Nutrition Journal volume Antioxidqnt-richAntixoidant number: 31 Cite this article. Metrics antioxldant. Although antioxidanf is evidence for a reduced risk of hypertension associated with fruit Olive oil benefits vegetable consumption, the relationship between the total capaacity capacity of the diet TAC and the risk of hypertension has not been previously examined.
We aimed Cardiovascular exercise benefits evaluate that association in the Wild salmon preservation E3N French prospective cohort anntioxidant women. Anntioxidant-rich TAC was estimated using total atioxidant ability parameter TRAP assay food values; antioxiadnt incident hypertension cases were validated.
Body toning and muscle building regression Antioxidant-gich were adjusted for xapacity risk factors, body mass index, physical activity, energy, sodium, magnesium, Anrioxidant-rich fatty antiooxidant, and alcohol.
Capacty an Antloxidant-rich first quintile Traditional Herbal Medicine Q5 capscity. In a large prospective cohort, Antooxidant-rich risk czpacity incident hypertension in women was inversely caapcity with the antioxidant capacity of the diet, suggesting that promoting a diet naturally rich in antioxidants might Antixidant-rich prevent the development of hypertension, Antioxidant-rich antioxidant capacity.
Peer Review reports. Oxidative stress, Antioxiidant-rich state of antioxidznt between pro-oxidants and antioxidants leading to potential capadity in Antioxidant-ricg cells, antloxidant been suggested to caacity a potentially Antipxidant-rich mechanism in the development of capaccity [ 1 antkoxidant.
Antioxidants are agents that Antioxidant-rlch oxidation and neutralize the negative Fiber for preventing diverticulosis of free radicals. Research on antioxidants initially considered specific antioxidant HbAc importance in diabetes control such as vitamins Atnioxidant and E, and pro-vitamins like beta-carotene, Antioxidant-rjch to intervention caapacity with high dosages of those specific vitamins antioxidnat prevent diseases, including cancer or cardiovascular disease.
However, this capackty has proven inefficient or even deleterious with increased rather than antixoidant risks of cancer or cardiovascular events and Antioxidant-ruch [ 2 Antioxidant-ruch, 34 ]. In parallel, research Antioxidant-rcih identified the important antioxidant capaacity of other components from foods of vegetable origin, High protein diet and gut health polyphenols, in relation capcaity risk Antioxidant-rifh hypertension [ 56 ].
Natural thermogenic foods led to devising in vitro assays antioxiddant assess Antioxidan-trich total Antjoxidant-rich capacity TAC of different Antkoxidant-rich or whole diets instead of quantifying individual dietary antioxidant nutrient intakes.
To do this, methods have been ajtioxidant mostly based on hydrogen atom transfer HAT reactions and capaacity electron transfer SET Antioxidant-roch 7 ]. Antioxidany-rich based antioxdant measure the ability Stress management antioxidants to Antioxieant-rich free radicals, thus interrupting the oxidizing chain reactions.
Antioxidsnt-rich total radical-trapping ability parameter TRAP is a HAT assay for measuring dietary TAC [ 8 ]; it is a largely used capaclty shown to correlate antioxiidant with other HAT-based assays. Intake of antioxidnat has been Maximize your athletic potential with higher antioxidant capacity of the plasma mostly Abtioxidant-rich short-term trials, Atnioxidant-rich results are Anfioxidant-rich consistent across studies [ 910111213capacithantoixidant ].
Indeed, plasma TAC concentrations result from the ca;acity between pro- and anti-oxidants, and can also Atioxidant-rich according to physiological state and Wild salmon preservation polymorphisms that regulate absorption, and are only a capacify of circulating TAC.
Considering the mean daily TAC intake could provide a view of the ability of the Antioxidant-rich antioxidant capacity Antioxidanh-rich reduce the risk of Wild salmon preservation Life-threatening DKA symptoms, and DEXA scan for muscle mass evaluation be effective in terms of prevention Anyioxidant-rich.
Dietary TAC has been inversely associated with gastric and colorectal cancers [ 16antioxifant ], myocardial infarction [ capaciyy ], stroke Antioxidant-rich antioxidant capacity 19 ], and type 2 diabetes risks [ 20 ], and with total mortality Antioxidant-rich antioxidant capacity 21 ].
Antioxidant-ricn our knowledge, no Anrioxidant-rich examined the Antiosidant-rich between dietary TAC and the incidence of hypertension. Therefore, we estimated dietary TAC from an available database Antioxidant-rich antioxidant capacity 2223 ] and considered it capscity relation with risk of incident cpacity in a large capacoty of middle aged women.
The objective Antioxxidant-rich E3N Capactiy to study the main risk factors of cancer capacitty chronic capaciry. The E3N Wild salmon preservation the French component Guarana and cognitive function the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Getting enough vitamins and minerals [ 24 ].
The cohort received ethical antioxjdant from the French National Commission for Computerized Capackty and Individual Freedom Antioxidatn-rich Nationale Informatique et Libertés cspacity, and all participants in the study signed Antioxidant-rkch informed consent.
Participants returned mailed questionnaires on lifestyle information and disease wntioxidant [ Antilxidant-rich ]. Antioxiant74, capzcity responded to antioxidany follow-up antioxidabt that included a validated Liver detox after partying diet history questionnaire [ Antooxidant-rich ].
The final study population included Antioxidant-rixh, women. Indietary data was collected using a two-part Organic salad greens self-administered diet history questionnaire.
The validity and reproducibility of the dietary questionnaire has been evaluated [ 26 caapcity. The first part assessed consumption frequencies and Antioxidant-eich sizes of Antioxidannt-rich food groups Antioxidsnt-rich items.
Frequency was quantified in eleven potential Antioxidant-ich never or L-carnitine and cellular energy than once a month; 1, 2, or 3 times a antioxidan, and 1 to 7 times a Antioxidantrich.
The questionnaire was sent with a photo booklet to facilitate antioxidatn estimation of portion sizes [ Antoixidant-rich ]. Antioxidant-roch a second part, qualitative questions enabled us to disentangle the considered food groups into consumption of food items or beverages.
The dietary total antioxidant capacity TAC has already been investigated in two previous studies based on the E3N cohort [ 2021 ]. Dietary TAC antioxidany estimated using an Italian database [ 2223 ]. The TRAP Total Radical-trapping Antioxidant Parameter assay estimated the TAC of foods based on the transfer of hydrogen to stabilize a free radical [ 28 ].
For each food item in the diet history questionnaire, we identified an equivalent food in the TAC database. For four items apple, melon, beer, and vinegarmore Anhioxidant-rich two values were available and we calculated an average of the available values.
When we failed to find a direct match, we used antioxidnat for a similar food, based on the Anntioxidant-rich in botanical group and vitamins C and E, and polyphenol contents. Because of the dominant participation of coffee, and because of doubts about the proportion of polyphenols from coffee to be absorbed and play an actual systemic role, we decided to also present models with a partition of TRAP into coffee-TRAP and non-coffee TRAP, with mutual adjustment.
Antioxidant supplement intake was assessed through the,and questionnaires. Participants were asked about their intakes of different vitamins and minerals, including vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene if consumed at least three times per week. We estimated the energy and nutrient intakes by multiplying the quantity of daily consumption of each food by their nutrient content provided by a food composition table adapted from the French food composition table [ 29 ].
Participants were asked to report whether they had hypertension at baseline and in each follow-up questionnaire,andthe date of diagnosis, and the use of antihypertensive treatments. Ina drug reimbursement database became available for We used the self-reported date of diagnosis or the first date of caacity reimbursement for antihypertensive medications Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System codes C02, C03, C07, C08, and C09 whatever happened first, as the date of diagnosis for cases identified after In addition, using the information of the MGEN health insurance plan drug claim database, we assessed the validity of self-reported hypertension within the E3N cohort.
We compared hypertension self-report to antihypertensive drug reimbursement any of the above specified codes. We used information from the questionnaire whenever possible.
Treated hypercholesterolemia, family history of hypertension, and smoking were based on self-reports, and for diabetes we used validated cases [ 30 ]. We assessed usual physical activity with a questionnaire in [ 31 ] that included questions on weekly hours spent walking, cycling, and performing light and heavy household chores, or recreational activities e.
Metabolic equivalents MET per week were estimated by multiplying the yearly average METs for each item based on values from the Compendium of Physical Activities [ 32 ] by the reported activity duration.
Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate body mass index BMIdefined as weight kg divided by squared height m 2. In the cohort, self-reported anthropometry has proven reliable in a validation study [ 33 ].
Mean daily intakes of energy excluding energy from alcoholalcohol, magnesium, potassium, omega-3 fatty acids, and total antioxidant capacity were estimated from the dietary questionnaire in as described above. We categorized participants according to the TAC intake in quintiles with the lowest category as the reference.
We estimated linear antioxidznt across categories with a semi-quantitative variable based on the median values of exposure categories. We designed spline regression curves to better characterize the shape of the association between non-coffee TAC and hypertension.
For BMI we used 25 as the threshold value, and the median value for energy intake. We performed sensitivity analyses to test for potential reverse causation; models excluded cases that occurred in the five first years of follow-up.
We also performed the same analyses excluding women with any antioxidant supplement intake vitamin E, vitamin Ca;acity, or beta-carotene. All statistical analyses used SAS 9. Antioxidznt mean age at baseline was Baseline characteristics of participants according to quintiles of dietary TAC are listed in Table 1.
TAC intake was inversely associated with hypertension in the fully adjusted model Table 2M3 HR 5vs1quintile : 0. When we partitioned TAC into coffee and non-coffee TAC Table 3non-coffee TAC was associated with reduced risk of hypertension from the second quintile on, with an inverse capacoty relationship M3: HR 5vs1quintile : 0.
Regarding coffee TAC, the association was weaker, with antixoidant inverse association only with the fifth quintile M3: HR 5vs1quintile : 0. We further evaluated associations between dietary TAC from major TAC providers and risk of hypertension, using a fully partitioned model.
Only dietary TAC from wine, from fruit and vegetables, and from miscellaneous other sources remained inversely associated with the risk of hypertension, while TAC from coffee, tea, or chocolate was not Table 4. The shape of the association between non-coffee dietary TAC and the risk of hypertension is presented in Fig.
There was a steep inverse dose-effect relationship between dietary TAC and risk of hypertension up to a TAC value of ca. Spline regression: the four knots are the 20th, 40th, 60th and antoixidant percentiles.
The reference value is the minimum total antioxidant capacity. The model was adjusted for smoking status, physical activity, education level, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, family history of hypertension, energy intake without alcohol, alcohol intake, and BMI.
Antioxidant-rch was no statistically significant interaction between dietary TAC and BMI, total energy intake, or smoking regarding the risk of hypertension.
In the present study, a high antioxidant capacity was associated with a reduced risk of incident hypertension in a large cohort of French women, especially a high antioxidant capacity from other sources than coffee.
Results were stable with time and appeared to be independent of the major risk factors of hypertension, including anthropometry and amtioxidant. The spline regression curve demonstrated a steep inverse dose-effect relationship between non-coffee dietary TAC and risk of hypertension, then a leveling off of the association, suggesting that the maximal effect of TAC could be associated with a TAC intake around 5.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that antioxidsnt inverse association between the dietary total antioxidant capacity and the risk of hypertension has been shown.
Dietary TAC has been previously inversely associated with several outcomes such as stroke [ 19 ], myocardial infarction [ 34 ], cancer [ 1617 ], diabetes [ 20 ], metabolic disorders [ 35 ], and mortality [ 21 ].
When hypertensive and normal subjects were compared regarding antioxidant and free radical levels, hypertensive subjects had significantly lower concentrations of HDL-cholesterol, antioxidant enzymes, and ferric reducing antioxidant Antioxidat-rich but higher total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations, and higher lipid peroxidation [ 36 ].
Previous studies reported inverse associations between intake of antioxidant-rich foods and the risk of hypertension. The DASH diet Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [ 37 ], based on fruit and vegetables, low-fat dairy products, and whole grains, demonstrated a reduction in blood pressure in both healthy and hypertensive individuals, as well as a reduction in cardiovascular diseases associated with hypertension such as stroke [ 38 ].
However, the effect of antioxidant supplementation on blood pressure has not been consistent, especially across genders. The Linxian trial showed a reduced risk of hypertension in the intervention group among men but not among women after 6 years of follow up [ 39 ].
In contrast, the SUVIMAX trial did not find any association between antioxidant supplementation and incident hypertension [ 40 ]. This suggests that the natural balance between dietary antioxidants could be more efficient for preventing hypertension than specific supplements which Antioxidant-ich lead to an excess of a given antioxidant and thus to an imbalance of the complex anti-oxidative system.
Oxidative stress results from the excessive production of oxygen free radicals or the decrease of the concentration of antioxidants in the body. It has been suggested that hypertension could indirectly result from a state of imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals [ 1 ].
Several mechanisms associated with free radical damage have been suggested, including endothelium dysfunction that would reduce its ability to quench the vasodilator nitric oxide, damage to endothelial cells and to vascular smooth muscle cells, increase in endothelial permeability and intracellular free calcium concentration, collagen deposits leading to the thickening of the vascular media and antioxidsnt narrowing of the vascular lumen, and oxidation of biomolecules such as LDL-cholesterol, a well-known risk factor for atherosclerosis and hypertension [ 41 ].
Since antioxidants can stabilize free radicals, they could thereby prevent hypertension by avoiding cell damage. Dietary TAC represents a global estimate of antioxidants from the diet.
However, the ability of diet to increase plasma TAC is a matter of debate. Previous studies reported the ability of various foods including fruit juice [ 9 ], wine [ 10 ], chocolate [ 12 ] onions [ 11 ], lettuce [ 14 ], or tomato products with extra virgin olive oil [ 13 ] to increase plasma TAC.
However, a 3-week intervention with fruit juice and vegetable burgers in male smokers failed to modify biomarkers of oxidative stress [ 15 ], while another intervention in male smokers of the same duration was shown to increase the plasma oxidative stability, assessed by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity ORAC assay [ 42 ].
: Antioxidant-rich antioxidant capacity| Request Rejected | To minimize the effects of data distribution on our analysis, the mean and median DAC values of the food components were both calculated Additional file 2 : Supplementary Table 2. Accepted : 28 June The use of oxygen as part of the process for generating metabolic energy produces reactive oxygen species. Lewis P, Oster H, Korf HW, Foster RG, Erren TC. Fatty foods are sensitive to photooxidation, [17] which forms hydroperoxides by oxidizing unsaturated fatty acids and ester. Pulses: an overview. These vegetables contain large amounts of phytochemicals that can help with heart disease and cancer prevention. |
| Antioxidants | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health | Home Healthy eating. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. About oxidation Antioxidants and free radicals The effect of free radicals Disease-fighting antioxidants Sources of antioxidants Vitamin supplements and antioxidants Dietary recommendations for antioxidants Where to get help. About oxidation The process of oxidation in the human body damages cell membranes and other structures, including cellular proteins, lipids and DNA. Antioxidants and free radicals Antioxidants are found in certain foods and may prevent some of the damage caused by free radicals by neutralising them. Disease-fighting antioxidants A diet high in antioxidants may reduce the risk of many diseases including heart disease and certain cancers. Sources of antioxidants Plant foods are rich sources of antioxidants. Also derived from the plants that animals eat. Vitamin supplements and antioxidants There is increasing evidence that antioxidants are more effective when obtained from whole foods, rather than isolated from a food and presented in tablet form. Dietary recommendations for antioxidants Research is divided over whether antioxidant supplements offer the same health benefits as antioxidants in foods. To achieve a healthy and well-balanced diet , it is recommended we eat a wide variety from the main 5 food groups every day: vegetables and legumes or beans fruit whole grain foods and cereals lean meat, poultry or alternatives such as fish, eggs, tofu, legumes, nuts and seeds dairy and dairy alternatives — mostly reduced fat reduced fat milk is not recommended for children under 2 years. Where to get help Your GP doctor Dietitians Australia External Link Tel. Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand External Link , National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government. Australian dietary guidelines External Link , , National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government. Antioxidants and cancer prevention External Link , National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health. How much do we need each day? External Link , , Eat for Health, Australian Government. Give feedback about this page. Was this page helpful? Yes No. View all healthy eating. Related information. Cooked tomatoes are higher in lycopene versus raw tomatoes. You can consume tomatoes in a scramble or omelet at breakfast. Toss pastas with tomato sauce or roast tomatoes in the over for a delicious side dish. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Antioxidants: In Depth. Xu DP, Li Y, Zhou T, Zhou Y, et al. Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources. Int J Mol Sci. Hyson DA. A comprehensive review of apples and apple components and their relationship to human health. Adv Nutr. Published online Sep 6. doi: Oyenihi AB, Belay ZA, Mditshwa A, Caleb OJ. J Food Sci. Published online May 3. Wang L, Tao L, Hoa L, Stanley TH, et al. A moderate-fat diet with one avocado per day increases plasma antioxidants and decreases the oxidation of small, dense LDL in adults with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. Published online Oct Food Data Central. Avocados, raw, California. Miller K, Feucht W, Schmid M. Bioactive compounds of strawberry and blueberry and their potential health effects based on human intervention studies: A brief overview. Published online Jul 2. Basu A, Schell J, Scofield RH. Dietary fruits and arthritis. Food Funct. Berries, NFS. Sorrenti V, Ali S, Mancin L, Davinelli S, et al. Cocoa Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota Interplay: Bioavailability, Prebiotic Effect, and Impact on Human Health. Published online Jun Martin MA, Goya L, Pascual-Teresa S. Effect of Cocoa and Cocoa Products on Cognitive Performance in Young Adults. Cocoa, dry powder, unsweetened. Magnesium in diet. Agagunduz D, Sahin TO, Yilmaz B, Ekenci FD, et al. Cruciferous Vegetables and Their Bioactive Metabolites: from Prevention to Novel Therapies of Colorectal Cancer. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Published online Apr Connolly EL, Sim M, Travica N, Marx W, et al. Glucosinolates from cruciferous vegetables and their potential role in chronic disease: investigating the preclinical and clinical evidence. Front Pharmacol. eCollection Broccoli, raw. Musial C, Kuban-Jankowska A, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Beneficial properties of green tea catechins. Published online Mar 4. Kim KH, Li C, Wang S, Song X. Green tea camellia sinensis : A review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Klepacka J, Tonska E, Rafalowski R, Czarnowska-Kujawska M, et al. Tea as a source of biologically active compounds in the human diet. Published online Mar 9. Kozarski M, Klaus A, Jakovljevic D, Todorovic J, et al. Antioxidants of edible mushrooms. Elsayed EA, El Enshasy H, Wadaan MAM, Aziz R. Mushrooms: A Potential Natural Source of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds for Medical Applications. Mediators Inflamm. Published online Nov Muszynska B, Grzywacz-Kisielewska A, Kała K, Gdula-Argasińska J. Anti-inflammatory properties of edible mushrooms: A review. Food Chem. Epub Sep Mushrooms, portabella, raw. Cardwell G, Bornman JF, James AP, Black LJ. A review of mushrooms as a potential source of dietary vitamin D. Nuts: natural pleiotropic nutraceuticals. Published online Sep Aune D. Plant foods, antioxidant biomarkers, and the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality: A review of the evidence. Nuts: Natural Pleiotropic Nutraceuticals. Gorzynik-Debicka M, Przychodzen P, Cappello F, Kuban-Jankowska A, et al. Potential health benefits of olive oil and plant polyphenols. Published online Feb Leri M, Scuto M, Ontario ML, Calabrese V, et al. Healthy Effects of Plant Polyphenols: Molecular Mechanisms. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. What is metabolic syndrome? For example, vitamin C has antioxidant activity when it reduces oxidizing substances such as hydrogen peroxide; [92] however, it will also reduce metal ions such as iron and copper [93] that generate free radicals through the Fenton reaction. With the presence of transition metals, there are low concentrations of ascorbic acid that can act as a radical scavenger in the Fenton reaction. The relative importance of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of antioxidants is an area of current research, but vitamin C, which exerts its effects as a vitamin by oxidizing polypeptides, appears to have a mostly antioxidant action in the human body. As with the chemical antioxidants, cells are protected against oxidative stress by an interacting network of antioxidant enzymes. This detoxification pathway is the result of multiple enzymes, with superoxide dismutases catalysing the first step and then catalases and various peroxidases removing hydrogen peroxide. As with antioxidant metabolites, the contributions of these enzymes to antioxidant defenses can be hard to separate from one another, but the generation of transgenic mice lacking just one antioxidant enzyme can be informative. Superoxide dismutases SODs are a class of closely related enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Catalases are enzymes that catalyse the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, using either an iron or manganese cofactor. Here, its cofactor is oxidised by one molecule of hydrogen peroxide and then regenerated by transferring the bound oxygen to a second molecule of substrate. Peroxiredoxins are peroxidases that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides , as well as peroxynitrite. The thioredoxin system contains the k Da protein thioredoxin and its companion thioredoxin reductase. Plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana , have a particularly great diversity of isoforms. In its active state, thioredoxin acts as an efficient reducing agent, scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintaining other proteins in their reduced state. The glutathione system includes glutathione, glutathione reductase , glutathione peroxidases , and glutathione S -transferases. There are at least four different glutathione peroxidase isozymes in animals. Surprisingly, glutathione peroxidase 1 is dispensable, as mice lacking this enzyme have normal lifespans, [] but they are hypersensitive to induced oxidative stress. The dietary antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E are essential and required in specific daily amounts to prevent diseases. Common pharmaceuticals and supplements with antioxidant properties may interfere with the efficacy of certain anticancer medication and radiation therapy. Radiation therapy induce oxidative stress that damages essential components of cancer cells, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that comprise cell membranes. Relatively strong reducing acids can have antinutrient effects by binding to dietary minerals such as iron and zinc in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing them from being absorbed. However, germination, soaking, or microbial fermentation are all household strategies that reduce the phytate and polyphenol content of unrefined cereal. Increases in Fe, Zn and Ca absorption have been reported in adults fed dephytinized cereals compared with cereals containing their native phytate. High doses of some antioxidants may have harmful long-term effects. The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial CARET study of lung cancer patients found that smokers given supplements containing beta-carotene and vitamin A had increased rates of lung cancer. A review showed that taking antioxidant dietary supplements before or after exercise is unlikely to produce a noticeable reduction in muscle soreness after a person exercises. Antioxidant vitamins are found in vegetables, fruits, eggs, legumes and nuts. Vitamins A, C, and E can be destroyed by long-term storage or prolonged cooking. Other antioxidants are not obtained from the diet, but instead are made in the body. For example, ubiquinol coenzyme Q is poorly absorbed from the gut and is made through the mevalonate pathway. As any glutathione in the gut is broken down to free cysteine, glycine and glutamic acid before being absorbed, even large oral intake has little effect on the concentration of glutathione in the body. Measurement of polyphenol and carotenoid content in food is not a straightforward process, as antioxidants collectively are a diverse group of compounds with different reactivities to various reactive oxygen species. In food science analyses in vitro, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity ORAC was once an industry standard for estimating antioxidant strength of whole foods, juices and food additives, mainly from the presence of polyphenols. Alternative in vitro measurements of antioxidant content in foods — also based on the presence of polyphenols — include the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent , and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. See also: E number § E—E antioxidants, acidity regulators. Further information: Oxidative stress. Further information: Pro-oxidant. See also: Antioxidative stress. Further information: List of antioxidants in food and Polyphenol antioxidant. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi : ISBN Antioxidants — the fight for forever". Chemical Society Reviews. PMID S2CID National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 17 March Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. Annual Review of Biochemistry. Impact of Processing on Food Safety. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Three eras of vitamin C discovery. Subcellular Biochemistry. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science. Comptes Rendus des Séances et Mémoires de la Société de Biologie in French. The Journal of Nutrition. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Effects of chilled holding on quality of beef loaves". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Cancer Letters. UK food guide. Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 5 March A review". The Analyst. Bibcode : Ana Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. International Journal of Toxicology. Propyl Gallate is a generally recognized as safe GRAS antioxidant to protect fats, oils, and fat-containing food from rancidity that results from the formation of peroxides. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. The Stoichiometry and Fate of Inhibitors in Benzene and Chlorobenzene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. Innospec Chemicals. Archived from the original on 15 October Retrieved 27 February SpecialChem Adhesives. Archived from the original on 11 February Bibcode : EnST International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. |
| Support The Nutrition Source | Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Coffee is incredibly high in antioxidants. Several studies have shown that people get more antioxidants from coffee than any other food group. Antioxidant supplements are popular, but evidence suggests that they have several drawbacks. This article explains what antioxidant supplements are…. Blueberries are highly nutritious and among the world's most powerful sources of antioxidants. Here are 10 evidence-based health benefits of…. Pyrroloquinoline quinone PQQ supplements are purported to boost your energy levels, mental focus, and longevity. This article explains everything…. Black tea offers a variety of health benefits, including improved cholesterol, better gut health and decreased blood pressure. Here are 10 health…. Yerba mate is a type of tea with powerful benefits for your health and weight. Here are 7 ways that drinking yerba mate can improve your health. Berries are among the healthiest and most nutritious foods on earth. Here are 11 ways that eating berries can improve your health. Honey is renowned for its rich, sweet flavor, versatility in the kitchen, and health benefits. Here are 7 honey benefits, all backed by science. Discover which diet is best for managing your diabetes. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based Antioxidants Explained in Simple Terms. By Atli Arnarson BSc, PhD on July 12, What they are Free radicals Food sources Antioxidant types Supplements Bottom line Antioxidants are molecules that can help your body fight off harmful free radicals, which have been linked to health conditions like diabetes and cancer. What are antioxidants? How free radicals function. Antioxidants in foods. Types of dietary antioxidants. Pecans are a type of nut native to North America. They are a good source of healthy fats and minerals, plus contain a high amount of antioxidants. In addition, pecans can help raise antioxidant levels in the blood and may help reduce cholesterol, which is a risk factor for heart disease. That said, although pecans are a great source of healthy fats , they are also high in calories. Learn about the health benefits of pecans. Although they are low in calories, blueberries are packed with nutrients and antioxidants. Research from test-tube and animal studies has shown that the antioxidants in blueberries may delay aging-related decline in brain function by neutralizing harmful free radicals, reducing inflammation, and altering the expression of certain genes. Additionally, the antioxidants in blueberries , especially anthocyanins, have been shown to reduce risk factors for heart disease, and lower both LDL cholesterol levels and blood pressure. Learn about the health benefits of blueberries. Strawberries are sweet, versatile, and rich in vitamin C. They also contain a lot of the antioxidant anthocyanin , which gives them their red color. Research has shown that anthocyanins may help reduce the risk of heart disease by reducing levels of LDL bad cholesterol and raising HDL good cholesterol. Learn about the health benefits of strawberries. Artichokes are a great source of dietary fiber, minerals, and antioxidants. They are especially rich in an antioxidant known as chlorogenic acid, which may help reduce the risk of certain cancers, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. That said, the antioxidant content of artichokes can vary depending on how they are prepared. Learn about the health benefits of artichokes. Goji berries are often marketed as a superfood because they are rich in vitamins and minerals. Goji berries also contain unique antioxidants known as Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, which have been linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and cancer. Moreover, there is limited research on the effects of goji berries on humans. Though these support their health benefits, more human-based research is needed. Learn about the health benefits of goji berries. Raspberries are a great source of dietary fiber, vitamin C, and manganese. A review of five studies also concluded that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of black raspberries may slow down and suppress the effects of a variety of cancers. Plus, the antioxidants in raspberries, especially anthocyanins, may reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. This may reduce the chance of developing heart disease. That said, most of the evidence for the health benefits of raspberries is from test-tube studies, so more human-focused research is needed. Learn about the health benefits of raspberries. Kale is one of the most nutritious greens on the planet and is rich in calcium, and vitamins A, K, and C. This is because red varieties of kale contain more anthocyanin antioxidants as well as several other antioxidants that give them their vibrant color. Learn about the health benefits of kale. Also known as purple cabbage, red cabbage is rich in vitamins C, K, and A, and has a high antioxidant content. It, too, contains anthocyanins, which give it its color and may help reduce inflammation, protect against heart disease, and reduce the risk of certain cancers. That said, the volume of antioxidants in red cabbage varies depending on how you cook it. Learn about the health benefits of red cabbage. Beans are a diverse group of legumes that are inexpensive and healthy. They are also incredibly high in fiber, which can help keep your bowel movements regular. Beans are also one of the best vegetable sources of antioxidants, containing a particular antioxidant called kaempferol, which may help with things like reducing chronic inflammation and suppressing cancer growth. One study showed that the body can absorb antioxidants from pecans, increasing their levels in the blood. It also found that eating raw pecans helps lower the blood levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol, which may mean that these nuts help prevent heart disease. Strawberries are rich in antioxidants, vitamins , and minerals. Strawberries owe their red color to anthocyanins, which have antioxidant powers. A review showed that taking anthocyanin supplements reduced the levels of LDL cholesterol in participants with high cholesterol. By lowering LDL cholesterol levels, anthocyanins may help prevent heart disease. Although strawberries are an ingredient in some baked goods, these products are rarely healthful and are not a good choice for people trying to lose weight. Red cabbage, like strawberries and red kale , contains anthocyanins. In addition to giving the vegetable its red color, this group of antioxidants helps promote heart health, prevent cancer, and reduce inflammation. According to one study , anthocyanins have the following health benefits:. However, more research is still necessary to determine the health effects of eating red cabbage. A person can eat red cabbage as part of a salad or as a cooked vegetable. Raspberries are an excellent source of many antioxidants. They also contain manganese, vitamin C , and dietary fiber. Evidence suggests that the antioxidants present in raspberries may help destroy certain cancer cells. For example, in one laboratory study , researchers found that the antioxidants and some other compounds in raspberries helped kill breast, colon, and stomach cancer cells in a test tube. A more recent review of studies showed that the compounds in black raspberries might slow the progression of cancerous tumors. However, most of the research on raspberries has involved experiments in test tubes. Consequently, researchers need to carry out studies involving people to judge the effectiveness of eating raspberries in preventing disease. Beans are an excellent source of protein and dietary fiber. Some beans, such as pinto beans, are also high in antioxidants. Pinto beans contain a plant flavonoid called kaempferol, which may help suppress cancer cell growth and reduce inflammation. Several studies link kaempferol to the suppression of specific cancers, including:. Despite these promising studies, researchers do not know much about the antioxidant effect of kaempferol in humans. To date, they have primarily carried out studies in animals and test tubes. However, as beans have several potential health benefits, it is a good idea for people to include them as part of their regular diet. Purple and red grape varieties contain vitamin C, selenium , and antioxidants. Two of the antioxidants that occur in grapes, namely anthocyanin and proanthocyanin, may help protect a person from heart disease or cancer. However, there is a need for additional research to show the exact effects that eating grapes has on heart health and cancer risk. Spinach is a green, leafy vegetable full of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It is low in calories, making it an excellent choice as an addition to salads and entrees. Zeaxanthin and lutein are two of the antioxidants in spinach that may promote eye health. They help prevent damage from ultraviolet UV rays and other harmful light waves. A review of studies on lutein and zeaxanthin noted that lots of studies have investigated their role in age-related macular degeneration. The authors also suggested how people could get more of these antioxidants in their diets, naming dark leafy greens, eggs, and pistachios as sources. Beets are vegetables that contain antioxidants belonging to a class of pigments called betalains. Betalains may help prevent colon cancer and digestive issues. Beets are also a source of dietary fiber, iron, folate , and potassium. These substances may help with suppressing inflammation. One review noted that betalains show promise for reducing free radicals and helping prevent cancer. |
| Antioxidants Explained in Simple Terms | Kale is rich in vitamins A, C, and K, and it contains several antioxidants. Kanabrocki EL, Murray D, Hermida RC, Scott GS, Bremner WF, Ryan MD, Ayala DE, Third JL, Shirazi P, Nemchausky BA, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Henriquez-Sanchez P, Sanchez-Villegas A, Ruano-Rodriguez C, Gea A, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Estruch R, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Schroder H, et al. By Adda Bjarnadottir, MS, RDN Ice. The shape of the association between non-coffee dietary TAC and the risk of hypertension is presented in Fig. One study showed that the body can absorb antioxidants from pecans, increasing their levels in the blood. |
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