acids. The de-glycosylated forms of anthocyanins are called anthocyanidins.
Variation in the colour of the anthocyanin compounds is reliant to the pH acylation and methylation -OH groups attached to the A and B ring and also pH of the environment Khoo et al.
Proanthocyanidins are the dimer or trimer of flavanols in condensed form, also known as condensed tannins. Based on the interflavanic linkages, they can be divided as type A C2— O —C7 or C2— O —C5 bonding , or type-B C4—C6 or C4—C8. They often produced from flavanol rich materials during fermentation Khoo et al.
Open C rings containing flavanoids are categorized as chalcones. Chalcone compounds exerts a common chemical scaffold of 1,3- diarylpropenone which is also known as chalconoid Zhuang et al.
Aging causes a variety of harmful health effects, increasing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, osteophorosis, cancers and even death. The free radical theory of aging also known as OS theory is well accepted as the aging progresses.
Although free radicals may be a key player in the aging process, they do not play any central role in that. Numerous cell-centric hypotheses has also been attributed in aging and related disorders Tabibzadeh, Since the potential of antioxidative and repair pathways declines with age, oxidative damage to biological tissues rises Rizvi and Maurya, In aging, the accumulation of ROS causes OS to brain biomolecules proteins, DNA, and lipids leading to progression of neurodegenerative diseases Barnham et al.
Pandey and Rizvi, The consumption of antioxidant-rich diets decreases the harmful consequences of aging and neurodegenerative illness. Fruits and vegetables contain polyphenolic compounds with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activities have been well reported to exhibit anti-aging properties in rats and mice Joseph et al.
Anthocyanins found in abundance in bright colored fruits such as berry fruits, tomatoes, oranges etc. have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting lipid peroxidation as well as cyclo-oxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 pathways Reis et al.
Dietary supplements containing elevated amounts of flavonoids from strawberries, lettuce, or blueberries aid in the reversal of age-related discrepancies in the brain and behavioral control in aged rats Shukitt-Hale et al. Tea catechins have antioxidant properties that might be associated with anti-aging.
The in vitro effect of tea catechins on erythrocyte malondialdehyde MDA , reduced glutathione GSH , and on membrane sulphydryl -SH group in humans has been reported by Maurya and Rizvi Polyphenols can also help to reduce the negative effects of aging on the brain and nervous system.
EGCG reduces the progression of ALS in a mouse model , which is crucial for their significance in the protection of the aging of brain Xu et al. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, has anti-aging property.
Fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenols are potential neuroprotective agents which can modulate many cellular processes like apoptosis, redox balance signaling, differentiation and proliferation.
Polyphenols being antioxidative agents can protect against various neurological diseases. Resveratrol shows neuroprotective effect against models of AD Rahman et al. Figure 5 delineates the protective roles of dietary polyphenols against aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
FIGURE 5. Protective roles of dietary polyphenols against aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Abbreviations: Nrf 2: nuclear factor erythroid 2, HO heme oxygenase-1, NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, P38 MAPK: protein 38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase, PGE2: prostaglandin E2.
OS can be the primary or secondary reason for various CVDs. Preclinical evidence support that OS is linked to a variety of CVDs, including atherosclerosis, ischemia, stroke, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and hypertension, as well as congestive heart failure CHF Vita, ; Bahoran et al.
Consumption of polyphenol-rich foods reduces risk of CVDs Khan et al. Recent studies indicate that polyphenols also exert beneficial effects on vascular disorders by blocking platelet aggregation as well as by preventing oxidation of low-density lipoprotein LDL , ameliorating endothelial dysfunction, reducing blood pressure, improving antioxidant defenses and alleviating inflammatory responses.
Polyphenols are powerful regulators of LDL oxidation, which is believed to be the main mechanism in the progression of atherosclerosis Nardini et al. Polyphenols guard against CVDs because of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet effects, and also by increasing high-density lipoprotein HDL level.
Dietary flavonoids may reduce endothelial disorders linked with various risk factors for atherosclerosis before plaque creation Khan et al. Tea catechins suppress smooth muscle cell penetration and proliferation in the arterial wall Bhardwaj and Khanna, Resveratrol inhibits platelet aggregation by selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase 1 COX-1 , which augments production of thromboxane A2, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstrictor inducer Senoner and Dichtl, It increases nitric oxide signaling in the endothelium, resulting in vasodilation Harikumar and Aggarwal, ; Shi et al.
Figure 6 depicts the protective effects of dietary polyphenols against CVDs. FIGURE 6. Protective effects of dietary polyphenols against CVDs. Abbreviations: Bax: BCL2 associated X apoptosis regulator, IL6: interleukin 6, CRP: C-reactive protein, IL8: interleukin 8, Bcl B-cell lymphoma 2, Caspase cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3, TNF-alpha: tumour necrosis factor - alpha, P-JAK 2: protein Janus kinase 2, STAT 3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.
Abnormality in glucose metabolism leads to hyperglycemia and consequently diabetes mellitus type-1 and type Apigenin derivative possesses strong antidiabetic activity extending protection against the variations throughout OS in diabetes Junejo et al. Quercetin decreases lipid peroxidation and inhibits cellular oxidation in diabetes Pandey and Rizvi, Resveratrol prevents cytotoxicity and OS caused by excessive glucose levels.
Resveratrol decreases diabetes-induced kidney alterations diabetic nephropathy and thereby increases renal disorder and OS in diabetic rats. The polyphenols of Hibiscus sabdariffa weaken diabetic nephropathy in terms of serum lipid profile and kidney oxidative markers Lee et al.
sabdariffa also contains flavonoids, protocatechuic acid, and anthocyanins. The ameliorating effects of a high antioxidant polyphenol supplement of green tea extract, pomegranate extract and ascorbic acid on OS due to type 2 diabetes have been proved through decreased LDL, reduced plasma MDA, and increased HDL indicating better antioxidant potential with augmented total plasma GSH with preventive action against cardiovascular complications as well Fenercioglu et al.
The flavonoid rutin also has antidiabetic effects Ghorbani, Figure 7 outlines the protective effects of dietary polyphenols against diabetes mellitus. FIGURE 7. Protective roles of dietary polyphenols against diabetes. The occurrence of cancer or malignant diseases is augmented with OS along with an increase in the amount of free radicals like ROS causing biomolecular DNA and tissue damages.
Studies suggest that a diet that includes regular consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenols such as catechins, resveratrol, ellagic acid, naringenin, quercetin etc. significantly lowers the risk of developing many cancers.
The chemopreventive action of polyphenols includes estrogenic and antiestrogenic involvement, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis activation, oxidation resistance, induction of detoxification enzymes, host immune system regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and improvements in cellular signaling García-Lafuente et al.
Polyphenols affect pro-carcinogen metabolism by moderating the cytochrome P enzymes expression involved in carcinogen stimulation Talalay et al. Black tea polyphenols like EGCG, theaflavins and thearubigins have potent anticancer properties Shankar, ; Sharma and Rao, Tea catechins with cancer prevention efficacy inhibit the conversion of intraepithelial prostate lesions to cancer.
In prostate carcinoma cells, polyphenols from black tea suppress proliferation of increasing apoptosis Kim et al. The emergence of multi-drug resistant MDR pathogens has become a global threat and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality around the world.
Augmenting the OS pathway and induction of ROS formation has emerged as potential antimicrobial target in recent times. Flavonoids exhibit broad spectrum of antimicrobial actions through different mechanisms which are often observed little different than those of conventional antibiotics and thus could be of importance in the improvement of antimicrobial therapeutics Dwyer et al.
During bacterial infection, the host immune response leads to inflammation due to the generation of ROS, and consequently leading to OS.
Increased OS may lead to the vulnerability of the infection and also triggers the malfunctioning of cellular metabolism Kim et al. Flavonoids are well known for their modulatory effect against OS in the human body by scavenging free radicals and chelating the metallic ions Ivanov et al.
It is reported that many antibacterial drugs kill bacteria by activation of ROS pathways, whereas, a mild amount of ROS is proven to be beneficial to the microorganism for their signaling mechanisms. The therapeutic role of antioxidant polyphenols in mitigating OS-related tissue damage and inflammations in bacterial and viral infections is well defined.
Black tea polyphenols have in vitro antiviral properties Wu et al. EGCG, the main constituent of polyphenol, has antiviral activities on a diverse range of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus and hepatitis C virus Steinmann et al. Polyphenolic compounds that have been reported in very preliminary in silico and in vitro studies to exhibit anti-SARS-CoV activity include quercetin, acacetin, apigenin, baicalein, hesperidin, morin, rutin, naringin, naringenin, — -catechin, — -catechin gallate, — - gallocatechin gallate, diosmin, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, silibinin, silymarin, orientin, curcumin, and oroxylin A Sharma and Rao, ; Suzuki et al.
Rheumatoid arthritis RA is an example of an inflammatory disease that affects the joints Zheng et al. The production of ROS in injured joints promotes inflammatory reactions.
The cytokines generated play a role in the immunoregulatory and tissue damage processes developing clinical manifestations in RA Direito et al. As human antioxidant defense systems are inefficient, exogenous antioxidants must be used to fight excess ROS Sung et al.
Polyphenols have the ability to regulate the inflammatory pathways of common arthropathies such as gout, osteoarthritis and RA. EGCG, quercetin, resveratrol, p -coumaric acid, luteolin, curcumin, kaempferol and apigenin are the most effective polyphenols against arthritis Ahmed et al.
Tea flavanols like EGCG are useful in RA Jin et al. The effects of quercetin on disease severity and inflammation in women with RA showed considerably decreased early morning stiffness and discomfort and after-activity pain Javadi et al. The protective effects of dietary polyphenols against cancer, infectious illness and inflammatory diseases are depicted in Figure 8.
FIGURE 8. Protective effects of dietary polyphenols against cancer, infectious illness and inflammatory diseases. Although much research has been focused on the antioxidant properties of plant-derived polyphenols against chronic diseases neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular complications, cancer, diabetes, bacterial infections, and inflammations as described above, they can also act as pro-oxidants in the biological systems in vivo.
The pro-oxidative action of polyphenols depends on certain factors such as their solubility characteristics, chelating behavior, metal-reducing potential etc. and the pH at the site of action Babich et al. A variety of dietary polyphenols including gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, myricetin, rutin, kaempferol, resveratrol, catechins, EGCG etc.
exhibit such dual antioxidant and pro-oxidative roles. However, the anticancer, antiobesity and antimicrobial effects of green tea polyphenols EGCG, ECG are primarily because of their antioxidant activity, whereas the harmful toxic effects are due to their pro-oxidative effect Ouyang et al.
The pro-oxidant effect of EGCG major ingredient of tea is observed at considerably higher dose than that of the dose required for antioxidant action.
The pro-oxidant capacity of tea polyphenols is such that they directly lead to the generation of ROS, and indirectly induces apoptosis and death of cancer cells León-González et al. The grape seed extract exhibits in vivo pro-oxidant activity to an appreciable extent depending on dose, duration of administration, and other dietary components.
As pro-oxidant molecules, polyphenols can exert cytotoxic effects against cancer cells by achieving toxic levels of ROS. Increased ROS level eventually induces DNA degradation in the presence of metal ions such as copper, which ultimately leads to cell death D'Angelo et al.
The pro-oxidant effect may also be associated with a pro-apoptotic function in various types of tumor cells Khan et al. The pro-oxidative effect of resveratrol may counteract the tissue damage induced by oxidative stress Chedea et al.
Further, polyphenols including flavonoids and anthocyanins also play a potential pro-oxidant role and protects our body from severe cellular oxidative stress.
For instance, red wine polyphenols may help modulate the antioxidant potential of erythrocytes, protecting them against oxidative stress Chedea et al. Food phenolics are gaining importance in research as they have the potential to improve human health. Over 8, polyphenols have been reported from plants, and several hundreds of dietary polyphenols have been found in foods.
Owing to their potent antioxidant capacity because of the presence of hydroxyl groups in their structures, polyphenols can effectively scavenge ROS and thus fight against OS induced pathological conditions or human diseases.
Evidence from diverse in vitro studies discussed here supports that dietary sourced polyphenols plays a potential protective role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, CVDs, diabetes, cancer, inflammation-related diseases, and infectious illness.
However, prospective further research with adequate pre-clinical and clinical investigations could lead to the development dietary polyphenolic compounds as potent therapeutic candidates against various chronic human diseases.
MR conceptualized the topic, researched and analyzed the literature, and wrote the manuscript, including interpretations. SK and SP analyzed background literature and drafted portions of the manuscript.
AD, JK, AD, MAA, MNA and FA revised the manuscript critically for the intellectual content. PD and RD provided substantial scholarly support in literature review, data curation and interpretation. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript, ensured the accuracy and integrity of the work, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia for providing Grant through project number COVIDIRMC.
Authors sincerely thank Sagarika Chandra for her kind help in editing figures of the manuscript. Abba, Y. Antiviral Activity of Resveratrol against Human and Animal Viruses. PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Abotaleb, M. Therapeutic Potential of Plant Phenolic Acids in the Treatment of Cancer.
Biomolecules 10 2 , Each isoform shows two distinct ligand-binding sites, a narrow L-site at the dimer interface and a peculiar deep hydrophobic H-site. In TvGSTO3S, the latter appears optimized for aromatic ligand binding such as hydroxybenzophenones.
Affinity crystallography revealed that this H-site retains the flavonoid dihydrowogonin from a partially purified wild-cherry extract. Besides, TvGSTO6S binds two molecules of the flavonoid naringenin in the L-site. These data suggest that TvGSTO isoforms could interact with plant polyphenols released during wood degradation.
The microbial degradation of wood has been extensively studied due to its importance in organic matter recycling and its potential valorisation in many industrial domains. This degradation is mainly mediated by fungi and in particular by white-rot fungi which are able to degrade and mineralize all the wood components.
Indeed, as early as in the middle of last century, this functional trait has been correlated to the ability of these fungi to secrete extracellular enzymatic systems able to degrade wood polymers 1.
Thanks to the recent release of more than fifty fungal genomes, comparative genomic approaches have confirmed this correlation 2 , 3. Beyond these extracellular systems, recent studies have also confirmed the importance of intracellular detoxification systems in the fungal wood degradation process 4.
These systems were thought to play essential roles in wood degradation. They allow fungi to i catabolize the oxidized compounds that result from lignin oxidation 5 , and ii cope with wood anti-microbial compounds, such as flavonoids, stilbenes or terpenes 6 , 7. The efficiency of these intracellular detoxification systems seems to be linked to the expansion of multigenic families involved in the oxidation phase such as cytochrome P mono-oxygenases and in the conjugation phase such as glutathione transferases GSTs 6 , 8.
Similarly, such expansions are also found in herbivorous insects, where these multigenic families play key functions in the detoxification of plant defense chemicals and also in the evolution of metabolic resistance to chemical insecticides 9 , 10 , Until now, in wood-decaying fungi, comparative genomic, biochemical, structural or physiological approaches gave only few insights into the function and specificity of these enzymes in the wood degradation process.
This lack of knowledge is mainly due to the absence of specific substrates that would allow discrimination between the isoforms. The expansion of the GST family in these fungi mainly concerns three phylogenetic classes, named GSTFuA, Ure2p and GST Omega We had suggested that the fungal-specific GSTFuA class could be involved in the catabolism of lignin derived molecules A recent study confirmed that an isoform from Dichomitus squalens Ds -GST1 selectively cleaves the β-O-4 aryl ether bond of a dimeric lignin model leading to a glutathione derivative Concerning the Ure2p class, it can be divided in two subclasses with distinct structural and biochemical properties.
Ure2pAs possess the classic GSH transferase activity while Ure2pBs display a deglutathionylation activity Ure2pB Interestingly, bacterial orthologs of Ure2pB named GST Nu act as glutathione lyases in breaking the β-aryl ether bond of lignin GSTOs are involved in detoxification pathways via deglutathionylation reactions 17 and two GSTO isoforms of Phanerochaete chrysosporium PcGSTO3 and PcGSTO4 bind terpenes In Trametes versicolor , some GSTO isoforms interact with different wood extractives These interactions could give insights into the chemical composition of the extracts.
To further explore this issue, we have conducted biochemical and crystallographic studies on the interactions of six GSTOs from T.
versicolor with chemical libraries. We showed that these GSTOs exhibit distinct affinity patterns, particularly with benzophenones and flavonoids.
An affinity crystallography approach allowed the isolation of a flavonoid from a partially-purified wild-cherry tree extract. This ligand specific to one GSTO isoform was characterized as dihydrowogonin using multiple approaches.
All these results and the recent literature support the conclusion that GSTs of this class interact with wood polyphenolic compounds. Thermal shift assay TSA is a high-throughput ligand-screening method based on the modification of protein thermal denaturation.
According to a gradient of temperature, the denaturation is followed by monitoring fluorescence enhancement of a probe SYPRO Orange that binds to protein hydrophobic patches upon denaturation process.
This TSA method has been successfully used to detect interactions between proteins and libraries of molecules It allowed us to identify chemical families of compounds that interact with TvGSTOs and prompted us to investigate more deeply the case of TvGSTO3S with hydroxybenzophenones HBPs , in particular by conducting a structural analysis of protein-ligand complexes.
First, the interactions between a chemical library of 27 compounds and six TvGSTOs were explored using TSA Supplementary Fig. The tested compounds were chosen either for their presence in wood or their reactivity with GSTs The six TvGSTOs named TvGSTO1S to TvGSTO6S used in this study are representatives of the twelve TvGSTOs that have a catalytic serine, while four others have a cysteine instead.
The obtained results show patterns of interaction that distinguish each isoform from the others. Indeed, a few compounds significantly increased the stability of TvGSTO1S, 3S and 6S, i. In the case of TvGSTO3S, the compounds that increased protein stability all belong to the same chemical family, namely hydroxybenzophenones HBPs.
Benzophenones are present in plant extracts 21 and also in wood extractives, for example in oak heartwood A set of commercially available HBPs with various numbers and positions of hydroxylation on their rings A and B Table 1 was tested by using TSA and the six TvGSTOs.
It confirmed that TvGSTO3S has a significant affinity for HBPs. The replacement of the 4-hydroxyl group of 2,4-HBP by a methoxy group nullified the observed thermal shift.
The structure of apo TvGSTO3S was determined by X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 1. It has a typical GST fold where the N-terminal thioredoxin domain of one monomer cross-interacts with the C-terminal all-helical domain of the second one, and vice-versa Fig. TvGSTO3S displays the highest sequence identity with Omega GSTs, though its closest structural homologs identified by PDBeFold 23 are Tau GSTs.
The resemblance between these two classes was already discussed for a wheat Tau GST However, TvGSTO3S has unique features that distinguish it from previously described GSTs. Overall views of Trametes versicolor GSTO3S structure in complex with glutathione and 2,4 hydroxy benzophenone left panels and GSTO6S structure in complex with naringenin right panels.
In each case, structures are depicted in cartoon mode with ligands shown as spheres and sticks glutathione in green, 2,4-HBP and naringenin in yellow.
N-terminal domains are shown in light colors white for GSTO3S, cyan for GSTO6S and C-terminal domains are shown in deeper colors grey for GSTO3S, blue for GSTO6S.
Black arrows indicate positions of glutathione binding site G-site , hydrophobic binding site H-site and ligandin site L-site. The N-terminal end of TvGSTO3S helix α 1 harbors a serine as the catalytic residue instead of the cysteine found in the other GSTOs structurally characterized so far 17 , It enables efficient GSH-transferase activity towards usual synthetic substrates and disables reductase activity Supplementary Table S2.
TvGSTO3S harbors a canonical GSH binding site G-site made up of polar residues from the N-terminal domain which stabilizes the glutathionyl moiety GS- of the tested ligands Fig. On the contrary, the hydrophobic binding site H-site which hosts the -R group of the GS-R ligand has a singular shape relative to most GSTs.
While a large open valley is usually observed in a cleft between the two domains 26 , TvGSTO3S exhibits a well-delineated cavity deeply inserted between helices α 4 and α 6 of the C-terminal domain. The crystal structures of the different complexes show that this pocket is perfectly suited to accommodate polyaromatic ligands, due to its strong hydrophobic character, while two polar residues are found at the entrance close to the G-site Supplementary Fig.
The phenylacetophenone group of GS-PAP fully fills the cavity, on the contrary to the more polar -R group of GS-DNB that does not enter it and is only slightly stabilized at its entrance, at the interface with the G-site Supplementary Fig.
Overall, their phenyl ring B Table 1 sits deep at the bottom of the pocket and interacts via π-stacking with aromatic amino acid side chains. Their di- or tri-hydroxylated phenyl ring A is closer to the entrance of the cavity and forms hydrogen bonds with polar side chains and water molecules.
Both conformations are common for this family of molecules in the solid state In i , the central ketone group of HBPs is stabilized via a well conserved water molecule present in all structures, while this interaction no longer exists in ii.
These results not only correlate with TSA, but also with the binding affinities of HBPs for TvGSTO3S which were assessed from their capacity to inhibit the GSH-transferase activity towards phenethyl isothiocyanate PEITC. Indeed, the same four HBPs differentiate from the others in the sense that only their K i values were measurable and found in the μM range Supplementary Table S3.
Altogether, our crystallographic and enzymatic results suggest that the TvGSTO3S H-site is selective for HBPs whose ring B is totally hydrophobic and stabilized at the bottom of the pocket or bears one hydroxyl group in para position whereas ring A is di- or tri- hydroxylated and stabilized at the entrance of the H-site.
As shown with TSA, other TvGSTO isoforms also interact with HBPs, each with its own selectivity. The discovery of HBPs as potential ligands for TvGSTOs echoes previous results concerning metabolization of these small molecules by the fungus. For instance, the sunscreen agent BP3 2-hydroxy, 4-methoxy benzophenone is metabolized by T.
TvGSTO3S H-site is a well-delineated cavity deeply inserted in between helices α 4 and α 6 of the C-terminal domain. It is perfectly suited to accommodate polyaromatic ligands, due to its strong hydrophobic character given by the aromatic side chains of F, W, F, F, the aliphatic parts of R and Y, completed with polar residues Y17 and R at the cavity entrance close to the G-site.
Polar intermolecular contacts are materialized as dashed lines. Surrounding side chains are represented in sticks. HBPs are shown as yellow sticks and spheres. In a recent paper, we suggested that GSTs from saprotrophs could interact with flavonoids, which are phenolic compounds as HBPs and present in wood extracts In order to refine our results, TSA was used to test a set of commercial flavonoids for their interaction with TvGSTOs.
Some of the putative complexes were further investigated by X-Ray crystallography. For the first time in GSTs, one structure revealed a symmetrical ligandin site L-site filled with a pair of interacting ligands. As observed for HBPs, TSA shows that each TvGSTO has its own interaction profile with flavonoids and that these interactions are largely related to the number and positions of the hydroxyl groups on the aromatic rings Supplementary Table S4.
While TvGSTO4S and 5S show variable or weak responses to flavonoids, TvGSTO1S, 2S, 3S and 6S mainly show positive shifts of their denaturation temperature. For instance, all molecules but catechin affected TvGSTO6S. Interestingly, these flavonoids were recently detected by mass spectrometry in T.
versicolor fructifications. Their presence might arise from trees or soils on which the fungi grow The crystal structure of TvGSTO6S was solved at 1. As expected, it reveals the same overall fold than TvGSTO3S rmsd 0. While G-sites are made of similar polar residues, differences are observed at the H-site and at the interface between monomers Fig.
The lack of a structure with a ligand that binds in TvGSTO6S H-site precluded its fine description. However, when compared with the equivalent region of TvGSTO3S, significant differences are readily apparent in TvGSTO6S. Most of the residues that line the benzophenone binding site of TvGSTO3S are different.
In addition, the extension of the C-terminal α-helix by two extra turns leads to an open and shallow H-site, contrary to the buried H-site in TvGSTO3S covered and closed by the loop corresponding to the extra turns. There are also slight differences between the dimer-interfaces of both isoforms.
Most residues at the interface are conserved, except for a few ones situated in helix α4 Fig. The larger residues of TvGSTO6S L and T instead of T and A in TvGSTO3S and the loss of the inter-monomer interaction between Y replaced by E in TvGSTO6S and E80 present in TvGSTO3S probably account for a more open dimer in TvGSTO6S.
This region hosts a third binding site named the ligandin site L-site in the human GST Omega 1 hGSTO1 The structures shown are TvGSTO3S in complex with 2,4-HBP top left and TvGSTO6S in complex with naringenin top right. In both cases, helix α9 and C-terminal tail were removed from structures for clarity.
Monomers A and B are colored white and grey, respectively. H-site and L-sites residues are colored respectively cyan and grey in the structures highlighted respectively cyan and grey on the structural alignment. G-site residues are highlighted green in the sequences and are not shown on structures for clarity.
Catalytic serine is highlighted yellow in the sequences. Secondary structures are labelled and shown using arrows β-strands and squiggles helices. Secondary structure elements are based on TvGSTO6S.
Helix α9 extra turns in TvGSTO6S are colored red on the sequence alignment. In order to determine the structure of a complex between TvGSTO6S and a flavonoid, several candidate molecules were chosen for soaking experiments.
Crystals of TvGSTO6S were unstable and brittle, and required some tricks to prepare complexes. Among the trials performed, one was successful where the droplet that gave rise to TvGSTO6S crystals was deposited for a few hours on a surface previously coated with naringenin chemical structure in Supplementary Table S4.
The structure of the complex was solved at a resolution of 2. Two naringenin molecules bind in the pocket described above, which constitutes the L-site of TvGSTO6S Figs 1 and 4. A pair of stacked flavonoids was already observed bound to dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, however in a head to tail arrangement in the active site of the enzyme, with no dimer symmetry In TvGSTO6S, the naringenin pair fits the apolar environment formed by the neighboring aliphatic part of the side chains of both monomers L84, V85, R, T, E and T while a hydrogen bond with E88 stabilizes one of the flavonoid hydroxyl groups.
L-sites at the dimer interface were previously described for hGSTO1 pdb code 4is0 30 and for Arabidopsis thaliana GST Phi 2 AtGSTF2, pdb code 5a4v 32 however with one ligand only. In hGSTO1, the L-site takes place at a location similar to TvGSTO6S and shows conserved patches of hydrophobic residues along helix α3 Supplementary Fig.
Interestingly, E88 that stabilizes naringenin in TvGSTO6S is conserved in hGSTO1 E91 where its side chain is found near the nitrophenacyl moiety of the glutathione adduct.
The case of AtGSTF2 is quite different. A quercetin molecule sits at the opposite side of the dimer interface, near the C-terminal end of helix α3 and the N-terminal end of helix α4.
Binding of naringenin in GSTO6S non-catalytic ligandin site. Stereoview of a section of the GSTO6S complex structure with a pair of naringenin molecules is shown.
GSTO6S ligandin site is an hydrophobic pocket inserted at the interface of the dimer, between helix α3 and α4 of both monomers around the dimer 2-fold axis. The apolar environment is formed by the aliphatic part of the side chains of both monomers L84, V85, T, E while a hydrogen bond with E88 stabilizes one of the flavonoid hydroxyl groups.
Naringenin is shown as yellow sticks and spheres. Structural comparisons suggest that Omega GSTs have two hydrophobic ligand binding sites: an H-site near α4 and α6 and an L-site at the dimer interface. In the case of TvGSTO6S, the L-site can host flavonoids.
S2 , which could explain the isoform-specific TSA patterns. One of the biggest challenges in GST characterization is the identification of natural ligands Affinity crystallography is a very new method that was recently conceived to select and identify new inhibitors from natural crude extracts as potent drug scaffolds for pharmaceutical targets We successfully applied this method on TvGSTO3S crystals to isolate the flavonoid dihydrowogonin from a partially purified wild-cherry extract.
Acetonic extracts of wild-cherry heartwood were fractioned by reverse chromatography. The potential inhibition of the various fractions on TvGSTO esterase activity was analyzed using both chloromethylfluorescein diacetate CMFDA and methylumbelliferyl acetate MUA as substrates Fig.
In previous studies 13 , 19 , these substrates had increased detection sensitivity of fluorescence and avoided quenching effects of wood extracts. The pooled mixture was tested for its ability to interact with TvGSTO3S using TSA.
A positive 4. At this stage, several compounds already described in the extractives composition could correspond to such data e. dihydrowogonin or sakuranetin 35 , 36 , 37 so that it was impossible to definitively assign the molecular structures, particularly concerning the MeO group position either on the ring A or B Fig.
Combined approach including affinity crystallography revealed dihydrowogonin bound to GSTO3S hydrophobic site. A Normalized inhibition of esterase activity with substrates CMFDA and MUA is shown. B MS analysis in positive bottom panel and negative top panel modes revealed two major compounds.
C 1 H-NMR spectrum showed the structural features of flavanones. Affinity crystallography allowed the elucidation of the flavanone dihydrowogonin. Its 1 H-NMR data 37 are indeed found on the spectrum of the mixture: numbers in parenthesis are the typical chemical shifts for dihydrowogonin and numbers in blue correspond to the values obtained in the present study.
Integration values of 2 methoxy groups allowed to evaluate maximum abundance of dihydrowogonin in the fractions numbers in red. D Electron density of dihydrowogonin in structure of GSTO3S crystallized in presence of eluate.
The map shown is a 2mFo-DFc composite omit map contoured at 1 σ. E Chemical structure of dihydrowogonin. This approach assumes that a complex can form when the protein is mixed with a partially purified mixture of molecules containing potential ligands.
We re-suspended the dried eluate with a minimal volume of DMSO to obtain a concentrated mixture suitable for TvGTO3S crystallization. The addition of 2. Though tea, dark chocolate, red wine, and berries are likely the best-known sources of polyphenols, many other foods also contain high amounts of these beneficial compounds.
Here are the 75 foods richest in polyphenols, listed by category Including foods from each of these categories in your diet provides you a wide variety of polyphenols.
Many plant foods are naturally rich in polyphenols. Including a variety of these foods in your diet is a great strategy to boost your intake of these beneficial nutrients. Supplements have the advantage of offering a consistent dose of polyphenols. However, they also have several potential drawbacks.
Moreover, polyphenols seem to work best when interacting with the many other nutrients naturally found in foods. Polyphenol supplements may not offer the same health benefits as polyphenol-rich foods. The same cannot be said of supplements, which tend to provide much higher quantities of polyphenols than those typically found in a healthy diet Animal studies show that high-dose polyphenol supplements may cause kidney damage, tumors, and an imbalance in thyroid hormone levels.
In humans, they may result in an increased risk of stroke and premature death 39 , Some polyphenol-rich supplements can interact with nutrient absorption or interact with medications. If you have a diagnosed nutrient deficiency or are taking medications, it may be best to speak to your healthcare provider about polyphenol supplements before taking them.
In addition, some polyphenol-rich foods, such as beans and peas, may be rich in lectins. When consumed in large quantities, lectins may cause unpleasant digestive symptoms, such as gas, bloating, and indigestion Polyphenol-rich foods are considered safe for most people, while supplements may cause more harm than good.
To reduce gas, bloating, and indigestion, try soaking or sprouting polyphenol-rich legumes before eating them. Polyphenols are beneficial compounds in many plant foods that can be grouped into flavonoids, phenolic acid, polyphenolic amides, and other polyphenols. They may improve digestion, brain function, and blood sugar levels, as well as protect against blood clots, heart disease, and certain cancers.
Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Learn about which foods have the most polyphenols. Coffee is incredibly high in antioxidants.
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Dietary detocification including Po,yphenols acids, flavonoids, catechins, tannins, lignans, stilbenes, fkr anthocyanidins are widely found in grains, cereals, Polyphenols for detoxification, vegetables, spices, fruits, chocolates, and beverages like Metformin benefits juices, tea, Muscle building arm workouts and Deroxification. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence strongly dehoxification that long term Polyphenols for detoxification of diets rich in polyphenols offer protection against the development of various chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases CVDscancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders and infectious illness. Increased intake of foods containing polyphenols for example, quercetin, epigallocatechingallate, resveratrol, cyanidin etc. It has been suggested that the antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols plays a pivotal role in the prevention of OS-induced human diseases. This review specifically focuses a current understanding on the dietary sources of polyphenols and their protective effects including mechanisms of action against various major human diseases.
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