Video
Basics of Herbal Extraction - Beginner HerbalismNatural plant extracts -
palaestina , we raised the question of whether it is produced naturally in C. palaestina or acquired from the host plant. The quantitation of Sesamin in C. palaestina was performed while being with five different host plants, and was compared with the amount of Sesamin in C. palaestina grown alone.
The findings reveal that Sesamin is an endogenous secondary metabolite in C. Thus, further studies are required to prove if C. palaestina and maybe some other Cuscuta species.
As well, the findings from this study raise a big question of whether inferring Sesamin production in C. palaestina could reduce its attack ability to host plants.
Citation: Abu-Lafi S, Makhamra S, Rayan I, Barriah W, Nasser A, Abu Farkh B, et al. PLoS ONE 13 4 : e Received: November 29, ; Accepted: March 28, ; Published: April 10, Copyright: © Abu-Lafi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by unrestricted grants from Al-Qasemi Academic College and the Institute of Applied Research—Galilee Society. The authors acknowledge the Ministry of Science, Space and Technology. The authors declare that the funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in plants as an alternative avenue to the discovery of new pharmaceuticals. This interest is driven by both academia and the pharmaceutical industry and has led to the espousal of crude extracts of plants for self-medication by the public.
Plants used in traditional medicine, therefore, have an increasingly important role to play in the maintenance of health worldwide and play an important role in the introduction of new treatments.
More than 60 percent of the anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs in current use have been derived in one way or another from natural sources, including plants. The estimated number of plant species on earth ranges between , and 1,,, and less than ten percent of these have been studied chemically and pharmacologically for their potential medicinal value.
palaestina , which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae , is an extensive climber parasite. It is more often called dodder in English and Halook or Hamool Falastini in Arabic. The mature plants have no connection to the ground. The plant has no chlorophyll and cannot make its own nutrients by photosynthesis.
The stem consists of thread-like filaments that grow and attach themselves to nearby host plants. Cuscuta is a genus of about — species. As part of our efforts to find potential sources of agents that inhibit cancer development, we have investigated the anticancer effects of C.
palaestina crude extract on the colon carcinoma cell line. According to an intensive literature survey, no GC-MS method has yet been reported for the determination of the phytochemicals present in C.
The main constituents of the methanol and hexane extracts from this plant were explored and investigated by GC-MS in the electron impact mode and are reported in this paper for the first time. Moreover, an analytical method was designed to quantify the Sesamin amount present in the plant by using HPLC-PDA.
The results show that C. palaestina provides a reliable and enriched alternative source of Sesamin, which is commonly isolated from sesame seeds.
Samples of entire C. palaestina plants, comprising the stems and flowers, as well as their host plants, were collected from Kabul fields near Acre.
The plant was washed with distilled water, and dried in the shade. Quantities of fifty milliliters of water and five different organic solvents hexane, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform were added to the dried ground plant material 5 g in a beaker, and the samples were sonicated for min at 45°C and then left for 4 h to complete extraction.
Samples of 25 milliliters from all the extracts were concentrated with a rotary vacuum evaporator under reduced pressure to determine yields and concentrations, and the rest of the extract was used for GC-MS studies and for quantification by HPLC.
Components of C. palaestina from the methanol and hexane extracts were run and identified using a GC-MS system Agilent Technologies A coupled with a mass spectrometer Agilent Technologies C, inert MSD with a triple-axis detector. with a 0. The carrier gas was helium, at a flow rate of 1.
The injection port temperature was °C, and the ionization voltage was 70eV. The samples were injected in split mode with a ratio of The injection port temperature was °C, and the MS interface temperature was °C.
The solvent delay time was 7 min, in order to get rid of the gigantic solvent peak. The mass spectra obtained were preliminarily interpreted by comparing them with data in the Mass Spectral Library of the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, Gaithersburg, USA.
Chromatographic conditions were used to separate and quantify the Sesamin in C. Crude samples were run on a reversed-phase ODS column by Waters XBridge, 4. The mobile phase consisted of binary solvent mixture of 0. All of the samples were filtered with a 0.
The Sesamin was eluted with a retention time of Sesamin stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of Sesamin reference standard purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Israel in 40 mL ethanol, which produced a concentration of ppm.
The solution was filtered using a 0. Fig 1 displays a typical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin that was used in the current study.
In examining the phytochemical composition, GC-MS methodology identified 18 components in the methanol extract of the natural C. palaestina plant for the first time.
Understandably, fewer compounds were identified in the hexane extract. Figs 2 and 3 show the entire ion chromatograms of the methanol and hexane extract injections, respectively.
Good resolution was obtained in both chromatograms, since a min analysis scan run was performed, ending with a high temperature of °C, to facilitate the elution of high molecular weight compounds out of the capillary GC HP-5 column.
Dodecanoic acid isooctyl ester The major chemicals in the hexane extract are 8-hexylpentadecane The main components, along with their retention times RTs and peak area percentages, are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
Figs 4 and 5 show the chemical structures of the major components in the methanolic and hexane extracts, respectively. Sesamin see Fig 6 , which exists in the oil of sesame seeds and some other plants, was one of the major components, as shown in Table 1.
It exhibits a variety of biological activities, such as lipid-lowering [ 13 ], antihypertensive [ 14 ], antioxidant [ 15 ], and anticancer effects. Other phytochemicals see Fig 7 , which belong to the phytosterols—namely Campesterol 1.
For example, Campesterol has been shown to act as biomarker for cancer prevention and is reported to have potential antiangiogenic action via an inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and capillary differentiation.
The hexane extract, on the other hand, was tested for the sake of comparison with the polar methanol extract. It identified fewer compounds, mainly hydrocarbons, among which 8-hexylpentadecane was the principal compound Sesamin was present, but in lower concentrations than in the methanol extract.
The other two phytosterols Campesterol and Stigmasterol were not found in the hexane extract. Sesamin was extracted from C. palaestina with the use of different solvents under identical experimental conditions, followed by injection into the HPLC.
Retention times and the Sesamin stored standard UV-Vis spectrum were used to confirm the identity and specificity of the extracted Sesamin. Aqueous extract showed a negligible amount of Sesamin. Fig 8 portrays the chromatographic profile and the corresponding UV-Vis spectra of the Sesamin extracted from hexane, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform.
Although all the chromatograms were recorded at the maximum wavelength nm to quantify Sesamin, many other peaks were seen preceding and succeeding Sesamin in the extracts. In the PDA stored UV-Vis spectra, the matching of the peaks in the A, B, C, and D extracts with the standard Sesamin peak indicates high purity and specificity, and, therefore, the feasibility of utilizing preparative HPLC for scaling-up purposes in future investigations.
Methanol contained the greatest amount of Sesamin Typical analytical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin peak and its relevant UV-Vis spectrum in extracts of A hexane, B methanol, C ethanol, and D chloroform.
To verify whether the Sesamin is endogenous secondary metabolite to C. palaestina or originates merely from the host plant, different samples from the host plants alone, along with C.
palaestina alone, were extracted, and the Sesamin concentration was calculated shown in Fig 9. The five host plants were Malva sylvestris , Cichorium intybus , Prosopis farcta , Portulaca oleracea , and Corchorus olitorius.
Table 4 shows the Sesamin concentrations in methanolic extracts of C. palaestina that were parasitic to the aforementioned plants.
Since the Sesamin peaks were not seen in the chromatograms of the host plants, it was concluded that Sesamin is endogenous to C. A Chromatogram and UV-Vis spectra of extracted C.
palaestina that is grown on Malva sylvestris , B chromatogram Malva sylvestris , C chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Cichorium intybus , D chromatogram of Cichorium intybus , E chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Prosopis farcta , F chromatogram of Prosopis farcta , G chromatogram and spectrum of C.
palaestina that is grown on Portulaca oleracea , H chromatogram of Portulaca oleracea , I chromatogram and spectrum of C.
palaestina that is grown on Corchorus olitorius , J chromatogram of Corchorus olitorius. Sesamin is well documented in the scientific literature as a lipid-lowering agent, an antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-cancer drug candidate.
It is one of the principal lignan secondary metabolites that are commonly isolated from sesame seeds. However, the results of the current study show that natural C. palaestina contains a sufficient amount of Sesamin, about 0.
Following the determination of the Sesamin content in C. palaestina , we raised the question: Is Sesamin produced in C. palaestina or acquired from the host plant? The quantitation of the Sesamin content in five host plants and a comparison to the content in C. palaestina revealed that Sesamin is an endogenous metabolite in C.
Further study is required to verify whether C. palaestina could be a valuable source for the production of Sesamin or other anti-cancer phytochemicals, such as campesterol and stigmasterol. palaestina and other Cuscuta species.
A big question is raised of whether inferring Sesamin production in C. This study was supported by unrestricted grants from Al-Qasemi Academic College and the Institute of Applied Research—Galilee Society.
We acknowledge the Ministry of Science, Space and Technology. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website.
These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.
Necessary Necessary. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information. Non-necessary Non-necessary.
A Acai berry extract Acerola cherry eztracts Adenophora triphylla Extrats extract Agrimony Iron in the human body Aiye Natural plant extracts extract Akebia quinata Stem extract Alcea rosea Root extract Alfalfa extrracts Alisma Natural plant extracts Tuber pplant Aloe Vera Nayural American Natural plant extracts Root plantt Anemarrhena asphodeloides Natral extract Angelica extrachs Natural plant extracts extract Apple Peel extract Apricot Seed Vegan lunch ideas Arctium lappa burdock Root extract Artichoke Leaf extract Extractd heterotropoides extract Asian ginseng Panax plqnt Asparagus cochinchinensis Mediterranean diet and energy levels extract Astragalus Root extract B Banaba lagerstroemia speciosa extract Bayberry extract Bearberry Leaf Natural plant extracts Bitter orange Citrus aurantium extract Plaht sophora Root extract Black Cohosh extract Black bean Peel extract Blueberry extract Boswellia Serrata extract Bupleurum Chai Hu extract C Cactus extract Carrot extract Cascara Sagrada bark extract Cassia Nomame extract Cassia tora seed extract. Flower extract Greater Celandine Chelidonium extract Griffonia Seed extract 5-HTP Gymnema Sylvestre extract Gynostemma P. Malva Verticillata Seed extract Mango leaves extract Mangosteen Peel extract Milk Thistle Seed extract Momordica C, Longevity and sleep quality. bitter melon extract Morinda officinalis Root extract Motherwort leonurus japonicus extract Mucuna Pruriens Seed extract Mulberry Leaf extract Mustard Seed extract N Nardostachys Spikenard Root extract P Peanut Arachis hypogaea L. Tsutsusi extract Rhus chinensis Chinese Gall extract Roselle Hibiscus Flower extract Rosemary Leaf extract S Salvia miltiorrhiza Root extract Schisandra extract Schizonepeta tenuifolia extract Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract Semen ziziphi spinosae extract Siberian ginseng Root extract Soybean extract Spatholobus suberectus Stem extract Spider lily lycoris radiata extract Stevia Leaf extract Stinging Nettle Root extract Sweet wormwood Artemisinin extract T Tetradium ruticarpum Fruit extract Tongkat Ali Eurycoma longifolia extract Tree Peony bark extract Tribulus Terrestris extract U Uncaria rhynchophylla extract Y Yohimbe Bark extract [Yohimbine].Natural plant extracts -
The Sesamin was eluted with a retention time of Sesamin stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of Sesamin reference standard purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Israel in 40 mL ethanol, which produced a concentration of ppm.
The solution was filtered using a 0. Fig 1 displays a typical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin that was used in the current study.
In examining the phytochemical composition, GC-MS methodology identified 18 components in the methanol extract of the natural C. palaestina plant for the first time. Understandably, fewer compounds were identified in the hexane extract.
Figs 2 and 3 show the entire ion chromatograms of the methanol and hexane extract injections, respectively. Good resolution was obtained in both chromatograms, since a min analysis scan run was performed, ending with a high temperature of °C, to facilitate the elution of high molecular weight compounds out of the capillary GC HP-5 column.
Dodecanoic acid isooctyl ester The major chemicals in the hexane extract are 8-hexylpentadecane The main components, along with their retention times RTs and peak area percentages, are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Figs 4 and 5 show the chemical structures of the major components in the methanolic and hexane extracts, respectively.
Sesamin see Fig 6 , which exists in the oil of sesame seeds and some other plants, was one of the major components, as shown in Table 1.
It exhibits a variety of biological activities, such as lipid-lowering [ 13 ], antihypertensive [ 14 ], antioxidant [ 15 ], and anticancer effects. Other phytochemicals see Fig 7 , which belong to the phytosterols—namely Campesterol 1.
For example, Campesterol has been shown to act as biomarker for cancer prevention and is reported to have potential antiangiogenic action via an inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and capillary differentiation. The hexane extract, on the other hand, was tested for the sake of comparison with the polar methanol extract.
It identified fewer compounds, mainly hydrocarbons, among which 8-hexylpentadecane was the principal compound Sesamin was present, but in lower concentrations than in the methanol extract. The other two phytosterols Campesterol and Stigmasterol were not found in the hexane extract. Sesamin was extracted from C.
palaestina with the use of different solvents under identical experimental conditions, followed by injection into the HPLC. Retention times and the Sesamin stored standard UV-Vis spectrum were used to confirm the identity and specificity of the extracted Sesamin. Aqueous extract showed a negligible amount of Sesamin.
Fig 8 portrays the chromatographic profile and the corresponding UV-Vis spectra of the Sesamin extracted from hexane, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform. Although all the chromatograms were recorded at the maximum wavelength nm to quantify Sesamin, many other peaks were seen preceding and succeeding Sesamin in the extracts.
In the PDA stored UV-Vis spectra, the matching of the peaks in the A, B, C, and D extracts with the standard Sesamin peak indicates high purity and specificity, and, therefore, the feasibility of utilizing preparative HPLC for scaling-up purposes in future investigations.
Methanol contained the greatest amount of Sesamin Typical analytical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin peak and its relevant UV-Vis spectrum in extracts of A hexane, B methanol, C ethanol, and D chloroform. To verify whether the Sesamin is endogenous secondary metabolite to C.
palaestina or originates merely from the host plant, different samples from the host plants alone, along with C. palaestina alone, were extracted, and the Sesamin concentration was calculated shown in Fig 9. The five host plants were Malva sylvestris , Cichorium intybus , Prosopis farcta , Portulaca oleracea , and Corchorus olitorius.
Table 4 shows the Sesamin concentrations in methanolic extracts of C. palaestina that were parasitic to the aforementioned plants. Since the Sesamin peaks were not seen in the chromatograms of the host plants, it was concluded that Sesamin is endogenous to C.
A Chromatogram and UV-Vis spectra of extracted C. palaestina that is grown on Malva sylvestris , B chromatogram Malva sylvestris , C chromatogram and spectrum of C.
palaestina that is grown on Cichorium intybus , D chromatogram of Cichorium intybus , E chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Prosopis farcta , F chromatogram of Prosopis farcta , G chromatogram and spectrum of C.
palaestina that is grown on Portulaca oleracea , H chromatogram of Portulaca oleracea , I chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Corchorus olitorius , J chromatogram of Corchorus olitorius.
Sesamin is well documented in the scientific literature as a lipid-lowering agent, an antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-cancer drug candidate. It is one of the principal lignan secondary metabolites that are commonly isolated from sesame seeds.
However, the results of the current study show that natural C. palaestina contains a sufficient amount of Sesamin, about 0. Following the determination of the Sesamin content in C. palaestina , we raised the question: Is Sesamin produced in C.
palaestina or acquired from the host plant? The quantitation of the Sesamin content in five host plants and a comparison to the content in C. palaestina revealed that Sesamin is an endogenous metabolite in C. Further study is required to verify whether C. palaestina could be a valuable source for the production of Sesamin or other anti-cancer phytochemicals, such as campesterol and stigmasterol.
palaestina and other Cuscuta species. A big question is raised of whether inferring Sesamin production in C. This study was supported by unrestricted grants from Al-Qasemi Academic College and the Institute of Applied Research—Galilee Society.
We acknowledge the Ministry of Science, Space and Technology. We declare that the funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures. Abstract The aim of this study is to disclose the potential bioactive components of Cuscuta palaestina , a native parasitic natural plant of flora palaestina and to open direction towards new prospective application.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Introduction Recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in plants as an alternative avenue to the discovery of new pharmaceuticals. Material and methods Plant collection and extract preparation Samples of entire C.
GC-MS analysis condition Components of C. Method for the quantitative analysis of the Sesamin content of C. palaestina by analytical HPLC-PDA Chromatographic conditions were used to separate and quantify the Sesamin in C.
Calibration curve of the standards Sesamin stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of Sesamin reference standard purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Israel in 40 mL ethanol, which produced a concentration of ppm.
Download: PPT. Fig 1. Typical analytical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of standard Sesamin at concentration of ppm; the UV-Vis spectrum maxima is at a λ of Results and discussion In examining the phytochemical composition, GC-MS methodology identified 18 components in the methanol extract of the natural C.
Fig 2. Therefore, extrapolating the incredible potential of PEs to combat abiotic stresses, especially salinity, would be a promising approach for a sustainable agriculture.
Stress perception and signaling hold an imperative role for subsequent plant behavior. Apoplastic and symplastic pathways are the recognized routes of ions entry into plant that result in salinity Lamers et al. Similarly, ethylene receptors like Nicotiana tabacum histidine kinase 1 NTHK1 are also reported to modulate stress signaling Cao et al.
These sensors further interact with their respective partners, e. It is reported that within 20 s of stress sodium application a change in SOS1 exchanger activity can be detected Lamers et al. Ultimately these alterations result in the genomic regulations activation of transcription factors and stress responsive genes by biosynthesizing metabolites and other compounds needed to combat salinity.
There are two categories of stress- responsive genes, i. Rao et al. Figure 2. Representation of membrane-based proteins, and ion channels that regulate ions movement in plants under saline environment. Since plants undergo an osmotic stress under saline environment, therefore it is proposed that receptors involved in osmotic, or drought sensing can also be implicated for salinity signal transduction.
Similarly, the receptor-like kinases RLKs present on plasma membrane have also been reported to play certain role Lamers et al.
Plants generally vary in their response to salinity. Their response could be cellular- and tissue level, morphological, or physiological. Such response depends on various factors including duration and severity of stress, plant age and its developmental stage, and plant species Peleg et al.
Therefore, some plants are found to be more tolerant less sensitive to salinity than others. For example, barley Hordeum vulgare is more tolerant to salinity than rice Oryza sativa Munns and Tester, Plants are generally categorized as halophytes or euhalophytes based on their genetic adaptability to salinity, whereas they are termed as glycophytes if they are less-tolerant or not adapted to salt stress Acosta-Motos et al.
The general effects of salt stress in glycophytes occur in the following two forms Munns and Tester, ; Acosta-Motos et al. i Immediate response: onset of osmotic stress on surpassing the threshold limit of salts in the root zone resulting in the reduction of shoot biomass.
The rapid osmotic phase response of plants begins at the root-soil periphery. The toxic concentrations of salt ions build up osmotic pressure that negatively regulates the rate of leaf expansion, emergence of new leaves, lateral buds- and shoots formation. The second phase is characterized by the higher accumulation rate i.
Although, some plant species are sensitive to higher Cl — concentrations. This results in the reduced photosynthetic rates of plants that causes a reduction in their growth rate. Since ionic stress is time taking due to the accumulation of ions, therefore plant growth is affected much later with lesser impact as compared to osmotic stress.
Salinity tolerance in plants is achieved through a series of complex signaling and biosynthetic responses. However, the commonly known mechanisms of salinity tolerance include morphological roots and aerial parts , metabolic osmotic regulation, ionic and molecular homeostasis, and hormonal homeostasis , and genetic responses.
Comprehensive reports of salinity tolerance mechanisms have been reported previously Munns and Tester, ; Gupta and Huang, ; Tang et al. Here, a description of these mechanisms is presented to elaborate the use of PEs, as they reinforce these salinity tolerance mechanisms.
Plants can adapt their morphological features to sustain the normal functioning and cellular homeostasis in case of any unfavorable stimulus. This is characterized as phenotypic plasticity. This also occurs in case of salinity. Although, it varies among salt tolerant and salt sensitive species. Generally, the productivity or yield of an agricultural crop can be assessed by analyzing its above-and below-ground parts.
Therefore, few of the growth indices, as per Beadle , taken into consideration for salt stress studies in plants are listed below:. Where W represents the total dry weight, WL is the total dry weight of leaves, A is the total leaf area, t is the time, 1 and 2 represents the start and end of a period, respectively.
Considering these growth indices as standard, various studies have demonstrated relative effects of salinity on plant morphology as a decrease in RGR in five ornamental plants Cassaniti et al. coronopifolium Morales et al.
Most of these changes suggest that plants under salt stress intend to increase the CO 2 diffusion so that the energy production should not be disrupted along with an increased water use efficiency through higher photosynthetic performance.
Similarly, leaf senescence and leaf color change are also salinity mitigation mechanisms, in which chlorophyll is gradually degraded resulting in the accumulation of carotenoids and anthocyanins that provide protection against oxidative stress Hörtensteiner, ; Garriga et al.
Plant roots experience some morphological changes in their size, diameter, and number so as to maximize the nutrients and water uptake. Increased root to shoot ratio helps plants in compartmentalization and ions retention.
Likewise, root proliferation helps plant to curb toxic ions accumulations. Also, root density and electrical conductivity increases under saline environment Acosta-Motos et al. The other anatomical and ultra-structural change under salinity is the development of casparian strip and suberin lamella serving as apoplastic barrier.
Salinity creates an ionic imbalance in plants that may result in denaturation or damage to subcellular organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria. Therefore, plants compartmentalize the excessive ions into their vacuoles, and usually put into play their inclusion and exclusion mechanisms.
This is generally regulated by a sequestration of excessive salt into vacuole with the help of various pumps e. Osmotic potential ψ s of plant cell is critical for its growth, development, and yield.
That is why its proper regulation is important. Plants generally produce osmoprotectants to keep in check their ψ s. These compounds are also described as compatible solutes. Unlike ions they neither paralyze the metabolic functions of enzymes, nor they destabilize the cellular membranes.
In comparison to inorganic compounds, higher concentrations of these compounds are non-toxic to cellular metabolism Nahar et al. Additionally, osmoprotectants play a diverse role in plant physiology under harsh conditions.
Some of their prominent roles regarding metabolic adjustments in plants under stress include stabilization of proteins structures, regulation of protein folding, detoxification of ROS, stabilization of thylakoid membranes, protection of antioxidant enzymes, regulation of redox balance, and activation of stress responsive genes that result in redox homeostasis, stress signaling, upregulation of photosynthesis, and scavenging of toxic radicals Zulfiqar et al.
These compatible solutes include betaines [proline betaine, hydroxyproline betaine, glycine betaine GB , and pipecolate betaine], proline, sugars fructose, glucose, sucrose, and fructans , and sugar alcohols mannitol, sorbitol, and inositol.
It is also reported to safeguard PSII under salt stress. Also, proline acts as an osmoprotectant as well as a molecular chaperone sustaining the structural integrity of macromolecules. Similarly, higher amounts of reduced sugars, i. One of the most common abiotic stress indicators in plants is the induction of oxidative stress.
Salt stress also results in oxidative stress that comprises of ROS, reactive carbonyl species RCS , and reactive nitrogen species RNS Mano, ; Corpas, ; Fancy et al.
However, these indicators of stress are also found in plant cells under normal conditions and a proper regulation of their intrinsic cellular concentration exists because they are also involved in plant growth and development, and signaling at subcellular and intercellular level Corpas, ; Fancy et al.
Under any unfavorable condition, homeostatic balance of these reactive species disrupts resulting in altered cellular redox potential that results in the denaturation of various vital compounds including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, etc.
and disruption of cellular structures Mano, ; Hasanuzzaman et al. Nitric oxide NO and derived molecules altogether constitute RNS, whereas methylglyoxal MG and other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds constitute RCS that are more stable than ROS Mano et al. Mitigation of these radicals protect plant organelles in a number of ways.
For example, the photoproduction and removal of ROS not only protects the chloroplast from the damaging effects of ROS but also acts as an escape valve for excess photons Hasanuzzaman et al. Similarly, MG detoxification may result in improved cell proliferation, miotic index, seed germination, photosynthesis, stress-related gene expression, etc.
Mostofa et al. Preferred sites of ROS generation have been identified as chloroplast, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, whereas for NO as peroxisomes—although this remains a subject of further research Hernandez et al. Similarly, RCS are generated as a by-product in various metabolic pathways, i.
Ascorbate—glutathione AsA—GSH is a key metabolic pathway that keeps the oxidative stress of plants in check through enzymatic [catalase CAT EC 1. Similarly, RCS scavenging system also comprises of enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds Mano et al. A rise in MG levels is usually observed under salt stress that triggers the synthesis of glyoxalase: enzyme responsible for the detoxification of MG Kaur et al.
Under salt stress, mitochondria and chloroplast are specifically found to be affected. Consequently, electron transport chain is disrupted due to stomatal closure. This O 2 — is further converted to hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 and superoxide O 2 — by superoxide dismutase SOD.
Similarly, O 2 — generation in peroxisomes is modulated by APX and CAT activities. Protein denaturation and other structural damages have been reported previously in salt stressed cells, affecting particularly chloroplast and mitochondria due to the accumulation of H 2 O 2 and O 2 — radicals.
This cycle helps in excessive energy dissipation in the form of heat, constituting the main mechanism of excessive energy dissipation, from PSII through non-photochemical quenching NPQ.
Zeaxanthin serves as an antioxidant for photoinhibition and photo-oxidation by scavenging ROS in thylakoid membranes. Similarly, salinity also results in the decrease in chlorophyl content that causes an increase in the anthocyanin and carotenoid accumulation, which help in toxic radicals scavenging and chloroplasts protection from photoinhibition and photooxidation.
In the same way, another adapted mechanism for salinity tolerance is photorespiration that constantly recycles carbon dioxide from the decarboxylation of glycine in the mitochondria, so that the Calvin cycle is kept operational.
Consequently, it diminishes ROS generation in electron transport chain. In addition, plants also use the water-water cycle to scavenge the ROS and dissipate excessive energy.
In this cycle, water generated electrons in PSII are used to; a photo-reduce the dioxygen to superoxide in PSI, and b recycle ascorbate; thereby sustaining a linear electron flow for ATP generation.
Furthermore, NO is involved in the glutathione metabolism by regulating GSH-dependent enzymes, i. Also, it is reported that NO is a multifunctional molecule that regulates salt stress through genetic and molecular level regulations.
Besides the aforementioned mechanisms, plants can also mitigate the oxidative stress through selective up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, as found in Lycopersicon pennellii Hernandez et al. Phytohormones modulate salinity by participating in signaling pathways and gene regulation. Abscisic acid ABA is known to regulate genes responsible for stomatal closure and osmoprotectant biosynthesis.
It also helps in plant acclimation and inhibition of lateral root growth Arif et al. Likewise, brassinosteroids BRs help plant to cope up with salinity by playing their role in the pollen tube growth, reproduction, proton pump activation, vascular differentiation, photosynthesis, and by improving antioxidant and osmoprotectant contents Nolan et al.
Also, cytokinins CKs are involved in salinity mitigation by increasing shoot to root ratio and antioxidants gene expression Arif et al. Furthermore, ethylene is involved in salinity signaling perception and upregulating the expression of osmoprotectant genes, e.
As well, gibberellins GAs are increased under salinity and modulate it by improving redox metabolism, sugar signaling, and osmolyte production Fahad et al. Additionally, jasmonic acid JA reinforces the expression of arginine decarboxylase, invertase, and Rubisco genes to mitigate salinity.
It is also involved in the metabolism of fatty acid along with methyl jasmonate MeJA. The upregulation of arginine decarboxylase genes results in the modulation of polyamines biosynthesis that serve as osmolytes.
Furthermore, it facilitates protein synthesis and CO 2 fixation under saline conditions Arif et al. Additionally, higher amounts of polyamines PAs , nitrogen-containing aliphatic compounds, are accumulated in salt stressed cells to modulate signaling, cell proliferation, genetic expression, cell turgidity, and senescence Ismail and Horie, In addition, salicylic acid SA modulates plant salinity to a great deal by participating in signaling pathways and regulating various genes expression.
It also modulates ion homeostasis, i. Plants affected by salinity undertake various genomic adjustments in which various genes are up- and down-regulated. Currently, several advanced genomic techniques have made it possible to assess the molecular changes going-on in a plant under salt stress.
Although, this is a set of complex mechanisms that range from transcription to post-translational modifications. Such genetic variation of expression results in the higher production of RNAs and proteins necessary to mitigate salinity. For instance, an upregulation of genes responsible for osmoprotectants biosynthesis is certainly a desired behavior for combating salinity Amirbakhtiar et al.
Nevertheless, an upregulation of genes is not always the case, rather the genomic behavior of plants may result in down-regulation, moderate expression, or even no expression.
Similarly, gene expression can also be altered by the involvement of transcription factors or interfering RNAs. It has been discovered that the endogenous small interfering RNAs siRNAs and microRNAs miRNAs e.
Following four functional categories of stress-responsive genes of plants have been established by Rao et al. a Molecular chaperones e. b Ion transport or homeostasis e.
c Dehydration-related transcription factors e. d Senescence-associated genes e. Some representative and differentially expressed genes DEGs are presented in Table 1 , where genes or their families are grouped based on their function and involvement in signaling transduction, stress ionic, osmotic, and oxidative , and metabolites biosynthesis.
Generally, all these sets of genes are upregulated under saline environment with few exceptions Arif et al. In a recent study, around DEGs for Triticum aestivum , treated with mM NaCl, have been reported Amirbakhtiar et al. This huge number of transcripts indicate the level of complexity involved in the regulation of salt stress, although it varies from species to species.
Moreover, this study also underlined the upregulation of a set of genes involved particularly in signaling pathways, ion transporters, and oxidative stress. Table 1. Representative salt stress regulating genes and their respective functions in plants. Likewise, genes encoding for proteins of photosynthetic machinery, ROS scavenging activity, SOD, cytochrome production, and isoflavone reductase production have also been found to be upregulated Fahad et al.
Briefly, all of the enzymes, proteins, osmoprotectants, co-factors, transporters, metabolites, etc. involved in ionic, oxidative, and osmotic stress as described above: in morphological adjustments and metabolic adjustments get their respective genes upregulated under the salt stress.
For example, calcium pathways and SOS signaling genes have been reported to play their role in cell homeostasis and salt acclimation Fahad et al. Although, several transcription factors play their intermediate role in these processes and post-translational modifications, but a comprehensive elucidation of their role remains ambiguous.
Salts accumulation around the plants root cause salinity in plants. In order to remove these toxic concentrations of salts so as to gain maximum plant yield, commonly implied strategies include flushing, scraping, and leaching.
Of these leaching is most widely used strategy, in which irrigation is sustained over the evapotranspiration rates. The excessive amount of water retains the concentrations of salts below their critical limits.
Various irrigation models e. based on the leaching principle have also been suggested as salinity mitigation approach and to improve crop yield Plaut et al. But these models either considered the salt concentration as constant for any given time or were limited in their performance under various environmental factors; thereby constraining crop yield.
Soil mulching is another conventional approach for salinity mitigation. For this, soil surface is covered with mulch or plastic sheet to enhance water availability by limiting water evaporation.
However, this approach has short term effects and is only efficient to affect the upper soil layer. Nevertheless, this is not widely adopted technique due to associated costs and intricacy of process. Another conventional approach is the cultivation of halophytes in saline soils for eliminating or reducing the accumulated salts to the threshold levels for glycophytes.
Some halophytes are reported to have salt glands for this purpose that possess the ability to exclude salts, whereas others are reported to have salt hairs that serve to accumulate salts. Additionally, better agronomic and farm management practices can also improve salinity.
For instance, with the drip irrigation a controlled amount of water can be applied to the soil, whereby limiting the soil salination.
Also, surface and sprinkler irrigations might prove effective to leach down the excessive salts from root zone. Similarly, crop rotation with perennial crops can be practiced particularly in rain-fed areas.
Deep roots of perennial crops might help restore the salt-water equilibrium in the soil Plaut et al. In this regard, halophytes or salinity tolerant genotypes could be bred with desired salinity susceptible crop plants to get salt tolerant progeny.
Equally, elicitation of plant bioregulators, osmolytes, antioxidants, or other metabolites biosynthesis has also been regarded as a valuable approach Ashraf and Akram, ; Zulfiqar and Ashraf, a.
However, despite of the remarkable potential, these strategies are rather limited due to huge amounts of time required and the associated costs. Equally, salinity tolerance is a complex process that is regulated by a large number of genes that obscures the crop breeding and genetic transformation processes.
Therefore, attaining a salt resistant transgenic line with its subsequent adoption in field conditions still remains a challenge. In the same way, use of microbial inoculants, chemical and organic soil amendments, and electro remediation are other promising salinity mitigation strategies that are gaining increased scientific attention lately Sahab et al.
As chemical soil amendments pose threats to soil microbiota and indirectly to human life, therefore this cannot be regarded as a sustainable approach.
Use of natural PEs, in this regard, can be associated with this strategy of salinity mitigation, although PEs do not only have phytonutrients but also other stress relieving metabolites, e. Use of PEs to mitigate salinity can be regarded as an environment friendly and sustainable way of fighting abiotic stress, as it contains no synthetic chemicals.
Depending upon the parts of plants used to prepare PE, it may contain various amounts of bioactive compounds flavonols, phenolics, betaines, amino-polysaccharides, sterols, glucosinolates, terpenoids, furostanol glycosides, etc.
Due to the associated detoxifying and ROS quenching capabilities of these compounds, PEs are frequently used in pharmacological industry for providing protection against neurodegeneration, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and cancer like chronic diseases Pehlivan, Since these natural compounds are also effective in preventing macromolecules like lipids, proteins, and DNA from damage in animal cells Pehlivan, , therefore it can be deduced that they might also be effective in plants against salinity as it disrupts redox balance in plants.
This has been demonstrated in previous studies that PEs contribute to a better growth, development, yield, disease-, and stress-resistance in plants given the presence of aforementioned compounds Howladar, ; Drobek et al.
Nevertheless, further scientific evidences are yet to be excavated to ensure that such a wide variety of molecules in PEs is functional or not. Similarly, viability and quality of PEs is also an aspiring research area.
Sources of PEs, methods of application, and their implications against salinity are discussed below. Plant extracts or botanicals are prepared from natural resources like higher plants.
They can be prepared either from a whole plant or from any specific part of the plant, i. Whereas plant derived products like protein hydrolyzates, polyamines, polyols, amides, etc. fall under the category of plant derived biostimulants PDBs , as PEs are multicomponent mixtures.
However, the extraction of a particular compound or a mixture of compounds can be reinforced by selecting an appropriate method of extract preparation. Conventionally PEs are prepared by maceration. The extraction is done in some solvent either hydrous or organic.
For aqueous extraction, desired plant part is macerated or processed mechanically in deionized H 2 O, followed by its purification and centrifugation. The resultant analyte is diluted as per requirement and applied to plant Rady and Mohamed, ; Abd El-Mageed et al.
In organic solvent extraction, the desired plant part is homogenized in an organic solvent, e. Further, the resultant extractants are purified by removing organic solvents through evaporation Salama et al.
Aqueous extraction is considered relatively easier, faster, and economical as compared to the organic solvent-based extraction. Goldberg, Besides, these basic methods can be further modified based on the desired extractant, i. However, an appropriate method of PE preparation is important as it affects the stability characteristics of the formulation Lötze and Hoffman, In addition, the extractions carried out using organic solvent, like ethanol, may vary in triggering the physiological response as compared to the extracts prepared through aqueous extraction.
The possible reason of such difference could be the variation in physiochemical properties, i. For instance, a subsequent increase in the extract viscosity was observed when pH and temperature were increased Briceño-Domínguez et al.
Similarly, penetration and assimilation of applied extract may vary depending upon its hydrophilic nature, mode of application, environmental conditions light, temperature, relative humidity, etc.
A turgid cell might not absorb more water resulting in no absorption of aqueous extract. Likewise, a PE prepared through organic solvent-based extraction might also not get absorbed due to the hydrophilic nature of plant cuticle.
All these variable factors greatly influence plant physiological response to PEs. A stepwise illustration of the preparation of PEs is presented in Figure 3. Usually, PEs are applied to plants through following three methods;.
a Foliar spray Habib et al. b Soil based application Pehlivan, ; Hassanein et al. c Biopriming seed priming Panuccio et al. For a good penetration and assimilation of ingredients, PEs should be water soluble or in any other suitable solvent.
To overcome the lipophilicity and molecular size like uptake problems might be solved by mixing PEs with surfactants or other additives Yakhin et al.
Similarly, the absorbability of PEs also depends upon the molecular structure of cuticle of the plant under study, environmental conditions, and other extrinsic factors Bulgari et al.
The basic aim of the use of PEs is reinforcing the plant responses to salinity so as to sustain the cellular homeostasis. Exogenous application of PEs is found to take part in the signaling, primary and secondary metabolic pathways, and other physiological processes of plant Table 2.
Similarly, morphological, and anatomical adjustments are important mechanisms for stress regulation in plants. These altered characteristics might help glycophytes in better acclimation and tolerance, presumably, by enhanced robustness, a higher accumulation of reserves, photosynthetic pigments, gaseous exchange, and ionic compartmentalization.
Nevertheless, nutrients are the fundamental players for such alterations providing energy and substrates. Nutrient uptake is greatly challenged under salinity conditions Munns and Tester, ; Zörb et al. Several studies have reported an improvement in nutrient particularly NPK, Fe, Zn, and Mn uptake and assimilation in salt stressed plant upon the application of PEs Bulgari et al.
Table 2. Use of different plant extracts PEs against salinity in various plant species. The PEs rich in antioxidants can be associated to facilitate the stress mitigation processes through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. These perturbations could be mitigated by the enhanced content of GSH and AsA that improve the tolerance by decreasing electrolyte leakage and stabilizing membrane integrity.
could be attributed to enhanced ionic, hormonal, and osmotic adjustments that result in improved acclimation, photosynthetic efficiency, growth, and yield Bulgari et al. Overall, lower concentrations of PEs have been found to induce these positive results as higher concentrations might produce harmful results.
Similarly, PEs are efficient sources of ROS and RNS scavengers that are needed to mitigate toxic radicals and stabilize cell homeostasis. Desoky et al. Analogous results have been reported in case of Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia faba, Triticum aestivum, Lupinus termis , and Zea mays plants subjected to varying degree of salt concentrations Rady and Mohamed, ; Latif and Mohamed, ; Latef et al.
In another study, presence of phenols, flavonoids, and AsA in Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts was associated to salinity alleviation in apple seedlings Mahmoudand and Dahab, Each plant responds differently as per PEs used and therefore various oxidative stress mitigation strategies can be observed.
A demonstration of negative effects of salinity on plant and its mitigation by PEs is illustrated in Figure 4. Figure 4. Illustration of the impact of salinity, in terms of morphological, biochemical, and genetic changes, on plants Left in comparison with the plants supplied with PEs Right.
In the same way, PEs carried phytohormones, particularly ABA, JA, ethylene, and SA, stimulate the signaling pathway; whereby triggering various transcription factors and stress related genes.
Equally, phytohormones might also be associated to bolster the photosynthetic machinery and overall ionic balance in the cell.
In a recent study, Cupressus macrocarpa foliar extract primed seed were found to have upregulated various stress related genes CuZnSOD2 , CAT1 , DHAR, APX , P rx Q , and GR in Cucurbita pepo ElSayed et al.
Upregulation of P rx Q -, APX -, SOD -, DHAR -, GR -, and CAT -encoding genes have also reported in Pisum sativum when its seeds were primed with Glycyrrhiza glabra root extracts and subjected to mM NaCl stress Desoky et al.
Another evidence of the possible role of PEs in signaling was backed in a study on Arabidopsis , where moringa leaf extracts facilitated salinity mitigation by transcriptionally activating ABA-, SA-, AUX-, and ET-related signaling pathways Brazales-Cevallos et al. ABA is also reported to regulate the transcription factor ABI5 ABSCISIC ACID INSENSIVE 1 that is required by plants to activate ABI5 expression and salt acclimation Zörb et al.
However, comprehensive studies to establish the molecular basis of PEs phytohormones in signaling are either in dearth or non-existent. Plant extracts being amalgams of various biological compounds make it difficult to map out their exact mode of action.
Studies undertaken to compare the individual effects of various osmolytes e. Similarly, the role of PEs in signal transduction remains ambiguous as exogenous application of relevant compounds i. can also elicit the plant response. Either PEs work as elicitors of natural compounds or PEs carried molecule assimilation results in the desired results, needs further investigation.
Similarly, the involvement of protein kinases has already been documented in saline environments Zörb et al. Body lotions For men Face lotions Creams Face creams Creams on a base without glycerin. Foot care Algae Powdered algae Algae masks Algae peelings.
Hyaluronic acids Hyaluronic acids in dropper bottles with pipette. Body butters Oils Oils in dropper bottles with pipette. Cosmetics bases Emulsifiers. Plant extracts Fruit Extracts.
Powders Bases and Fillers Ready-made sets - color cosmetics Filters Other Basic components Packages Pigments Opaque pigments Pearlescent pigments Mica. Essential oils. Active substances Proteins.
Accessories Glass bottles Plastic bottles Soap molds Cosmetic packages Plastic jars Packages wholesale Laboratory equipment and water. Gifts Gift tokens. Soaps Inserts Soap bases Pigments Clays Natural essential and fragrance oils Dried flowers and flower petals. You are here: » Home page » Plant and fruit extracts » Plant extracts.
Browsing options. Categories Plant extracts Expiration date Price from to Filter. New no On sale no Plant extracts Plant extracts are essences from plants or, to be more precise, essences from their flowers, leaves, bark, fruit or roots.
Owing to their precious ingredients they have the following properties: Healing Smoothing Moistening Caring Disinfecting A large variety of produced plant extracts allows to select them depending on the needs of our skin.
Plant extracts Default Product name from A to Z Product name from Z to A From the lowest price From the highest price. Aloe Extract Eco Expiration date: Add to cart check more. Aloe Extract Organic Expiration date:
Welcome to Increase productivity levels store Learn more. Natural plant extracts Longevity and sleep quality our extgacts is where Nature's Way got it's name back in Coconut Oil Capsules. MenoHerb Black Cohosh Menopause Relief Tablets. KarmaMood Maximum Strength St John's Wort Tablets.
Plant extract refers Natural plant extracts a Natural plant extracts that is extrcats through an Beta-alanine and muscle buffering capacity and separation Natrual where plants are used Natjral raw materials. Generally plqnt original components of the plants are not changed. In some cases, excipients are also used to make the powder or granular products have features like good fluidity and resistance to moisture absorption. There are also a small amount of liquid or oily plant extract products. According to process and intrinsic quality, plant extracts can be divided into simple extracts, quantitative extracts, standardized extracts, and purified extracts.
Ich entschuldige mich, aber meiner Meinung nach lassen Sie den Fehler zu. Geben Sie wir werden es besprechen. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden umgehen.