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Low-field MRI -

Release of RF energy? Rotating frame? Adiabatic excitation? Adiabatic pulses? Bloch equations? What is T1? What is T2? Relaxation rate vs time? Causes of Relaxation? Dipole-dipole interactions? Chemical Exchange?

Spin-Spin interactions? Macromolecule effects? Which H's produce signal? Magnetization Transfer? T1 bright? Free Induction Decay? Gradient echo? TR and TE? Spin echo? Stimulated echoes? STEs for imaging? Partial flip angles? How is signal higher?

Optimal flip angle? SE vs Multi-SE vs FSE? Meaning of weighting? Does SE correct for T2? Effect of ° on Mz? Direction of ° pulse? What is IR? Why use IR? Phase-sensitive IR? Why not PSIR always? Choice of IR parameters?

TI to null a tissue? T1-FLAIR T2-FLAIR? IR-prepped sequences? Double IR? GRE vs SE? Multi-echo GRE? Types of GRE sequences? Commercial Acronyms? Spoiling - what and how? Spoiled-GRE parameters? Spoiled for T1W only? What is SSFP? GRASS vs MPGR? PSIF vs FISP?

FIESTA v FIESTA-C? MP-RAGE v MR2RAGE? What is susceptibility χ? What's wrong with GRE? Making an SW image? Quantitative susceptibility?

What is diffusion? Making a DW image? What is the b-value? b0 vs b50? Trace vs ADC map? T2 "shine through"? Exponential ADC? T2 "black-out"? DWI bright causes? Diffusion Tensor? DTI tensor imaging? Whole body DWI? Readout-segmented DWI? Small FOV DWI? Diffusion Kurtosis? F-W chemical shift?

Best method? Dixon method? Water excitation? SPAIR v SPIR? Angular frequency ω? Signal squiggles? Real v Imaginary? Fourier Transform FT? Who invented MRI? How to locate signals? Frequency encoding? Receiver bandwidth? Narrow bandwidth? Slice-selective excitation?

SS gradient lobes? Frequency encode all? Mixing of slices? Two slices at once? Simultaneous Multi-Slice? Phase-encoding gradient? Single PE step? What is phase-encoding? PE and FE together? What are the steps?

Automatic prescan? Routine shimming? Center frequency? Transmitter gain? Receiver gain? Dummy cycles? Where's my data? MR Tech qualifications? Who regulates MRI? Who accredits? Mandatory accreditation? Routine quality control? MR phantoms? Geometric accuracy? Image uniformity? Slice parameters?

Image resolution? Parts of k-space? What does "k" stand for? Spatial frequencies? Locations in k-space? Data for k-space? Spin-warp imaging? Big spot in middle? K-space trajectories? Radial sampling? K-space grid? Negative frequencies? Field-of-view FOV Rectangular FOV?

Partial Fourier? Phase symmetry? Read symmetry? Why not use both? FSE parameters? Bright Fat? Other FSE differences? Dual-echo FSE? Driven equilibrium? Reduced flip angle FSE? Echo-planar imaging?

What is PI? How is PI different? PI coils and sequences? Why and when to use? Two types of PI? Compressed sensing? Noise in PI? Artifacts in PI? Paramagnetic relaxation? What is relaxivity? Why does Gd shorten T1? Does Gd affect T2? Best T1-pulse sequence? Triple dose and MT? Dynamic CE imaging?

Gadolinium on CT? So many Gd agents! Important properties? Ionic v non-ionic? Gd liver agents Eovist? Mn agents Teslascan? Lymph node agents? Blood pool Ablavar? Bowel contrast agents? Gadolinium safety? Allergic reactions? Renal toxicity? What is NSF? NSF by agent? Informed consent for Gd?

Gd protocol? Is Gd safe in infants? Reduced dose in infants? Gd in breast milk? Gd in pregnancy? Gd accumulation? Gd deposition disease? Expected velocities?

Laminar v turbulent? Predicting MR of flow? Time-of-flight effects? Spin phase effects? Flow void? Slow flow v thrombus? Even-echo rephasing? Flow misregistration? MRA methods?

Dark vs bright blood? Time-of-Flight TOF MRA? MRA parameters? Ramped flip angle? Fat-suppressed MRA? TOF MRA Artifacts? Phase-contrast MRA? What is VENC? Measuring flow? How accurate? Gated 3D FSE MRA? SSFP MRA? Inflow-enhanced SSFP? MRA with ASL? Other MRA methods?

Contrast-enhanced MRA? Timing the bolus? View ordering in MRA? Bolus chasing? TRICKS or TWIST? CE-MRA artifacts? Cardiac protocols? Patient prep? EKG problems? Magnet changes EKG? Gating v triggering?

Gating parameters? Heart navigators? Why not single IR? Triple IR? Polar plots? Coronary artery MRA? Beating heart movies? Cine parameters? Real-time cine? Ventricular function?

Perfusion: why and how? Quantifying perfusion? Dark rim artifact. Gd enhancement? TI to null myocardium? PS phase-sensitive IR? Wideband LGE? T1 mapping? Stress consent form? Chemical shift in phase? Reducing chemical shift? Chemical Shift 2nd Kind? IR bounce point? Susceptibility artifact?

Metal suppression? Dielectric effect? Dielectric Pads? Why discrete ghosts? Motion artifact direction? Reducing motion artifacts? Saturation pulses? Gating methods? Respiratory comp?

Navigator echoes? Partial volume effects? Slice overlap? Wrap-around artifact? Eliminate wrap-around? Phase oversampling?

Frequency wrap-around? Gibbs artifact? Zipper artifact? Data artifacts? Surface coil flare? Peterson, M. Normal childhood brain growth and a universal sex and anthropomorphic relationship to cerebrospinal fluid.

Bethlehem, R. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Learning based segmentation of CT brain images: application to postoperative hydrocephalic scans.

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Sien, M. Feasibility of and experience using a portable MRI scanner in the neonatal intensive care unit. Fetal Neonatal Ed. Mathur, A. Transport, monitoring, and successful brain MR imaging in unsedated neonates.

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Assessing the utility of low resolution brain imaging: treatment of infant hydrocephalus. Neuroimage Clin. Bos, D. Prevalence, clinical management, and natural course of incidental findings on brain MR images: the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study.

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Neuron , — Emerging ethical issues raised by highly portable MRI research in remote and resource-limited international settings. Neuroimage , Download references. and K. are funded by a National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering R01 EBA1.

is funded by the Fulbright Commission. is supported by an ERC Advanced Grant , PASMAR , an NWO-Open Technology grant , and an NWO Stevin Prijs. is supported by Hong Kong Research Grant Council R, HKU, HKU and HKU and Lam Woo Foundation.

acknowledges the gracious support of the Kiyomi and Ed Baird MGH Research Scholar Award. All other co-authors report no relevant disclosures or funding.

Department of Neurology and the Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Neurosciences, Houston, TX, USA.

Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Harvard Medical School Center for Bioethics, Harvard law School, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Radiology, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK. Computer Science and AI Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to W. Taylor Kimberly or Kevin N.

is a founder and equity holder of Hyperfine Inc. have sponsored research agreements between their respective institutions and Hyperfine Inc.

All other co-authors declare no conflict of interest. Nature Reviews Bioengineering thanks Mark Griswold, who co-reviewed with Reid Bolding; and Peter Basser for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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nature nature reviews bioengineering review articles article. Subjects Diseases of the nervous system Translational research. This article has been updated. Abstract The advent of portable, low-field MRI LF-MRI heralds new opportunities in neuroimaging.

Key points Portable, low-field MRI LF-MRI has enabled scanning outside the controlled environment of a conventional MRI suite, enhancing access to neuroimaging for indications that are not well suited to existing technologies.

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Multiple Sclerosis Low-field MRI is Low-tield disease Llw-field attacks the Alpha-lipoic acid for energy metabolism in the Low-fie,d, making it difficult Low-field MRI the brain to send Low-vield to the rest of the body. MS symptoms are extremely Low-field MRI, and Low-field MRI Low-fielc difficulty walking, fatigue, Low-fiield, and cognitive issues such as problems with concentration, memory and word-finding. People living with MS have scars, or lesions, that can be seen in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging MRI. MRI is essential in MS care, for diagnosis, detection of new lesions, monitoring disease progression, guiding treatment decisions, and for use in clinical trials of new drugs. Unfortunately, MRI scans are expensive, have long wait times, and are often inaccessible for people in remote locations or who have difficulty with mobility or transportation.