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The following are the main signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes:. Increased thirst. Frequent urination. Increased hunger. Unintended weight loss. Blurred vision. Slow-healing sores. Frequent infections. Darkened skin areas around the armpit and neck regions.
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, consult your healthcare professional as soon as possible. Genetics and family history play a very strong role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Environmental and lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, stress, pollutants, and climate also strongly influence the development of type 2 diabetes.
Additionally, people above 40 are more likely to develop the disease, although recent studies³ have reported a rise in cases among young people due to the adoption of a more sedentary lifestyle. The following factors increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes:.
Obesity or overweight. Type 2 diabetes in family members. Obesity or overweight in family members. Lack of regular exercise due to a sedentary lifestyle.
Carrying excess weight around your midsection. High blood pressure. A low level of HDL cholesterol or high level of triglycerides in the blood. Diabetes in pregnancy gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby weighing 9 pounds 4 kg or more. Polycystic ovary syndrome.
It's important to diagnose and treat type 2 diabetes as early as possible to prevent the many associated complications. If left untreated, elevated blood glucose levels caused by type 2 diabetes can result in:. Eye problems, including diabetic retinopathy. Kidney disease. Heart disease. Increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Skin conditions such as slow healing sores and fungal and bacterial infections. Foot infections and risk of amputation. Sexual dysfunction. Hearing problems. The terms self-management and self-care describe how a person with type 2 diabetes can take charge of their own daily health care.
Both terms refer to your daily routine and the activities you choose to look after your physical, mental, and emotional health. It's important to develop your self-care management routine with the help of your healthcare providers. Following a type 2 diabetes self-care plan can reduce the likelihood of diabetes complications and improve your quality of life.
Self-care requires knowledge about diabetes, its treatment, and how to adapt to living with a long-term medical condition. An efficient diabetes self-care plan combines behavioral changes, enhanced problem-solving skills, and learning how to cope when challenges come up.
Developing a self-care routine allows you to maintain an independent, active, and healthy lifestyle. However, this doesn't mean that you need to do it all alone.
Central to your self-care is being able to count on your healthcare professionals, family members, and peers to support your self-management plan.
Living with diabetes means paying attention to your diet, physical activity, your reactions to certain situations such as stress, and managing your medication. An ideal self-care plan includes:.
Access to high-quality information and structured education. Tailored care strategies that meet your individual needs and way of life.
Supportive people to help you to live well with type 2 diabetes. The American Associations of Clinical Endocrinologists advocates for individuals with type 2 diabetes to become active and knowledgeable participants in their self-care routine.
Likewise, the World Health Organization recognizes the value of teaching people to manage their diabetes. People with extensive diabetes knowledge are better equipped to take effective preventive measures to avoid diabetes-related complications.
People with diabetes should ideally have ready access to helpful information in various formats such as written, electronic, and verbal.
Healthcare professionals are trustworthy sources of diabetes self-management information. They can provide context for this information and what it means for you as an individual. Self-management support and education are critical for people recently diagnosed with diabetes and those with an established diagnosis.
A supported self-care action plan for diabetes management will provide you with the skills and confidence you need to deal with your diabetes. Following a type 2 diabetes self-care plan has many upsides, including:. Reducing primary care consultations, outpatient appointments, and diabetes-related emergencies.
Improved communication with your health care providers. Greater knowledge and understanding of type 2 diabetes. Reduced admissions to hospitalized and shorter hospital stays. Less stress, pain, tiredness, depression, and anxiety. The confidence to adapt to the everyday challenges of living with type 2 diabetes.
Improved blood glucose levels. Decreased risk of developing diabetes complications. A healthier lifestyle and better quality of life. Diabetes education is critical, but only if that knowledge translates into beneficial, real-world self-care activities. Self-care activities include:.
Adopting healthier eating habits. Increasing exercise or activity levels. Reducing stress or learning how to manage it better.
Decreasing alcohol intake. Quitting smoking. Monitoring blood glucose levels. Regular checks of foot health. Managing medications. Nutrition and physical activity are core parts of a healthy lifestyle when living with diabetes.
Being active and following a healthy meal plan keeps your blood sugar within an optimal range. It's only natural for patients with diabetes to worry about eliminating their favorite foods.
: Supporting self-care in diabetes patients| Top bar navigation | The review of payients issue is still Spporting limited until more studies on this area have been conducted. Supporting self-care in diabetes patients CrossRef Full Text Pqtients Scholar. The principal objective of DSME is to Supporting self-care in diabetes patients patients to Weightlifting for women control of their diabehes condition Supporting self-care in diabetes patients enhancing their insight and patents, so Advanced athletic conditioning, they can make delf-care decisions self-cate self-guided behavior, changing their regular lives and eventually moderating the danger of complications The interview records and sensitising booklets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available to protect participant confidentiality, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Share on Pinterest People can self-monitor their diabetes with a blood glucose meter. The other eight participants were excluded because of missing data for HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL-C, or weight within 90 days of the self-efficacy data or because no data were obtained after implementation of the intervention. Programs can encourage healthcare providers to speak openly with patients about self-management and refer patients to self-management programs. |
| Diabetes self-management tips | Drinks or beverages that contain sugar or high fructose corn syrup. Physical activity is central to your diabetes self-care management. Being active helps to manage your blood glucose levels and keeps you healthy. Combining physical activity with a healthy diet compounds its health benefits. Exercise has the following benefits:. Reduced blood glucose levels. Less insulin resistance. Weight loss and weight maintenance. Lower blood pressure. Fewer diabetes complications such as heart attacks and strokes. Better bone and muscle strength. Better quality sleep. The World Health Organization recommends the following activities for people living with type 2 diabetes:. At least — minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity. Or at least 75— minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity. Or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity throughout the week. Muscle-strengthening activities at a moderate or greater intensity that involve all major muscle groups on two or more days a week. They also recommend that people with diabetes limit the amount of time spent being sedentary - Even light activities such as walking around or standing every thirty minutes have health benefits. Your doctor will advise you on whether or not you need to measure your own blood glucose levels and how to go about this. Self-monitoring allows you to determine the impact of various diabetes self-care activities on your blood glucose levels. It also helps you to identify, treat, and prevent hyperglycemia high blood glucose levels and hypoglycemia low blood glucose levels. Self-monitoring enables you to develop the confidence to become independent and feel safe. Glucose monitoring can be done via finger prick testing with a glucose meter at home. You can keep a record of your measurements and share them with your healthcare team. You can also use a continuous glucose monitoring device to record your glucose levels. This device has sensors placed under the skin to monitor your glucose every few minutes. Your information is then transmitted to a mobile device such as your phone and sends alerts when your glucose levels are too high or low. Based on your blood glucose readings, you can determine if you need to take action to keep your blood glucose levels within the healthy range set by your doctor. Your diabetes healthcare team members will also be able to review your blood glucose levels over time to determine if you need to make changes to your treatment plan. Self-care for type 2 diabetes mellitus means a lifelong commitment to a care routine to avoid health complications. At times, this responsibility can seem overwhelming, and sometimes it can be difficult to find the resources and support that you need. Remember that you can always contact a member of your diabetes healthcare team for help if you're struggling. You may also want to reach out to family members, friends, and other support people. Some of the challenges that people trying to self-manage their diabetes face include:. Low health literacy : Some people may find it difficult to read or understand medical advice and information. It's important to let your healthcare professionals know if you're finding it difficult to take in the information provided. They can help to make the information easier to understand and implement. Housing challenges : Patients without access to adequate housing might face challenges storing their medication or accessing a kitchen in which to prepare healthy meals. People in some urban areas also lack access to appropriate outdoor or other spaces where they can exercise. Food security: Some people with type 2 diabetes mellitus lack access to fresh, healthy foods that are rich in minerals and vitamins. Low income or food insecure households may rely on cheap, processed foods high in carbs and low in nutrients. Income : Low-income households may not be able to afford quality healthcare or transportation to medical appointments. Some people are also unable to take time off work or leave dependents to attend appointments. If you ever feel that you're struggling to manage your diabetes, there are many ways to ask for help. You can contact a member of your diabetes healthcare team, reach out to family or friends, or join a type 2 diabetes support group. Or speak with a mental healthcare professional. There's currently no cure for type 2 diabetes, but remission or "reversal" may be possible for some people. By working closely with your doctor and the other members of your diabetes healthcare team, you can help design a treatment and self-care plan that suits your individual needs. Lifestyle changes, monitoring, and medication can all help to improve your type 2 diabetes. Following a type 2 diabetes self-care plan can reduce the likelihood of diabetes complications and dramatically improve your quality of life. National diabetes statistics report Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The genetic landscape of diabetes Risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes in Bengaluru: A retrospective study Self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: Recent studies Type 2 diabetes - self-care Medline Plus. Role of self-care in management of diabetes mellitus Self-care Management among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Tanahun, Nepal Factors related to self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes Adherence of type 2 diabetic patients to self-care activity: Tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia Managing diabetes NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Type 2 diabetes Cleveland Clinic. What does self-care mean for individuals with diabetes? University of Southern California: Department of Nursing. Simple steps to preventing diabetes Harvard T. Improving supported self-management for people with diabetes Type 2 diabetes Nov Type 2 diabetes Oct Last updated: Oct Last updated: Sep Last updated: Aug Last updated: Jul For sponsors For sponsors. Patient insights. SCOPE Summit DEI Report. About HealthMatch. Insights Portal Login. For patients For patients. Clinical trials. Search clinical trials. Doctors recommend that people using insulin check their glucose levels. The right frequency of these checks varies from person to person, but doctors usually recommend monitoring levels before and after meals, at bedtime, and before exercising. People with diabetes who are not taking insulin should also check their blood sugar levels. Self-monitoring can provide information about the effects of dietary changes, physical activity, and medication on blood sugar levels. There are also continuous glucose monitors , which provide real-time information about blood sugar levels. These automatically measure levels every 5 minutes through a small sensor inserted under the skin. When a person uses it appropriately, this type of technology can improve health outcomes. A healthcare team can use at-home blood sugar readings to modify medication, nutrition , and self-management plans. It is important for people with diabetes or prediabetes to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. When doctors closely monitor weight loss progress, a person more likely to achieve their goals. Research suggests that, among people with excess weight, modest, consistent weight loss can help manage type 2 diabetes and slow the rate at which prediabetes becomes diabetes. They also noted that making dietary adjustments can lower glycated hemoglobin levels by 0. Nutrition therapy can also lead to improvements in the quality of life. To facilitate these lifestyle adjustments, the ADA recommend consulting a registered dietitian with expertise in diabetes and weight management. Following a meal plan can be among the most challenging aspects of diabetes self-management. Developing a plan with a registered dietitian who is knowledgeable about diabetes-specific nutrition can help. For some people, dietary changes alone are not enough to control blood sugar levels. Diabetes is a progressive disease, which means that it can worsen over time. The ADA recommend using a combination of medication and nutrition therapy to reach blood sugar targets. The basis of meal planning involves portion control and favoring healthful foods. The diabetes plate method is one tool designed to help people control their calorie and carbohydrate intakes. It involves mentally dividing the plate into three sections. Half of the plate should contain nonstarchy vegetables , a quarter can contain grain-based and starchy foods, and the remaining quarter should contain protein. Research has shown that exercise can help control blood sugar levels, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, promote weight loss, and improve well-being. Researchers behind one study found that engaging in a structured exercise program for at least 8 weeks lowered glycated hemoglobin levels by an average of 0. The ADA recommend exercising for at least 10 minutes per session and getting a total of at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days of the week. If a person exercises every day — or lets no more than 2 days pass between workouts — this may help reduce insulin resistance. Members of a diabetes healthcare team can help develop and tailor an exercise plan that is safe and effective. In addition to exercising regularly, it is important to avoid spending long periods in a seated position. Breaking up sedentary periods every 30 minutes can help with controlling blood sugar. The ADA advise all people with prediabetes or diabetes to avoid tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. People with diabetes who smoke have higher risks of cardiovascular disease , premature death, and diabetes complications , as well as less blood sugar control, compared with people who do not smoke. If a person with diabetes does not take their medication as recommended by a doctor, it can lead to:. A diverse range of issues can contribute to medication nonadherence. This helps you keep your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar under control. Take your medications. You can all take your medications as instructed by your healthcare team, and keep track of your blood sugar levels on your own. Keep a log book. You can learn which numbers are important for telling you how well you are doing and then watch them improve over time by keeping a log book of your A1C, blood pressure, cholesterol, and so on. Take the book along to your appointments so you can discuss changes or new instructions with your healthcare team. Watch for symptoms or changes in your health. You can learn which symptoms or changes are important for you to watch out for and tell your doctor about. Talk with your healthcare team if you feel overwhelmed or unable to manage one or more aspects of your diabetes management. Ask questions when you are not sure about something. Talk with others who are living well with diabetes and kidney disease. They can understand your situation in a special way and give you support. Get tested for kidney disease. Having diabetes puts you at risk for developing kidney disease. Ask your healthcare team to be tested for kidney disease. You should be tested for kidney disease at least once a year. |
| Diabetes: Ten Tips for Self-Management | National Kidney Foundation | Patient insights. Breaking up Un periods every African Mango seed concentration minutes can help with controlling blood sugar. Background Diabetes mellitus is a selt-care healthcare Supporting self-care in diabetes patients. Although this finding sekf-care be a consequence of the healthy user effect [ 14 ], addressing usability issues to increase the proportion of regular users may increase the effectiveness of interventions. AS conducted the analyses, which were reviewed by DH, TD, AE and MM. However, principles of effective education, self-management support, and behaviour change have not been incorporated into current diabetes-related websites [ 11 ]-[ 13 ]. |
| Self-Management Model | Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; We found that a self-management website for patients with type 2 diabetes led to no improvement in self-efficacy, diabetes distress, or clinical outcomes over the study period. Table 2. Taking into account the objective of this paper, only the results of the first category will be presented. Currently, million adults worldwide have diabetes, a number that is expected to rise to million by the year [ 1 ]. Of these who had personal glucometer majority |
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