In most cases, these unpaired electrons are used to create chemical bonds. A chemical bond is an attractive force between atoms and contains potential energy. By bonding, electrons find pairs and chemicals become part of a molecule.

Bond formation and bond breaking are chemical reactions that involve the movement of electrons between atoms. These chemical reactions occur continuously in the body and many of them will be discussed in more detail later.

Previously, we reviewed how glucose breaks down into water and carbon dioxide as part of cellular respiration. The energy released by breaking those bonds is used to form molecules of adenosine triphosphate ATP. Recall how during this process electrons are extracted from glucose in a stepwise manner and transferred to other molecules.

Oxygen a molecule with two atoms with one unpaired electron is known as superoxide Figure 8. Atoms and molecules such as superoxide that have unpaired electrons are called free radicals ; those containing oxygen are more specifically referred to as reactive oxygen species.

The unpaired electron in free radicals destabilizes them, making them highly reactive. Other reactive oxygen species include hydrogen peroxide and the hydroxyl radical.

The reactivity of free radicals is what poses a threat to macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and fatty acids. Free radicals can cause chain reactions that ultimately damage cells. For example, a superoxide molecule may react with a fatty acid and steal one of its electrons.

The fatty acid then becomes a free radical that can react with another fatty acid nearby. As this chain reaction continues, the permeability and fluidity of cell membranes change, proteins in cell membranes experience decreased activity, and receptor proteins undergo changes in structure that either alter or stop their function.

If receptor proteins designed to react to insulin levels undergo a structural change it can negatively affect glucose uptake. Our bodies required oxygen to survive and oxidation is the process by which oxygen takes electrons from a material.

This process can be beneficial, such as in making energy, or harmful, for example, free radicals that change the structure of a molecule. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can react with other molecules and cause damage; rusting is an example.

Free radicals occur naturally in our body endogenous during many different metabolic processes. Here are several examples. Aerobic metabolism, discussed in the chapter on energy metabolism, uses oxygen to burn substrate glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

The process of detoxifying drugs can generate free radicals. Finally, one way our immune system fights invaders is to produce free radicals. Our environment also exposes us to free radicals. Examples of exogenous sources are cigarette smoke, air pollution, alcohol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Free radical development is unavoidable, but human bodies have adapted by setting up and maintaining defense mechanisms that reduce their impact. Free radical detoxifying enzyme systems are responsible for protecting the insides of cells from free radical damage.

An antioxidant is any molecule that can block free radicals from stealing electrons; antioxidants act both inside and outside of cells. Antioxidants sequester free radicals to make them less damaging and fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices are high in antioxidants and thus help prevent cell damage and promote health.

Vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids are natural antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables. Also, there are several enzymes involved in detoxifying that require the essential minerals selenium, copper, and zinc.

Antioxidants are broadly classified as either hydrophilic water-soluble or hydrophobic lipid-soluble chemicals, and this classification determines where they act in the body. Hydrophilic antioxidants act in the cytosol of cells or in extracellular fluids such as blood; hydrophobic antioxidants are largely responsible for protecting cell membranes from free radical damage.

There are many different antioxidants in food, including selenium, which is one of the major antioxidants. However, the antioxidants you may be the most familiar with are vitamins. While our bodies have acquired multiple defenses against free radicals, we also use free radicals to support their functions.

For example, the immune system uses the cell-damaging properties of free radicals to kill pathogens. First, immune cells engulf an invader such as a bacterium , then they expose it to free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide, which destroys its membrane.

The invader is thus neutralized. Scientific studies also suggest hydrogen peroxide acts as a signaling molecule that calls immune cells to injury sites, meaning free radicals may aid with tissue repair when you get cut.

Free radicals are necessary for many other bodily functions as well. The thyroid gland synthesizes its own hydrogen peroxide, which is required for the production of thyroid hormone. Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, which are free radicals containing nitrogen, have been found to interact with proteins in cells to produce signaling molecules.

The free radical nitric oxide has been found to help dilate blood vessels and act as a chemical messenger in the brain. By acting as signaling molecules, free radicals are involved in the control of their own synthesis, stress responses, regulation of cell growth and death, and metabolism.

The body creates free radicals through the normal processes of metabolism. Substances and energy sources from the environment can add to or accelerate the production of free radicals within the body.

Exposure to excessive sunlight, ozone, smoke, heavy metals, ionizing radiation, asbestos, and other toxic chemicals increase the number of free radicals in the body.

They do so by being free radicals themselves or by adding energy that provokes electrons to move between atoms. Excessive exposure to environmental sources of free radicals can contribute to disease by overwhelming the free radical detoxifying systems and those processes involved in repairing oxidative damage.

Free Radical Formation click to see video. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance in any cell, tissue, or organ between a number of free radicals and the capabilities of the detoxifying and repair systems. Sustained oxidative damage results only under conditions of oxidative stress—when the detoxifying and repair systems are insufficient.

Free radical-induced damage, when left unrepaired, destroys lipids, proteins, RNA, and DNA, and can contribute to disease. Aging is a process that is genetically determined but modulated by factors in the environment. In the process of aging, tissue function declines. The idea that oxidative stress is the primary contributor to age-related tissue decline has been around for decades, and it is true that tissues accumulate free radical-induced damage as we age.

Recent scientific evidence slightly modifies this theory by suggesting oxidative stress is not the initial trigger for the age-related decline of tissues; it is suggested that the true culprit is progressive dysfunction of metabolic processes, which leads to increases in free radical production, thus influencing the stress response of tissues as they age.

Free Radicals or Oxidative Stress Will Age Our Bodies' Cells click to see video. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radical production and detoxification.

Sustained oxidative tissue damage that can contribute to disease occurs only when free radical detoxification systems and repair systems are overwhelmed. APUS: Basic Foundation of Nutrition for Sports Performance Byerley. Search site Search Search. By using Doctor's Formulas or closing this message you accept the website privacy policy about cookies.

The human body produces free radicals to support the process of many cellular reactions. For example, the liver produces and uses the free radicals in the detoxification phases, while the white blood cells use free radicals to destroy bacteria, viruses, and lead cells that have suffered irreversible damage to apoptosis.

The environment is full of toxins due to infection and ultraviolet radiation. The list is big and it starts from the foods we consume which are full of antibiotics, pesticides, and preservatives, and includes smoking, drinking alcohol and soft drinks.

Additionally, lack of sleep , bad mood and stress can favor the synthesis of even more toxins. Antioxidants protect the body's cells from the damage caused by the harmful active molecules called free radicals.

These natural substances are protecting the body by reducing or even preventing the process of oxidation. Also, antioxidants inhibit oxidation and are essential for energy production and the proper functioning of the immune system. In addition, they help purge free radicals from the body and improve metabolism.

Our organism has inherent natural mechanisms to metabolize toxins and eliminate them, at first it processes them to the liver, then it drives them into the lymphatic system and will end up in the kidneys from where they are naturally removed.

Unfortunately, this natural mechanism of detoxification does not respond properly when the body is being fed with more toxins than it can metabolize! This means that undesirable substances accumulate in the cells of the body.

The liver is responsible for blood cleansing and when overloading occurs, the human body does not work properly.

Free radicals are generated due to oxidation and when toxins are broken down in the body. The liver produces free radicals as it breaks down compounds and removes them.

The major sources of free radicals include :. One of the best defenses against free radical damage is consuming more antioxidants. Here are some the best antioxidant foods to eat:.

While eating more antioxidant foods is a big step in the right direction, you also benefit from limiting intake of pesticide- and herbicide-laden foods those that are not organically grown and by avoiding too much sugar, refined oil or refined grains.

Use natural, cold-pressed oils like coconut or olive oil, since heat oxidizes fats in refined oils, and be sure to limit intake of antibiotic- and hormone-laden foods, such as farm-raised meat or fish.

According to some experts, there are literally thousands of different antioxidants in the human diet, and they exist in many different forms.

Because of the complexities of how antioxidants work in the body to combat free radicals, some scientists believe that only in food form do phytonutrients or antioxidants interact beneficially with our bodies. Getting antioxidants naturally from whole foods and an unprocessed diet with a wide variety of fruits and veggies is typically recommended rather than from supplements.

However, supplements can help with nutritional gaps, and if you purchase reputable, high-quality supplements, they can be beneficial.

With the invention of anti-aging supplements , experts now worry that people may rely on supplements to counteract unhealthy lifestyle choices and poor nutrition. Variety and interaction of many different antioxidants as they exist in food seems to be most beneficial for longevity and optimal health.

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Conclusions: There is a direct effect of glutathione intake on the detoxification of free radicals from ionizing radiation. There is limited evidence so further research is needed on the effect of glutathione intake on free radical detoxification by testing the levels of free radicals and antioxidants in cells.

Main Navigation Main Content Sidebar Home Archives Vol. Published: Dec 4, Main Article Content Rizaldy Fathur Rachman , Abdul Rohim Tualeka , Denny Y. Free radicals ultimately harm and age the body over time because they damage DNA, cellular membranes, lipids fats stored within blood vessels and enzymes.

Our bodies use antioxidants to lessen the impact of free radicals, and our diets give us the tools to do so. Copper and manganese have roles in antioxidant production as well.

Many other phytochemicals from plants also seem to play antioxidant roles. Once consumed they help reduce inflammation and the effects from oxidation. Our ability to produce antioxidants in the body declines with age.

While we can never entirely stop the aging process, as diet high in antioxidant foods helps us age much more gracefully — living longer, healthier, more vibrant lives.

What causes free radicals to proliferate? Free radicals are generated due to oxidation and when toxins are broken down in the body. The liver produces free radicals as it breaks down compounds and removes them. The major sources of free radicals include :.

One of the best defenses against free radical damage is consuming more antioxidants. Here are some the best antioxidant foods to eat:. While eating more antioxidant foods is a big step in the right direction, you also benefit from limiting intake of pesticide- and herbicide-laden foods those that are not organically grown and by avoiding too much sugar, refined oil or refined grains.

Use natural, cold-pressed oils like coconut or olive oil, since heat oxidizes fats in refined oils, and be sure to limit intake of antibiotic- and hormone-laden foods, such as farm-raised meat or fish.

According to some experts, there are literally thousands of different antioxidants in the human diet, and they exist in many different forms. Because of the complexities of how antioxidants work in the body to combat free radicals, some scientists believe that only in food form do phytonutrients or antioxidants interact beneficially with our bodies.

Getting antioxidants naturally from whole foods and an unprocessed diet with a wide variety of fruits and veggies is typically recommended rather than from supplements. Do you have your 23andMe DNA data? What are Toxins? Importance of Phase 1 Detoxification Phase 1 detoxification helps in eliminating various harmful substances from the body.

Removes drugs, pesticides , and other harmful toxins from the intestine Removes excess hormones and enzymes, which in large amounts can become toxic This step can directly detoxify some of the chemicals.

Phase 1 Detoxification Pathway A group of enzymes called Cytochrome P that are present in the liver cells are an important part of phase 1 detoxification. The Adverse Effects Of Intermediate Metabolites Each molecule of toxin changed in phase 1 detoxification releases a molecule of free radical.

Overexposure to free radicals can damage the body cells and lead to several health issues, including: — Different types of cancers — Cardiovascular problems — Premature aging — Skin damage — Damage to DNA or RNA The Importance Of Cytochrome P CYP In Phase 1 Detoxification The Cytochrome P CYP enzymes play a very important role in phase 1 detoxification.

Other Enzymes That Help With Phase 1 Detoxification Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase — Both these help in ethanol processing.

Recommendations For Healthy Phase 1 Detoxification Antioxidant Consumption The main problem with phase 1 detoxification is the production of free radicals.

Here are some foods rich in antioxidants: — Vegetable and vegetable products — Fruit and fruit products — Spices and herbs — Caffeinated drinks — Nuts and seeds — Indian gooseberry N-acetyl cysteine NAC and Phase 1 Detoxification NAC is a specific type of supplement that is used to increase antioxidants in the body.

Vitamins B2 and B3 — rich Foods Some of the phase 1 detoxification processes need vitamin B2 riboflavin and vitamin B3 niacin in adequate amounts. Vitamin B2-rich foods: Organ meat, eggs, lean meat, milk Vitamin B3-rich foods: Poultry, beef, fish, legumes, and grains Zinc and CYP Enzymes Zinc deficiency prevents the normal functioning of the CYP enzymes , and this can lead to inefficient phase 1 detoxification.

Here are some zinc-rich foods that can help prevent zinc deficiency: — Oysters — Poultry and red meat — Beans — Nuts — Whole grains — Dairy products — Zinc-fortified foods Physical Activity Exercise helps release stored toxins from the body. Summary Detoxification is a natural process through which the body removes toxins and unwanted substances.

Phase 1 detoxification is the first line of defense against harmful substances and toxins. Phase 1 detoxification helps remove drugs, pesticides , and excess hormones and enzymes from the body.

Phase 1 detoxification involves converting these toxins into more active forms and sending them for phase 2 detoxification. For every toxin molecule converted in phase 1 detoxification, one molecule of free radical is released in the body.

Nutrients and supplements like antioxidants, zinc, B vitamins, and N-acetyl cysteine NAC help prevent free radical damage. Cytochrome P CYP enzymes help remove fatty acids, steroids, drugs, and other chemicals in the system.

Genetics, the extent of exposure to toxins, and nutritional levels affect the efficiency of the CYP enzymes. Other enzymes like Alcohol dehydrogenase ADH , aldehyde dehydrogenase aldehyde DH , Monoamine oxidase, and Paraoxonase 1 also play a role in phase 1 detoxification.

Phase 1 detoxification can be boosted with antioxidant and B vitamin-rich diet and physical activities. html Twitter Facebook Linkedin WhatsApp Telegram. Newsletter Form 1 Name.

Related Posts. How The CYP2C9 Gene Influences Detoxification. How The CYP2B6 Gene Influences Detoxification. How Genes Influence Detoxification Part 3: Phase III Detoxification. How The CYP1A2 Gene Influences Detoxification. How The CYP2C19 Gene Influences Detoxification.

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