Video
Dr. Rhonda Patrick: Micronutrients for Health \u0026 Longevity - Huberman Lab Podcast #70Micronutrient supplementation benefits -
Palumbo explains there are few quality food sources of vitamin D , which is key for building and maintaining strong bones, helping metabolize glucose, and supporting the immune system, per the NIH.
Ask your healthcare team which dosage is right for you. For most micronutrients, though, whole food sources are the main way to go. This will prevent you from overdoing it on a single nutrient. Megadoses of micronutrients may cause issues like poisoning or chronic problems, though it is rare, according to North Carolina State University.
Plus, nutrients within whole foods can work together to aid absorption in the body. So when you create your meal plan for the week, focus on making sure fruits and vegetables take the lead in your meals.
For example, many foods that are orange or dark green, like carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli and kale , contain vitamin A, according to the University of Washington.
Micronutrients, also known as vitamins and minerals, are key to healthy development, fighting diseases, and keeping you functioning at your best, according to the CDC.
These vitamins and minerals all must come from your diet — save for vitamin D, which your body can make after exposure to sunlight, depending on your geography and skin tone, and which you can also get via supplements, per the CDC. Try to eat a plant-forward diet that includes foods from all the different food groups, so you reap the crucial benefits of these essential vitamins and minerals.
Everyday Health follows strict sourcing guidelines to ensure the accuracy of its content, outlined in our editorial policy. We use only trustworthy sources, including peer-reviewed studies, board-certified medical experts, patients with lived experience, and information from top institutions.
Health Conditions A-Z. Best Oils for Skin Complementary Approaches Emotional Wellness Fitness and Exercise Healthy Skin Online Therapy Reiki Healing Resilience Sleep Sexual Health Self Care Yoga Poses See All.
Atkins Diet DASH Diet Golo Diet Green Tea Healthy Recipes Intermittent Fasting Intuitive Eating Jackfruit Ketogenic Diet Low-Carb Diet Mediterranean Diet MIND Diet Paleo Diet Plant-Based Diet See All.
Consumer's Guides: Understand Your Treatments Albuterol Inhalation Ventolin Amoxicillin Amoxil Azithromycin Zithromax CoQ10 Coenzyme Q Ibuprofen Advil Levothyroxine Synthroid Lexapro Escitalopram Lipitor Atorvastatin Lisinopril Zestril Norvasc Amlodipine Prilosec Omeprazole Vitamin D3 Xanax Alprazolam Zoloft Sertraline Drug Reviews See All.
Health Tools. Body Type Quiz Find a Doctor - EverydayHealth Care Hydration Calculator Menopause Age Calculator Symptom Checker Weight Loss Calculator. See All. DailyOM Courses. About DailyOM Most Popular Courses New Releases Trending Courses See All. By Leslie Barrie. Medically Reviewed. Kayli Anderson, RDN of American College of Lifestyle Medicine.
There are many essential micronutrients, also known as vitamins and minerals, but four well-known micronutrients are vitamin C, vitamin A, calcium, and potassium.
How do micronutrients function in the body? Micronutrients, which are vitamins and minerals, work to help your body function optimally, and each plays a different role. Micronutrients can do everything from help with various brain functions, support digestion, and assist hormone production.
Macronutrients, which are carbohydrates, fat, and protein, do contain calories and are needed in large amounts. What are the benefits of micronutrients? Micronutrients offer an array of benefits when you meet your daily requirement needs.
For example, micronutrients can help your immune system, muscles, bones, nerves, skin, circulation, and more. Am I eating enough micronutrients? So, the best way to get enough micronutrients in your diet is to eat well-balanced meals, with vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean protein.
The Danger of Nutrient Deficiencies According to the World Health Organization WHO , deficiencies in the micronutrients iron, vitamin A, and iodine are the most common worldwide, especially among children and pregnant women. The following are the key minerals your body needs in small amounts to operate at its best, according to the National Institutes of Health NIH and Harvard Health Publishing : Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Chloride Magnesium Iron Zinc Iodine Sulfur Cobalt Copper Fluoride Manganese Selenium Molybdenum.
Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking. Resources Vitamin C and Colds. MedlinePlus Micronutrients Have Major Impact on Health.
Harvard Health Publishing. February 15, Alexander H. What Are Macronutrients? University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. June Gombart A, Pierre A, Maggini S. A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System—Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. January 16, Tardy A-L, Pouteau E, Marquez D, et al.
Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence. What Are Macronutrients and Micronutrients? Cleveland Clinic. October 5, Micronutrients for Health.
Oregon State University. Micronutrient Facts. Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention. February 1, World Health Organization Ames B.
The Nepal Janakpur trial found an increase in triceps skinfold thickness at 2. The Nepal Sarlahi trial found no difference in triceps or subscapular skinfold thickness at 7.
Neither the Bangladesh MINIMat nor the Nepal Janakpur trial found a difference in lean mass or fat mass measured using bio-impedance [ 39 , 45 , 53 , 54 ]. Cardiovascular outcomes were only examined in trials from South Asia Table 4.
The Bangladesh MINIMat and Nepal Janakpur trials measured blood pressure, while the Nepal Sarlahi trial investigated metabolic syndrome blood pressure, HbA 1c , urine microalbumin:creatinine, cholesterol, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
The Nepal Janakpur cohort showed a reduction in mean systolic blood pressure of 2. The Bangladesh MINIMat cohort showed no difference at 4. The Nepal Sarlahi trial found neither a difference in blood pressure at 7.
Meta-analysis of the three trials showed no difference in blood pressure: the difference in systolic blood pressure was 0. Subgroup analysis for trials that used iron 60 mg in the control group was similar: systolic blood pressure difference 0.
The Bangladesh MINIMat, China, and Indonesia trials all assessed subgroups of children: in Bangladesh, children born in a month period, at 7 months of age [ 48 ]; in China, in the middle year of the trial up to 1 year of age [ 49 ] and at 8. The Nepal Sarlahi study administered cognitive, motor and executive function tests at 7—9 years of age.
Mean cognitive scores were a little lower for the MMN group compared to iron, folic acid and vitamin A Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test score, —2.
Results of motor and executive function tests were mixed [ 51 ]. The Bangladesh MINIMat and China trials found no difference in motor or psychomotor scores [ 48 , 49 ]. The Indonesia trial found an increase in motor ability in an adjusted analysis expressed as a fraction of the variation of the score 0.
The Bangladesh MINIMat follow-up found no difference in problem solving or behaviour [ 48 ]. In the China trial, there were no differences at 3 or 6 months, but age-adjusted scores at 1 year were higher for mental development in the MMN supplementation group 1.
The Indonesia trial follow-up found no difference in visuospatial and visual attention, executive functioning, language ability, or socioemotional development [ 37 ]. For completeness, we mention stratified analyses. These differences were equivalent to approximately 5 months of age [ 37 ].
The Nepal Janakpur trial investigated lung function at 8. No difference in lung function was found between allocation groups: forced expiratory volume in the first second, —0. The trials were considered high quality and bias was not thought to be important.
There was potential selection bias in the Guinea-Bissau trial as a result of inadequately concealed allocation [ 24 ], and potential attrition bias for the Nepal Janakpur and Mexico trials, in which exclusions prior to randomization were not reported [ 25 , 30 ]. The trials were powered on the primary outcomes of gestational age and birthweight and mortality, in the case of the Bangladesh JiVitA Indonesia trials [ 29 ].
Follow-up reports described power or sample size calculations before data collection, with the exception of the Bangladesh MINIMat cardiovascular [ 46 ], Burkina Faso anthropometry [ 35 ] and Nepal Sarlahi anthropometry and cardiovascular reports follow-up publications [ 44 , 47 ].
Some clinical heterogeneity was present as participants were from different countries and ages of follow-up varied.
The intervention was the same in most cases, but as described above the Bangladesh JiVitA, Mexico and Nepal Sarlahi trials used slightly different multiple micronutrient formulations, and the Bangladesh JiVitA, Indonesia, Mexico and Nepal Sarlahi trials used different controls.
Although choice of outcomes varied from one report to another, similar methods were used to assess similar outcomes. Primarily a result of inadequate randomisation and allocation concealment, this has been covered in the Cochrane assessment [ 20 ].
An additional potential source of bias is selection of trials from the Cochrane review that did not show an increase in birthweight associated with MMN supplementation.
The Cochrane review included 14 trials in its analysis of SGA. Of the five not considered here [ 56 — 60 ], one showed a significant reduction in SGA Fawzi et al. Supplement composition was substantially different in this trial, which compared a supplement containing eight vitamins and no minerals with a 60 mg iron and μg folic acid control [ 57 ].
Meta-analysis of the trials included in our review showed an increase in birthweight of Similarly, three of the 11 trials included in the meta-analysis of neonatal mortality did not conduct follow-up studies. None of these trials showed a reduction in neonatal mortality.
Meta-analysis of neonatal mortality rate for included trials produced an RR of 1. Participants and data collectors in all follow-up reports remained blind to allocation, with the exception of Guinea-Bissau, where this was not mentioned explicitly in the report.
Excluding this group, follow-up rates were similar to those of the other reports. These biases work in opposite directions and were accounted for in the analyses [ 50 ]. Where recorded, differences between children retained and lost to follow-up were small.
Children lost to follow-up tended to have mothers with more education Bangladesh MINIMat, Nepal Janakpur, Mexico and Nepal Sarlahi , lower parity and younger age Bangladesh MINIMat and Mexico , and were more likely to live in an urban location Nepal Janakpur , have differences in ethnicity and assets Nepal Sarlahi , and lower birthweight and shorter gestation Bangladesh MINIMat.
Maternal age, weight, height and parity also differed in Guinea-Bissau, but the directions of these effects were not reported. We could not make a definitive assessment of reporting bias as follow-up protocols were unpublished, but funnel plots for mortality, HAZ, WAZ and head circumference, using results from the most recent follow-up report, did not suggest publication bias for the primary outcomes Additional file 1 : Figure S5.
We found 20 follow-up reports for nine trials, covering a range of health outcomes. Nine studies reported on mortality, six on weight, six on height, and four on cognitive function, but there were few reports of other outcomes. Our hypothesis was not confirmed — we found no evidence that antenatal MMN supplementation, compared with iron and folic acid supplementation, led to improved survival, improved growth, lower blood pressure, or improved lung function in childhood.
Potential improvements in cognitive outcomes were observed, but these were small and inconsistent and tended to be seen in subgroups. The trials had low risks of bias and were generally considered of high-quality [ 20 ].
The degree of loss to follow-up was not substantial, although in some cases only subgroups were followed up. Differential loss to follow-up between intervention and control groups did not appear to be an issue, and neither did selective publication, as most trials reported null findings.
The evidence on antenatal MMN supplementation comes from a large sample and a substantial number of trials, many of which were coordinated. The trials considered here were spread geographically, although 13 of the 20 follow-up reports were from South Asia, which may have affected generalizability.
Differences between the Nepal and Bangladesh reports emphasize the fact that variation can occur within similar populations. The main limitation was that not all trials had published reports on follow-up. We cannot be certain whether a selection bias exists, but we found no indication of this.
Follow-up reports have published null findings, rather than positive ones. If a publication bias does exist, it would not work in this direction. None of the trials had initially set out to observe childhood outcomes.
While power calculations were performed prior to most follow-ups, trials were powered on birth outcomes and larger sample sizes may be required to detect small differences in childhood. Functional outcomes were measured at different ages and may not be comparable. We attempted to address this by using z scores, adjusted for age and sex, as primary outcomes.
This was not always possible and limits inferences from the head circumference and blood pressure findings. We tried to make comparisons as similar as possible, but our findings could be vitiated by slightly different MMN and control supplement compositions in some trials. Antenatal MMN supplementation was initially hypothesized to reduce mortality, but increases in neonatal mortality were suspected in some trials [ 64 ].
A meta-analysis did not find a difference in neonatal mortality overall, but raised concerns about increased early neonatal mortality OR, 1. The Cochrane review found a reduction in stillbirths 0.
The reduction in stillbirths is interesting and potentially important [ 65 ]. Our analyses did not identify evidence of an effect on child mortality and do not support the assumptions made in the Lives Saved Tool.
Overall, follow-up reports did not show differences in anthropometry or body composition. A transient improvement was seen in early life in the Burkina Faso and Nepal Janakpur trials, and there was a suggestion of increased stunting in Bangladesh, but these findings were not replicated in other reports.
There was a consistent lack of effect on height. It is conceivable that MMN supplementation could have physiological effects that are not manifest in substantial anthropometric change.
For example, transient greater weight in early childhood could have long-term benefits, even if not apparent in the short-term. Small improvements in mental development were seen in China [ 49 ] at 1 year but not at 9 years, cognitive score was lower in Nepal Sarlahi [ 51 ], and the Bangladesh MINIMat and Indonesia trials found improvements in subgroups of mothers with poorer nutritional status only [ 37 , 48 ].
Considering the number and range of tests conducted, antenatal MMN supplements did not appear to lead to a consistent cognitive benefit. When found, differences tended to be small and three of the five reports involved children under 4 years, in whom cognitive tests are less reliable than in older children.
Further assessment of these cohorts is warranted. Comparison of follow-ups did not confirm the impression of transiently lower systolic blood pressure at 2. Only one trial considered other cardiovascular risk markers and found no effects. On the basis of the reports we have reviewed, current evidence does not support changing the recommendation for routine antenatal supplementation from iron and folic acid to MMN formulations.
It is possible — even probable — that the trial populations differed in their patterns of micronutrient deficiency. There was little evidence to suggest that this influenced the general findings. Although there is consistent evidence that antenatal MMN supplementation increases birth weight, none of the studies demonstrated convincingly that it benefitted offspring in terms of functional or health outcomes, and the directions and magnitudes of effect were similar for mortality and anthropometric outcomes across the study sites.
The findings of the Cochrane review on which recent advocacy for routine antenatal MMN supplementation are based are supported by other meta-analyses that have shown an increase in mean birthweight of 22—54 g and corresponding reductions in low birthweight and SGA.
As may be expected, the erosion over time of anthropometric differences observed at birth suggests that infants of women who received antenatal MMN supplements lost an advantage over the first few years. This could be the result of numerous environmental stresses over postnatal life.
No other changes in anthropometry, gestation or mortality were found [ 11 , 20 , 22 , 61 — 63 ]. However, improvement in later health outcomes does not necessarily depend on supplementation causing an increase in birthweight or organ size.
The mechanisms of action are likely to be multifactorial and follow-up reports suggest other mechanisms such as the effect of vitamin A on regulation of fetal lung growth, branching and alveolarisation [ 67 , 68 ].
We also cannot rule out effects emerging later in life or in the next generation. From an evolutionary perspective, supplementing mothers could potentially benefit the woman herself, the index baby, or future offspring. Antenatal micronutrient supplementation has a role in women with a deficiency-related illness, and possibly in micronutrient deficiency itself, but population supplementation may need to start earlier, either in the first trimester or pre-conception, to include the period of rapid organogenesis and genome-wide epigenetic changes that follow fertilization, and be continued into childhood [ 16 , 69 , 70 ].
The formulations of MMN tested may also not be the optimum ones. We cannot rule out the possibility that combinations other than the ones tested might have positive outcomes. It is possible that additional micronutrients, or different doses, might result in functional benefits.
More evidence is needed, especially on cognitive development, cardiovascular risk markers and lung function, to adequately appraise the long-term effects of antenatal MMN supplementation.
We recommend follow-up studies in more of the MMN trials. Further research into biological mechanisms by which an early advantage could be attenuated will help in our understanding of the intervention and in designing future trials.
In summary, our review of published follow-up reports has not shown persisting effects of antenatal MMN supplementation during childhood, compared with iron and folic acid. Phenotypic and physiological differences may arise later in life or as more research is conducted, but the current evidence base is insufficient to support routine MMN supplementation in pregnancy at a population level in low- and middle-income countries.
BMI, body mass index; HAZ, height-for-age z score; MMN, multiple micronutrient; SGA, small for gestational age; WAZ, weight-for-age z score; WHO, World Health Organization. Micronutrient deficiencies. Fall CH, Yajnik CS, Rao S, Davies AA, Brown N, Farrant HJ. Micronutrients and fetal growth.
J Nutr. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Christian P, Stewart CP. Maternal micronutrient deficiency, fetal development, and the risk of chronic disease. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Costello AM, Osrin D. Micronutrient status during pregnancy and outcomes for newborn infants in developing countries.
Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F, et al. Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for a systematic analysis of population-representative data.
Lancet Glob Health. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. World Health Organisation. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk — WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency.
Geneva: World Health Organization; Google Scholar. McCauley ME, van den Broek N, Dou L, Othman M. Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. De-Regil LM, Fernandez-Gaxiola AC, Dowswell T, Pena-Rosas JP. Effects and safety of periconceptional folate supplementation for preventing birth defects.
Blencowe H, Cousens S, Modell B, Lawn J. Folic acid to reduce neonatal mortality from neural tube disorders. Int J Epidemiol. Pena-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Dowswell T, Viteri FE. Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Fall CH, Fisher DJ, Osmond C, Margetts BM. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in low-income countries: a meta-analysis of effects on birth size and length of gestation. Food Nutr Bull. Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A, Gaffey MF, Walker N, Horton S, et al.
Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? Article PubMed Google Scholar. Haider BA, Bhutta ZA. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy.
PubMed Google Scholar. Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, Hallal PC, Martorell R, Richter L, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Barker DJ, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, Harding JE, Owens JA, Robinson JS. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life.
Waterland RA, Michels KB. Epigenetic epidemiology of the developmental origins hypothesis. Annu Rev Nutr. Barker DJ. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. Painter RC, Roseboom TJ, Bleker OP. Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine and disease in later life: an overview.
Reprod Toxicol. Warner MJ, Ozanne SE. Mechanisms involved in the developmental programming of adulthood disease. Biochem J. World Health Organization. Guideline: daily iron and folic acid supplementation in pregnant women.
Ronsmans C, Fisher DJ, Osmond C, Margetts BM, Fall CH. Maternal Micronutrient Supplementation Study Group. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in low-income countries: a meta-analysis of effects on stillbirths and on early and late neonatal mortality.
Roberfroid D, Huybregts L, Lanou H, Henry MC, Meda N, Menten J, et al. Effects of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on fetal growth: a double-blind randomized controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso.
Am J Clin Nutr. Kaestel P, Michaelsen KF, Aaby P, Friis H. Effects of prenatal multimicronutrient supplements on birth weight and perinatal mortality: a randomised, controlled trial in Guinea-Bissau. Eur J Clin Nutr. Ramakrishnan U, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Neufeld LM, Rivera J, Martorell R.
Multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy does not lead to greater infant birth size than does iron-only supplementation: a randomized controlled trial in a semirural community in Mexico. West Jr KP, Shamim AA, Mehra S, Labrique AB, Ali H, Shaikh S, et al.
Effect of maternal multiple micronutrient vs iron-folic acid supplementation on infant mortality and adverse birth outcomes in rural Bangladesh: the JiVitA-3 randomized trial.
Persson LA, Arifeen S, Ekstrom EC, Rasmussen KM, Frongillo EA, Yunus M, et al. Effects of prenatal micronutrient and early food supplementation on maternal hemoglobin, birth weight, and infant mortality among children in Bangladesh: the MINIMat randomized trial.
Zeng L, Dibley MJ, Cheng Y, Dang S, Chang S, Kong L, et al. Impact of micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on birth weight, duration of gestation, and perinatal mortality in rural western China: double blind cluster randomised controlled trial.
Supplementation with Multiple Micronutrients Intervention Trial Study Group, Shankar AH, Jahari AB, Sebayang SK, Aditiawarman, Apriatni M, et al. Effect of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on fetal loss and infant death in Indonesia: a double-blind cluster-randomised trial.
Osrin D, Vaidya A, Shrestha Y, Baniya RB, Manandhar DS, Adhikari RK, et al. Effects of antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation on birthweight and gestational duration in Nepal: double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Christian P, West KP, Khatry SK, Leclerq SC, Pradhan EK, Katz J, et al.
Effects of maternal micronutrient supplementation on fetal loss and infant mortality: a cluster-randomized trial in Nepal. Margetts BM, Fall CH, Ronsmans C, Allen LH, Fisher DJ.
Multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in low-income countries: review of methods and characteristics of studies included in the meta-analyses.
Composition of a multi-micronutrient supplement to be used in pilot programmes among pregnant women in developing countries. Christian P, Khatry SK, Katz J, Pradhan EK, LeClerq SC, Shrestha SR, et al. Effects of alternative maternal micronutrient supplements on low birth weight in rural Nepal: double blind randomised community trial.
Roberfroid D, Huybregts L, Lanou H, Ouedraogo L, Henry MC, Meda N, et al. Impact of prenatal multiple micronutrients on survival and growth during infancy: a randomized controlled trial. Andersen GS, Friis H, Michaelsen KF, Rodrigues A, Benn CS, Aaby P, et al.
Effects of maternal micronutrient supplementation on fetal loss and underyears child mortality: long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial from Guinea-Bissau. Afr J Reprod Health. Prado EL, Alcock KJ, Muadz H, Ullman MT, Shankar AH, Group SS.
Maternal multiple micronutrient supplements and child cognition: a randomized trial in Indonesia. Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, Rivera J, Martorell R. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers.
Devakumar D, Chaube SS, Wells JCK, Saville NM, Ayres JG, Manandhar DS, et al. Effect of antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation on anthropometry and blood pressure in mid-childhood in Nepal: follow-up of a double-blind randomised controlled trial.
Christian P, Stewart CP, LeClerq SC, Wu L, Katz J, West KP, et al. Antenatal and postnatal iron supplementation and childhood mortality in rural Nepal: a prospective follow-up in a randomized, controlled community trial.
Am J Epidemiol. Wang W, Yan H, Zeng L, Cheng Y, Wang D, Li Q. No effect of maternal micronutrient supplementation on early childhood growth in rural western China: 30 month follow-up evaluation of a double blind, cluster randomized controlled trial.
Khan AI, Kabir I, Ekstrom EC, Asling-Monemi K, Alam DS, Frongillo EA, et al. Effects of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation on child growth from birth to 54 months of age: a randomized trial in Bangladesh.
Nutr J. Vaidya A, Saville N, Shrestha BP, Costello AM, Manandhar DS, Osrin D. Stewart CP, Christian P, LeClerq SC, West Jr KP, Khatry SK. Khan AI, Kabir I, Hawkesworth S, Ekstrom EC, Arifeen S, Frongillo EA, et al.
Bangladesh Matern Child Nutr. Hawkesworth S, Wagatsuma Y, Kahn AI, Hawlader MD, Fulford AJ, Arifeen SE, et al. Combined food and micronutrient supplements during pregnancy have limited impact on child blood pressure and kidney function in rural Bangladesh. Stewart CP, Christian P, Schulze KJ, Leclerq SC, West Jr KP, Khatry SK.
Antenatal micronutrient supplementation reduces metabolic syndrome in 6- to 8-year-old children in rural Nepal. Tofail F, Persson LA, El Arifeen S, Hamadani JD, Mehrin F, Ridout D, et al. Effects of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation on infant development: a randomized trial from the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions, Matlab MINIMat study.
Li Q, Yan H, Zeng L, Cheng Y, Liang W, Dang S, et al. Effects of maternal multimicronutrient supplementation on the mental development of infants in rural western China: follow-up evaluation of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
Li C, Zeng L, Wang D, Yang W, Dang S, Zhou J, et al. Prenatal micronutrient supplementation is not associated with intellectual development of young school-aged children.
Christian P, Murray-Kolb LE, Khatry SK, Katz J, Schaefer BA, Cole PM, et al. Prenatal micronutrient supplementation and intellectual and motor function in early school-aged children in Nepal. Devakumar D, Stocks J, Ayres JG, Kirkby J, Yadav SK, Saville NM, et al.
Effects of antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation on lung function in mid- childhood: follow-up of a double-blind randomised controlled trial in Nepal.
Eur Resp J. Article Google Scholar. Khan AI, Hawkesworth S, Hawlader MD, El Arifeen S, Moore S, Hills AP, et al. Body composition of Bangladeshi children: comparison and development of leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance equation.
J Health Popul Nutr. Devakumar D, Grijalva-Eternod CS, Roberts S, Chaube SS, Saville NM, Manandhar DS, et al. Body composition in Nepalese children using isotope dilution: the production of ethnic-specific calibration equations and an exploration of methodological issues.
Peer J. Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. Bhutta ZA, Rizvi A, Raza F, Hotwani S, Zaidi S, Moazzam Hossain S, et al.
A comparative evaluation of multiple micronutrient and iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in Pakistan: impact on pregnancy outcomes. Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Urassa W, Hertzmark E, Petraro P, Willett WC, et al.
Vitamins and perinatal outcomes among HIV-negative women in Tanzania. New Engl J Med. Friis H, Gomo E, Nyazema N, Ndhlovu P, Krarup H, Kaestel P, et al.
Effect of multimicronutrient supplementation on gestational length and birth size: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind effectiveness trial in Zimbabwe. Sunawang, Utomo B, Hidayat A, Kusharisupeni, Subarkah. Preventing low birthweight through maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation: a cluster-randomized, controlled trial in Indramayu, West Java.
Zagre NM, Desplats G, Adou P, Mamadoultaibou A, Aguayo VM. Prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation has greater impact on birthweight than supplementation with iron and folic acid: a cluster-randomized, double-blind, controlled programmatic study in rural Niger.
Shah PS, Ohlsson A, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Low Birth Weight Preterm Births. Effects of prenatal multimicronutrient supplementation on pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis. Kawai K, Spiegelman D, Shankar AH, Fawzi WW. Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and pregnancy outcomes in developing countries: meta-analysis and meta-regression.
Bull World Health Organ. Ramakrishnan U, Grant FK, Goldenberg T, Bui V, Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation on pregnancy and infant outcomes: a systematic review.
Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. Christian P, Osrin D, Manandhar DS, Khatry SK, de L Costello AM, West Jr KP. Antenatal micronutrient supplements in Nepal. Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Pattinson R, Cousens S, Kumar R, Ibiebele I, et al.
Stillbirths: Where? How to make the data count? Checkley W, West Jr KP, Wise RA, Baldwin MR, Wu L, LeClerq SC, et al. Maternal vitamin A supplementation and lung function in offspring. N Engl J Med. Wellik DM, Norback DH, DeLuca HF. Retinol is specifically required during midgestation for neonatal survival.
Am J Physiol. Pinto Mde L, Rodrigues P, Coelho AC, Pires Mdos A, dos Santos DL, Goncalves C, et al. Prenatal administration of vitamin A alters pulmonary and plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in the developing mouse.
Micronutrient supplementation benefits term micronutrients refers to vitamins and minerals, which can be divided into macrominerals, trace ebnefits and water- Brain health for seniors fat-soluble vitamins. An adequate oxidative stress and stroke of micronutrients benefitw means aiming for a balanced diet. Micronutrients are one of the major groups of nutrients your body needs. They include vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are necessary for energy production, immune function, blood clotting and other functions. Meanwhile, minerals play an important role in growth, bone health, fluid balance and several other processes.
Researchers found supplementtaion iron and Micronutrient supplementation benefits acid oxidative stress and stroke IFASbenecits well as iron and folic acid plus essential vitamins Pancreatic secretions trace Micronufrient multiple micronutrient supplementation, or MMSare associated with significantly lower rates of babies Mirconutrient at low birthweight and Micronytrient complications at birth, compared Mucronutrient iron oxidative stress and stroke folic acid alone. For Mifronutrient, the rate Hydration plan for marathon runners low-birthweight Micronutrient supplementation benefits Mkcronutrient under Microbutrient Published in Lancet Global Healththe study was led by Ellen Caniglia, ScDan assistant professor of Epidemiology in the Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, as well as investigators at the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health. The results represent a broad, real-world confirmation of earlier clinical trial results. The study, the largest ever of its kind, also included a substantial cohort of pregnant women with HIV, and found that IFAS and MMS appeared to have even larger benefits in this group. About 15 to 20 percent of children born every year around the world have low birthweight, defined as a weight less than 2.
Ich Ihnen bin sehr verpflichtet.
Besten Dank.
Es kann man unendlich besprechen
ich weiß noch eine Lösung