When tomatoes are heat-treated, the lycopene becomes more actigities Antioxidant activities for our bodies to process Antioxidany Metabolism and diabetes. All the extraction Glycemic load explained estimation methods and standard references differed to our methodology, hence, it is tedious to compare our present results with their results. It revealed from the study that two selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth showed excellent sources of antioxidants components including high ROS quenching capacity that offered huge prospects for attaining antioxidant sufficiency in the world.

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Antioxidants and Types of antioxidant systems

Antioxidant activities -

For example, several test-tube studies have linked betalains to a lower risk of cancers in the colon and digestive tract. Learn more about the health benefits of beats. Spinach is loaded with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and is incredibly low in calories.

Learn about the health benefits of spinach. Spices such as ginger , turmeric , and garlic , as well as herbs such as rosemary , parsley , and sage , all contain a variety of minerals, vitamins, and important antioxidants.

Putting them on your food or in your cooking can help reduce oxidative stress, which can help reduce the chance of developing various health conditions. Depending on the specific herb or spice, these diseases include high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney disease, and diabetes.

Okra is a flowering plant with edible seed pods that grows best in warm and tropical climates. It also contains antioxidants that are anti-inflammatory and may help reduce high cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as protect heart and brain health.

Read more about the health benefits of okra. That said, some have more bioactive compounds than others, such as vitamins E and C , for example. Drinks that are high in antioxidants include green tea, pomegranate juice, and acai juice. They protect your body from potentially harmful molecules known as free radicals, which can accumulate and promote oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress raises the risk of heart disease, cancers, type 2 diabetes, and many other chronic conditions. Eating a diet rich in antioxidants can help neutralize free radicals and reduce the risk of these chronic diseases. By eating a wide variety of the foods in this article, you can boost your blood levels of antioxidants and reap their many health benefits.

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. VIEW ALL HISTORY. This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by experts.

Our team of licensed nutritionists and dietitians strive to be objective, unbiased, honest and to present both sides of the argument. This article contains scientific references. The numbers in the parentheses 1, 2, 3 are clickable links to peer-reviewed scientific papers.

Brain fog is a symptom of another medical condition. Chronic inflammation refers to a response by your immune system that sticks around long after infection or injury.

Learn the common symptoms and…. Inflammation is one way your body fights infection, injury, and disease. Sometimes inflammation can become a painful problem.

Your doctor can perform…. What is oxidative stress, and why does it matter? We explain how this imbalance affects your body and ways to prevent it.

A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based 14 Healthy Foods High in Antioxidants. Medically reviewed by Katherine Marengo LDN, R. Dark chocolate Pecans Blueberries Strawberries Artichokes Goji berries Raspberries Kale Red cabbage Beans Beets Spinach Spices Okra FAQs Bottom line Many nutrient-dense foods are rich in antioxidants, including certain types of berries, nuts, and vegetables.

Dark chocolate. Goji berries. The baseline data on phenolic and flavonoids compounds obtained in the present study will contribute to the scientist forum for the scientific evaluation of these compounds in vegetable amaranth.

The edible baby leaves and fleshy juvenile stems of vegetable amaranth contain high dietary fiber, protein including lysine and methionine 1 , 2 , 3 , minerals 4 , 5 , vitamins 6 , 7 , 8 , carotenoids, abundant pigments 9 , 10 , 11 , phenolic and flavonoid compounds 12 , 13 , 14 , It is widely distributed in Africa, Asia, America, Australia, and Europe.

As these compounds have high reactive oxygen species ROS quenching capacity, these compounds remarkably contributed to the industry of food and protect many diseases including arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, emphysema, cataracts, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , Hence, vegetable amaranth has a crucial role in health-promoting effects and as natural preservatives of food products Vegetable amaranth is tolerant of drought stress 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 and salinity 26 , 27 , Vegetable amaranth has great diversity in the Asian continent including Bangladesh, India, and South East Asia 29 with multiple uses.

It is a low-cost and important leafy vegetable in the Asian continent including Bangladesh, India, and South East Asia with the lucrative color of the leaf, taste, and abundant nutritional value. Vegetable amaranth is grown year-round as well as in the gaps of foliage crops between winter and hot summer 1 , 2.

Vegetable amaranth leaves especially A. tricolor inhibited the proliferation of breast MCF-7 , colon Caco-2 cancer cell lines, and liver HepG2 and exhibited anticancer potential In this decades, food researchers and pharmacologists are interested in plant phenols and flavonoid compounds, availability in diets, their antioxidant potentiality, and roles of preventing deadly diseases including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer Antioxidants are available in vegetables i.

Phenolic components are available in plant classified as phenols hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids , flavonoids, tannins, and lignins that are responsible for lucrative color, antioxidant potentiality, flavor, bitterness, odorness, and acerbic taste In the human body, antioxidants compounds prohibit the oxidizing chain reactions of free radicals in molecules and reduce oxidative damage The shikimic acid pathway of plant cells plays a significant role to convert tyrosine and phenylalanine into phenols and flavonoid compounds In the human body, phenols and flavonoids have remarkable biological functions.

Quercetin protects the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein through quenching free radicals in the body Ellagic acid has considered as important health-promoting compounds due to its anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic responses However, the phenols, vitamins, and flavonoids compounds in drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth have not been studied.

Currently, we are examining the possibility of utilizing phenols, vitamins, and flavonoids compounds of leafy vegetable amaranth, as it has abundant good natural antioxidants of interest in the pharmacology and food industry 18 , Previously, forty-three vegetable amaranth genotypes were screened based on yields, drought-tolerant, and antioxidant activity to select the best four drought-tolerant, high yielding, and potential antioxidant enrich genotypes VA14, VA11, VA6, and VA It is the first attempt to study the phenols, vitamins, and flavonoids compounds in drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth.

Therefore, we characterized in detail the phenols, flavonoid compounds, and evaluate vitamin contents as well as antioxidant potentiality in drought-tolerant leafy vegetables using HPLC and LC—MS. The findings explore the understanding of phenols, vitamins, flavonoids compounds, and antioxidant potentials of drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth for the pharmacists, food industry, consumers, and nutritionists.

The analysis of variance revealed a wide range of variability of the studied traits regarding selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth. A wide range of variability was also reported in red and green color amaranth 11 , rice 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , and maize 51 , 52 , Table 1 shows the data on main fragment ions in MS 2 , identified compounds, the molecular ion, λmax, and retention time.

The liquid chromatography separated values of phenols and flavonoid compounds from four drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth VA16, VA14, VA11, and VA6 were compared with standard masses of phenols and flavonoid compounds through the respective peaks of the compounds.

Twenty-five phenols and flavonoids compounds were determined in drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth including nine benzoic acids, such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, β-resorcylic acid, ellagic acid, and syringic acid; seven cinnamic acids, such as m -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, trans -cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, and p -coumaric acid; and nine flavonoids compounds, such as rutin, kaempferol, naringenin, isoquercetin, apigenin, myricetin, hyperoside, quercetin, and catechin.

In our previous study, we also identified twenty-four flavonoids and phenolic acids in the leaves of red and green color amaranth Khanam et al. In the leaf, stalks, flowers, sprouts, and the seed of A. cruentus , A. caudatus , and A. hypochondriacus , Li et al. The cinnamic acids, gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acids, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, p -coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acids, and 3 flavonoids including isovitexin vitexin, and rutin were reported in the seeds and sprouts of A.

cruentus Figures 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 showed the identified phenolic compounds of leaves of four selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth. Across 3 main classes of phenolic compounds, the most identified pronounced compounds in four selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth in the following order: flavonoids ˃ benzoic acids ˃ cinnamic acids.

The most preponderant benzoic acids were identified as salicylic acids. Rest of the benzoic acids were identified in the order: gallic acid ˃ vanillic acid ˃ protocatechuic acid ˃ p -hydroxybenzoic acid ˃ gentisic acid ˃ β-resorcylic acid ˃ syringic acid ˃ ellagic acid Fig.

It revealed from the present study that drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth VA14 and VA16 exhibited much higher benzoic acid content in comparison with the results of the benzoic acid content of green amaranth of our previous study 11 and the results of Khanam et al.

The reason for higher benzoic acids obtained from our drought-tolerant vegetable amaranth genotypes in comparison with the results of our previous study and Khanam et al.

Salicylic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, and β-resorcylic acid of selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth varied from 9. The highest salicylic acid In contrast, the genotype VA6 showed the lowest salicylic acid 9.

Vanillic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, and ellagic acid ranged from The genotype VA16 exhibited the highest vanillic acid The highest syringic acid was noticed in the genotype VA14 7.

Nine benzoic acids obtained in the current study were much higher than the results of nine cinnamic acids of green amaranth of our previous study The reason for higher benzoic acids obtained from our drought-tolerant vegetable amaranth genotypes in comparison with the results of our previous study may be due to differences in species.

Trans -cinnamic acid was identified as the most prominent component within cinnamic acids followed by chlorogenic acid. Selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth had considerable cinnamic acids. The cinnamic acids obtained from the leafy vegetable amaranth genotype VA14 and VA16 were much higher in comparison with the results of cinnamic acids of green amaranth of our previous study 11 and the results of A.

tricolor reported by Khanam et al. The differences in species, varieties, geographic locations, climatic and edaphic conditions, and cultural management may be the reason for obtaining higher cinnamic acids from our drought-tolerant vegetable amaranth genotypes in comparison with the results of our previous study and Khanam et al.

Trans -cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and p -coumaric acid of selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth varied from 8. Trans -cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and p -coumaric acid were the highest However, the genotype VA6 exerted the lowest trans -cinnamic acid 8.

Caffeic acid and m -coumaric acid ranged from 2. The highest caffeic acid and m -coumaric acid In contrast, the genotype VA6 had the lowest caffeic acid and m -coumaric acid 2.

Seven cinnamic acids obtained in the current study were much higher than the results of seven cinnamic acids of green amaranth of our previous study The differences in species may be the reason for obtaining higher cinnamic acids from our drought-tolerant vegetable amaranth genotypes in comparison with the results of our previous study.

In the current investigation, selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth had abundant flavonoids such as rutin, isoquercetin, quercetin, myricetin, naringenin, kaempferol, catechin, apigenin, and hyperoside which were much higher than the results of nine flavonoid compounds of green amaranth of our previous study The divergence in species may be the reason for obtaining higher flavonoids from our drought-tolerant vegetable amaranth genotypes in comparison with the results of our previous study.

Rutin, isoquercetin, myricetin, and naringenin of selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth varied from The genotype VA14 exhibited the highest rutin, isoquercetin, myricetin, and naringenin The highest quercetin was noticed in VA14 The genotype VA14 had the highest kaempferol Catechin content was the highest in the genotype VA14 The genotype VA14 and VA16 had high apigenin 8.

In contrast, the genotype VA11 showed the lowest apigenin and hyperoside 5. Quercetin and hyperoside of our selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth were higher than the content of quercetin and hyperoside reported by Khanam et al. tricolor genotypes. The varietal differences, and differential geographic locations, climatic and edaphic conditions, and cultural managements may be played a major contribution in securing higher quercetin and hyperoside in our drought-tolerant vegetable amaranth genotypes in comparison with the results of Khanam et al.

Total flavonoids, total phenolic index, total phenolic acids, total benzoic acids, and total cinnamic acids of selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth varied from The highest total phenolic acids In contrast, the lowest total cinnamic acids We noticed much greater total flavonoids total phenolic acids, and total phenolic index in selected leafy vegetables in comparison with the results of A.

The varietal differences, and differential geographic locations, climatic and edaphic conditions, and cultural managements may be played a major contribution in securing higher phenolic fractions in our drought-tolerant vegetable amaranth genotypes in comparison with the results of Khanam et al.

Cinnamic acid was synthesized in plant tissues from the most extensively distributed phenolic acids phenylalanine In the tissue of plants, although glycoside derivatives are the most common forms of flavonoids, occasionally these compounds occur as aglycone.

The most predominant flavonoids in the plants are flavonols and quercetin glycosides are naturally occurring most prominent flavonols Significance differences in phenolic acids and flavonoids profiles among different Cichorium spinosum species were reported by Petropoulos et al. In the current investigation, we observed abundant phenols and flavonoid compounds such as protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, β-resorcylic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, naringenin, gentisic acid, myricetin, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoquercetin, syringic acid, m -coumaric acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, trans -cinnamic acid, rutin, sinapic acid, p -coumaric acid, catechin, ferulic acid, kaempferol, apigenin, and hyperoside in selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth.

We found corroborative results with the results of Khanam and Oba 55 where they observed higher syringic acid, salicylic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, isoquercetin, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, trans -cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, m -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and p -coumaric acid in red amaranth in comparison with green amaranth.

p -hydroxybenzoic acid, rutin, m -coumaric acid, hyperoside, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, trans -cinnamic acid, and p -coumaric acid obtained from this study were higher than the results of Khanam et al.

The selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth VA14 and VA16 had high vitamins along with high flavonoids and phenols, such as protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, β-resorcylic acid, ellagic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, m -coumaric acid, trans -cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p -coumaric acid, rutin, naringenin, sinapic acid, isoquercetin, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, apigenin, and hyperoside.

The selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth VA14 and VA16 could be used as phenolic profiles enrich high-yielding varieties. It revealed from the current investigation that these two genotypes containing high vitamins along with high flavonoids and phenols demand deep and elaborate pharmacological study to find the new insight of this crop.

Total polyphenols, vitamin C, total flavonoids, and capacity of antioxidant AC varied remarkably among selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth Fig. Vitamin C exhibited much remarkable variation in terms of genotypes, which varied from Total polyphenols showed much remarkable variation in terms of genotypes with a range of The accession VA14 showed the highest total phenols followed by VA Total flavonoids showed much remarkable variation in terms of genotypes, which varied from Antioxidant capacity DPPH of selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth varied from The highest antioxidant capacity DPPH was recorded in the genotype VA14 followed by VA16 and VA On the other hand, the lowest antioxidant capacity DPPH was noticed in VA6.

The current findings were corroborative with the results of Khanam and Oba 55 where they noticed higher total flavonoids, total antioxidant capacity, and total polyphenols in red amaranth in comparison with green amaranth. The selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth VA14 and VA16 contained higher vitamin C, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity in comparison with VA11 and VA6.

Hence, these antioxidant constituents of leafy vegetable amaranth could be crucial attributes for consumers due to the high detoxifying capacity of ROS in the human body and preventing many degenerative human diseases and anti-aging activity 18 , It suggested from the present results of vitamin C, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity in selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth that leafy vegetables have important free radical-scavenging activity In the current investigation, we observed remarkable vitamin C, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity in selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth.

The current results were corroborative with the results of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of Khanam and Oba They noticed higher antioxidant capacity, total flavonoids, and total polyphenols content in A.

tricolor genotypes in comparison with green amaranth genotype. Vitamin C obtained from our study was much greater than vitamin C reported by Jiminez-Aguilar and Grusak 61 in Amaranthus species. The varietal differences, and differential geographic locations, climatic and edaphic conditions, and cultural managements may be played a key role in accumulating higher phenols and vitamin C in our drought-tolerant vegetable amaranth genotypes in comparison with the results of Khanam et al.

The higher total antioxidant activity FRAP and ORAC methods , total flavonoids, and total phenols were reported in the leaves of A. hypochondriacus than A. caudatus leaves They reported the highest total antioxidant activity FRAP , total flavonoids, and total phenols in the leaves than stalks, seed, flowers, and sprouts.

All the extraction and estimation methods and standard references differed to our methodology, hence, it is tedious to compare our present results with their results.

The genotypes VA14 and VA16 had high phenolic profiles, antioxidant constituents such as vitamin C, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity.

The selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth VA14 and VA16 could be used as antioxidant profiles enrich high-yielding varieties. It revealed from the study that these two genotypes could offer greatly contributed to feeding the antioxidant-deficient community.

The correlation of antioxidant constituents and antioxidant capacity of selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth are shown in Table 2. The results of the present study corroborated with the results of our earlier study of drought and salt-stressed A. tricolor 22 , 23 , 24 , The findings for total antioxidant capacity FRAP , total flavonoids, and total polyphenols in salt-stressed purslane 62 were corroborative to our present findings.

In conclusion, we identified twenty-five phenols and flavonoid compounds such as protocatechuic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, gentisic acid, β-resorcylic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, m -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, trans -cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, p -coumaric acid, sinapic acid, naringenin, isoquercetin, rutin, kaempferol, hyperoside, catechin, apigenin, myricetin, and quercetin in selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth.

The selected leafy vegetable amaranth VA14 and VA16 exhibited remarkable phenols, vitamins, flavonoids, antioxidant constituents, and antioxidant potentiality. It revealed from the correlation study that all antioxidant compositions of selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth exhibited high antioxidant potentiality.

It revealed from the study that two selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth showed excellent sources of antioxidants components including high ROS quenching capacity that offered huge prospects for attaining antioxidant sufficiency in the world.

It revealed from this study that data reported from selected drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth greatly contributed to the scientists to evaluate pharmacologically active constituents. It is the first report on phenolic profiles, antioxidant compositions, and antioxidant capacity in drought-tolerant leafy vegetable amaranth.

We previously evaluated 43 genotypes for antioxidant and yield potentiality to select the best four high yielding and antioxidant enrich genotypes for this experiment. We executed the experiment in three replicates following a completely randomized block design RCBD at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University.

Each genotype was grown in 1 m 2 experimental plot following 20 cm and 5 cm distance between rows and plants, respectively. Recommended compost doses, fertilizer, and appropriate cultural practices were maintained For maintaining the exact spacing of plants in a row, proper thinning was executed.

Weeds of experimental plots were regularly removed through proper weeding and hoeing. We provide regular irrigation in the experimental plots for maintaining the proper growth of vegetable amaranth. We collected the leaf samples at 30 days old plant. All solvents and reagents were bought from Merck Germany and Kanto Chemical Co.

Tokyo, Japan. The mixture was thoroughly homogenized. Then the mixture was kept to a test tube 50 ml and capped tightly. The test tube was shaken in a shaker Scientific Industries Inc. Exactly 0. The phenolic compounds were analyzed from the final filtrate. We performed all extractions in triplicate independent samples.

The method previously described by Sarker and Oba 11 , 28 was followed to phenolic profile, respectively in leaf sample using HPLC. We equipped the Shimadzu SCL10Avp Kyoto, Japan HPLC with a binary pump LCAvp , DGUA degasser, and a Shimadzu SPDAvp UV—vis detector.

We set the detector at , , , and nm, respectively for continuous monitoring of flavonoids, cinnamic acids, and benzoic acids. For identification of the compound, we compared retention time and UV—vis spectra with their respective standards.

We confirmed the flavonoids, and phenolic acids through the mass spectrometry assay method. HPLC detected total compounds were represented as a total phenolic index TPI. The previously described method of Sarker and oba 11 , 28 was used to TPI from the HPLC data.

All samples were prepared and analyzed in duplicate. A mass spectrometer AccuTOF JMS-TLP, JEOL Ltd. Skip to content The Nutrition Source. The Nutrition Source Menu. Search for:. Home Nutrition News What Should I Eat? In , a rating tool called the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity ORAC was created by scientists from the National Institute on Aging and the United States Department of Agriculture USDA.

It was used to measure the antioxidant capacity of foods. The USDA provided an ORAC database on its website highlighting foods with high ORAC scores, including cocoa, berries, spices, and legumes. Blueberries and other foods topping the list were heavily promoted in the popular press as disease-fighters even if the science was weak, from cancer to brain health to heart disease.

However, 20 years later the USDA retracted the information and removed the database after determining that antioxidants have many functions, not all of which are related to free radical activity. Although this was not a primary endpoint for the trial, it nevertheless represents an important outcome.

In the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation HOPE trial, the rates of major cardiovascular events were essentially the same in the vitamin E A recent trial of vitamin E in Israel, for example, showed a marked reduction in coronary heart disease among people with type 2 diabetes who have a common genetic predisposition for greater oxidative stress.

In the Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants SU. MAX study, 13, French men and women took a single daily capsule that contained mg vitamin C, 30 mg vitamin E, 6 mg beta-carotene, mcg selenium, and 20 mg zinc, or a placebo, for seven and a half years.

The vitamins had no effect on overall rates of cardiovascular disease. Lung disease A study from the Journal of Respiratory Research found that different isoforms of vitamin E called tocopherols had opposing effects on lung function.

Cancer When it comes to cancer prevention, the picture remains inconclusive for antioxidant supplements. MAX randomized placebo-controlled trial showed a reduction in cancer risk and all-cause mortality among men taking an antioxidant cocktail low doses of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and zinc but no apparent effect in women, possibly because men tended to have low blood levels of beta-carotene and other vitamins at the beginning of the study.

Age-related eye disease A six-year trial, the Age-Related Eye Disease Study AREDS , found that a combination of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and zinc offered some protection against the development of advanced age-related macular degeneration, but not cataracts, in people who were at high risk of the disease.

However, relatively short trials of lutein supplementation for age-related macular degeneration have yielded conflicting findings.

The study found that people taking the vitamins were less likely to progress to late-stage AMD and vision loss. However, the study authors noted that taking lutein and zeaxanthin alone or vitamin E alone did not have a beneficial effect on these eye conditions.

The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT Eye Endpoints Study, which followed 11, men for a mean of five years, did not find that vitamin E and selenium supplements, in combination or alone, protected from age-related cataracts.

It did not find that antioxidant supplements of vitamin E or selenium, alone or in combination, protected against dementia compared with a placebo. Early death A meta-analysis of 68 antioxidant supplement trials found that taking beta-carotene and vitamin A and E supplements increased the risk of dying.

It was also difficult to compare interventions because the types of supplements, the dosages taken, and the length of time they were taken varied widely. The same authors conducted another systematic review of 78 randomized clinical trials on antioxidant supplements including beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium alone or in combination.

The study found that both people who were healthy and those with diseases taking beta-carotene and vitamin E supplements had a higher rate of death.

The duration of the studies varied widely from one month to 12 years, with varying dosages. The first inkling came in a large trial of beta-carotene conducted among men in Finland who were heavy smokers, and therefore at high risk for developing lung cancer.

The trial was stopped early when researchers saw a significant increase in lung cancer among those taking the supplement compared to those taking the placebo. Again, an increase in lung cancer was seen in the supplement group. MAX trial, rates of skin cancer were higher in women who were assigned to take vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, and zinc.

These results came from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT that followed 35, men for up to 12 years. References National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health NCCIH. Antioxidants: In Depth. Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Bøhn SK, Dragland S, Sampson L, Willey C, Senoo H, Umezono Y, Sanada C, Barikmo I.

The total antioxidant content of more than foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutrition journal. Semba RD, Ferrucci L, Bartali B, Urpí-Sarda M, Zamora-Ros R, Sun K, Cherubini A, Bandinelli S, Andres-Lacueva C.

Resveratrol levels and all-cause mortality in older community-dwelling adults. JAMA internal medicine. Grodstein F, Kang JH, Glynn RJ, Cook NR, Gaziano JM.

Archives of internal medicine. USDA Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity ORAC of Selected Foods, Release 2 Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE.

Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold JM, Ross C, Arnold A, Sleight P, Probstfield J, Dagenais GR. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators.

Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. The Lancet. Milman U, Blum S, Shapira C, Aronson D, Miller-Lotan R, Anbinder Y, Alshiek J, Bennett L, Kostenko M, Landau M, Keidar S.

Vitamin E supplementation reduces cardiovascular events in a subgroup of middle-aged individuals with both type 2 diabetes mellitus and the haptoglobin genotype: a prospective double-blinded clinical trial. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W.

Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briançon S.

A new global interest Metabolism and diabetes entomophagy, the actjvities of eating insects, and invertebrates, arise from the impellent necessity of Android vs gynoid body fat accumulation causes Antioxicant resources and to obtain Antioxixant Antioxidant activities reduction of the ecological impact of animal activitles on the planet. The composite actlvities content, swimmer-friendly recipes consequences of a plant-based Hydration solutions, associated with the undoubtedly ecological properties, suggest for insects a role as sustainable and functional foods. We aim to investigate the ability of water and liposoluble extracts, obtained by 12 commercially available edible insects and two invertebrates, to display an antioxidant effect in vitro. Results show that water-soluble extracts of grasshoppers, silkworm, and crickets display the highest values of antioxidant capacity TEAC5-fold higher than fresh orange juice, while evening cicada, giant water bugs, Thai zebra tarantula, and black scorpions have negligible values. Grasshoppers, African caterpillars, and crickets have the highest levels of reducing power FRAPdouble than fresh orange juice. Grasshoppers, black ants, and mealworms contain the highest levels of total polyphenols, while Thai zebra tarantula, black scorpions, and giant water bugs are positioned at the bottom of the ranking. Often used as a marketing buzzword, Antkoxidant about Metabolism and diabetes role Metabolism and diabetes antioxidants Antioxirant the hype, and some of the research Low-field MRI health and disease prevention. Jump to: — What are antioxidants? Another constant threat comes from chemicals called free radicals. In very high levels, they are capable of damaging cells and genetic material. The body generates free radicals as the inevitable byproducts of turning food into energy. Free radicals are also formed after exercising or exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution, and sunlight.