Lung function was tested using spirometric parameters: higher parameters are indicative of increased lung function, while lower parameters are indicative of decreased lung function.

The study found that higher serum levels of alpha-tocopherol were associated with higher spirometric parameters and that high serum levels of gamma-tocopherol were associated with lower spirometric parameters. Though the study was observational in nature, it confirmed the mechanistic pathway of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in mice studies.

When it comes to cancer prevention, the picture remains inconclusive for antioxidant supplements. Few trials have gone on long enough to provide an adequate test for cancer. High-dose antioxidant supplements can also interfere with medicines.

Vitamin E supplements can have a blood-thinning effect and increase the risk of bleeding in people who are already taking blood-thinning medicines. Some studies have suggested that taking antioxidant supplements during cancer treatment might interfere with the effectiveness of the treatment.

Inform your doctor if starting supplements of any kind. One possible reason why many studies on antioxidant supplements do not show a health benefit is because antioxidants tend to work best in combination with other nutrients, plant chemicals, and even other antioxidants.

For example, a cup of fresh strawberries contains about 80 mg of vitamin C, a nutrient classified as having high antioxidant activity. Polyphenols also have many other chemical properties besides their ability to serve as antioxidants. There is a question if a nutrient with antioxidant activity can cause the opposite effect with pro-oxidant activity if too much is taken.

This is why using an antioxidant supplement with a single isolated substance may not be an effective strategy for everyone. Differences in the amount and type of antioxidants in foods versus those in supplements might also influence their effects.

For example, there are eight chemical forms of vitamin E present in foods. However, vitamin E supplements typically only include one form, alpha-tocopherol. Epidemiological prospective studies show that higher intakes of antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, and legumes are associated with a lower risk of chronic oxidative stress-related diseases like cardiovascular diseases , cancer, and deaths from all causes.

The following are nutrients with antioxidant activity and the foods in which they are found:. Excessive free radicals contribute to chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease, cognitive decline, and vision loss. Keep in mind that most of the trials conducted have had fundamental limitations due to their relatively short duration and inclusion of people with existing disease.

At the same time, abundant evidence suggests that eating whole in fruits , vegetables , and whole grains —all rich in networks of naturally occurring antioxidants and their helper molecules—provides protection against many scourges of aging.

The contents of this website are for educational purposes and are not intended to offer personal medical advice. You should seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

The Nutrition Source does not recommend or endorse any products. Skip to content The Nutrition Source. The Nutrition Source Menu. Search for:. Home Nutrition News What Should I Eat? In , a rating tool called the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity ORAC was created by scientists from the National Institute on Aging and the United States Department of Agriculture USDA.

It was used to measure the antioxidant capacity of foods. The USDA provided an ORAC database on its website highlighting foods with high ORAC scores, including cocoa, berries, spices, and legumes.

Blueberries and other foods topping the list were heavily promoted in the popular press as disease-fighters even if the science was weak, from cancer to brain health to heart disease. However, 20 years later the USDA retracted the information and removed the database after determining that antioxidants have many functions, not all of which are related to free radical activity.

Although this was not a primary endpoint for the trial, it nevertheless represents an important outcome. In the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation HOPE trial, the rates of major cardiovascular events were essentially the same in the vitamin E A recent trial of vitamin E in Israel, for example, showed a marked reduction in coronary heart disease among people with type 2 diabetes who have a common genetic predisposition for greater oxidative stress.

In the Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants SU. MAX study, 13, French men and women took a single daily capsule that contained mg vitamin C, 30 mg vitamin E, 6 mg beta-carotene, mcg selenium, and 20 mg zinc, or a placebo, for seven and a half years. The vitamins had no effect on overall rates of cardiovascular disease.

Lung disease A study from the Journal of Respiratory Research found that different isoforms of vitamin E called tocopherols had opposing effects on lung function. Cancer When it comes to cancer prevention, the picture remains inconclusive for antioxidant supplements. MAX randomized placebo-controlled trial showed a reduction in cancer risk and all-cause mortality among men taking an antioxidant cocktail low doses of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and zinc but no apparent effect in women, possibly because men tended to have low blood levels of beta-carotene and other vitamins at the beginning of the study.

Age-related eye disease A six-year trial, the Age-Related Eye Disease Study AREDS , found that a combination of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and zinc offered some protection against the development of advanced age-related macular degeneration, but not cataracts, in people who were at high risk of the disease.

However, relatively short trials of lutein supplementation for age-related macular degeneration have yielded conflicting findings. The study found that people taking the vitamins were less likely to progress to late-stage AMD and vision loss.

However, the study authors noted that taking lutein and zeaxanthin alone or vitamin E alone did not have a beneficial effect on these eye conditions.

The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT Eye Endpoints Study, which followed 11, men for a mean of five years, did not find that vitamin E and selenium supplements, in combination or alone, protected from age-related cataracts.

It did not find that antioxidant supplements of vitamin E or selenium, alone or in combination, protected against dementia compared with a placebo. Early death A meta-analysis of 68 antioxidant supplement trials found that taking beta-carotene and vitamin A and E supplements increased the risk of dying.

It was also difficult to compare interventions because the types of supplements, the dosages taken, and the length of time they were taken varied widely.

The same authors conducted another systematic review of 78 randomized clinical trials on antioxidant supplements including beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium alone or in combination.

The study found that both people who were healthy and those with diseases taking beta-carotene and vitamin E supplements had a higher rate of death. The duration of the studies varied widely from one month to 12 years, with varying dosages. The first inkling came in a large trial of beta-carotene conducted among men in Finland who were heavy smokers, and therefore at high risk for developing lung cancer.

The trial was stopped early when researchers saw a significant increase in lung cancer among those taking the supplement compared to those taking the placebo. Again, an increase in lung cancer was seen in the supplement group. WTHN Daily Digestion. Extra oomph for your insides. Feeling bloated? It consists of 10 highly-researched strains, fully disclosed with specific CFU counts.

These robust strains survive the journey to the intestines, attach to the walls, and function effectively to support gastrointestinal health. The delayed-release technology and unique moisture-resistant, desiccant-lined packaging enhance survivability without refrigeration, making it convenient for travelers and people on-the-go.

GOLDE Pineapple Debloat Ade. Bloat happens — this helps. The sugar substitute stevia is a replacement for gut-harming sugar, but it is also a pro-gut health substance all on its own.

Bacteriophages are an ancient type of virus that specifically target harmful bacteria in the gut, while leaving beneficial bacteria untouched. By reducing harmful flora, bacteriophages improve gut flora balance and reduce the risk of digestive issues. Artichoke helps to promote the production of digestive enzymes and improve digestion.

Additionally, artichoke can help to reduce inflammation in the gut and improve overall gut health. Artichoke can be found as a powdered supplement or simply add more artichoke to your diet. When you have a problem with gut health, it almost always means that somewhere at the root of your problem is a gut flora imbalance.

Gut flora is highly influenced by diet. Eating a diet with too much processed food and excess sugar harms gut flora balance, triggering issues ranging from poor nutrient absorption to weakened immunity, joint aches, depression and anxiety, and yeast overgrowth.

Sugar and other artificial additives and chemical preservatives also increase inflammation in the body, contributing to and worsening autoimmune issues. At the same time you kick sugar to the curb, increase in your diet foods that are prized for replenishing probiotics. Yogurt, sauerkraut and other fermented veggies are some other good choices.

The central nervous system shuts down digestion by slowing contractions of digestive muscles and decreasing secretions for digestion. After the stress has past, the system recovers and digestion resumes. This ancient response works wonders when we need to flee from a charging bear, but when facing the chronic stress of modern life, an over-triggered stress response can keep us in a semi-permanent state of poor digestion.

Taking steps to reduce stress in your life, as well as engaging in stress-busting practices like yoga and meditation, can help your brain turn your digestion back on to full strength.

In women, digestive issues can also be connected to hormonal imbalance. During perimenopause and menopause, hormonal fluctuations or imbalances can influence the pace of food movement through the intestines.

For example, constipation can be a sign of low progesterone. A gut flora imbalance can also interfere with hormone production. Gut flora helps to regulate estrogen. When your balance of healthy microorganisms are off, it can result in imbalances in estrogen levels too.

The bottom line? If you are taking steps to rebalance your hormones, pay attention to your gut health too. Need help identifying your digestive symptoms? Take our Digestive Health Quiz to assess your gut health and find out the first steps you can take to feel better! Your call is free.

CALL M-F 9AM-6PM EST. Take A QUIZ Main menu Take A QUIZ. Hormonal imbalance. Bone health. Brain health. Digestive health. Immune System. Weight loss. Understand YOUR SYMPTOMS. Explore WOMEN'S HEALTH Main menu Explore WOMEN'S HEALTH. Blood sugar. Breast health.

One recent study showed that taking a capsule with cinnamon oil significantly decreased symptoms of indigestion after 6 weeks compared with a placebo.

However, while participants experienced reductions in bloating, the difference was not statistically significant Cinnamon also contains several anti-inflammatory compounds, such as cinnamaldehyde and methoxycinnamaldehyde. One animal study found that cinnamon decreased markers of inflammation in mice with colitis, which may help prevent bloating 14 , However, further research is needed to confirm how cinnamon oil affects inflammation and bloating in humans.

Cinnamon oil contains several anti-inflammatory compounds and may help decrease symptoms of indigestion, but more research is needed. Digestive enzymes help break down the nutrients in foods into smaller compounds to promote proper digestion.

Although your body produces digestive enzymes naturally, using a digestive enzyme supplement may help alleviate bloating in some cases.

One small study showed that digestive enzymes were as effective as a prescription medication at treating common gastrointestinal issues like bloating, nausea, and indigestion Another study including 40 people reported that digestive enzymes significantly reduced multiple symptoms of indigestion, including bloating Certain digestive enzymes, such as lactase, may also help prevent symptoms among people with lactose intolerance.

Lactose intolerance is a common condition that causes issues like gas, bloating, and stomach pain when foods containing lactose — a type of sugar found in milk — are consumed Digestive enzymes may help treat digestive issues like bloating. Specific enzymes, such as lactase, may be beneficial for those with lactose intolerance.

Yet, be sure to consult a healthcare professional before adding a digestive enzyme to your regimen. Psyllium is a fiber derived from Plantago ovata , an herb grown in many parts of South Asia, Europe, and North America Often found in supplement form, it adds bulk to your stools to relieve constipation , which is a common cause of bloating.

According to one study among 51 people with type 2 diabetes and constipation, taking 10 grams of psyllium twice daily improved symptoms of constipation and decreased blood sugar levels, cholesterol levels, and body weight, compared with those in a control group Another small study found that psyllium drew water into stools to ease their passage and prevent constipation Furthermore, one animal study showed that psyllium significantly decreased intestinal inflammation, which may help relieve bloating and digestive issues Psyllium fiber may help prevent constipation and reduce inflammation in the intestines, which could help decrease bloating.

Your skin cells produce vitamin D — also known as the sunshine vitamin — when exposed to the sun. Unfortunately, very few food sources naturally contain this nutrient, which can make it challenging to meet your needs If you are deficient in vitamin D , taking a supplement can be an easy way to increase your intake — and it may potentially prevent bloating.

One study including 90 people with IBS found that taking 50, IU of vitamin D every two weeks for 6 months led to significant improvements in stomach pain, bloating, gas, and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Another study evaluated 44 women with premenstrual syndrome PMS who were deficient in vitamin D. It found that taking a vitamin D supplement for 4 months decreased several markers of inflammation and improved PMS symptoms, which often include stomach pain, cramps, constipation, and bloating On the other hand, a study in 74 people with IBS showed that taking 50, IU per week of vitamin D for 9 weeks improved symptom severity and quality of life but did not affect bloating, compared with those in a control group It is important to note that the tolerable upper limit for vitmain D supplementation for adults is 4, IUs daily Additional studies are needed to understand how vitamin D supplements may affect bloating, especially among people without a deficiency.

Some research shows that taking a vitamin D supplement may help reduce bloating if you are deficient in the nutrient. In addition to reducing bloating, some supplements may likewise improve other digestive problems, including gas, constipation, and stomach pain.

Try this today : In addition to using some of the supplements above, you might want to switch up your diet to help resolve bloating. Check out this article for some specific foods that may help you beat the bloat and boost your gut health!

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Looking to get rid of your abdominal bloating? It can interfere with your ability to work and participate in social or recreational activities. Gassy poop can happen when you're backed up from constipation, have diarrhea caused by food intolerance or infection, or have eaten certain foods.

There are several other prolapse symptoms. Numerous issues may develop in the gallbladder. While gallbladder problems can range in severity, some may cause feelings of bloating.

Gas and bloating often occur together, but they're different problems. Learn how trapped gas leads to bloat and how belching and flatulence can…. Ascites and bloating can both cause swelling and discomfort in your abdomen.

Bloating is usually short lasting, while ascites gets worse. If you're experiencing nearly constant bloating or excessive gas, there may be an underlying cause such as a food intolerance, infection, or motility…. Bloating and diarrhea are common and often occur together.

Probiotics have been shown to reduce bloating in people with symptoms of irritable bowel. Learn how they might help you, how to take them, and more. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep?

Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based 7 Helpful Supplements for Bloating. Medically reviewed by Kim Rose-Francis RDN, CDCES, LD , Nutrition — By Rachael Ajmera, MS, RD on August 16, How we vet brands and products Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. Hence, it is important to determine which antioxidant supplements are efficacious specifically against GI diseases.

Vitamins, minerals, and related compounds which act as cofactors for key enzymes are important to human health and these, as well as the effects of exercise, have been examined extensively [ 41,42,43 ]. Here the focus is human trials that examined the efficacies of various antioxidant supplements against GI diseases.

However, very few of these searches were human clinical trials. Most of them were reviews or in vitro or animal studies. The original studies on human clinical trials are listed in Tables 1 , 2 , 3. These studies differed not only in the antioxidants tested, but also in the study methods, criteria, sample sizes, study duration, use of placebos or controls, rigor, and subjectivity random, blind, open and questionnaires, types of clinical symptoms measured [ ,,,,, ].

Benefit ratings were provided for some guidance. Effects of PUFA supplements on gastrointestinal diseases see footnote to Table 1 for explanations. Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine see footnote to Table 1 for explanations. Allopurinol had been tested as a combined therapy with routinely used drugs such as sulfasalazines or steroids [ 44,45,46,47,48,85 ].

In 3 open studies on IBD, allopurinol combination therapy increased thioguanine nucleotide 6-TGN levels to greater than with monotherapy levels with sulfasalazine, mesalamine or steroids Table 1 [ 44,45,46 ]. In UC patients, combination therapy with allopurinol gave better relapse rates than sulfasalazine and prednisone enema alone, but the results on combination therapy with mesalamine were not as promising Table 1 [ 47,48 ].

Thus, allopurinol may be useful as an adjunct therapy to enhance the levels of the immunosuppressive metabolites like 6-TGN. Boswellia serrata resins contain boswellic acids such as acetyl-keto-β-boswellic acid which is a lipoxygenase inhibitor and may have anti-inflammatory properties [ 49 ].

Boswellia resins have been used in Ayurvedic medicine shallaki or salai [ 50 ] and in Europe olibanum or frankincense [ 51 ]. Boswellia extracts proved useful against collagenous colitis in one study but not in another Table 1 [ 52,94 ]. A random double-blind control study showed Boswellia extracts to be useful in CD but less efficacious than mesalamine [ 49 ].

Of greater interest is a small study on juvenile CD where capsules containing Boswellia plus several other ingredients were efficacious in maintaining remission over several years [ 53 ]. Thus, Boswellia has been reported to be useful as a replacement for mesalamine and sulfasalazine in GI diseases, but its usefulness along with other antioxidants may be of greater value.

Curcumin is anantioxidant inturmeric the rhizome of Curcuma longa or Curcuma domestica which is used extensively as a spice.

It is well tolerated. A random blind study with patients over 8 weeks showed curcumin to be beneficial for IBS patients, but the study did not contain a placebo control [ 55 ]. In 2 independent random double-blind placebo controlled studies, combined therapy with curcumin and mesalamine was superior over mesalamine alone [ 56,57 ].

In 2 small open studies curcumin showed marginal efficacy for IBD in adult and pediatric patients [ 58,59 ]. It is noted that these 2 studies contained both UC and CD patients.

Thus, the evidence for curcumin alone as a therapy for UC may be marginal, but the evidence is better for its usefulness in its combined therapy with mesalamine. The term chamomile is used for members of Asteraceae, particularly Matricaria chamomilla.

Their flowers contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds such as bisabolol, chamazulene, apigenin, and luteolin [ 60 ]. Two random double-blind controlled studies on UC patients found that a chamomile preparation which also contained myrrh and coffee charcoal was as effective as mesalamine [ 61,62 ].

However, since the preparation contained many components, one cannot assign the beneficial effects to chamomile alone.

Wormwood or Artemesia species are members of Asteraceae and contain antioxidants such as artemesinin, myrcene, and camphor [ 63 ]. A small random double-blind placebo controlled study reported that therapy with wormwood extracts decreased or eliminated the need for steroids in CD patients [ 64 ].

Another open study also found wormwood to be beneficial for CD patients [ 65 ]. Both studies, however, had small sample sizes and short duration. Peppermint Mentha piperita contains several antioxidants such as rosmarinic acid, eriocitrin, luteolin, and terpenes [ 66 ].

Table 1 lists 7 studies that examined the benefits of peppermint in IBS [ 67,68,69,70,71,72 ]. Based on these studies, at best peppermint has a marginal efficacy. However, it is important to note that there are no adverse reactions although there was a high dropout rate in one trial [ 72 ].

The following antioxidants have also been examined, but there is insufficient evidence concerning their benefits: Aloe vera [ 86,87,88,89 ] Andrographis paniculata [ 90,91 ], bilberry [ 92,93 ], Capsicum [ 95,96,97 ], carnosine [ 98 ], ferrous fumarate [ 99 ], green tea [ ], kiwifruit [ ], mastic gum [ ], N-acetyl cysteine [ ], oxpentifylline [ ], pomegranate [ ], psyllium [ , ], Pycnogenol [ ], resveratrol red wine [ ], superoxide dismutase [ 11, ], and tormentil [ ] Table 1.

Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA are present in fish oil and also to some degree in plant flax seeds Linum usitatissimum.

PUFA and fish oil have been examined for their therapeutic effects on CD, UC, and IBS Table 2 [ 73,74,75,76,77,78,,,,,,,,,, ]. Some of the studies examined PUFA along with several other ingredients and hence it is not possible to ascertain whether the observed effects were due to PUFA.

Only 3 random double-blind placebo controlled trials were found [ 73,74,75 ]. The multicentered Epanova Program in Crohn's EPIC Study included 2 trials named EPIC1 and EPIC2 in which patients were in remission.

Thus, PUFA were ineffective in maintaining the remission. Another study used enteric coated PUFA capsules for remission maintenance in patients who had a high risk of relapse and found PUFA to be more effective than placebo [ 74 ]. Thus, there is only a marginal evidence for a low-grade efficacy of PUFA against CD.

The evidence seems to be similar or slightly better for PUFA efficacy against UC Table 2. Of interest is a small random double-blind placebo crossover study where patients on prednisone or sulfasalazine reported significant improvement with PUFA [ 76 ].

Another random double-blind placebo crossover study showed that PUFA improved the oxidative stress status in active UC patients receiving sulfasalazine [ 77 ]. Another small study showed that PUFA have some efficacy against UC, but it is less than that of sulfasalazine [ 78 ].

Thus, the efficacy of PUFA or fish oil against CD or UC is, at best, marginal; however, none of the studies reported any adverse effects of PUFA supplementation. Léi gōng téng Tripterygium wilfordii , which is rich in antioxidant polyglycosides, has been tested for its efficacy against CD Table 3.

The trials were random some of them blind with very small to medium sample sizes over a period of 1 year. Léi gōng téng performed better than azathioprine, mesalamine, and sulfasalazine [ 79,80,81,82 ].

It is cautioned that Léi gōng téng has male antifertility properties and this side effect is not monitored in these studies. The remaining Chinese and Ayurvedic medicines reported in Table 3 contain multiple herb blends.

There were 2 studies [ 83,84 ] on UC in which the herbal medicines were significantly efficacious. The first was a study [ 83 ] on ulcerative proctitis patients using an enema of the multiherb drug xilei san.

In this random double-blind placebo controlled trial, xilei san Chinese medicine showed improvement within 14 days, and after 6 months the remission rate was There was an overall improvement based on several parameters measured.

The second was an open study [ 84 ] that used an Ayurvedic medicine containing the herbs Aegle marmelos Correa plus Bacopa monnieri plus a Ficus glomerata enema. In this study the patients were allowed to continue with steroids or sulfasalazine as needed.

In 4 weeks, the patients showed significant improvement in their symptoms and stopped taking the other drugs. However, the sample sizes in both the studies were small and longer-term assessment is also needed.

There are several other studies shown in Table 3 in which marginal or no benefits of the multiherbal preparations were observed on IBS or UC [ ,,,,,,, ]. Thus, the multiple herbs were a mixture and even when they worked the active principles in them were not identified.

The results reported on the effects of antioxidant supplements in GI diseases in Tables 1 , 2 , 3 are very heterogeneous. There may be many reasons for this. First, the definitions of different GI diseases overlap and possibly so do the diagnosis, etiology, and pathophysiology.

The consequence is that different researchers have used a variety of indices to monitor the efficacies of the antioxidants. Some of the methods were quite subjective. Also, a lack of uniformity in the studies in following the Cochrane criteria for clinical trials added to the confusion. The reader is further cautioned that most studies did not comment on the quality of the antioxidant substances being used.

These might vary with the subspecies used, suppliers, age of the products, and how the extracts were prepared. Combined therapy of current treatments with allopurinol that may decrease the generation of superoxide has proved useful for CD and UC patients.

Curcumin may also have provided a benefit for UC patients in combined therapy with mesalamine. Other substances for which benefits against CD might be Boswellia frankincense or shallaki , Artemesia sp.

wormwood , T. wilfordii Léi gōng téng , and fish oil, and for UC such antioxidants might be allopurinol, M. chamomilla chamomile , and fish oil. Some studies showed benefits of multiherbal Chinese and Ayurvedic medicines in UC but the studies were not replicated in large clinical trials.

For IBS patients, a number of substances that have small benefits and no adverse effects are listed in Tables 1 and 3. Based on these findings, 3 levels of recommendations have been made. The first recommendation is that allopurinol and possibly curcumin should be used for combined therapy in IBD patients with the current treatments using mesalamine, azathioprine, sulfasalazine, and steroids.

Secondly the combined therapy trials should be considered using the current treatments and the following antioxidants: Boswellia , Artemesia , T. wilfordii , fish oil, and chamomile.

Studies on more promising antioxidants should be replicated that include Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine-based antioxidants. The third recommendation is that there was insufficient evidence for the benefits of several antioxidants against IBS, but these did not have any adverse effects.

Sign In or Create an Account. Search Dropdown Menu. header search search input Search input auto suggest. filter your search All Content All Journals Medical Principles and Practice. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 26, Issue 3.

Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Diseases.

Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Current Treatments of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Rationale for the Use of Antioxidant Supplements in Gastrointestinal Diseases. Antioxidant Supplement Benefits: Analysis of Trials.

Critical Appraisal and Synopsis. Article Navigation. Review Articles March 08 Antioxidant Supplements and Gastrointestinal Diseases: A Critical Appraisal Subject Area: General Medicine. Islam Khan ; Islam Khan. a Department of Biochemistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait;. This Site.

Google Scholar. Sue E. Samson ; Sue E. b Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Ashok Kumar Grover Ashok Kumar Grover. groverak mcmaster. Med Princ Pract 26 3 : — Article history Received:.

Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Table 1 Effects of antioxidant supplements on gastrointestinal diseases see footnote for explanations.

View large. View Large. Table 2 Effects of PUFA supplements on gastrointestinal diseases see footnote to Table 1 for explanations. Table 3 Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine see footnote to Table 1 for explanations. Chial HJ, Camilleri M: Gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome.

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Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids ; Salim AS: Role of oxygen-derived free radical scavengers in the management of recurrent attacks of ulcerative colitis: a new approach.

J Lab Clin Med ; Jarnerot G, Strom M, Danielsson A, et al: Allopurinol in addition to 5-aminosalicylic acid based drugs for the maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gerhardt H, Seifert F, Buvari P, et al: Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract H 15 in German.

Z Gastroenterol ; Gupta PK, Samarakoon SM, Chandola HM, Ravishankar B: Clinical evaluation of Boswellia serrata Shallaki resin in the management of Sandhivata osteoarthritis. Ayu ; Miller JM, Goodell HB: Frankincense and myrrh. Surg Gynecol Obstet ; Madisch A, Miehlke S, Eichele O, et al: Boswellia serrata extract for the treatment of collagenous colitis.

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Int J Colorectal Dis ; Slonim AE, Grovit M, Bulone L: Effect of exclusion diet with nutraceutical therapy in juvenile Crohn's disease. J Am Coll Nutr ; Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P, et al: Effects of gum resin of Boswellia serrata in patients with chronic colitis.

Planta Med ; Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, et al: Turmeric extract may improve irritable bowel syndrome symptomology in otherwise healthy adults: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med ; Lang A, Salomon N, Wu JC, et al: Curcumin in combination with mesalamine induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial.

Singla V, Pratap M, V, Garg SK, et al: Induction with NCB curcumin enema for mild-to-moderate distal ulcerative colitis - a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Crohns Colitis ; Holt PR, Katz S, Kirshoff R: Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study.

Suskind DL, Wahbeh G, Burpee T, et al: Tolerability of curcumin in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a forced-dose titration study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr ; Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Gupta S: Chamomile: a herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Mol Med Rep ; PLoS One ;9:e Langhorst J, Varnhagen I, Schneider SB, et al: Randomised clinical trial: a herbal preparation of myrrh, chamomile and coffee charcoal compared with mesalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis - a double-blind, double-dummy study.

Altunkaya, A, Yýldýrým, B, Ekici K, et al: Determining essential oil composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of water wormwood extracts.

GIDA ; Omer B, Krebs S, Omer H, et al: Steroid-sparing effect of wormwood Artemisia absinthium in Crohn's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.

Phytomedicine ; Krebs S, Omer TN, Omer B: Wormwood Artemisia absinthium suppresses tumour necrosis factor alpha and accelerates healing in patients with Crohn's disease - a controlled clinical trial.

Riachi LG, De Maria CA: Peppermint antioxidants revisited. Food Chem ; Liu JH, Chen GH, Yeh HZ, et al: Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial.

J Gastroenterol ; Rees WD, Evans BK, Rhodes J: Treating irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil. Br Med J ; Alam MS, Roy PK, Miah AR, et al: Efficacy of peppermint oil in diarrhea predominant. Mymensingh Med J ; Cappello G, Spezzaferro M, Grossi L, et al: Peppermint oil Mintoil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.

Dig Liver Dis ; Cash BD, Epstein MS, Shah SM: A novel delivery system of peppermint oil is an effective therapy for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Merat S, Khalili S, Mostajabi P, et al: The effect of enteric-coated, delayed-release peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome.

Romano C, Cucchiara S, Barabino A, et al: Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to mesalazine in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Search Dropdown Menu. header search search input Search input auto suggest. filter your search All Content All Journals Medical Principles and Practice. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 26, Issue 3.

Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Diseases. Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Current Treatments of Gastrointestinal Diseases.

Rationale for the Use of Antioxidant Supplements in Gastrointestinal Diseases. Antioxidant Supplement Benefits: Analysis of Trials. Critical Appraisal and Synopsis. Article Navigation. Review Articles March 08 Antioxidant Supplements and Gastrointestinal Diseases: A Critical Appraisal Subject Area: General Medicine.

Islam Khan ; Islam Khan. a Department of Biochemistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait;. This Site. Google Scholar. Sue E. Samson ; Sue E. b Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Ashok Kumar Grover Ashok Kumar Grover. groverak mcmaster. Med Princ Pract 26 3 : — Article history Received:.

Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Table 1 Effects of antioxidant supplements on gastrointestinal diseases see footnote for explanations.

View large. View Large. Table 2 Effects of PUFA supplements on gastrointestinal diseases see footnote to Table 1 for explanations. Table 3 Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine see footnote to Table 1 for explanations. Chial HJ, Camilleri M: Gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome.

J Gend Specif Med ; Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, et al: Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review.

Gastroenterology ; Loftus EV Jr: Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Lunney PC, Kariyawasam VC, Wang RR, et al: Smoking prevalence and its influence on disease course and surgery in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther ; Kamiya T: The overlap in the genetic pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome.

Dig Dis Sci ; Miron N, Cristea V: Enterocytes: active cells in tolerance to food and microbial antigens in the gut. Clin Exp Immunol ; Birchenough GM, Johansson ME, Gustafsson JK, et al: New developments in goblet cell mucus secretion and function. Mucosal Immunol ; Clevers HC, Bevins CL: Paneth cells: maestros of the small intestinal crypts.

Annu Rev Physiol ; Circu ML, Aw TY: Redox biology of the intestine. Free Radic Res ; Hrncirova L, Krejsek J, Splichal I, et al: Crohn's disease: a role of gut microbiota and Nod2 gene polymorphisms in disease pathogenesis.

Acta Medica Hradec Kralove ; Emerit J, Pelletier S, Tosoni-Verlignue D, et al: Phase II trial of copper zinc superoxide dismutase CuZnSOD in treatment of Crohn's disease.

Free Radic Biol Med ; Desai D, Shah S, Deshmukh A, et al: Colorectal cancers in ulcerative colitis from a low-prevalence area for colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol ; Barrett JC, Lee JC, Lees CW, et al: Genome-wide association study of ulcerative colitis identifies three new susceptibility loci, including the HNF4A region.

Nat Genet ; Serban DE: Microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis and therapy: is it all about diet? Nutr Clin Pract ; Rokkas T, Gisbert JP, Niv Y, et al: The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease based on meta-analysis.

United European Gastroenterol J ; Dore MP, Goni E, Di Mario F: Is there a role for probiotics in Helicobacter pylori therapy? Gastroenterol Clin North Am ; Giorgetti G, Brandimarte G, Fabiocchi F, et al: Interactions between innate immunity, microbiota, and probiotics.

J Immunol Res ; Pandey V, Berwal V, Solanki N, et al: Probiotics: healthy bugs and nourishing elements of diet. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent ; Lazaraki G, Chatzimavroudis G, Katsinelos P: Recent advances in pharmacological treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

Ellinghaus D, Bethune J, Petersen BS, et al: The genetics of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis - status quo and beyond. Scand J Gastroenterol ; Elmgreen J, Both H, Binder V: Familial occurrence of complement dysfunction in Crohn's disease: correlation with intestinal symptoms and hypercatabolism of complement.

Gut ; Sanford P: Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis? Check your patient's symptoms. Gastroenterol Nurs ; Brookes MJ, Green JR: Maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease: current and emerging therapeutic options.

Drugs ; Burger M, Schmidt C, Teich N, et al: Medical therapy of active ulcerative colitis. Viszeralmedizin ; Vermeire S: Oral SMAD7 antisense drug for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med ; Monteleone G, Pallone F: Mongersen, an oral SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide, and Crohn's disease.

Halliwell B: The chemistry of free radicals. Toxicol Ind Health ; Fridovich I: Oxygen: how do we stand it? Med Princ Pract ; Liochev SI: Free radicals: how do we stand them? Anaerobic and aerobic free radical chain reactions involved in the use of fluorogenic probes and in biological systems.

Walia M, Kwan CY, Grover AK: Effects of free radicals on coronary artery. Couto N, Wood J, Barber J: The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homoeostasis network. Forman HJ, Davies KJ, Ursini F: How do nutritional antioxidants really work: nucleophilic tone and para-hormesis versus free radical scavenging in vivo.

Nkabyo YS, Ziegler TR, Gu LH, et al: Glutathione and thioredoxin redox during differentiation in human colon epithelial Caco-2 cells.

Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol ;GG Balmus IM, Ciobica A, Trifan A, et al: The implications of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and animal models.

Saudi J Gastroenterol ; Piechota-Polanczyk A, Fichna J: Review article: the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol ; Boyanapalli SS, Paredes-Gonzalez X, Fuentes F, et al: Nrf2 knockout attenuates the anti-inflammatory effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate and curcumin.

Chem Res Toxicol ; Soetikno V, Sari FR, Lakshmanan AP, et al: Curcumin alleviates oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis in remnant kidney through the Nrf2-keap1 pathway.

Mol Nutr Food Res ; Sci Rep ; Howitz KT, Sinclair DA: Xenohormesis: sensing the chemical cues of other species. Cell ; Masri OA, Chalhoub JM, Sharara AI: Role of vitamins in gastrointestinal diseases. Lan A, Blachier F, Benamouzig R, et al: Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel diseases: is there a place for nutritional supplementation?

Inflamm Bowel Dis ; Bi L, Triadafilopoulos G: Exercise and gastrointestinal function and disease: an evidence-based review of risks and benefits. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol ; Curkovic I, Rentsch KM, Frei P, et al: Low allopurinol doses are sufficient to optimize azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients with inadequate thiopurine metabolite concentrations.

Eur J Clin Pharmacol ; Hoentjen F, Seinen ML, Hanauer SB, et al: Safety and effectiveness of long-term allopurinol-thiopurine maintenance treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Seinen ML, de Boer NK, Smid K, et al: Allopurinol enhances the activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in inflammatory bowel disease patients during low-dose thiopurine therapy: preliminary data of an ongoing series.

Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids ; Salim AS: Role of oxygen-derived free radical scavengers in the management of recurrent attacks of ulcerative colitis: a new approach.

J Lab Clin Med ; Jarnerot G, Strom M, Danielsson A, et al: Allopurinol in addition to 5-aminosalicylic acid based drugs for the maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gerhardt H, Seifert F, Buvari P, et al: Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract H 15 in German.

Z Gastroenterol ; Gupta PK, Samarakoon SM, Chandola HM, Ravishankar B: Clinical evaluation of Boswellia serrata Shallaki resin in the management of Sandhivata osteoarthritis. Ayu ; Miller JM, Goodell HB: Frankincense and myrrh.

Surg Gynecol Obstet ; Madisch A, Miehlke S, Eichele O, et al: Boswellia serrata extract for the treatment of collagenous colitis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.

Int J Colorectal Dis ; Slonim AE, Grovit M, Bulone L: Effect of exclusion diet with nutraceutical therapy in juvenile Crohn's disease. J Am Coll Nutr ; Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P, et al: Effects of gum resin of Boswellia serrata in patients with chronic colitis.

Planta Med ; Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, et al: Turmeric extract may improve irritable bowel syndrome symptomology in otherwise healthy adults: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med ; Lang A, Salomon N, Wu JC, et al: Curcumin in combination with mesalamine induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial.

Singla V, Pratap M, V, Garg SK, et al: Induction with NCB curcumin enema for mild-to-moderate distal ulcerative colitis - a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Crohns Colitis ; Holt PR, Katz S, Kirshoff R: Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. Suskind DL, Wahbeh G, Burpee T, et al: Tolerability of curcumin in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a forced-dose titration study.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr ; Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Gupta S: Chamomile: a herbal medicine of the past with bright future.

Mol Med Rep ; PLoS One ;9:e Langhorst J, Varnhagen I, Schneider SB, et al: Randomised clinical trial: a herbal preparation of myrrh, chamomile and coffee charcoal compared with mesalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis - a double-blind, double-dummy study.

Altunkaya, A, Yýldýrým, B, Ekici K, et al: Determining essential oil composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of water wormwood extracts. GIDA ; Omer B, Krebs S, Omer H, et al: Steroid-sparing effect of wormwood Artemisia absinthium in Crohn's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.

Phytomedicine ; Krebs S, Omer TN, Omer B: Wormwood Artemisia absinthium suppresses tumour necrosis factor alpha and accelerates healing in patients with Crohn's disease - a controlled clinical trial.

Riachi LG, De Maria CA: Peppermint antioxidants revisited. Food Chem ; Liu JH, Chen GH, Yeh HZ, et al: Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol ; Rees WD, Evans BK, Rhodes J: Treating irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil.

Br Med J ; Alam MS, Roy PK, Miah AR, et al: Efficacy of peppermint oil in diarrhea predominant. Mymensingh Med J ; Cappello G, Spezzaferro M, Grossi L, et al: Peppermint oil Mintoil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.

Dig Liver Dis ; Cash BD, Epstein MS, Shah SM: A novel delivery system of peppermint oil is an effective therapy for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Merat S, Khalili S, Mostajabi P, et al: The effect of enteric-coated, delayed-release peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome.

Romano C, Cucchiara S, Barabino A, et al: Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to mesalazine in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al: Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease. Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Mittmann U, et al: Omega-3 free fatty acids for the maintenance of remission in Crohn disease: the EPIC Randomized Controlled Trials.

JAMA ; Stenson WF, Cort D, Rodgers J, et al: Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Ann Intern Med ; Barbosa DS, Cecchini R, El Kadri MZ, et al: Decreased oxidative stress in patients with ulcerative colitis supplemented with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids.

Nutrition ; Dichi I, Frenhane P, Dichi JB, et al: Comparison of omega-3 fatty acids and sulfasalazine in ulcerative colitis. Ren J, Wu X, Liao N, et al: Prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease: Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside versus mesalazine.

J Int Med Res ; Tao QS, Ren JA, Ji ZL, et al: Maintenance effect of polyglycosides of Tripterygium wilfordii on remission in postoperative Crohn disease in Chinese.

Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi ; Liao NS, Ren JA, Fan CG, et al: Efficacy of polyglycosides of Tripterygium wilfordii in preventing postoperative recurrence of Crohn disease in Chinese.

Zhu W, Li Y, Gong J, et al: Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. versus azathioprine for prevention of postoperative recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease: a randomized clinical trial. Fukunaga K, Ohda Y, Hida N, et al: Placebo controlled evaluation of Xilei San, a herbal preparation in patients with intractable ulcerative proctitis.

J Gastroenterol Hepatol ; Patel KB, Patel M, Mehta CS, et al: Ayurvedic management of ulcerative colitis - a non-randomized observational clinical study. Forsch Komplementmed ; Joelsson M, Andersson M, Bark T, et al: Allopurinol as prophylaxis against pouchitis following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis.

A randomized placebo- controlled double-blind study. Davis K, Philpott S, Kumar D, et al: Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of aloe vera for irritable bowel syndrome.

Int J Clin Pract ; Hutchings HA, Wareham K, Baxter JN, et al: A randomised, cross-over, placebo-controlled study of Aloe vera in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: effects on patient quality of life. ISRN Gastroenterol ; Khedmat H, Karbasi A, Amini M, et al: Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: trial on Iranian patients.

J Res Med Sci ; Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, et: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Tang T, Targan SR, Li ZS, et al: Randomised clinical trial: herbal extract HMPL in active ulcerative colitis - a double-blind comparison with sustained release mesalazine.

Sandborn WJ, Targan SR, Byers VS, et al: Andrographis paniculata extract HMPL for active ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol ; Hawrelak JA, Myers SP: Effects of two natural medicine formulations on irritable bowel syndrome symptoms: a pilot study.

Biedermann L, Mwinyi J, Scharl M, et al: Bilberry ingestion improves disease activity in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis - an open pilot study. Holtmeier W, Zeuzem S, Preiss J, et al: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Boswellia serrata in maintaining remission of Crohn's disease: good safety profile but lack of efficacy.

Bortolotti M, Porta S: Effect of red pepper on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: preliminary study. Schmulson MJ, Valdovinos MA, et al: Chili pepper and rectal hyperalgesia in irritable bowel syndrome. Bortolotti M, Coccia G, Grossi G, et al: The treatment of functional dyspepsia with red pepper.

Baraniuk JN, El Amin S, Corey R, et al: Carnosine treatment for Gulf War illness: a randomized controlled trial. Glob J Health Sci ; Erichsen K, Ulvik RJ, Nysaeter G, et al: Oral ferrous fumarate or intravenous iron sucrose for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Dryden GW, Lam A, Beatty K, et al: A pilot study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an oral dose of - -epigallocatechingallate-rich polyphenon E in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Chang CC, Lin YT, Lu YT, et al: Kiwifruit improves bowel function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr ; Kaliora AC, Stathopoulou MG, Triantafillidis JK, et al: Chios mastic treatment of patients with active Crohn's disease. Guijarro LG, Mate J, Gisbert JP, et al: N-acetyl- L -cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study.

Bauditz J, Haemling J, Ortner M, et al: Treatment with tumour necrosis factor inhibitor oxpentifylline does not improve corticosteroid dependent chronic active Crohn's disease. Kline RM, Kline JJ, Di Palma J, et al: Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children.

J Pediatr ; Kamali M, Tavakoli H, Khodadoost M, et al: Efficacy of the Punica granatum peels aqueous extract for symptom management in ulcerative colitis patients.

A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract ; Tomas-Ridocci M, Anon R, Minguez M, et al: The efficacy of Plantago ovata as a regulator of intestinal transit. A double-blind study compared to placebo in Spanish.

Rev Esp Enferm Dig ; Fernandez-Banares F, Hinojosa J, Sanchez-Lombrana JL, et al: Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds dietary fiber as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis GETECCU.

Kolacek M, Muchova J, Dvorakova M, et al: Effect of natural polyphenols Pycnogenol on oxidative stress markers in children suffering from Crohn's disease - a pilot study. Samsami-Kor M, Daryani NE, Asl PR, et al: Anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.

Arch Med Res ; Emerit J, Pelletier S, Likforman J, et al: Phase II trial of copper zinc superoxide dismutase CuZn SOD in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Free Radic Res Commun ; Huber R, Ditfurth AV, Amann F, et al: Tormentil for active ulcerative colitis: an open-label, dose-escalating study.

J Clin Gastroenterol ; Lehmann M, Walther M, Ulitzsch S, Thomas A, Hauser W, Stallmach A: Validation and first results of the German QUOTE-IBD to measure quality of care from the perspective of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in German.

Lahiff C, Safaie P, Awais A, et al: The Crohn's disease activity index CDAI is similarly elevated in patients with Crohn's disease and in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mary JY, Modigliani R: Development and validation of an endoscopic index of the severity for Crohn's disease: a prospective multicentre study.

Groupe d'Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif GETAID. Francis CY, Morris J, Whorwell PJ: The irritable bowel severity scoring system: a simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress. Walmsley RS, Ayres RC, Pounder RE, et al: A simple clinical colitis activity index.

Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Papa A, et al: Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL 3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Lorenz-Meyer H, Bauer P, Nicolay C, et al: Omega-3 fatty acids and low carbohydrate diet for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. A randomized controlled multicenter trial.

Study Group Members German Crohn's Disease Study Group. Digestion ; Geerling BJ, Badart-Smook A, van Deursen C, et al: Nutritional supplementation with n-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in patients with Crohn's disease in remission: effects on antioxidant status and fatty acid profile.

Nielsen AA, Jorgensen LG, Nielsen JN, et al: Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit an increase of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with active Crohn's disease compared with omega-6 fatty acids. Eivindson M, Gronbaek H, Nielsen JN, et al: Insulin-like growth factors IGFs and IGF binding proteins in active Crohn's disease treated with omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids and corticosteroids.

Brunborg LA, Madland TM, Lind RA, et al: Effects of short-term oral administration of dietary marine oils in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and joint pain: a pilot study comparing seal oil and cod liver oil. Clin Nutr ; Bjorkkjaer T, Brunborg LA, Arslan G, et al: Reduced joint pain after short-term duodenal administration of seal oil in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: comparison with soy oil.

Almallah YZ, Richardson S, O'Hanrahan T, et al: Distal procto-colitis, natural cytotoxicity, and essential fatty acids. Almallah YZ, El Tahir A, Heys SD, et al: Distal procto-colitis and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: the mechanism s of natural cytotoxicity inhibition.

Eur J Clin Invest ; Almallah YZ, Ewen SW, El Tahir A, et al: Distal proctocolitis and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 PUFAs : the mucosal effect in situ.

J Clin Immunol ; Seidner DL, Lashner BA, Brzezinski A, et al: An oral supplement enriched with fish oil, soluble fiber, and antioxidants for corticosteroid sparing in ulcerative colitis: a randomized, controlled trial.

Salomon P, Kornbluth AA, Janowitz HD: Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil nomega-fatty acid: an open trial. Bensoussan A, Talley NJ, Hing M, et al: Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Chinese herbal medicine: a randomized controlled trial.

Bensoussan A, Kellow JE, Bourchier SJ, et al: Efficacy of a Chinese herbal medicine in providing adequate relief of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

Liang ZF, Chen RH, Xu YS, et al: Tiaohe Ganpi Hexin Decoction in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea: a randomized controlled trial in Chinese. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao ; Some customers also mention that their stomach never hurts after eating gluten, they haven't had major joint pain, or any brain fog since they started using them a few years ago, and they don't get headaches from eating most cheeses.

I don't have tummy aches , i am regular constipation was an issue and I don't feel bloated. Great product!!! The soreness was going away , and my abdomen honestly felt weird to me after living with those feelings of inflammation and soreness for so long!

Customers are mixed about the value of the nutritional supplement. Some mention it's expensive but worth it, while others say it' s quite pricey. Unfortunately, Just Thrive turned out to be expensive , and I experienced a negative reaction to it, those who are on blood pressure medication or Giving it 4 stars due to the high price that I'm certain is a barrier to entry for a lot of people I would HIGHLY, HIGHLY recommend these probiotics.

BEYOND worth the money! Customers are mixed about the performance of the nutritional supplement. Some mention that it has helped a great deal, while others say that it didn't work for their body and didn' t get any noticeable benefit.

I stopped taking this probiotic because it did not work for ME this doesn't mean it's a bad probiotic - my mom currently operates very well on it! Happy gut, happy life highly recommend. Arrived on time. Disclaimer : While we work to ensure that product information is correct, on occasion manufacturers may alter their ingredient lists.

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Size: 30 Count Pack of 1. Purchase options and add-ons. Brand Just Thrive Flavor Unflavored Unit Count 30 Count Item Form Capsule Item Weight 1. This supplement is verified to help reduce gas, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea.

Delivers Beneficial Antioxidants: Features Bacillus indicus HU36 — a proprietary probiotic strain that produces antioxidants directly in your gut — where your body can absorb them best. It turns your gut into a natural antioxidant factory that can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and support beneficial bacteria.

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Just Thrive - Ultimate IgG - Complete Immune Support Supplement - Detox Formula, Vegetable Capsules. Just Thrive Gut 4-tify - Gut Health Supplements for Women and Men - Anti Bloat, 90 Vegetable Capsules. Just Thrive Probiotic Gummies - Kids, Men, and Womens Probiotic - for Digestive and Overall Health, 30 Count.

Amazon's Choice. Youtheory Spore Probiotic for Digestive Health, Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Soy Free Probiotics for Women and Men, No Refrigeration Required, 60 Capsules. Just Thrive Gluten Away - Vegan Digestive Enzymes for Digestion - Probiotic Support for Trace Gluten, 60 Capsules.

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Physician's Choice. Tropical Flavor. Berry Blast. Digestive Health Support, Digestive Health Support, Reduce Bloating, Antioxidant. Sleep Support. Gut Microbiome Support. Bloating Relief. One Scoop. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content.

Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! Important information Safety Information CAUTION: If you are pregnant or nursing; taking any medication have a medical condition, consult your doctor before using this product.

Indications Probiotic Health, Antioxidant Health. Ingredients Active Ingredients: Bacillus indicus HU36, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis HU Directions Adults and Children above the age of 3: 1 capsule per day or as directed by your physician.

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Images in this review. Reviews with images. See all photos. All photos. Excellent probiotic. My naturopathic doctor suggested this probiotic. I have been taking it for two straight months and can already tell that I have better gut health.

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There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. Plus UPDATE. Size: 30 Count Pack of 1 Verified Purchase. Here is my wife's experience as she tells it: I have had severe asthma not long after birth accompanied by childhood eczema, teen acne, and many intestinal issues which I was always sure were connected.

I have seen many doctors and have tried so many natural and conventional treatments with very little relief. At times I have been bedridden for months.

Then I caved in and started taking Advair which has kept me functional for the last 5 years. I have been off of processed foods and industrial sugars for 9 months with some improvement. I successfully weaned myself off of my corticosteroid inhaler exactly one month ago by incorporating Weston A Price dietary principles.

Their website is where I listened to the best podcast I have ever heard. It was given by Kiran Krishnan, one of the makers of this probiotic regarding the intestinal mucosal layer permeability. That instantly resonated. But I proceeded cautiously due to past disappointments.

I now knew healing the gut lining was vital for healing most diseases. This was the puzzle piece I have been missing all along. I spent many hours of many days researching and listening to other presentations of his as well as various published medical studies and Write ups from other medical professionals.

So I thought I would try the gaps diet touted to heal and seal the gut lining and along with that take this probiotic since taking a good one is part of the protocal.

Started gaps this Wednesday. Very difficult when you have a physical job due to not having enough energy. Thursday I had to take my rescue inhaler 5 times which is a lot for me, I chalked it up to die off reaction.