Anti-fungal properties -
Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia Flucytosine, Fluconazole 8. Decreased renal function Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Voriconazole 9. Headache Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Isavuconazole, Voriconazole, Caspofungin Dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice Anidulafungin C, Micafungin.
Table 2. Adverse side effects of different antifungals. Botanical name Family Parts used Chemical classes Microorganism tested 1. Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae Leaves Sesquiterpenes, Monoterpene, hydrocarbons C.
albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei [ 17 ] 2. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Leaves Methanolic extract C. krusei [ 17 ] 3. Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Turmeric oil C.
krusei [ 17 ] 4. Piptadenia colubrina Mimosaceae Stem bark — C. glabrata [ 17 ] 5. Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae Stem bark Extract C.
dubliniensis [ 17 ] 6. Persea americana Lauraceae Leaves Chromene C. albicans C. dubliniensis C. krusei [ 17 ] 7. Parapiptadenia rigida Fabaceae Stem bark Pyrrolidine amide C. albicans [ 17 ] 8. Ajania fruticulosa Asteraceae Fruits Guaianolides Candida albicans, C.
glabrata A. fumigatus [ 17 ] 9. Alibertia macrophylla Rubiaceae Leaves Extract Cladosporium sphaerospermum; C. cladosporioides; A. niger; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [ 17 ] Aniba panurensis Lauraceae Whole plant — C.
albicans [ 17 ] Aquilegia vulgaris Ranunculaceae Leaves and stems Bis benzyl A. niger [ 17 ] Mimosa tenuiflora Mimosaceae Stem bark Sesquiterpene lactone C.
krusei [ 17 ] regnellii Piperaceae Leaves Extract Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis [ 18 ] Rubia tinctorum Rubiaceae Root Triterpene A. niger, Alternaria alternaria, P.
verrucosum, Mucor mucedo [ 19 ] Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae Whole plant Contained saponins, Polyphenols Microbotryum violaceum, Chlorella fusca [ 20 ] Vernonanthura tweedieana Asteraceae Root Extracts T.
mentagrophytes [ 21 ] Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Steroidal saponin P. oryzae [ 22 ] Datura metel Solanaceae Whole plant Diterpenoid, Alkaloids C. tropicalis [ 23 ] Lupinus albus Leguminosae Leaf surface — T. mentagrophytes [ 24 ] Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Fruit Extract Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ] Cassia tora Leguminosae Seeds Anthraquinone Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ] Chamaecyparis pisifera Cupressaceae Leaves and Twigs Isoflavone P.
oryzae [ 27 ] Prunus yedoensis Rosaceae Leaves Diterpenes C. herbarum [ 28 ]. Table 3. List of plants having antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi.
No Plants Plant part Phytochemicals 1 Aegle marmelos Leaves Essential oils 2 Alpinia galangal Seeds Diterpenes 3 Ananas comosus Leaves Protein 4 Blumea balsamifera Leaves Flavonoid luteolin 5 Camptotheca acuminate Leaves Flavonoid 6 Capsicum frutescens Whole plant Triterpene saponin 7 Cassia tora Whole plant Emodin, physcion and rhein 8 Datura metel Whole plant Alkaloid 9 Euonymus europaeus Leaves Protein 10 Haloxylon salicornium Aerial part Alkaloid 11 Juniperus communis Leaves Essential oil 12 Khaya ivorensis Stem bark Triterpenes 13 Lycium chinense Root bark Phenolic compounds 14 Musa acuminate Banana Protein 15 Ocimum gratissimum Bark Essential oil 16 Pinus pinaster Leaves Pinosylvin 17 Polygonum punctatum Whole plant Sesquiterpene 18 Smilax medica Root Saponins 19 Solanum tuberosum Tubers Protein 20 Thymus vulgaris Whole plant Essential oil 21 Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, flowers Essential oil 22 Trigonella graecum Whole plants Peptides 23 Zingiber officinalis Rhizome Protein.
Table 4. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows: 4. Clotrimazole, Econazole nitrate, Fluconazole Micelles Superficial fungal infection Trichophyton sp. Miconazole Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers Candidiasis Candida albicans Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Econazole Microemulsion Tinea corporis, Tinea circinata, Tinea pedis Candida albicans Amphotericin B Microemulsion Invasive fungal infection Trichophyton rubrum Griseofulvin Microemulsion gel Dermatophytosis Trichophyton sp.
Terbinafine Hcl Niosomes Fungal infection Aspergillus niger Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B Transferosomes Dermatophytosis Trichophyton rubrum Clotrimazole, Econazole Ethosomes Localized skin fungal infection Candida sp. Table 5. References 1.
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Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. Fischer MC, Henk DA, Briggs CJ, Brownstein JS, Madoff LC, McCrwa SL, et al.
Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Resistance and tolerance mechanisms to antifungal drugs in fungal pathogens. Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Cuesta I, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Monzon A, Mellado E, et al. Clinical relevance of resistance to antifungals.
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Manavathu EK, Vazquez JA, Chandrasekhar PH. Reduced susceptibility in laboratory-selected mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus to itraconazole due to decreased intracellular accumulation of the antifungal agent.
Resistance of human fungal pathogens to antifungal drugs. Current Opinion in Microbiology. Pfaller MA, Casatanheira M, Messer SA, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. Odds FC. Resistance of clinically important yeasts to antifungal agents. Clinical relevance of mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance in yeasts.
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Resistance of Candida species to fluconazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Revankar SJ. Wayne State University School of Medicine, Merck Manual professional version, Antifungal drugs; Kobayashi GS.
Chapter 74, disease mechanism of fungi. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
Ferreira MRA, Santiago RR, Langassner SMZ, de Mello JCP, Svidzinski TIE, Soares LAL. Antifungal activity of medicinal plants from northeastern Brazil. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research.
Koroishi AM, Foss SR, Cortez DAG, Nakamura TU, Nakamura CV, Filho BPD. In vitro antifungal activity of extracts and neolignans from Piper regnellii against dermatophytes.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Manojlovic NT, Solujic S, Sukdolak S, Milosev M. Antifungal activity of Rubia tinctorum, Rhamnus frangula and Caloplaca cerina.
Yemele-Bouberte M, Krohn K, Hussain H, Dongo E, Schulz B, Hu Q. Tithoniamarin and tithoniamide: A structurally unique isocoumarin dimer and a new ceramide from Tithonia diversifolia. Natural Product Research. Portillo A, Vila R, Freixa B, Adzet T, Canigueral S. Antifungal activity of Paraguayan plants used in traditional medicine.
Endo K, Kanno E, Oshima Y. Structures of antifungal diarylheptenones, gingerenones a, B, C and isogingerenone B, isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale.
Dabur R, Chhillar AK, Yadav V, Kamal PK, Gupta J, Sharma GL. In vitro antifungal activity of 2- 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl methylethyl pentanoate, a dihydro — Pyrrole derivative. Journal of Medical Microbiology. Ingham JL, Tahara S, Harborne JB. Fungitoxic isoflavones from Lupinus albus and other Lupinus species.
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Har-Nun N, Meyer AM. Cucurbitacins protect cucumber tissue against infection by Botrytis cinerea. Kim KY, Davidson PM, Chung HJ.
Antibacterial activity in extracts of Camellia japonica L. petals and its application to a model food system. Journal of Food Protection. Kobayashi K, Nishino C, Tomita H, Fukushima M.
Antifungal activity of pisiferic acid derivatives against the rice blast fungus. Ito T, Kumazawa K. Antifungal substances from mechanically damaged cherry leaves Prumus yedoensis matsumura.
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. Meena MR, Sethi V. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from species. Journal of Food Science and Technology. Devi VK, Jain N, Valli SK.
Importance of novel drug delivery systems in herbal medicines. Pharmacognosy Reviews. Yadav D, Suri S, Chaudhary AA, Asif M. A novel approach: Herbal remedies and natural products in pharmaceutical science as nano drug delivery systems. International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. Beyatricks KA, Kumar KS, Suchitra D, Jainab HN, Anita A.
Recent microsphere formulation and its applications in herbal drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. Chakraborty K, Shivakumar A, Ramachandran S.
Nanotechnology in herbal medicine. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. Indalkar YR, Pimpodkar VP, Godase AS, Gaikwad PS.
A compressive review on the study of nanotechnology for herbal drugs. Asian Pharma Press. Sharma AT, Mitkare SS, Moon RS. Multicomponent herbal therapy: A review.
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Jadhav V, Bhogale V. Novel drug delivery system in herbal. International Journal of Pharma Wave. Pascoa H, Diniz DA, Florentino IF, Costa EA, Bara MF. Microemulsion based on Pterodon emarginatus oil and its anti inflammatory potential. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. Written By Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Anil Kumar Sahu, Rajnikant Panik, Pankaj Kashyap, Saraswati Prasad Mishra and Shweta Dutta.
Continue reading from the same book View All. Chapter 7 The Utilization of Traditional Herbal Medicine for By Ji Yeon Ryu, Jung Youn Park, Angela Dongmin Sung a Chapter 8 Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemicals of E By Klaokwan Srisook and Ekaruth Srisook downloads.
Chapter 9 Plants and Cancer Treatment By Bassam Hassan downloads. Topical fungal infections, Candidiasis, aspergillus and candida infections, vaginal yeast infections.
Cryptococcosis, severe invasive aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis treated along with other antifungals. Eugenia uniflora. krusei [ 17 ].
Our offered profiles including: OAT , MycoTOX , and the Comprehensive Stool Analysis , all can help to diagnose and understand the effect of a fungal overgrowth.
This post will aim to shed light on a few herbs that have shown antifungal properties. The first herb to discuss is a popular one. Hydrastis canadensis, more commonly known as goldenseal , has been used for many decades for its antimicrobial effects. The active ingredient of goldenseal is berberine.
Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid. This is the component that gives the plant its antifungal properties. This alkaloid is cytotoxic. It works by affecting the cell membrane of fungus. Ergosterol is the most prevalent and abundant sterol in the cell membrane, giving fungal cells their permeability and fluidity.
Berberine acts to inhibit ergosterol synthesis. By inhibiting the synthesis, the cell membrane of the fungus becomes unstable and increases its permeability. This causes a loss of internal contents, DNA and protein, of the fungus and subsequently death.
Berberine also plays a role in direct lipid peroxidation of the membrane, acting directly to destroy the membrane. Other herbs with berberine as a constituent include Oregon grape root, barberry and goldthread.
Any of these, including goldenseal, are valuable components of any antifungal therapy. This herb, also known as Juglans nigra, is widely known and used as an antiparasitic agent. It is also a potent antifungal herb. The active component is called juglone. Juglone is a type of organic compound called naphthoquinone.
It has shown antifungal properties against topical, intestinal and vaginal candida overgrowth. This compound, in its nanoparticle form, has shown promising efficacy against aspergillus and fusarium mold species. When acting, the juglone also increases cellular catalase and superoxide dismutase.
These are common defense enzymes that act at the cellular membrane of the fungal cell to cause damage and death. Juglone has also shown direct inhibition in cellular respiration of Fusarium mold, a common mold exposure as depicted by the OAT and MycoTOX Profile.
It stimulates the increase of glutathione reductase enzyme in addition to its antifungal properties. This enzyme helps to reduce the increase in ROS. Other compounds, phenols, have also been extracted from black walnut.
Some include: 3- and 5-caffeoylquinic acids, 3- and 4-p-coumaroylquinic acids, p-coumaric acid, quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-pentoside derivative, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-xyloside and quercetin 3-rhamnoside. These phenolic compounds have also shown antifungal properties, in particular to candida.
With juglone and these phenolic compounds working synergistically, black walnut is a potent option to consider in fungal overgrowth treatment. This next herb is a common immune boosting supplement known and used by many.
Echinacea purpurea has been long touted for its immunomodulatory effects and antiviral nature. It has also shown efficacy against fungal infections and overgrowths. Vaginal candidiasis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been successfully treated with this herb.
It acts using its polysaccharide rich composition. They work by enhancing the natural killer cells and macrophages of the host. This causes an increase in the phagocytosis of the fungal cells. Other active compounds in Echinacea that give it its immune modulating properties include the alkamide and caffeic acid derivatives.
Echinacea also works in a different way to exert antifungal properties. Fungi, including Aspergillus and Candida, have been studied tirelessly and it has been found that they possess lipoxygenase LOX enzymes. Their LOX is like the ones found in humans. Echinacea exerts its anti-inflammatory nature by inhibiting these types of enzymes.
So, in the presence of LOX enzyme in fungus, Echinacea exhibits the same inhibitory effect, thus affecting the fungal cell negatively. This makes it more susceptible to the polysaccharide function of enhancing immunity. Echinacea is a great addition to any formula for immune support and for antifungal properties.
Another herbal option for antifungal therapy is grapefruit seed extract GSE. This potent extract is used often over the counter for many antimicrobial needs. Its antifungal nature is due to a few mechanisms. One includes its flavone content. The flavones are found in high concentrations in all citrus including grapefruit.
The flavones in question are naringin and hesperidin and their derivatives like prunin decanoate. They have been shown to inhibit mycelial growth of not only Candida yeast, but also Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium.
GSE works by inhibiting fungal cell growth and energy production. It works at the mitochondrial level of the fungal cell. The GSE induces apoptosis by destroying the 60S and LA ribosomal proteins found in the mitochondria. Through this inhibition, the conversion of pantothenic acid to coenzyme A.
This inhibition disrupts the fungal cellular respiration needed for its own energy production and cellular function. The blockage caused eventually will kill the fungus and disrupt replication. GSE also works by eliminating biofilms that are already present.
It also inhibits the formation of new biofilms. GSE can be used not only as a star antifungal player in treatment, but also as a novel biofilm disruptor set in place to enhance the activity of other potent antifungals being used. For centuries, Allium sativum, more commonly known as garlic, has been used for its medicinal properties.
Now, most people use garlic only as a nice addition to many savory meals for enhanced flavor. Luckily, its medicinal properties have not been forgotten. Garlic has been touted as antilipidemic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, amongst other great properties.
For our purpose we will focus on the more antimicrobial properties and effects of the amazing plant. Allium has shown great efficacy as an antimicrobial agent and as an antifungal.
This plant has various active compounds that give it its medicinal properties. Two are ajoene and allicin. Allicin is the commonly known active compound in garlic. In its pure form, allicin is a potent antifungal with great efficacy against Candida albicans. It has been shown to inhibit candida growth with topical and internal application.
The allicin is released from the plant by the alliin that is acted upon by the phospho-pyridoxal enzyme alliinase. This time allows for the allicin to be fully released. Once the active allicin is released it can exert its antifungal properties.
It works due to its sulfur content. The sulfur, when in contact with the fungus, enters the fungal cell and binds to the sulfur in the DNA and proteins of the fungus and disrupts synthesis thus killing the organism.
One would be suspicious that this compound would do the same to human cells when ingested. This is prevented as the sulfur in the glutathione our cells possess binds synergistically with the allicin and thus inactives this action of the garlic. This other compound ajoene is also an organosulfur compound from garlic.
It happens to be from allicin. The further degradation of the allicin, allows for the release of this other potent compound. Ajoene has also shown great efficacy in the killing of fungus. Studies have shown its success in treating Candida and Aspergillus.
Some other molds that have been found to be common in water damage building exposure that ajoene can combat include Fusarium and Penicillium. Another plant, highly related to garlic, Allium cepa or onion, has also shown great efficacy in killing mold and yeast.
With the same compounds found in both these plants, both would be beneficial to any antifungal protocol. In the discovery of fungal overgrowths, whether yeast or mold, treatment options are vast. These 5 herbs discussed: goldenseal, echinacea, grapefruit seed extract, garlic, and black walnut are options that should be considered.
When deciding which herbs to use to treat your clients consider formulations that include these options. Jasmyne Brown is a board certified and licensed naturopathic doctor.
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