The discovery of the cause of the degenerative progression obesity, diabetes, for instance and the critical point of the installation of the dysbiosis, form an innovative method for improving the metabolic imbalance Rajani and Jia, Antibiotics are a drug class that interacts with the human microbiota.

Their effect is directly dependent on the fermentative action of the colon, as they can be metabolized at this point. This implies being able to identify the metabolites after administration. This behavior resembles the effect of most products based on the phenolic compounds nutraceuticals.

Biological action is an expression of the presence of these metabolites and not of the biologically active molecules Klaassen and Cui, Biotransformation in the colon controls the revision or reduction in the action of several of these in vitro products Vamanu and Sarbu, The bioavailability rate at the individual level is determined by the modification of the inflammatory process, which during its evolution, changes the structure of the microbiota.

The progressive increase in the oxidative stress, favoring the microbial modification, alters both the immune response and metabolic rate Morgan et al. Thus, the microbiota is the principal factor in the treatments that target the absorption of the essential minerals calcium , because it mediates the intestinal absorption and immune response related to the degradation of the bone mineral structure Xu et al.

The bioavailability in vivo differs significantly from the findings of the in vitro studies. Interaction with the colonic microbiota is crucial for expressing the therapeutic value. While the high metabolic rate is specific to this category of bioactive molecules it is also a limiting factor.

Reduced stability excludes the valuable compounds, which are ineffective in vivo , from the treatment schemes Rein et al. The in vivo bioavailability revealed by the microbial metabolite products exerts a direct modifying effect on the patterns of different pathogenic groups. These components stimulate the multiplication of the favorable strains at the expense of the remainder of the microbial fingerprint.

The clinical effect is thus indirectly exerted by the plasticity of the microbial pattern in the human colon. Any study on the interactions of the microbiota with the nutraceuticals involves not only mutual interaction, but also their clinical consequences on human health Laparra and Sanz, Interaction with the microbiota is expressed according to the type of biotransformation process that occurs, because the microbial pattern reacts and determines the clinical effect.

Absorption is the direct effect of the degree of degradation and biotransformation that impacts the pharmacological response. Enzymatic action is the chief factor in the biotransformation process, through which the end-products are made stable and enabled to pass into the bloodstream.

The shift from a water-soluble to liposoluble state is the distinctive means of raising the percentage of molecules absorbed in the intestinal lumen Banks, ; Marín et al. This process is dependent upon the individual variability and the ability of the individual pattern to obtain those specific compounds molecules that can ensure a decrease in the microbial risk groups, for the evolution and stimulation of oxidative stress.

The key to success not only in the administration of the polyphenols, but also in the reaction to the excess xenobiotics, is the escalation in the diversity of the intestinal microbiota. This complex process, influenced by several exogenous factors and individual genetic heritage, facilitates the biotransformation, absorption, and bioavailability of the nutraceuticals.

Combination with dietary fiber and minerals supports the increase in bioavailability Santini and Novellino, Gram-positive bacteria, which include the pathogenic species as well Clostridium difficile, S.

aureus , directly affect the metabolisation of some drugs. This evidence confirms the part played by the entire microbiota in the pharmacological action of some drugs in the target groups e. For instance, doxorubicin, which induces cardiac damage, azidothymidine, which induces myopathy, or cisplatin, which induces ototoxicity, possess well-established mechanisms Carmody and Turnbaugh, However, the induction of oxidative stress continues to remain a poorly understood biological phenomenon.

The assumption is that the appearance and proliferation of the generation of free radicals depends upon the occurrence of dysbiosis. Negative strain proliferation indirectly causes the oxidative pressure to rise, decreases the antioxidant status, and causes the degenerative pathologies Deavall et al.

A critical view of these data reiterated that the bioactivity of the nutraceuticals was dependent upon the chemical structure and stability during the time of the microbiota activity.

The in vitro vs. in vivo trials revealed a second interesting perspective because it explains the physiological pathway of the degradation of the nutraceuticals polyphenols at the time of the fermentative action of the microbiota. A meta-analysis should be considered for each compound, because bioactivity represents a specific biological characteristic that enables a clearer understanding of the progression of the dysbiosis.

The role of nutraceuticals in the management of chronic diseases is controversial. Although they are thought to be useful at various stages of degenerative evolution, there is a misunderstanding of the mechanisms of action of nutraceuticals with a biopharmaceutical role Daliu et al.

Hence the need for a strict classification, based on the various interactions that nutraceuticals can have in vivo. Their use in disease management should also consider interacting with pharmaceuticals Santini and Novellino, A nutraceutical should be understood, according to recent studies, as a compound or combination of compounds used to prevent or reduce the risk of disease.

The nutraceuticals interact with human microbiota and affect the physiological balance of the body. This declines with age and the inflammatory proliferation which becomes more acute in the presence of oxidative stress. These critical points determine a decreased bioavailability, and finally dysbiosis.

Microbiological modulation of the microbiota and the metabolomic response depend on the capacity to colonize in vivo , which is a limiting factor for the in vitro study. Many studies have been conducted in static systems, and the dynamic response similar to that of the in vivo is assumed to be based on the identification of certain biomarkers e.

The response is determined by a great number of factors, both exogenous and endogenous. The limiting potential arises from the low number of studies using target groups with a microbiota pattern which retains certain characteristics e.

In conclusion, drug administration like those of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs, induces oxidative stress through the dynamics of a human-microbiota pattern.

Individual variability reveals a specific response to the microbiota—drug interaction. When classical medication is combined with the nutraceuticals, it reduces the inflammatory pressure and preserves the effect of the microbial plasticity.

Therefore, intervention against dysbiosis becomes the top priority for optimizing the anti-inflammatory response to the growing pressure of oxidative stress. Nutraceuticals will be a way of promoting human wellbeing in the future, but the degree of valorisation will depend on the understanding of factors that regulate different physiological processes.

The use of products compounds as part of a personalized treatment will be an essential point in increasing the quality of life Zmora et al. This study is supported by the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Many thanks to my wife Albertina Vamanu for her effort, critical comments, and partial English editing. Abdel-Lateef, E. Bioactive chemical constituents of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes extract inhibit the growth of human hepatoma cell line HepG2.

Acta Pharm. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Anadón, A. Gupta Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. Google Scholar. Andrew, R. Principles of pharmacological research of nutraceuticals. Baker, M. Deceptive curcumin offers cautionary tale for chemists.

Nature , — Banks, W. Characteristics of compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier. BMC Neurol. Bidel, S. The emerging health benefits of coffee with an emphasis on type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Brugman, S. A comparative review on microbiota manipulation: lessons from fish, plants, livestock, and human research.

Buttó, L. Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammation: cause or consequence. Caleja, C. Phenolic compounds as nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients. Carlström, M. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Carmody, R. Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics. Cassidy, A. The role of metabolism and the microbiome in defining the clinical efficacy of dietary flavonoids. Catinean, A. An overview on the interplay between nutraceuticals and gut microbiota.

Chopra, A. Ayurveda—modern medicine interface: a critical appraisal of studies of ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ayurveda Int. Daliu, P. From pharmaceuticals to nutraceuticals: bridging disease prevention and management. Expert Rev.

Deavall, D. Drug-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. Delgado-Adamez, J. Oxidative stability, phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of a virgin olive oil enriched with natural bioactive compounds. Oleo Sci.

Douglas, A. Which experimental systems should we use for human microbiome science? PLoS Biol. Espín, J. The gut microbiota: a key factor in the therapeutic effects of poly phenols. Fawole, O. Stability of total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity of extracts from pomegranate co-products subjected to in vitro digestion.

BMC Complement. Fujimura, Y. Metabolomics-driven nutraceutical evaluation of diverse green tea cultivars. PLoS One. Georgiev, V.

Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as nutraceuticals. Nutrients 6, — Gil-Sáncheza, I. Supplementation with grape pomace in healthy women: changes in biochemical parameters, gut microbiota and related metabolic biomarkers.

Foods 45, 34— CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Hon, K. Exosomes as potential biomarkers and targeted therapy in colorectal cancer: a mini-review. Kawabata, K. Role of intestinal microbiota in the bioavailability and physiological functions of dietary polyphenols.

Molecules Klaassen, C. Review: mechanisms of how the intestinal microbiota alters the effects of drugs and bile acids. Drug Metab. Lan, K. Towards polypharmacokinetics: pharmacokinetics of multicomponent drugs and herbal medicines using a metabolomics approach.

Based Complement. Laparra, J. Interactions of gut microbiota with functional food components and nutraceuticals. Lin, D. An overview of plant phenolic compounds and their importance in human nutrition and management of type 2 diabetes. Lozupone, C. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota.

Mandal, A. Anti-inflammatory mechanism involved in pomegranate-mediated prevention of breast cancer: the role of NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Nutrients Marín, L. Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties.

Miranda, A. Association between polyphenol intake and hypertension in adults and older adults: a population-based study in Brazil. PLoS One e Morgan, E. Physiological regulation of drug metabolism and transport: pregnancy, microbiome, inflammation, infection, and fasting.

Mythri, R. Nasri, H. New concepts in nutraceuticals as alternative for pharmaceuticals. Nelson, K. The essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin. Olugbami, J. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant potential, phenolic and flavonoid contents of the stem bark ethanol extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus.

PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Pandit, R. Curcumin nanoparticles: physico-chemical fabrication and its in vitro efficacy against human pathogens. Parkar, S.

Fecal microbial metabolism of polyphenols and its effects on human gut microbiota. Anaerobe 23, 12— Purchase PDF. Mark Item. Title: Polyphenols: A Potential New Strategy for the Prevention and Treatment of Anxiety and Depression Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Author s : Jaouad Bouayed Affiliation: Keywords: Polyphenols , antioxidants , oxidative stress , neuroprotective , anxiety and depression Abstract: Following recent evidence that disturbances in oxidative metabolism are involved in anxiety disorders, high anxiety levels and depression, the use of antioxidants has been proposed as a novel approach for the prevention or treatment of these conditions.

Close Print this page. Export Options ×. Export File: RIS for EndNote, Reference Manager, ProCite. Content: Citation Only. Citation and Abstract. About this article ×. Close About this journal. Related Journals Current Nutraceuticals. Current Functional Foods. Current Probiotics.

Letters in Functional Foods. View More. Related Books Functional Foods for Health Maintenance: Understanding their Role in Cancer Prevention. Green Extraction Techniques in Food Analysis.

Algal Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Benefits, Opportunities, and Challenges. Micronutrients: The Key to Good Health. Capillary Electrophoresis in Food Analysis. Article Metrics.

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Food for oxidative stress relief: Polyphenols. Cite Share. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathologies of many metabolic, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases leading to morbidity and mortality.

While the mechanism remains unclear, overwhelming evidence point to uncontrolled formation of highly reactive oxygen species ROS and nitrogen species RNS , and decrease production and availability of endogenous antioxidants or both.

These changes cause cellular and tissue damages associated with oxidative stress-related diseases. Over the years, pharmacological remedies using antioxidant therapy have been applied to correct the triggers of these diseases, albeit with considerable risk and side effects.

Current interest in the old paradigm of food as medicine is increasingly becoming mainstream. Thus, certain food sources with health benefits beyond their nutritional value, known as nutraceuticals, which exhibit antioxidant properties may constitute a new therapeutic strategy to target oxidative stress.

This paper highlights the potential role of food polyphenols in the new paradigm. Polyphenols are naturally occurring organic compounds characterized by the presence of multiple units of phenol.

There is a synergistic interaction between the polyphenols and fibers that are abundant in plant foods [1]. Polyphenolic compounds are partly responsible for the hues in plants. Therefore, to consume a wide range of beneficial antioxidants, consuming foods from all different color categories is wise.

Polyphenolic compounds can have complex and diverse chemical structures, including more specific categories such as tannins and flavonoids. These nutraceuticals offer a wide range of health benefits by reducing inflammatory processes, thereby improving mood and mental health symptoms.

It has recently been shown that the transformation of polyphenols in the intestines is in part facilitated by microbiota metabolism [2].

Polyphenols act as fuel for the beneficial bacteria inside of guts. The most common polyphenols are tannins, which are found in virtually all families of plants. Dark chocolate, tea, and berries are some of the best-known sources. Herbs and spices e. Flavonoids have also received attention for their antioxidant properties.

They are found in foods such as onions, scallions, grapes, and many others. Catechins are part of the flavonoid family and are abundant in green tea, which has several known health benefits discussed below.

The amount and type of polyphenolic compounds in foods depend on their origin, ripeness, and how they were farmed, transported, stored, and prepared.

The antioxidant potential of foods can quickly become compromised. Research indicates that organic agriculture particularly fruits produces slightly higher polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity [3].

Juicing may also be one way to improve the intake of polyphenols, but might be best alongside a high-fiber meal that also has dietary fat. While supplements are indicated in some cases, the ideal situation would be to consume polyphenols in their natural state i.

Given what we now know about the role of gut microbiota in human health, the case for emphasizing real food is gaining traction. A diet comprised of ultra-processed and packaged foods is generally low in polyphenols, which may explain why individuals with low-quality diets generally have worse mental health, and why the transition to a whole-food plant-forward diet can improve mood.

Instead of focusing on cutting out convenience foods, focus on adding anti-inflammatory foods! Gupta Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. Google Scholar. Andrew, R. Principles of pharmacological research of nutraceuticals.

Baker, M. Deceptive curcumin offers cautionary tale for chemists. Nature , — Banks, W. Characteristics of compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier. BMC Neurol. Bidel, S. The emerging health benefits of coffee with an emphasis on type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Brugman, S. A comparative review on microbiota manipulation: lessons from fish, plants, livestock, and human research. Buttó, L. Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammation: cause or consequence. Caleja, C. Phenolic compounds as nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients. Carlström, M. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Carmody, R. Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics. Cassidy, A. The role of metabolism and the microbiome in defining the clinical efficacy of dietary flavonoids.

Catinean, A. An overview on the interplay between nutraceuticals and gut microbiota. Chopra, A. Ayurveda—modern medicine interface: a critical appraisal of studies of ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ayurveda Int.

Daliu, P. From pharmaceuticals to nutraceuticals: bridging disease prevention and management. Expert Rev. Deavall, D. Drug-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. Delgado-Adamez, J. Oxidative stability, phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of a virgin olive oil enriched with natural bioactive compounds.

Oleo Sci. Douglas, A. Which experimental systems should we use for human microbiome science? PLoS Biol. Espín, J. The gut microbiota: a key factor in the therapeutic effects of poly phenols. Fawole, O. Stability of total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity of extracts from pomegranate co-products subjected to in vitro digestion.

BMC Complement. Fujimura, Y. Metabolomics-driven nutraceutical evaluation of diverse green tea cultivars. PLoS One. Georgiev, V. Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as nutraceuticals. Nutrients 6, — Gil-Sáncheza, I. Supplementation with grape pomace in healthy women: changes in biochemical parameters, gut microbiota and related metabolic biomarkers.

Foods 45, 34— CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Hon, K. Exosomes as potential biomarkers and targeted therapy in colorectal cancer: a mini-review. Kawabata, K. Role of intestinal microbiota in the bioavailability and physiological functions of dietary polyphenols.

Molecules Klaassen, C. Review: mechanisms of how the intestinal microbiota alters the effects of drugs and bile acids. Drug Metab. Lan, K. Towards polypharmacokinetics: pharmacokinetics of multicomponent drugs and herbal medicines using a metabolomics approach.

Based Complement. Laparra, J. Interactions of gut microbiota with functional food components and nutraceuticals. Lin, D. An overview of plant phenolic compounds and their importance in human nutrition and management of type 2 diabetes.

Lozupone, C. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Mandal, A. Anti-inflammatory mechanism involved in pomegranate-mediated prevention of breast cancer: the role of NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.

Nutrients Marín, L. Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties. Miranda, A. Association between polyphenol intake and hypertension in adults and older adults: a population-based study in Brazil.

PLoS One e Morgan, E. Physiological regulation of drug metabolism and transport: pregnancy, microbiome, inflammation, infection, and fasting. Mythri, R. Nasri, H. New concepts in nutraceuticals as alternative for pharmaceuticals.

Nelson, K. The essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin. Olugbami, J. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant potential, phenolic and flavonoid contents of the stem bark ethanol extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus.

PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Pandit, R. Curcumin nanoparticles: physico-chemical fabrication and its in vitro efficacy against human pathogens. Parkar, S. Fecal microbial metabolism of polyphenols and its effects on human gut microbiota.

Anaerobe 23, 12— Pimentel, G. Does long-term coffee intake reduce type 2 diabetes mellitus risk? Postal, B. Mechanism of action of nutraceuticals on intestine to ameliorate glucose homeostasis: follow-up studies by an in-situ approach.

Cell Sci. Rajani, C. Disruptions in gut microbial-host co-metabolism and the development of metabolic disorders. Rani, V. Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders: pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.

Life Sci. Rein, M.

This is one of the reasons for the inconclusive results obtained, for example, for pomegranate juice, Williamson and Clifford, In such studies, the target is the anthocyanin content, because it offers protection against the inflammatory progression from oxidative stress Mandal et al. After this juice is consumed, the anti-inflammatory process induces a decline in the various oxidative stress markers.

The mechanism is meant to reduce the enzymes which encourage the proliferative process, as well as to protect against the decline in the nitric oxide level Sohrab et al. Chlorogenic acid, a compound present in several commonly used products coffee , undergoes biotransformation in response to some favorable strains.

Subsequently, the by-products caffeic acid, for example get absorbed. Thus, they exert a direct biological effect; the initial product has a side effect induced by the modulation of the microbial pattern.

Although the direct in vitro effect is positive, the in vivo results are inconclusive, because the effect is expressed by the exclusive action of the products and the metabolism of the microbiota Parkar et al.

It has been shown that several of the biotransformation products get eliminated in the urine, without averting the cause and with the excessive loss of the active substances Gil-Sáncheza et al.

In clinical practice there is good reason to believe that dysbiosis is favored by diet, age, and genetic variability, and affects the progression of microbiome-linked diseases Lozupone et al.

The excess usage of antibiotics causes a mediated response that determines a microbial pattern change within a family having a well-established clinical history.

The action mechanism transmitted through the interspecific relationships within the microbiota continues to remain a rather poorly explained fact. The evolution of degenerative diseases, particularly the neurodegenerative ones, looks to the host-microbiota interaction to produce new clinical approaches.

Modulation of the dysbiosis passes the level of administration of certain strains that cannot develop interspecific linkages in the microbial pattern structure Tremaroli and Bäckhed, The pharmacodynamics of nutraceuticals differs from that of drugs, in that, the molecule complex possessing the bioactive potential in the first category does not act unidirectionally.

The pharmacological effect is directly dependent upon the concentration of the main component, and therefore, different technologies are employed to potentiate the biological action Vamanu, Metabolomic analysis is thus a tool that is effective in depicting the usefulness of some of the xenobiotic products herbal extracts or active principles of drugs.

Natural nutraceutical products e. A metabolomic study clearly depicts the active molecules and differences in their sources of origin, processing, and in vivo use. The interactions of the xenobiotics with human fluids saliva, HCl, pepsin, bile salts, etc.

The interaction of the metabolomic pattern with the physiological functions will be reflected in the expression of the effect of health promotion Fujimura et al. The discovery of the cause of the degenerative progression obesity, diabetes, for instance and the critical point of the installation of the dysbiosis, form an innovative method for improving the metabolic imbalance Rajani and Jia, Antibiotics are a drug class that interacts with the human microbiota.

Their effect is directly dependent on the fermentative action of the colon, as they can be metabolized at this point. This implies being able to identify the metabolites after administration. This behavior resembles the effect of most products based on the phenolic compounds nutraceuticals.

Biological action is an expression of the presence of these metabolites and not of the biologically active molecules Klaassen and Cui, Biotransformation in the colon controls the revision or reduction in the action of several of these in vitro products Vamanu and Sarbu, The bioavailability rate at the individual level is determined by the modification of the inflammatory process, which during its evolution, changes the structure of the microbiota.

The progressive increase in the oxidative stress, favoring the microbial modification, alters both the immune response and metabolic rate Morgan et al.

Thus, the microbiota is the principal factor in the treatments that target the absorption of the essential minerals calcium , because it mediates the intestinal absorption and immune response related to the degradation of the bone mineral structure Xu et al.

The bioavailability in vivo differs significantly from the findings of the in vitro studies. Interaction with the colonic microbiota is crucial for expressing the therapeutic value.

While the high metabolic rate is specific to this category of bioactive molecules it is also a limiting factor. Reduced stability excludes the valuable compounds, which are ineffective in vivo , from the treatment schemes Rein et al. The in vivo bioavailability revealed by the microbial metabolite products exerts a direct modifying effect on the patterns of different pathogenic groups.

These components stimulate the multiplication of the favorable strains at the expense of the remainder of the microbial fingerprint. The clinical effect is thus indirectly exerted by the plasticity of the microbial pattern in the human colon. Any study on the interactions of the microbiota with the nutraceuticals involves not only mutual interaction, but also their clinical consequences on human health Laparra and Sanz, Interaction with the microbiota is expressed according to the type of biotransformation process that occurs, because the microbial pattern reacts and determines the clinical effect.

Absorption is the direct effect of the degree of degradation and biotransformation that impacts the pharmacological response. Enzymatic action is the chief factor in the biotransformation process, through which the end-products are made stable and enabled to pass into the bloodstream.

The shift from a water-soluble to liposoluble state is the distinctive means of raising the percentage of molecules absorbed in the intestinal lumen Banks, ; Marín et al. This process is dependent upon the individual variability and the ability of the individual pattern to obtain those specific compounds molecules that can ensure a decrease in the microbial risk groups, for the evolution and stimulation of oxidative stress.

The key to success not only in the administration of the polyphenols, but also in the reaction to the excess xenobiotics, is the escalation in the diversity of the intestinal microbiota.

This complex process, influenced by several exogenous factors and individual genetic heritage, facilitates the biotransformation, absorption, and bioavailability of the nutraceuticals.

Combination with dietary fiber and minerals supports the increase in bioavailability Santini and Novellino, Gram-positive bacteria, which include the pathogenic species as well Clostridium difficile, S. aureus , directly affect the metabolisation of some drugs. This evidence confirms the part played by the entire microbiota in the pharmacological action of some drugs in the target groups e.

For instance, doxorubicin, which induces cardiac damage, azidothymidine, which induces myopathy, or cisplatin, which induces ototoxicity, possess well-established mechanisms Carmody and Turnbaugh, However, the induction of oxidative stress continues to remain a poorly understood biological phenomenon.

The assumption is that the appearance and proliferation of the generation of free radicals depends upon the occurrence of dysbiosis.

Negative strain proliferation indirectly causes the oxidative pressure to rise, decreases the antioxidant status, and causes the degenerative pathologies Deavall et al.

A critical view of these data reiterated that the bioactivity of the nutraceuticals was dependent upon the chemical structure and stability during the time of the microbiota activity. The in vitro vs. in vivo trials revealed a second interesting perspective because it explains the physiological pathway of the degradation of the nutraceuticals polyphenols at the time of the fermentative action of the microbiota.

A meta-analysis should be considered for each compound, because bioactivity represents a specific biological characteristic that enables a clearer understanding of the progression of the dysbiosis.

The role of nutraceuticals in the management of chronic diseases is controversial. Although they are thought to be useful at various stages of degenerative evolution, there is a misunderstanding of the mechanisms of action of nutraceuticals with a biopharmaceutical role Daliu et al.

Hence the need for a strict classification, based on the various interactions that nutraceuticals can have in vivo. Their use in disease management should also consider interacting with pharmaceuticals Santini and Novellino, A nutraceutical should be understood, according to recent studies, as a compound or combination of compounds used to prevent or reduce the risk of disease.

The nutraceuticals interact with human microbiota and affect the physiological balance of the body. This declines with age and the inflammatory proliferation which becomes more acute in the presence of oxidative stress.

These critical points determine a decreased bioavailability, and finally dysbiosis. Microbiological modulation of the microbiota and the metabolomic response depend on the capacity to colonize in vivo , which is a limiting factor for the in vitro study. Many studies have been conducted in static systems, and the dynamic response similar to that of the in vivo is assumed to be based on the identification of certain biomarkers e.

The response is determined by a great number of factors, both exogenous and endogenous. The limiting potential arises from the low number of studies using target groups with a microbiota pattern which retains certain characteristics e. In conclusion, drug administration like those of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs, induces oxidative stress through the dynamics of a human-microbiota pattern.

Individual variability reveals a specific response to the microbiota—drug interaction. When classical medication is combined with the nutraceuticals, it reduces the inflammatory pressure and preserves the effect of the microbial plasticity.

Therefore, intervention against dysbiosis becomes the top priority for optimizing the anti-inflammatory response to the growing pressure of oxidative stress. Nutraceuticals will be a way of promoting human wellbeing in the future, but the degree of valorisation will depend on the understanding of factors that regulate different physiological processes.

The use of products compounds as part of a personalized treatment will be an essential point in increasing the quality of life Zmora et al. This study is supported by the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine.

The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Many thanks to my wife Albertina Vamanu for her effort, critical comments, and partial English editing. Abdel-Lateef, E. Bioactive chemical constituents of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes extract inhibit the growth of human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Acta Pharm.

doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Anadón, A. Gupta Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. Google Scholar. Andrew, R. Principles of pharmacological research of nutraceuticals. Baker, M. Deceptive curcumin offers cautionary tale for chemists. Nature , — Banks, W. Characteristics of compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier.

BMC Neurol. Bidel, S. The emerging health benefits of coffee with an emphasis on type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Brugman, S. A comparative review on microbiota manipulation: lessons from fish, plants, livestock, and human research.

Buttó, L. Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammation: cause or consequence. Caleja, C. Phenolic compounds as nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients. Carlström, M. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Carmody, R. Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics.

Cassidy, A. The role of metabolism and the microbiome in defining the clinical efficacy of dietary flavonoids. Catinean, A. An overview on the interplay between nutraceuticals and gut microbiota. Chopra, A. Ayurveda—modern medicine interface: a critical appraisal of studies of ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Ayurveda Int. Daliu, P. From pharmaceuticals to nutraceuticals: bridging disease prevention and management. Expert Rev. Deavall, D. Drug-induced oxidative stress and toxicity.

Delgado-Adamez, J. Oxidative stability, phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of a virgin olive oil enriched with natural bioactive compounds.

Oleo Sci. Douglas, A. Which experimental systems should we use for human microbiome science? PLoS Biol. Espín, J. The gut microbiota: a key factor in the therapeutic effects of poly phenols. Fawole, O. Stability of total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity of extracts from pomegranate co-products subjected to in vitro digestion.

BMC Complement. Fujimura, Y. Metabolomics-driven nutraceutical evaluation of diverse green tea cultivars.

PLoS One. Georgiev, V. Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as nutraceuticals. Nutrients 6, — Gil-Sáncheza, I. Supplementation with grape pomace in healthy women: changes in biochemical parameters, gut microbiota and related metabolic biomarkers.

Foods 45, 34— CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Hon, K. Exosomes as potential biomarkers and targeted therapy in colorectal cancer: a mini-review. Kawabata, K.

Role of intestinal microbiota in the bioavailability and physiological functions of dietary polyphenols. Molecules Klaassen, C. Review: mechanisms of how the intestinal microbiota alters the effects of drugs and bile acids. Drug Metab.

Lan, K. Towards polypharmacokinetics: pharmacokinetics of multicomponent drugs and herbal medicines using a metabolomics approach. Based Complement.

Laparra, J. Interactions of gut microbiota with functional food components and nutraceuticals. Lin, D. An overview of plant phenolic compounds and their importance in human nutrition and management of type 2 diabetes.

Lozupone, C. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Mandal, A. Anti-inflammatory mechanism involved in pomegranate-mediated prevention of breast cancer: the role of NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.

Related Journals Current Nutraceuticals. Current Functional Foods. Current Probiotics. Letters in Functional Foods. View More. Related Books Functional Foods for Health Maintenance: Understanding their Role in Cancer Prevention.

Green Extraction Techniques in Food Analysis. Algal Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Benefits, Opportunities, and Challenges. Micronutrients: The Key to Good Health. Capillary Electrophoresis in Food Analysis. Article Metrics. Journal Information. For Authors. Author Guidelines Graphical Abstracts Fabricating and Stating False Information Research Misconduct Post Publication Discussions and Corrections Publishing Ethics and Rectitude Increase Visibility of Your Article Archiving Policies Peer Review Workflow Order Your Article Before Print Promote Your Article Manuscript Transfer Facility Editorial Policies Allegations from Whistleblowers Announcements Forthcoming Thematic Issues.

For Editors. Guest Editor Guidelines Editorial Management Fabricating and Stating False Information Publishing Ethics and Rectitude Ethical Guidelines for New Editors Peer Review Workflow. For Reviewers. Reviewer Guidelines Peer Review Workflow Fabricating and Stating False Information Publishing Ethics and Rectitude.

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