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Bitter Orange as Traditional Chinese Medicine. Herbal Spotlight with Dr. Jenelle KimCitrus aurantium for antioxidant benefits -
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Campbell JIA, Mortensen A, Mølgaard P Tissue lipid lowering-effect of a traditional Nigerian anti-diabetic infusion of Rauwolfia vomitoria foilage and Citrus aurantium fruit. Jiang J, Yan L, Shi Z, Wang L, Shan L, Efferth T Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of total flavonoids of Qu Zhi Ke peel of Citrus changshan-huyou on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via modulation of NF-κB and MAPKs.
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Int J Drug Discov Herb Res — Palazzolo E, Armando Laudicina V, Antonietta Germanà M Current and potential use of citrus essential oils. Curr Org Chem — Download references. Reproductive and Endocrinology, Toxicology, and Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Disease Control and Immunization, Bayelsa State Primary Health Care Board, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Department of Chemical Sciences, Crown-Hill University, Eiyenkorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
Correspondence to Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro. Department of Microbiology, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria. Department of Sustainable Development, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA.
Government College, University of Faisalabad, Islamabad, Pakistan. Reprints and permissions. Ogunro, O. Citrus aurantium : Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Potential, Safety Considerations, and Research Needs.
In: Izah, S. eds Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. Received : 10 September Accepted : 17 September Published : 10 November Publisher Name : Springer, Cham.
Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life Sciences Reference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Abstract Citrus aurantium , commonly referred to as sour orange or bitter orange, holds significant importance both in biological and economic terms.
Keywords Citrus aurantium Bitter orange Phytochemicals Non-pharmacological uses Economic relevance. Abbreviations ALT: Alanine transminase AMPKα: Activated protein kinase alpha AMPKα: AMP-activated protein kinase alpha AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CAVAPs: Crude polysaccharides of C.
aurantium L. Amara Engls DPPH: 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ERK: Extracellular signal- regulated kinase EtOAc: Ethyl acetate FAS: Fatty acid synthase FDA: Food and Drug Administration FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase GSK3β: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta IL-1β: Interleukin-1β IL Interleukin 6 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MTD: Maximum tolerated dose NAFLD: Non-alcohol fatty liver disease NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa B NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect-level NOEL: No-observed-effect-level Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ORAC: Oxygen radical absorbance capacity PGC-1α: PPARγ co-activator 1α PTFC: Pure total flavonoids from citrus SCD1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TNF- α: Tumor necrosis factor α UCP1: Uncoupling protein-1 WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp — Chapter Google Scholar Abbaspoor Z, Siahposh A, Javadifar N, Faal SS, Mohaghegh Z, Sharifipour F The effect of Citrus aurantium aroma on the sleep quality in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.
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J Herb Med Article Google Scholar Suryawanshi JAS An overview of Citrus aurantium used in treatment of various diseases. African J Plant Sci — Google Scholar Ersus S, Cam M Determination of organic acids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of sour Citrus aurantium fruits.
Chem Nat Compd — Article CAS Google Scholar Zhang C, Bucheli P, Liang X, Lu Y Citrus flavonoids as functional ingredients and their role in traditional Chinese medicine. Bear in mind that limonene cannot prevent or cure COVID Another protoalkaloid found in bitter orange is p-octopamine.
However, little to no p-octopamine exists in bitter orange extracts. The leaves of the bitter orange plant are rich in vitamin C , which acts as an antioxidant. Antioxidants are substances that may protect your body from disease by preventing cell damage.
They work by deactivating free radicals, which are unstable compounds that damage your cells, increasing inflammation and your disease risk 15 , Protoalkaloids are plant compounds found in bitter orange that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties.
They have been shown to be safe for consumption. Many weight loss supplements use bitter orange extracts in combination with other ingredients.
However, scientific studies have not thoroughly examined the composition of these supplements to determine which ingredient, if any, supports weight loss.
Notably, p-synephrine has been shown to increase fat breakdown, raise energy expenditure, and mildly suppress appetite , all of which may contribute to reduced weight. Yet, these effects occur at high doses that are discouraged due to the lack of safety information 4 , 8 , Bitter orange and its extracts are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM to treat indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation.
In other regions, the fruit is used to treat anxiety and epilepsy 3. Another study noted that the bitter orange compound p-synephrine may improve athletic performance though by increasing total reps and volume load, or your ability to train harder A stimulant is a substance that increases your heart rate and blood pressure 1.
Several sports organizations, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA , list synephrine as a stimulant. Furthermore, one study determined that bitter orange juice contains furanocoumarin, a compound that may cause the same medication interactions as grapefruit juice Therefore, people taking decongestants or those who have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma should avoid the juice and fruit of bitter oranges.
Despite numerous studies showing that bitter orange extracts are not stimulants, widespread controversy exists, and the NCAA has listed it as a banned substance. Bitter orange may also interact with certain medications. Generally, bitter orange extracts in dietary supplements are safe to consume in doses of 50—98 mg per day 1 , One study showed that 40 mg of synephrine combined with mg of caffeine is a safe dose of these combined ingredients 3.
In another study, eating a whole bitter orange containing Still, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid bitter orange due to a lack of safety information 1. Bitter orange is likely safe in doses ranging from The juice of the bitter orange can be used as a marinade to flavor fish and meat.
Bitter orange has several other household uses outside of the kitchen. These include 2 :. Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with several household and industrial uses, ranging from food additives to perfumery.
You may want to avoid this fruit and its extracts if you have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma. Likewise, bitter orange supplements are banned for NCAA athletes. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
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Aurantiumm Complementary Medicine and Surantium Metabolic health awareness 24Article number: 73 Benefihs this Blood sugar control strategies. Metrics details. Digestive aid for healthy bowel movements fruit essential oil is considered Electrolyte Restoration of the widely studied benerits oils while its leaves attract less attention although being antixidant in nearly the same composition as the peel and flowers. The leaves of bitter orange or sour orange Citrus aurantium L. were extracted using three different techniques namely; hydrodistillation HDsteam distillation SDand microwave-assisted distillation MV to compare their chemical composition. The samples were tested in vitro using different antioxidant techniques DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, PBD, and MCAneuroprotective enzyme inhibitory activities acetylcholine and butyl choline enzymesand antidiabetic activities α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The results showed that thirty-five volatile ingredients were detected and quantified.
Citrus aurantiumcommonly referred Micronutrient supplementation benefits as iCtrus orange Metabolic health awareness bitter orange, aurantoum significant importance both in biological and economic terms. Throughout history, humans have Citrrus to nature in amtioxidant pursuit of Citrus aurantium for antioxidant benefits and wellness. Among the plants that have historically played a role in Metabolic health awareness fitness, Citrus aurantium stands antioxifant. A diverse array of phytochemical constituents present in Citrus aurantium have been closely tied to its various biological activities, encompassing areas such as gastrointestinal disorders, insomnia, headaches, cancer treatment, antiseptic properties, antioxidant effects, and antispasmodic effects. Beyond its pharmacological relevance, Citrus aurantium also boasts numerous non-pharmacological applications that make it particularly intriguing. It serves as a food preservative agent, contributes to aromatherapy practices, acts as a pesticide, provides raw materials for the pulp and paper industry, lends its aromatic qualities to the food processing and cosmetics sectors, and offers potential as an anti-aging agent. Despite its impressive array of properties, the utilization of Citrus aurantium and its derivatives has been linked to certain unwanted side effects.
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