Lycopene and inflammation reduction -
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Kim, J. Effects of lycopene supplementation on oxidative stress and markers of endothelial function in healthy men. Duration of treatment, dose and bioavailability of lycopene, and vascular endpoint were also different in the studies published on this topic and might have influenced obtained results.
Several factors influence the bioavailability of lycopene, such as season, the processing of tomatoes, their origin, dimensions, shape, and the way they are consumed Gajendragadkar et al. Absorption of lycopene may be reduced by diets rich in fibers and in elderly people Kong et al.
The isomerization of lycopene is another source of variability. Fresh tomatoes contain lycopene in all-trans form Shi and Le Maguer, Several factors, including high temperatures, light, oxygen, acids, and metal ions enable isomerization of lycopene Kong et al.
Lycopene degradation occurs during thermal processing, mainly isomerization of all- trans to cis forms and oxidation Shi and Le Maguer, Dehydrated and powdered tomatoes have poor lycopene stability, depending of storage in a hermetically sealed atmosphere, and a significant increase of cis-isomers, giving the highest bioavailability of lycopene and higher ability to be incorporated in lipoproteins Shi and Le Maguer, ; Kong et al.
Uptake of cis lycopene is significantly higher than all trans-isomers Kong et al. Lycopene is very bioavailable in the presence of oil, especially in monounsaturated oils, other dietary fats and processed tomato products Shi and Le Maguer, ; Basu and Imrhan, ; Kong et al. Lycopene can increase the antioxidant properties of vitamin C, E, polyphenols and beta-carotene in a synergistic way Kong et al.
Supplementation with tomatoes, containing lycopene red tomatoes or not yellow tomatoes , showed a better antioxidant effect than lycopene alone, probably due to the synergistic effects of naturally occurring secondary metabolites in tomatoes Basu and Imrhan, ; Gitenay et al.
Grapefruits also include in their composition not just lycopene but also flavonoids, with several benefits, such as the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effect, improving vascular reactivity, reducing insulin resistance, decreasing arterial stiffness, LDL cholesterol, and blood pressure Habauzit et al.
These synergistic effects hamper assessment of quantitative and qualitative effects of lycopene as a dietary factor. Several studies included healthy participants or subjects with different disorders and cardiovascular risk factors Kong et al.
Enrolling volunteers with established elevated risk markers for cardiovascular disorders may increase the probability of detecting changes, especially in short time studies Thies et al.
Also, several other uncontrolled or unidentified lifestyle factors or dietary constituents associated with cardiovascular disorders, may provide alternative explanations for the different study results Sesso et al. Genetic factors remain unconsidered at all in all of the reviewed publications, although they are reported to strongly influence circulating concentrations of lycopene in different ethnicities Zubair et al.
Furthermore, plasma, adipose, and dietary carotenoids are not sufficiently correlated to be interchangeably Sesso et al. Most of the studies considered only tomatoes and tomato products as lycopene source.
It will be the aim of future human intervention studies to include other lycopene containing fruits such as watermelon, papaya, red grapefruits, and guava, and consider synergistic effects with other components and their importance in primary and secondary cardiovascular prophylaxis.
Benefits of lycopene should be especially considered in patients with high cardiovascular risk, statin intolerance, borderline hypertension, aspirin resistance, hyperactive platelets, vascular inflammatory diseases, metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease, and its inclusion in combination therapies for the mentioned disorders, should be approached.
Further mechanistic research is needed to identify new targets for prevention and complementary treatment of cardiovascular disorders. The present review supports the importance of lycopene in improving vascular function and in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disorders.
The demonstrated effects of lycopene in view of cardiovascular health comprise its general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities, the antiplatelet, anti-apoptotic and antihypertensive properties, the ability to improve endothelial function, the metabolic profile and ventricular remodeling, reduction of arterial stiffness as well as reduction of size of atherosclerotic plaque.
Lycopene exerts favorable effects in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, and several other cardiovascular disorders, but sometimes conflicting results were obtained.
Clearly, more and better-designed studies will be necessary to improve our understanding of the positive effects of lycopene on vascular health and to elucidate the involved mechanisms on a molecular level.
Future cardiovascular disease prevention strategies might include lycopene-enriched products, lycopene supplementation and new combinations including lycopene.
Future studies focused on dietary lycopene and its synergistic effects with other dietary components in different study populations, with elevated cardiovascular risk, are highly warranted and might enable development of functional foods useful in prevention and complementary treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
IM is the author of the first draft of the manuscript. DS, AC, CM, JH, and AA contributed toward revising the paper and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
All authors agreed on the finally submitted version of the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors acknowledge the support by the Polish KNOW Leading National Research Centre Scientific Consortium Healthy Animal—Safe Food, decision of Ministry of Science and Higher Education No. Abdel-Daim, M. Lycopene attenuates tulathromycin and diclofenac sodium-induced cardiotoxicity in mice.
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Lomb, D. Corresponding Author E-mail: drpelango Yahoo. Oxidative stress is an important risk factor for various diseases. Dietary consumption of carotenoids like lycopene attenuates the oxidative stress in human beings, also widely distributed in fruits, vegetables like tomato, watermelon, and guava.
Antioxidant, and a free radical scavenger property by its unique structure, it is believed to be primarily responsible for various biological effects, supported by sound scientific evidence. The Present systematic review outlines the currently available data on lycopene sources, structure, its absorption, and its beneficial role in chronic diseases.
It shows protective against alzheimer disease by improving cognitive functions by protecting oxidative damage of mitochondrial enzymes and preventing apoptosis. Systemic inflammation exacerbates more co-morbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases lycopene attenuates this condition by its antioxidant property.
It regulates osteoporosis by decreasing bone turnover and osteoclast activity with an increase in osteoclast activity. Lycopene reduces neuropathic pain by increasing the expression of connexin CX43 expression in the dorsal horn of spinal cord which maintains neuropathic pain.
Kumar V. P, Elango P, Asmathulla S, kavimani S. Biomed Pharmacol J ;10 4. Lycopene is an effective antioxidant and non-provitamin-A with a singlet oxygen quenching property and ability to trap peroxyl radicals among various carotenoids.
It undergoes mono or poly isomerization under the influence of light and heat. Free radical scavenger property of lycopene is ten times that of α-tocopherol.
It is was registered as a neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory,cognitive enhancer 4 High intake of lycopene and its products were associate with prevention of chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases.
and neurological disorders. Lycopene has postulated in modulating, cellular redox environment possibly by protecting the antioxidant enzyme activity. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of lycopene is due to inhibition of lipo polysaccharide-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the nucleus microglia.
Lycopene is an aliphatic hydrocarbon, with polyunsaturated open straight chain consisting of 2 unconjugated double bonds and 11 conjugated bonds. The biological activity of lycopene is due to the presence of double bonds in its structure, and it lacks terminal β-ionic ring unlike other carotenoids.
Lycopene undergoes photo-oxidation and degradation in the presence of light, and there is a decrease in bioavailability which can be overcome by its incorporation into the oil phase within oil-in-water nanoemulsions. Cis form of lycopene is thermally unstable, while transform is more stable.
Most of the carotenoids absorbed in the duodenal. In human serum,lycopene absorption influenced by lipids and lipid-soluble compounds and presence of carotenoids, vitamins, fibers, cooking temperature.
Dietary fat meals, Bile acids and micelles favors absorption from a small intestine by a passive transport mechanism, and released into the lymphatic system, to transport into the liver and blood.
It gets distributed into LDL low-density lipoprotein and VLDL very low-density lipoprotein fractions. It is soluble in chloroform, benzene, and oil and insoluble in water, ethanol.
It shows distinct property of the all -trans form, with a decreased color intensity and more polar nature,solubilized in lipophilic solutions with less prone to crystallization.
Nanoemulsion technique protects antioxidant activity and improves bio-accessibility with a droplet size of in between nm. A size less than nm shows lesser bioavailability and antioxidant activity. The crystalline form of lycopene is one major factor influencing its bioavailability.
It builds up in hepatocytes, and spleen in a lesser extent and abundantly in the prostate. Lycopene undergoes autoxidation in the presence of heat, oxygen, light and forms acetone, methyl-heptenone,laevulinic aldehyde.
Studies suggest inflammatipn some foods can help inlfammation chronic inflammation. Traditional healing remedies include olive oil, Reductiob berries, fruit, vegetables, spices, and Energy-boosting capsules. On Anti-viral protection one feduction, it helps your body defend itself from infection and injury. On the other hand, chronic inflammation can lead to disease 12. Stress, low activity levels, and foods that cause inflammation can make this risk even more significant. For this reason, eating foods that can help reduce inflammation is strongly advisable. 
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