Video
How to extract Limonene from Orange PeelsCitrus aurantium medicinal uses -
If growing them in pots, great care must be exercised when potting them on into larger containers[]. References Carbon Farming Information and Carbon Sequestration Information.
Celsius Fahrenheit:. Plants For A Future have a number of books available in paperback and digital form. Book titles include Edible Plants , Edible Perennials , Edible Trees , and Woodland Gardening.
Our new book to be released soon is Edible Shrubs. The seed is best sown in a greenhouse as soon as it ripe after thoroughly rinsing it[, ]. Sow stored seed in March in a greenhouse[3]. Germination usually takes place within 2 - 3 weeks at 13°c. Seedlings are liable to damp off so they must be watered with care and kept well ventilated.
The seed is usually polyembrionic, two or more seedlings arise from each seed and they are genetically identical to the parent but they do not usually carry any virus that might be present in the parent plant[]. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least three growing seasons before trying them outdoors.
Plant them out in the summer and give them some protection from the cold for their first few winters outdoors. Layering in October. Search over plants ideal for food forests and permaculture gardens.
Filter to search native plants to your area. Native Plant Search. Right plant wrong place. We are currently updating this section. IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Status :. Author L. For a list of references used on this page please go here. What is here is good but there is no mention of the use of this plant as a slimming aid, which is very topical just now.
There is a need for an unbiased source of info about this. Is this when they ripen in Southern europe? Can they not be grown in a range of regions with a range of ripening dates? Or are they just not imported here except in the main season?
If you have important information about this plant that may help other users please add a comment or link below. Only comments or links that are felt to be directly relevant to a plant will be included.
If you have questions about a plant please use the Forum on this website as we do not have the resources to answer questions ourselves.
To leave a comment please Register or login here All comments need to be approved so will not appear immediately. Stay informed about PFAFs progress, challenges and hopes by signing up for our free email ePost. You can unsubscribe at anytime. Plants For A Future Database About Plant Uses Edible Uses Medicinal Uses Other Uses.
Follow Us:. Citrus aurantium - L. Common Name Bitter Orange, Sour orange, Bergamot orange Family Rutaceae USDA hardiness Known Hazards None known Habitats Original habitat is obscure, possibly a back cross involving C. maxima X C. Range Tropical Asia?
Edibility Rating 3 of 5 Other Uses 4 of 5 Weed Potential No Medicinal Rating 3 of 5 Care info. Translate this page:. Citrus aurantium is an evergreen Tree growing to 9 m 29ft by 6 m 19ft. See above for USDA hardiness.
It is hardy to UK zone 9 and is frost tender. It is in leaf all year, in flower from April to June. The species is hermaphrodite has both male and female organs and is pollinated by Apomictic reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion , insects.
The plant is self-fertile. Suitable for: medium loamy and heavy clay soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: mildly acid and neutral soils and can grow in very alkaline soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers moist soil. Now available: PLANTS FOR YOUR FOOD FOREST: Plants for Temperate Food Forests and Permaculture Gardens.
Special Uses Food Forest Hedge Hedge Scented Plants. The PFAF Bookshop Plants For A Future have a number of books available in paperback and digital form. Shop Now. Related Plants Latin Name Common Name Habit Height Hardiness Growth Soil Shade Moisture Edible Medicinal Other Citrus aurantiifolia Lime, Key Lime, Mexican Lime, Mexican Thornless Key Lime Tree 6.
Plant Uses Edible Uses Medicinal Uses Other Plant uses Woodland Gardening Why Perennial Plants? Top Edible Plants Top Medicinal Plants Garden Design Habitats Translations. Content Content Help Bookshop Support Us Blog Links Old Database Search Suppliers Contact About Us. Plants For A Future is a charitable company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales.
Charity No. Bitter Orange, Sour orange, Bergamot orange. None known. Original habitat is obscure, possibly a back cross involving C. Tropical Asia? Latin Name Common Name Habit Height Hardiness Growth Soil Shade Moisture Edible Medicinal Other Citrus aurantiifolia.
Add a comment. SL-Syn E,F. The accumulated body weight from PND30 to PND49 is depicted in Figure 4. The SL groups treated with C. Figure 4.
Accumulated weight gain of mice raised in normal and small litters submitted to treatment with C. There was no significant difference in heart rate Supplementary Figure 1A , systolic blood pressure Supplementary Figure 1B , and diastolic blood pressure Supplementary Figure 1C in the normal and small litter groups treated with C.
aurantium and synephrine or vehicle. There was no significant difference in the OGTT Supplementary Figure 2A or the area under the curve AUC of the OGTT Supplementary Figure 2B in the normal and small litter groups treated with C.
The plasma concentration of leptin in the SL groups treated with C. aurantium and synephrine was not different from that in the NL groups or SL vehicle group Figure 5A. Figure 5. Effect of treatment with C.
aurantium and synephrine in hormonal dosages. Plasma leptin A , Total T3 B and Free T4 C. There was no significant difference in the absolute catecholamine content in the adrenal gland Figure 6A.
There was no significant difference in plasma corticosterone Figure 6C. Figure 6. aurantium and synephrine on the medulla adrenal and plasma corticosterone.
aurantium and synephrine 2-fold-increase vs. NL -Syn; 2-fold-increase vs. Treatment with C. aurantium and synephrine was able to restore the lipid droplet size and quantity of nuclei in the small litter groups. Figure 7.
BAT histology by Hematoxylin—Eosin HE staining with 40× magnification. Quantitative analysis of lipid droplets and nucleus number of the BAT. Figure 8 shows biomarkers related to thermogenesis in BAT. The NL groups did not show differences in gene expression in BAT.
aurantium and synephrine showed increased gene expression of UCP-1, PRDM16, PGC-1α, and PPARγ. Treatment of the SL group with C. SL groups treated with C. The SL-Syn group showed higher relative mRNA expression of PRDM than the SL and NL groups 2. No significant difference was observed in the gene expression of CPT Figure 8D , ADRβ-3 Figure 8E , or BMP7 Figure 8G.
However, treatment with C. Figure 8. aurantium and synephrine on thermogenic factors in BAT. Also, SL-Syn group presented no changes in all parameters of BAT mitochondrial function evaluated.
Figure 9. High resolution respirometry of brown adipose tissue from overfeed mice. Flux per mass with substrates pyruvate, glutamate, malate, and succinate A. Flux per mass with substrates palmitoyl-L-carnitine, malate, and ADP B.
It is well known that overfeeding early in life causes metabolic effects in the short- and long-term, but such effects are poorly investigated in adolescence. The reduction in litter size is an effective and reproducible model of obesity 12 , 15 , Our results demonstrated that both overweight and metabolic changes typical of obesity persist from lactation to adolescence.
Moreover, the administration of Citrus aurantium or its active compound, synephrine, proved efficacious in ameliorating certain metabolic dysfunctions induced by postnatal overfeeding, employing distinct mechanisms.
Conceicao et al. We find at PND30, overweight and high body fat in SL group by body composition NMR analyses. Furthermore, we showed that the SL group showed higher body weight from PND4 until adolescence. Studies were carried out upon utilization of products derived from medicinal plants and nutraceuticals for the management of obesity and metabolic disorders Until this moment, no studies have demonstrated the effects of C.
aurantium and synephrine at the same doses and period adolescence used in the current investigation. Here, we used a smaller dose than the one usually used in other studies because it would not be interesting to use elevate adrenergic agonist dose in adolescent animals.
Hansen and collaborators 30 demonstrated, in adult female rats, that the administration of C. In agreement, we also observed that the SL group treated with C. aurantium or synephrine did not show significant differences in body weight and body fat on PND Synephrine, due to it is an adrenergic agonist effect and its similarity to ephedrine, has potential adverse effects upon the cardiovascular system However, we did not show changes in heart rate or systolic or diastolic blood pressure in the treatments with C.
aurantium extracts and synephrine. Citrus aurantium has been associated with improvement in hyperglycemia Although obese, the SL group had no changes in glucose homeostasis, with no significantly different in TOTG compared to the NL group.
Litter size reduction programming impairs leptin signaling and causes leptin resistance at PND 37 , Corroborating these findings, the SL group showed hyperleptinemia, indicating leptin resistance in these animals as early as 50 days old.
However, C. aurantium and synephrine slightly reduced this hyperleptinemia induced by overfeeding. In the literature, no studies were found about the effect of C.
aurantium and synephrine on leptin secretion and signaling. Thus, precocious treatment with C. aurantium may prevent those animals from developing future glucose intolerance since leptin resistance can be one contributor factor to insulin resistance.
Rodrigues and collaborators 37 showed that, in PND21, the SL group had high TSH and serum thyroid hormone concentrations. However, on PND, this group showed normal TSH and lower T3 and T4 in serum.
Here, treatment with C. aurantium increased total T3 and free T4 compared to all NL groups in this study, and synephrine SL-Syn increased even more because it was higher than in the SL group. As there are no studies focusing the interplay between thyroid function and C.
aurantium or synephrine , more studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved. aurantium , other than synephrine, can increase adrenal catecholamines, which can occur either by greater synthesis or by accumulation due to deficient secretion.
We measured only tissue catecholamines, and this increase was not enough to alter cardiovascular parameters. However, this change may have resulted in a slight increase in circulating adrenaline, inducing lipolysis in white and brown adipocytes, through their interaction with β-3 adrenergic receptors Only one in vitro study has reported the influence of C.
aurantium on the differentiation and activation of brown adipocytes through anti-adipogenic and thermogenic mechanisms In the current study, we explored the in vivo anti-obesity potential of C. aurantium extracts and its main active component, synephrine, in brown adipose tissue dysfunction of adolescent mice programmed by early postnatal overfeeding.
The whitening of BAT occurs in obesity. In this process, BAT has increased tissue mass with large lipid droplets, low vascularization, high pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and low UCP-1 and other thermogenesis marker expression 13 , 48 , causing dysfunction.
In the qualitative and quantitative analyses of BAT, we demonstrated a reduction in its mass and in the content of lipid vesicles and an increase in the number of nuclei in the SL groups treated with C. aurantium and synephrine, showing that the treatments normalized the BAT structure and recovered its original phenotype.
We investigated some important markers of thermogenesis and activity in BAT, such as UCP-1, PRDM16, PCG-1α, CPT-1, beta-3AR, PPARγ, and BMP-7 Furthermore, we found, in general, higher gene expression of UCP1, PRDM 16, PGC-1α, and PPARγ, demonstrating the thermogenic action of both C.
aurantium and its active compound, synephrine. β-3 adrenergic receptor expression in BAT was unchanged, but we cannot ignore the effect of synephrine β-3 adrenergic ligand on adrenergic receptors.
PPARγ is responsible for positively regulating genes involved in lipid oxidation CPT-1 and thermogenesis, such as UCP-1 and PGC-1α responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis and stimulation of UCP-1 gene expression In addition, PPARγ participates in several physiological functions, such as glucose metabolism control, adipocyte differentiation regulation, and inflammatory response regulation.
This receptor is considered a primary regulator of adipogenesis, controlling cell differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes 51 and acting in the direction of white and brown adipocyte differentiation UCP-1 is a key marker of thermogenesis in BAT.
In experimental models, the absence of UCP-1 is associated with increased body weight and decreased thermogenesis in BAT In our model of obesity induced by litter size reduction, we observed BAT dysfunction and UCP-1 gene expression reduction. aurantium on BAT was better than synephrine alone that only caused a higher gene expression for PRDM16, a known transcriptional co-regulator capable to directing brown adipogenesis.
Mitochondria primarily produce ATP for cellular energy by directing proton flow to ATP synthase. This occurs when protons, temporarily stored in the intermembrane space, are released into the mitochondrial matrix by uncoupling proteins, reducing the membrane potential, and producing heat rather than ATP Thus, the induced decrease in proton flux is mediated by an increase in UCP1 in adipose tissue, increasing heat production and potentiating weight loss.
This mechanism is important as a therapeutic target in the regulation of body weight. Considering the higher expression of UCP1 in BAT, this could be one of the mechanisms of action of C.
UCP-1 activity is mainly regulated by fatty acids that represent the main energy substrates for oxidation during thermogenesis, providing NADH and FADH2 to supply the respiratory chain and ensure the proton gradient Isolated synephrine, in turn, did not change oxygen consumption in relation to the energy substrates studied.
In general, C. aurantium and synephrine increased thermogenic marker expression in BAT without modifying the cardiovascular system. The modern obesogenic environment can significantly increase obesity worldwide, especially in adolescence This period is a crucial stage of human development when several psychological and social changes occur in addition to the acquisition of new life habits that are the foundation for health and wellbeing in adulthood Our results indicate that obesity treatment in the critical period of adolescence, when the neurological system is particularly sensitive to interventions, can be a good therapeutic strategy.
Even when using C. aurantium or synephrine at a low dose, both showed beneficial effects, reducing adipose tissue mass, and improving BAT functionality without impacting blood pressure and glucose homeostasis.
With due care in extrapolating therapy from animals to humans, the set of our findings suggest that therapeutic use of these compounds can improve the metabolic profile of obese adolescents without adverse cardiovascular side effects. Further studies are necessary to better evaluate the safety of using both C.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
The animal study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Biology Institute of the State University of Rio de Janeiro.
The study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. AG: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing — original draft. This work was supported by the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro FAPERJ , grant numbers: We thank the Postgraduate Program in Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology for administrative and financial support.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Fernandez-Sanchez A, Madrigal-Santillan E, Bautista M, Esquivel-Soto J, Morales-Gonzalez A, Esquivel-Chirino C, et al.
Inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity. Int J Mol Sci. doi: PubMed Abstract Crossref Full Text Google Scholar. Peixoto T, Moura E, de Oliveira E, Soares P, Guarda D, Bernardino D, et al.
Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon extract treatment improves triglyceridemia, liver cholesterol, liver steatosis, oxidative damage and corticosteronemia in rats rendered obese by high fat diet.
Eur J Nutr. Nimptsch K, Konigorski S, Pischon T. Diagnosis of obesity and use of obesity biomarkers in science and clinical medicine. Dludla P, Nkambule B, Jack B, Mkandla Z, Mutize T, Silvestri S, et al. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid.
Ruiz L, Zuelch M, Dimitratos S, Scherr R. Adolescent Obesity: Diet Quality, Psychosocial Health, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors.
Costa C, Del-Ponte B, Assuncao M, Santos I. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and body fat during childhood and adolescence: a systematic review.
Public Health Nutr. Guo S, Wu W, Chumlea W, Roche A. Predicting overweight and obesity in adulthood from body mass index values in childhood and adolescence.
Am J Clin Nutr. Ward Z, Long M, Resch S, Giles C, Cradock A, Gortmaker S. Simulation of Growth Trajectories of Childhood Obesity into Adulthood. N Engl J Med. Bouchard C. Obesity in adulthood—the importance of childhood and parental obesity. Plagemann A, Harder T, Rake A, Voits M, Fink H, Rohde W, et al.
Perinatal elevation of hypothalamic insulin, acquired malformation of hypothalamic galaninergic neurons, and syndrome x-like alterations in adulthood of neonatally overfed rats.
Brain Res. Barker D. The developmental origins of adult disease. Engl J Epidemiol. Habbout A, Delemasure S, Goirand F, Guilland J, Chabod F, Sediki M, et al. Postnatal overfeeding in rats leads to moderate overweight and to cardiometabolic and oxidative alterations in adulthood.
Conceicao E, Moura E, Oliveira E, Guarda D, Figueiredo M, Quitete F, et al. Dietary calcium supplementation in adult rats reverts brown adipose tissue dysfunction programmed by postnatal early overfeeding. J Nutr Biochem.
Plagemann A, Roepke K, Harder T, Brunn M, Harder A, Wittrock-Staar M, et al. Epigenetic malprogramming of the insulin receptor promoter due to developmental overfeeding.
J Perinatal Med. Alfaradhi M, Ozanne S. Developmental programming in response to maternal overnutrition. Front Genet. Plagemann A, Harder T, Schellong K, Schulz S, Stupin J.
Early postnatal life as a critical time window for determination of long-term metabolic health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. Martorell R. Improved nutrition in the first days and adult human capital and health.
American J Hum Biol. Aoki C, Romeo R, Smith S. Adolescence as a critical period for developmental plasticity. Lee E, Yoon K. Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention.
Front Med. Kim S, Plutzky J. Brown fat and browning for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Diabetes Metab J. Montanari T, Poscic N, Colitti M. Factors involved in white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and in thermogenesis: a review.
Obesity Rev. Fugh-Berman A, Myers A. Citrus aurantium, an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: current status of clinical and basic research. Exp Biol Med. Suntar I, Khan H, Patel S, Celano R, Rastrelli L. An Overview on Citrus aurantium L. Oxid Med Cell Long. Haaz S, Fontaine K, Cutter G, Limdi N, Perumean-Chaney S, Allison D.
Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update. Bouchard N, Howland M, Greller H, Hoffman R, Nelson L. Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine.
Mayo Clinic Proc. Carvalho-Freitas M, Costa M. Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. Biol Pharm Bull.
Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Hendra R, Oskoueian A, Jaafar H. Phenolic compounds characterization and biological activities of Citrus aurantium bloom. Arbo M, Larentis E, Linck V, Aboy A, Pimentel A, Henriques A, et al.
Concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of Citrus species Rutaceae and the acute toxicity testing of Citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine. Food Chem Toxicol. Arai K, Jin D, Kusu F, Takamura K. Determination of p-hydroxymandelic acid enantiomers in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
J Pharm Biomed Anal. Hansen D, George N, White G, Abdel-Rahman A, Pellicore L, Fabricant D. Cardiovascular toxicity of Citrus aurantium in exercised rats.
Cardiovasc Toxicol. Stohs S, Badmaev V. A Review of Natural Stimulant and Non-stimulant Thermogenic Agents. Phytotherapy Res.
Mark Stibich, Ph. Citrus aurantium medicinal uses orange Citrus aurantium is a type of orange often aurantiu, to make orange aurangium. Oil Citrus aurantium medicinal uses from aurantuum outer peelis used in essential oils and Blood sugar stabilization techniques. Also known as Seville orange or bigarade orange, bitter orange lives up to its name as one of the most tart and pungent citrus fruits. It is low in fat and a great source of vitamin C. One small bitter orange g provides 37 to 66 calories, 0. Bitter orange is an excellent source of vitamin C, also supplying a good amount of vitamin A, phosphorus, iron, and calcium.
Citdus and aims: Obesity is a multifactorial condition with high health risk, associated with important medjcinal disorders such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular dysfunction.
Citrus aurantium Medidinal. aurantium is a medicinal plant, and its active component, synephrine, meidcinal β-3 adrenergic agonist, can Citrus aurantium medicinal uses Citrud for weight loss.
We investigated the aurantum of C. aurahtium and synephrine in obese adolescent mice CCitrus by early postnatal Practical weight control. Methods: Three days after birth, male Swiss mice medicinxl divided into a small akrantium SL group 3 pups aurantihm Citrus aurantium medicinal uses normal litter NL group 9 pups.
At 30 days old, SL and NL mice were Citrua with Yses. Results: The Ises group had a higher body weight than the NL group. Ises rate and medocinal pressure were not elevated.
The SL meedicinal had hyperleptinemia and central auarntium that were normalized medicinall C. Cirus and synephrine. In brown adipose tissue, the SL Aurantiu showed a higher lipid droplet sectional auranfium, less nuclei, a reduction in nedicinal markers related Cutrus thermogenesis UCP-1, PRDM16, PGC-1α and PPARgand Citrus aurantium medicinal uses disfunction.
Non-prescription emotional balance and synephrine treatment normalized these parameters. Conclusion: Our data indicates usea the treatment Citrrus C. aurantium and synephrine could be a promising alternative for the control of some obesity dysfunction, such medifinal improvement of brown adipose tissue dysfunction and leptinemia.
Obesity is considered a chronic aurwntium multifactorial aurantkum characterized medkcinal the excessive accumulation of body fat, which result from a complex interaction of genetic, metabolic, social, behavioral, uxes psychological medicianl 1.
Currently, obesity is a worldwide public health problem as it is mediinal with an medicinaal susceptibility of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular Uplift, and cancer swimming and gut health3.
Obesity pathophysiology Citrud insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative Health, and dysfunctional Green tea extract for cholesterol 3aurantuim.
Childhood overweight and obesity have tripled since the s, usds rates of severe aurantimu more than quintupled Citruz the same period 5demonstrating an increase in obesity auranyium childhood and adolescence in recent years.
Concomitantly, it was observed that changes Energize your body dietary medicinla, decreased physical activity 6 uees, socioeconomic Citruus, and physiological stress auarntium create an obesogenic aurnatium.
Cohort studies zurantium that overweight in childhood is a predictor of obesity in adulthood, with high correlations with body mass index 7 Citgus, 8. Pregnancy, lactation, medicinall adolescence Eco-Safe Energy Options considered susceptible life critical windows to metabolic programming.
During these stages, alterations airantium nutritional, hormonal and the environment can Citrus aurantium medicinal uses morphological and functional adjustments that may increase the aufantium to development of diseases throughout life This sues is called Developmental Origins of Medicijal and Disease Heart health supplements Dysfunctional BAT shows usea thermogenic activity characterized by lower UCP1 expression and increased lipid auurantium accumulation 13 In addition, aurrantium litter ues reduction Cognitive function improvement courses in rodents has several short- and long-term pathophysiological outcomes, including increased adiposity, Citrus aurantium medicinal uses concentrations of leptin, insulin, and glucocorticoids, and leptin and insulin aurqntium.
These factors collectively green coffee extract capsules for weight loss to cardiovascular dysfunction and medicinnal 2 diabetes 1215 Adolescence represents a period of accelerated growth, characterized by increased nutritional requirements, physiological increases jses adipose tissue, usees enhanced consumption of fast Citrus aurantium medicinal uses 5medicihal Moreover, the increase in brain plasticity aursntium this critical window jses predispose an adolescent Cirtus to interventions, which could aurxntium to compensate ises or attenuate earlier aurantum insults Benefits of Collagen Peptides For all these reasons, adolescence is critical to initiate and Citruss several disorders, such as binge eating, leading to obesity.
Although Cognitive function enhancement in childhood and adolescence Citrsu been jedicinal significantly in recent Grape Vine Maintenance, studies have shown that current strategies for obesity management in this age group are ineffective, showing the importance of searching for new treatment alternatives Since obesity is characterized by abdominal fat accumulation, recent studies search for novel therapeutic approaches using natural compounds, including herbal medicines and medicinal plants.
Such modulation has a direct and beneficial effect on glucose and lipid metabolism, regardless of the effect on body weight 20 In addition, natural compounds generally have fewer adverse effects aurantium comes from small fruit trees approximately five meters tall and with scented white flowers 22 belonging to the Rutaceae family and popularly known for bitter orange, sour orange, and Seville orange Due to their medicinal properties, products derived from C.
aurantium are commonly used as medicine and in dietary supplements Inthe Food and Drug Administration FDA banned the use of ephedra, derived from Ephedra sinicain dietary supplements in the United States due to its clinical association with heart and central nervous system problems Synephrine is a chiral amine that is present in nature in the form R — - -p-synephrine or l-synephrine 2829 and a compound chemically similar to ephedrine, presenting with a similar structural composition and differing only by a hydroxyl ring in the para position of the benzene ring 30 and a methyl group on the side chain CH3 present in ephedrine As ephedrine, synephrine is a β3 adrenergic agonist receptor with thermogenic and lipolytic actions This structural variation alters the pharmacokinetics, resulting in fewer adverse effects on heart rate and blood pressure than ephedrine.
Thus, the use of synephrine as a substitute for ephedrine has become more frequent p-Synephrine is present in greater quantities in bitter orange fruit peel and is the main active component of C.
aurantium Citrus aurantium and synephrine are known for their therapeutic potential in thermogenesis stimulation. However, studies that indicate C. aurantium and synephrine as inducers of weight loss and thermogenic action in adipose tissue are still scarce Moreover, the most of them are carried out in combination with other medicines and plants or to assess its toxicity 2834 Considering all the aforementioned factors, we hypothesized that adolescence can be considered an important window of opportunity for the implementation of anti-obesity therapeutic strategies 18 Therefore, new treatment alternatives that are more efficient for obesity management should be studied.
Here, we investigated the effectiveness of C. The sample size was calculated based on previous experimental findings that have robustly demonstrated statistically significant increases in biometric parameters, such as body mass and adiposity, relative to the control group In adherence to the principles of the 3 Rs model reduction, refinement, replacementwe also sought to minimize the utilization of animals while still preserving statistical significance.
Three-month-old male and female nulliparous mice were mated in a ratio for 7 days. After birth, the litters were adjusted to 9 pups per mother.
To induce early overfeeding small litter group — SLon postnatal Day 3 PND3the litter size was reduced to 3 pups per mother 18 mothers. The control group normal litter group—NL was maintained with 9 pups per mother 12 mothers until weaning PND21when reduced to 6 animals per group.
On PND21, the SL and NL groups were subdivided into 4 groups 10—12 animals per group :. Only male mice were used in the whole experiment. All groups were treated with their respective doses administered by gavage, during PND30 to PND49, that correspond to the period of adolescence in mice 38 Supplementary Table 1.
All groups received the same volume through gavage ul. The doses of C. aurantium and synephrine were based on the descriptions by Deshmukh et al.
The extracts of C. Isolated synephrine was obtained from Sigma Aldrich lot BCBW and code All 3 treated groups received the same amount of synephrine 1. Figure 1. Experimental model. Postnatal day PND. Mice raised in normal litter NL ; Mice raised in normal litters treated with C.
During the lactation period 21 days of lifethe animals were weighed daily. After weaning, the animals were weighed every 3 days on a mini digital weight scale Professional digital weight scale MOD Body composition was analyzed using whole-body nuclear magnetic resonance NMR imaging Minispec LF90 TD-NMR, Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany in the pretreatment and posttreatment periods to evaluate total fat mass.
The non-anesthetized animals were placed in a transparent plastic cylinder and kept immobile due to the insertion of a very tight plunger in the cylinder.
Soon after, the cylinder with the animal was inserted into the NMR chamber, remaining during the examination for approximately 2 min.
The data were expressed in grams g of adipose mass. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were assessed using a non-invasive method Tail-cuff plethysmograph- LE Panlab, Barcelona, Spain.
The animals were acclimatized for 2 days, and then, the animals were submitted to the procedure again. The measurements were recorded and averaged.
After 12 h of fasting, blood samples were collected to assess baseline glycaemia time 0. Glucose was measured at 15, 30, 60, and min after glucose administration. At 50 days of age, after a 6-h fasting period — hthe animals were anesthetized with avertin 2,2,2—Tribromoethanol, 2-methylbutanol — 0.
The BAT was dissected, weighed, and prepared for morphological and molecular analysis real-time PCR. The adrenal glands were frozen to assess the adrenal catecholamine content. The right adrenal tissue stored in acetic acid was used for analysis.
The subsequent steps were performed as previously described From each tissue, non-serial sections 5 μm thick were obtained microtome Microtec-CUTSC, USA. Digital images were acquired randomly TIFF format using an Olympus DP71 camera coupled to an Olympus BX40 light microscope Olympus, Japan.
Ten photomicrographs per animal were used. BAT digital images were analyzed, and their areas were calculated. All photomicrographs were measured with Image-Pro Plus 5. Total RNA was extracted from BAT samples using the RNeasy Lipid Tissue kit Qiagen, Germantown, Maryland following the protocol described by the manufacturer.
cDNA was synthesized using a reverse transcription kit Applied Biosystems Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USAand the samples were incubated in a thermocycler Applied Biosystems Veriti 96 Well Thermal Cycler.
The primers were purchased from TaqMan Thermo Fisher Scientific Supplementary Table 2. In each reaction plate, the negative control without sample C-the negative control without enzyme RT-and the standard curve of serial dilution corresponding to the gene of interest were added.
The results were expressed in relation to the expression values of their control groups, which were 1 and normalized to the standard curve. Subsequently, we used these values for statistical analysis. The efficiencies of each test were calculated from a serial dilution curve present on each plate, using only plates whose efficiencies were between 85 and Brown adipose tissue respiration was determined as previously described 4041 with minor modifications.
: Citrus aurantium medicinal uses| Bitter Orange – Health Information Library | PeaceHealth | Protoalkaloids are plant compounds found in bitter orange that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. They have been shown to be safe for consumption. Many weight loss supplements use bitter orange extracts in combination with other ingredients. However, scientific studies have not thoroughly examined the composition of these supplements to determine which ingredient, if any, supports weight loss. Notably, p-synephrine has been shown to increase fat breakdown, raise energy expenditure, and mildly suppress appetite , all of which may contribute to reduced weight. Yet, these effects occur at high doses that are discouraged due to the lack of safety information 4 , 8 , Bitter orange and its extracts are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM to treat indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation. In other regions, the fruit is used to treat anxiety and epilepsy 3. Another study noted that the bitter orange compound p-synephrine may improve athletic performance though by increasing total reps and volume load, or your ability to train harder A stimulant is a substance that increases your heart rate and blood pressure 1. Several sports organizations, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA , list synephrine as a stimulant. Furthermore, one study determined that bitter orange juice contains furanocoumarin, a compound that may cause the same medication interactions as grapefruit juice Therefore, people taking decongestants or those who have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma should avoid the juice and fruit of bitter oranges. Despite numerous studies showing that bitter orange extracts are not stimulants, widespread controversy exists, and the NCAA has listed it as a banned substance. Bitter orange may also interact with certain medications. Generally, bitter orange extracts in dietary supplements are safe to consume in doses of 50—98 mg per day 1 , One study showed that 40 mg of synephrine combined with mg of caffeine is a safe dose of these combined ingredients 3. In another study, eating a whole bitter orange containing Still, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid bitter orange due to a lack of safety information 1. Bitter orange is likely safe in doses ranging from The juice of the bitter orange can be used as a marinade to flavor fish and meat. Bitter orange has several other household uses outside of the kitchen. These include 2 :. Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with several household and industrial uses, ranging from food additives to perfumery. You may want to avoid this fruit and its extracts if you have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma. Likewise, bitter orange supplements are banned for NCAA athletes. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Some argue that orange peels contain important nutrients and should be eaten rather than thrown away. This article reviews whether orange peels are a…. Orange juice is the most popular fruit juice worldwide but opinions differ on whether it's healthy. This article looks at orange juice and whether…. Blood oranges are known for their great taste and vitamin C, but that's just the beginning. Here are 7 health benefits, along with a few tips on…. Here are 7 reasons to eat citrus fruits. Stretch marks usually fade on their own over time. But if you want to speed up the process, these essential oils may be the key to stretch mark-free…. Patients with diabetes who used GLP-1 drugs, including tirzepatide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide had a decreased chance of being diagnosed…. Some studies suggest vaping may help manage your weight, but others show mixed…. The amount of time it takes to recover from weight loss surgery depends on the type of surgery and surgical technique you receive. New research suggests that running may not aid much with weight loss, but it can help you keep from gaining weight as you age. Here's why. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based What Is Bitter Orange, and Does It Aid Weight Loss? Medically reviewed by Adrienne Seitz, MS, RD, LDN , Nutrition — By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN on March 17, The fruit and its extracts. Nutrients — Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Int J Med Sci — Li XY, Hao YF, Hao ZX, Jiang JG, Liu Q, Shen Q, Liu L, Yi YK, Shen CY Inhibitory effect of chloroform extracts from Citrus aurantium L. on fat accumulation. Phytomedicine Verpeut JL, Walters AL, Bello NT Citrus aurantium and Rhodiola rosea in combination reduce visceral white adipose tissue and increase hypothalamic norepinephrine in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Nutr Res — Jia S, Hu Y, Zhang W, Zhao X, Chen Y, Sun C, Li X, Chen K Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of neohesperidin derived from Citrus aurantium L. in diabetic KK-Ay mice. Zhang J, Sun C, Yan Y, Chen Q, Luo F, Zhu X, Li X, Chen K Purification of naringin and neohesperidin from Huyou Citrus changshanensis fruit and their effects on glucose consumption in human HepG2 cells. Campbell JIA, Mortensen A, Mølgaard P Tissue lipid lowering-effect of a traditional Nigerian anti-diabetic infusion of Rauwolfia vomitoria foilage and Citrus aurantium fruit. Jiang J, Yan L, Shi Z, Wang L, Shan L, Efferth T Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of total flavonoids of Qu Zhi Ke peel of Citrus changshan-huyou on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via modulation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Wang J, Li T, Cai H, Jin L, Li R, Shan L, Cai W, Jiang J Protective effects of total flavonoids from Qu Zhi Qiao fruit of Citrus paradisi cv. Biomed Pharmacother. Yu L, Hong W, Lu S, Li Y, Guan Y, Weng X, Feng Z The NLRP3 inflammasome in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: therapeutic targets and treatment. Chen S, Jiang J, Chao G, Hong X, Cao H, Zhang S Pure Total flavonoids from citrus protect against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestine injury by promoting autophagy in vivo and in vitro. He B, Jiang J, Shi Z et al Pure total flavonoids from citrus attenuate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via regulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice. Biomed Pharmacother Merah O, Sayed-ahmad B, Talou T, Saad Z, Cerny M, Grivot S, Evon P, Hijazi A Biochemical composition of cumin seeds, and biorefining study. Biomol Ther — Garg C, Khurana P, Garg M Molecular mechanisms of skin photoaging and plant inhibitors. Int J Green Pharm S—S Zhang S, Duan E Fighting against skin aging: the way from bench to bedside. Cell Transplant — Opinion S Scientific Opinion on safety evaluation of Ephedra species for use in food. EFSA J — Fugh-berman A, Myeres A Citrus aurantium , an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: current status of clinical and basic research. Exp Biol Med Maywood — Palamar J How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: a historical review of misuse and associated policy. Health Policy —9. Thomas JE, Munir JA, McIntyre PZ, Ferguson MA STEMI in a year-old man after use of a synephrine-containing dietary supplement: a case report and review of the literature. Tex Heart Inst J — Shekelle PG, Hardy ML, Morton SC, Maglione M, Mojica WA, Suttorp MJ, Rhodes SL, Jungvig L, Gagné J Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. JAMA — Haller CA, Benowitz NL Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med — Ruiz-Moreno C, Del CJ, Giráldez-Costas V, González-García J, Gutiérrez-Hellín J Effects of p-synephrine during exercise: a brief narrative review. Nutrients —9. Malhotra S, Bailey DG, Paine MF, Watkins PB Seville orange juice-felodipine interaction: comparison with dilute grapefruit juice and involvement of furocoumarins. Clin Pharmacol Ther — Bent S, Padula A, Neuhaus J Safety and efficacy of citrus aurantium for weight loss. Am J Cardiol — Bouchard NC, Howland MA, Greller HA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine. Mayo Clin Proc — Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Galapai C Adverse reaction to an adrenergic herbal extract Citrus aurantium. Phytomedicine — Gange CA, Madias C, Felix-Getzik EM, Weintraub AR, Estes NAM Variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary supplement. Gray S, Woolf AD Citrus aurantium used for weight loss by an adolescent with anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health — Haaz S, Fontaine KR, Cutter G, Limdi N, Perumean-Chaney S, Allison DB Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update. Obes Rev — Holmes RO, Tavee J Vasospasm and stroke attributable to ephedra-free xenadrine: case report. Mil Med — Inchiosa MA Experience mostly negative with the use of sympathomimetic agents for weight loss. J Obes. Nasir JM, Durning SJ, Ferguson M, Barold HS, Haigney MC Exercise-induced syncope associated with QT prolongation and ephedra-free Xenadrine. Nykamp DL, Fackih MN, Compton AL Possible association of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction and bitter orange supplement. Ann Pharmacother — Rossato LG, Costa VM, Limberger RP, Bastos M de L, Remião F Synephrine: from trace concentrations to massive consumption in weight-loss. Food Chem Toxicol — Stephensen TA, Sarlay R Ventricular fibrillation associated with use of synephrine containing dietary supplement. Stohs SJ Assessment of the adverse event reports associated with Citrus aurantium bitter orange from April to October J Funct Foods — Sultan S, Spector J, Mitchell RM Ischemic colitis associated with use of a bitter orange — containing dietary weight-loss supplement. Consum Rep — Dosoky NS, Setzer WN Biological activities and safety of Citrus spp. Essential oils. Int J Mol Sci — Opdyke DLJ Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Food Cosmet Toxicol — Rudzki E, Grzywa Z, Bruo WS Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. Contact Dermatitisitis — Rudazki E, Grzywa Z, Bruo WS Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. Contact Dermatitis — Ogunro OB, Oyeyinka BO, Gyebi GA, Batiha GE-S Nutritional benefits, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicity of Spondias mombin Linn: a comprehensive review. J Pharm Pharmacol. Izah SC, Etim NG, Ilerhunmwuwa IA, Ibibo TD, Udumo JJ Activities of express extracts of costus afer Ker—Gawl. Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res eIJPPR — Izah SC, Chandel SS, Epidi JO, Devaliya R Biocontrol of Anopheles gambiae larvae using fresh ripe and unripe fruit extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. Int J Green Pharm —7. Chibueze Izah S, Singh Chandel S, Etim NG, Epidi O, Venkatachalam T, Devaliya R Potency of unripe and ripe express extracts of long pepper Capsicum frutescens var. baccatum against some common pathogens. Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res — Izah SC, Uhunmwangho EJ, Etim NG Antibacterial and synergistic potency of methanolic leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. Chibueze Izah S Studies on the synergistic effectiveness of methanolic extract of leaves and roots of Carica papaya L. papaya against some bacteria pathogens. Int J Complement Altern Med — Chibueze Izah S Synergy of methanolic leave and stem-back extract of Anacardium occidentale L. cashew against some enteric and superficial bacteria pathogens. MOJ Toxicol — Karthikeyan V, Karthikeyan J Citrus aurantium bitter orange : a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Int J Drug Discov Herb Res — Palazzolo E, Armando Laudicina V, Antonietta Germanà M Current and potential use of citrus essential oils. Curr Org Chem — Download references. Reproductive and Endocrinology, Toxicology, and Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Disease Control and Immunization, Bayelsa State Primary Health Care Board, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Chemical Sciences, Crown-Hill University, Eiyenkorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro. Department of Microbiology, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria. Department of Sustainable Development, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA. Government College, University of Faisalabad, Islamabad, Pakistan. Reprints and permissions. Ogunro, O. Citrus aurantium : Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Potential, Safety Considerations, and Research Needs. In: Izah, S. eds Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. Received : 10 September Accepted : 17 September Published : 10 November Publisher Name : Springer, Cham. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life Sciences Reference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Abstract Citrus aurantium , commonly referred to as sour orange or bitter orange, holds significant importance both in biological and economic terms. Keywords Citrus aurantium Bitter orange Phytochemicals Non-pharmacological uses Economic relevance. Abbreviations ALT: Alanine transminase AMPKα: Activated protein kinase alpha AMPKα: AMP-activated protein kinase alpha AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CAVAPs: Crude polysaccharides of C. aurantium L. Amara Engls DPPH: 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ERK: Extracellular signal- regulated kinase EtOAc: Ethyl acetate FAS: Fatty acid synthase FDA: Food and Drug Administration FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase GSK3β: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta IL-1β: Interleukin-1β IL Interleukin 6 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MTD: Maximum tolerated dose NAFLD: Non-alcohol fatty liver disease NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa B NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect-level NOEL: No-observed-effect-level Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ORAC: Oxygen radical absorbance capacity PGC-1α: PPARγ co-activator 1α PTFC: Pure total flavonoids from citrus SCD1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TNF- α: Tumor necrosis factor α UCP1: Uncoupling protein-1 WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp — Chapter Google Scholar Abbaspoor Z, Siahposh A, Javadifar N, Faal SS, Mohaghegh Z, Sharifipour F The effect of Citrus aurantium aroma on the sleep quality in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. IJCBNM —95 PubMed Google Scholar Abdollahi F, Mohaddes Ardebili F, Najafi Ghezelje T, Hosseini F The effect of aaromatherapy with bitter orange extract on sleep quality in patient with type 2 diabetic. Complement Med J — Google Scholar Mohammadi F, Moradi M, Niazi A, Jamali J The impact of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential oil on sleep quality in pregnant women with sleep disorders: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery — PubMed Google Scholar da Camara CAG, Akhtar Y, Isman MB, Seffrin RC, Born FS Repellent activity of essential oils from two species of Citrus against Tetranychus urticae in the laboratory and greenhouse. Crop Prot — Article Google Scholar El-Akhal F, El Ouali LA, Guemmouh R Larvicidal activity of essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantium Rutaceae cultivated in Morocco against the malaria vector Anopheles labranchiae Diptera: Culicidae. Asian Pac J Trop Dis — Article Google Scholar Barragan Ferrer D, Rimantas Venskutonis P, Talou T, Zebib B, Manuel Barragan Ferrer J, Merah O Identification and in vitro activity of bioactive compounds extracted from Tussilago farfara L. Google Scholar Anwar S, Ahmed N, Speciale A, Cimino F, Saija A Bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. Fruits — Article CAS Google Scholar Karoui IJ, Wannes WA, Marzouk B Refined corn oil aromatization by Citrus aurantium peel essential oil. Ind Crop Prod — Article CAS Google Scholar Nguyen H, Campi EM, Roy Jackson W, Patti AF Effect of oxidative deterioration on flavour and aroma components of lemon oil. Food Chem — Article CAS Google Scholar Oulebsir C, Mefti-Korteby H, Djazouli ZE, Zebib B, Merah O Essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. Cardiovasc Toxicol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M The safety of Citrus aurantium bitter orange and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Phytother Res — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Louw VJ, Louw H Citrus aurantium — beware of the bitter orange. Toxicol Rep — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Deshmukh NS, Stohs SJ, Magar CC, Kadam SB Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract: safety assessment by acute and day oral toxicity studies in rats and the Ames Test for mutagenicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol — Article PubMed Google Scholar Teshome E, Forsido SF, Rupasinghe HPV, Olika Keyata E Potentials of natural preservatives to enhance food safety and shelf life: a review. J Oleo Sci — Article Google Scholar Friedman M, Henika PR, Levin CE, Mandrell RE Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against Escherichia coli OH7 and Salmonella enterica in apple juice. J Agric Food Chem — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Iturriaga L, Olabarrieta I, de Marañón IM Antimicrobial assays of natural extracts and their inhibitory effect against Listeria innocua and fish spoilage bacteria, after incorporation into biopolymer edible films. Int J Food Microbiol —64 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kim J, Marshall MR, Wei C, i. J Agric Food Chem — Article CAS Google Scholar Bensid A, El Abed N, Houicher A, Regenstein JM, Özogul F Antioxidant and antimicrobial preservatives: properties, mechanism of action and applications in food—a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Aazza S, Lyoussi B, Miguel MG Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of some commercial essential oils and their major compounds. Molecules — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sarrou E, Chatzopoulou P, Dimassi-Theriou K, Therios I Volatile constituents and antioxidant activity of peel, flowers and leaf oils of Citrus aurantium L. Molecules — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jabri Karoui I, Marzouk B Characterization of bioactive compounds in Tunisian bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. J Sci Food Agric — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Agarwal P, Sebghatollahi Z, Kamal M, Dhyani A, Shrivastava A, Singh KK, Sinha M, Mahato N, Mishra AK, Baek KH Citrus essential oils in aromatherapy: therapeutic effects and mechanisms. J Herb Med Article Google Scholar Suryawanshi JAS An overview of Citrus aurantium used in treatment of various diseases. African J Plant Sci — Google Scholar Ersus S, Cam M Determination of organic acids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of sour Citrus aurantium fruits. Chem Nat Compd — Article CAS Google Scholar Zhang C, Bucheli P, Liang X, Lu Y Citrus flavonoids as functional ingredients and their role in traditional Chinese medicine. Global Science Books CAS Google Scholar Seiyaboh EI, Seiyaboh Z, Izah SC Environmental control of mosquitoes: a case study of the effect of Mangifera indica root-bark extracts family Anacardiaceae on the larvae of Anopheles gambiae. Ann Ecol Environ Sci —38 Google Scholar Seiyaboh EI, Odubo TC, Izah SC Larvicidal activity of Tetrapleura tetraptera Schum and Thonn Taubert Mimosaceae extracts against Anopheles gambiae. Int J Adv Res Microbiol Immunol —25 Google Scholar Youkparigha FO, Izah SC Larvicidal efficacy of aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale Roscoe ginger against malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae Diptera: Culicidae. Int J Environ Agric Sci —6 Google Scholar Izah SC Activities of crude, acetone and ethanolic extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. J Environ Treat Techn — Google Scholar Ogunro OB, Salawu AO, Alotaibi SS, Albogami SM, Batiha G-S, Waard MD QuercetinO-β-D-glucopyranoside-rich fraction from Spondias mombin leaves halted responses from oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation in the brain of Dichlorvos-treated Wistar rats. Toxics —22 Article Google Scholar Siskos EP, Konstantopoulou MA, Mazomenos BE, Jervis M Insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium fruit, leaf, and shoot extracts against adult olive fruit flies Diptera: Tephritidae. J Econ Entomol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Yao WR, Wang HY, Wang ST, Sun SL, Zhou J, Luan YY Assessment of the antibacterial activity and the antidiarrheal function of flavonoids from bayberry fruit. J Agric Food Chem — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hansen DK, George NI, White GE, Pellicore LS, Abdel-Rahman A, Fabricant D Physiological effects following administration of Citrus aurantium for 28 days in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Enaregha EB, Chibueze Izah S, Okiriya Q Antibacterial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera pod against some pathogens. Res Rev Insights —4 Article Google Scholar Kigigha LT, Uhunmwangho EJ, Izah SC Assessment of hot water and ethanolic leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citrates Stapf lemon grass against selected bacteria pathogens. Ann Microbiol Infect Dis —8 Article Google Scholar Kigigha LT, Selekere RE, Izah SC Antibacterial and synergistic efficacy of acetone extracts of Garcinia kola Bitter kola and Buchholzia coriacea Wonderful kola. J Basic Pharmacol Toxicol —17 Google Scholar Chibueze Izah S, Aseibai ER Antibacterial and synergistic activities of methanolic leaves extract of lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus and rhizomes of ginger Zingiber officinale against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Acta Sci Microbiol —30 Google Scholar Chibueze Izah S Some determinant factors of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of plant extracts. Res Rev Insights —4 Article Google Scholar Yakubu MT, Ogunro OB, Ademola AR, Awakan OJ, Oyewo EB, Muhammad NO, Ajiboye TO Fadogia Agrestis Schweinf. Nigerian J of Biochem and Mol Bio 32 2 — Google Scholar Yakubu MT, Ogunro BO, Ademola RA, Awakan JO, Oyewo EB, Muhammad NO, Ajiboye TO Fadogia agrestis Schweinf. Niger J Biochem Mol Biol — Google Scholar Maksoud S, Abdel-Massih RM, Rajha HN, Louka N, Chemat F, Barba FJ, Debs E Citrus aurantium L. Phytother Res — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jayaprakasha GK, Mandadi KK, Poulose SM, Jadegoud Y, Nagana Gowda GA, Patil BS Novel triterpenoid from Citrus aurantium L. Bioorg Med Chem — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar De Moraes Pultrini A, Almeida Galindo L, Costa M Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. Biol Pharm Bull — Article Google Scholar Gholivand MB, Piryaei M, Abolghasemi MM Analysis of volatile oil composition of Citrus aurantium L. J Nat Prod Plant Resour —23 Google Scholar Khettal B, Kadri N, Tighilet K, Adjebli A, Dahmoune F, Maiza-Benabdeslam F Phenolic compounds from Citrus leaves: antioxidant activity and enzymatic browning inhibition. J Ethnopharmacol —94 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Singh B, Singh JP, Kaur A, Yadav MP Insights into the chemical composition and bioactivities of citrus peel essential oils. Food Res Int Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kusuma HS, Putra AFP, Mahfud M Comparison of two isolation methods for essential oils from orange peel Citrus auranticum L as a growth promoter for fish: microwave steam distillation and conventional steam distillation. J Aquac Res Dev —5 Google Scholar Hosseini SS, Khodaiyan F, Kazemi M, Najari Z Optimization and characterization of pectin extracted from sour orange peel by ultrasound assisted method. Int J Biol Macromol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hosseini SS, Khodaiyan F, Yarmand MS Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of pectin from sour orange peel and its physicochemical properties. Carbohydr Polym —65 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Burnett CL, Fiume MM, Bergfeld WF et al Safety assessment of citrus-derived peel oils as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol S—59S Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hamedi A, Zarshenas MM, Jamshidzadeh A, Ahmadi S, Heidari R, Pasdran A Citrus aurantium bitter orange seed oil: pharmacognostic, anti-inflam- matory, and anti-nociceptive properties. Herb Prod — CAS Google Scholar Abou Baker DH, Ibrahim BMM, Hassan NS, Yousuf AF, El Gengaihi S Exploiting Citrus aurantium seeds and their secondary metabolites in the management of Alzheimer disease. Toxicol Rep — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Moulehi I, Bourgou S, Ourghemmi I, Tounsi MS Variety and ripening impact on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of mandarin Citrus reticulate Blanco and bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. Agriculture Switzerland —9 Google Scholar Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Hendra R, Oskoueian A, Jaafar HZE Phenolic compounds characterization and biological activities of Citrus aurantium bloom. Molecules — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Değirmenci H, Erkurt H Relationship between volatile components, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oil, hydrosol and extracts of Citrus aurantium L. J Infect Public Health —67 Article PubMed Google Scholar Pasandideh S, Arasteh A Evaluation of antioxidant and inhibitory properties of Citrus aurantium L. Int J Biol Macromol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mohagheghniapour A, Saharkhiz MJ, Golmakani MT, Niakousari M Variations in chemical compositions of essential oil from sour orange Citrus aurantium L. Sustain Chem Pharm — Article Google Scholar Yan Y, Zhou H, Wu C, Feng X, Han C, Chen H, Liu Y, Li Y Ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of synephrine, naringin, and neohesperidin from Citrus aurantium L. Prep Biochem Biotechnol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ishaq A, Sani D, Abdullahi S, Jatau I In vitro anticoccidial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Citrus aurantium L. Sokoto J Vet Sci —43 Google Scholar Rauf A, Uddin G, Ali J Phytochemical analysis and radical scavenging profile of juices of Citrus sinensis , Citrus anrantifolia , and Citrus limonum. Org Med Chem Lett Article PubMed Google Scholar Gunwantrao BB, Bhausaheb SK, Ramrao BS, Subhash KS Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of orange Citrus aurantium L. Ann Phytomed Int J — Article CAS Google Scholar Babajide AB, Adebolu TT, Oladunmoye MK, Oladejo BO Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Citrus aurantium L. Microbes Infect Dis — CAS Google Scholar Khudhair AMAAA, Minnat T, Jalyl O Phytochemical analysis and inhibitory effect of Citrus aurantium L. IJRDO-J Biol Sci —23 Google Scholar He XG, Lian LZ, Lin LZ, Bernart MW High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in phytochemical analysis of sour orange Citrus aurantium L. J Chromatogr A — Article CAS Google Scholar Arlette NT, Anangmo N, Nadia C, Gertrude MT, Stephanie MT, Pone W The in vitro anticoccidial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoide sand Vernonia amygdalina Asteraceae. Pharm J S—S CAS Google Scholar Jain S, Arora P, Popli H A comprehensive review on Citrus aurantifolia essential oil: its phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects. Braz J Nat Sci Article Google Scholar Aladekoyi G, Omosulis V, OrungbemiO O Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of oil extracted from three different citrus seeds Citrus limon , Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus aurantium. Int J Sci Res Eng Stud —20 Google Scholar Kačániová M, Terentjeva M, Galovičová L et al Biological activity and antibiofilm molecular profile of Citrus aurantium essential oil and its application in a food model. Molecules —21 Article Google Scholar Benzaid C, Belmadani A, Tichati L, Djeribi R, Rouabhia M Effect of Citrus aurantium L. LWT — Article Google Scholar Gopal PV Evaluation of anti-microbial activity of Citrus aurantium against some gram positive and negative bacterial strains. Pharmacia — Google Scholar Haraoui N, Allem R, Chaouche TM, Belouazni A In-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some varieties citrus grown in Algeria. Adv Tradit Med —34 Article CAS Google Scholar Teneva D, Denkova-Kostova R, Goranov B, Hristova-Ivanova Y, Slavchev A, Denkova Z, Kostov G Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Citrus aurantium L zest against some pathogenic microorganisms. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Clavaud C, Jourdain R, Bar-Hen A et al Dandruff is associated with disequilibrium in the proportion of the major bacterial and fungal populations colonizing the scalp. x Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Shi Z, Li T, Liu Y, Cai T, Yao W, Jiang J, He Y, Shan L Hepatoprotective and anti-oxidative effects of total flavonoids from Qu Zhi Qiao fruit of Citrus Paradisi cv. Front Pharmacol —13 Google Scholar Bendaha H, Bouchal B, El Mounsi I, Salhi A, Berrabeh M, El Bellaoui M, Mimouni M Chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of peel essential oils of Citrus aurantium grown in Eastern Morocco. Pharm Lett — Google Scholar Bian Y, Chen X, Cao H et al A correlational study of Weifuchun and its clinical effect on intestinal flora in precancerous lesions of gastric cancer. Chin Med United Kingdom —13 Google Scholar Yao L, Zhang X, Huang C, Cai Y, Wan C The effect of Citrus aurantium on non-small-cell lung cancer: a research based on network and experimental pharmacology. Food Funct — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Han MH, Lee WS, Lu JN, Kim G, Jung JM, Ryu CH, Kim GIY, Hwang HJ, Kwon TK, Choi YH Citrus aurantium L. Int J Oncol — PubMed Google Scholar Arbo MD, Schmitt GC, Limberger MF, Charão MF, Moro ÂM, Ribeiro GL, Dallegrave E, Garcia SC, Leal MB, Limberger RP Subchronic toxicity of Citrus aurantium L. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Schmitt GC, Arbo MD, Lorensi AL, Maciel ÉS, Krahn CL, Mariotti KC, Dallegrave E, Leal MB, Limberger RP Toxicological effects of a mixture used in weight loss products: P-synephrine associated with ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine. Int J Toxicol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Stohs SJ Safety, efficacy, and mechanistic studies regarding Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and p-synephrine. Phytother Res — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Penzak SR, Jann MW, Cold JA, Hori YY, Desai HD, Gurley BJ Seville sour orange juice: synephrine content and cardiovascular effects in normotensive adults. J Clin Pharmacol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kang P, Ryu KH, Lee JM, Kim HK, Seol GH Endothelium- and smooth muscle-dependent vasodilator effects of Citrus aurantium L. Biomed Pharmacother — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Park J, Kim HL, Jung Y, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Um JY Bitter orange Citrus aurantium linné improves obesity by regulating adipogenesis and thermogenesis through AMPK activation. Nutrients —16 Article CAS Google Scholar Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Int J Med Sci — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Li XY, Hao YF, Hao ZX, Jiang JG, Liu Q, Shen Q, Liu L, Yi YK, Shen CY Inhibitory effect of chloroform extracts from Citrus aurantium L. Phytomedicine Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Verpeut JL, Walters AL, Bello NT Citrus aurantium and Rhodiola rosea in combination reduce visceral white adipose tissue and increase hypothalamic norepinephrine in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Nutr Res — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jia S, Hu Y, Zhang W, Zhao X, Chen Y, Sun C, Li X, Chen K Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of neohesperidin derived from Citrus aurantium L. Food Funct — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Zhang J, Sun C, Yan Y, Chen Q, Luo F, Zhu X, Li X, Chen K Purification of naringin and neohesperidin from Huyou Citrus changshanensis fruit and their effects on glucose consumption in human HepG2 cells. Food Chem — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Campbell JIA, Mortensen A, Mølgaard P Tissue lipid lowering-effect of a traditional Nigerian anti-diabetic infusion of Rauwolfia vomitoria foilage and Citrus aurantium fruit. J Ethnopharmacol — Article PubMed Google Scholar Jiang J, Yan L, Shi Z, Wang L, Shan L, Efferth T Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of total flavonoids of Qu Zhi Ke peel of Citrus changshan-huyou on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via modulation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Front Pharmacol —19 Google Scholar Chen S, Jiang J, Chao G, Hong X, Cao H, Zhang S Pure Total flavonoids from citrus protect against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestine injury by promoting autophagy in vivo and in vitro. Front Pharmacol —12 Google Scholar He B, Jiang J, Shi Z et al Pure total flavonoids from citrus attenuate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via regulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice. Biomed Pharmacother Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Merah O, Sayed-ahmad B, Talou T, Saad Z, Cerny M, Grivot S, Evon P, Hijazi A Biochemical composition of cumin seeds, and biorefining study. Biomol Ther —18 Google Scholar Garg C, Khurana P, Garg M Molecular mechanisms of skin photoaging and plant inhibitors. Int J Green Pharm S—S CAS Google Scholar Zhang S, Duan E Fighting against skin aging: the way from bench to bedside. Cell Transplant — Article PubMed Google Scholar Opinion S Scientific Opinion on safety evaluation of Ephedra species for use in food. EFSA J —79 Google Scholar Fugh-berman A, Myeres A Citrus aurantium , an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: current status of clinical and basic research. Exp Biol Med Maywood — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Palamar J How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: a historical review of misuse and associated policy. Health Policy —9 Article PubMed Google Scholar Thomas JE, Munir JA, McIntyre PZ, Ferguson MA STEMI in a year-old man after use of a synephrine-containing dietary supplement: a case report and review of the literature. Tex Heart Inst J — PubMed Google Scholar Shekelle PG, Hardy ML, Morton SC, Maglione M, Mojica WA, Suttorp MJ, Rhodes SL, Jungvig L, Gagné J Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. JAMA — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Haller CA, Benowitz NL Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ruiz-Moreno C, Del CJ, Giráldez-Costas V, González-García J, Gutiérrez-Hellín J Effects of p-synephrine during exercise: a brief narrative review. Nutrients —9 Article Google Scholar Malhotra S, Bailey DG, Paine MF, Watkins PB Seville orange juice-felodipine interaction: comparison with dilute grapefruit juice and involvement of furocoumarins. Clin Pharmacol Ther —23 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bent S, Padula A, Neuhaus J Safety and efficacy of citrus aurantium for weight loss. Am J Cardiol — Article PubMed Google Scholar Bouchard NC, Howland MA, Greller HA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine. Mayo Clin Proc — Article PubMed Google Scholar Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Galapai C Adverse reaction to an adrenergic herbal extract Citrus aurantium. Phytomedicine — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Gange CA, Madias C, Felix-Getzik EM, Weintraub AR, Estes NAM Variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary supplement. Mayo Clin Proc — Article PubMed Google Scholar Gray S, Woolf AD Citrus aurantium used for weight loss by an adolescent with anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health — Article PubMed Google Scholar Haaz S, Fontaine KR, Cutter G, Limdi N, Perumean-Chaney S, Allison DB Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update. Obes Rev —88 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Holmes RO, Tavee J Vasospasm and stroke attributable to ephedra-free xenadrine: case report. Mil Med — Article PubMed Google Scholar Inchiosa MA Experience mostly negative with the use of sympathomimetic agents for weight loss. Mayo Clin Proc — Article PubMed Google Scholar Nykamp DL, Fackih MN, Compton AL Possible association of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction and bitter orange supplement. Ann Pharmacother — Article PubMed Google Scholar Rossato LG, Costa VM, Limberger RP, Bastos M de L, Remião F Synephrine: from trace concentrations to massive consumption in weight-loss. Food Chem Toxicol —16 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Stephensen TA, Sarlay R Ventricular fibrillation associated with use of synephrine containing dietary supplement. Mil Med — Article PubMed Google Scholar Stohs SJ Assessment of the adverse event reports associated with Citrus aurantium bitter orange from April to October J Funct Foods — Article Google Scholar Sultan S, Spector J, Mitchell RM Ischemic colitis associated with use of a bitter orange — containing dietary weight-loss supplement. Consum Rep —20 Google Scholar Dosoky NS, Setzer WN Biological activities and safety of Citrus spp. Int J Mol Sci —25 Article Google Scholar Opdyke DLJ Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Food Cosmet Toxicol — Article Google Scholar Rudzki E, Grzywa Z, Bruo WS Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. Contact Dermatitisitis — Article CAS Google Scholar Rudazki E, Grzywa Z, Bruo WS Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. Contact Dermatitis — Article Google Scholar Ogunro OB, Oyeyinka BO, Gyebi GA, Batiha GE-S Nutritional benefits, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicity of Spondias mombin Linn: a comprehensive review. Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res eIJPPR —44 CAS Google Scholar Izah SC, Chandel SS, Epidi JO, Devaliya R Biocontrol of Anopheles gambiae larvae using fresh ripe and unripe fruit extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. |
| Shipping (Retail or Healthcare Practitioners) | J Intern Med. Follow Us:. Pascoe products that contain Bitter Orange:. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Bitters are generally taken either by mixing 1—3 ml tincture into water and sipping slowly 10—30 minutes before eating, or by making tea, which is also sipped slowly before eating. Hernandez L, Munoz RA, Miro G, et al. Kampong Publications ISBN ? |
| Navigation | Moulehi I, Bourgou S, Ourghemmi I, Tounsi MS Variety and ripening impact on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of mandarin Citrus reticulate Blanco and bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. seeds extracts. Agriculture Switzerland —9. Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Hendra R, Oskoueian A, Jaafar HZE Phenolic compounds characterization and biological activities of Citrus aurantium bloom. Değirmenci H, Erkurt H Relationship between volatile components, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oil, hydrosol and extracts of Citrus aurantium L. J Infect Public Health — Pasandideh S, Arasteh A Evaluation of antioxidant and inhibitory properties of Citrus aurantium L. on the acetylcholinesterase activity and the production of amyloid nano—bio fibrils. Mohagheghniapour A, Saharkhiz MJ, Golmakani MT, Niakousari M Variations in chemical compositions of essential oil from sour orange Citrus aurantium L. blossoms by different isolation methods. Sustain Chem Pharm — Yan Y, Zhou H, Wu C, Feng X, Han C, Chen H, Liu Y, Li Y Ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of synephrine, naringin, and neohesperidin from Citrus aurantium L. Prep Biochem Biotechnol — Ishaq A, Sani D, Abdullahi S, Jatau I In vitro anticoccidial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Citrus aurantium L. against Eimeria tenella oocysts. Sokoto J Vet Sci — Rauf A, Uddin G, Ali J Phytochemical analysis and radical scavenging profile of juices of Citrus sinensis , Citrus anrantifolia , and Citrus limonum. Org Med Chem Lett Gunwantrao BB, Bhausaheb SK, Ramrao BS, Subhash KS Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of orange Citrus aurantium L. and pineapple Ananas comosus L. peel extract. Ann Phytomed Int J — Babajide AB, Adebolu TT, Oladunmoye MK, Oladejo BO Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Citrus aurantium L. leaf extracts on bacteria isolated from blood of hepatitis B positive individuals in Ondo State, Nigeria. Microbes Infect Dis — Khudhair AMAAA, Minnat T, Jalyl O Phytochemical analysis and inhibitory effect of Citrus aurantium L. bitter orange leaves on some bacterial isolates in vitro. Diyala J Pure Sci — IJRDO-J Biol Sci — He XG, Lian LZ, Lin LZ, Bernart MW High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in phytochemical analysis of sour orange Citrus aurantium L. J Chromatogr A — Arlette NT, Anangmo N, Nadia C, Gertrude MT, Stephanie MT, Pone W The in vitro anticoccidial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoide sand Vernonia amygdalina Asteraceae. World J Pharm Pharm Sci — Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Malleshappa P, Kumaran RC, Venkatarangaiah K, Parveen S Peels of Citrus fruits: a potential source of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agents. Pharm J S—S Jain S, Arora P, Popli H A comprehensive review on Citrus aurantifolia essential oil: its phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects. Braz J Nat Sci Aladekoyi G, Omosulis V, OrungbemiO O Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of oil extracted from three different citrus seeds Citrus limon , Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus aurantium. Int J Sci Res Eng Stud — Kačániová M, Terentjeva M, Galovičová L et al Biological activity and antibiofilm molecular profile of Citrus aurantium essential oil and its application in a food model. Benzaid C, Belmadani A, Tichati L, Djeribi R, Rouabhia M Effect of Citrus aurantium L. Essential oil on streptococcus mutans growth, biofilm formation and virulent genes expression. Antibiotics — Karabiyikli Ş, Deǧirmenci H, Karapinar M Inhibitory effect of sour orange Citrus aurantium juice on salmonella typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes. LWT — Gopal PV Evaluation of anti-microbial activity of Citrus aurantium against some gram positive and negative bacterial strains. Pharmacia — Haraoui N, Allem R, Chaouche TM, Belouazni A In-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some varieties citrus grown in Algeria. Adv Tradit Med — Teneva D, Denkova-Kostova R, Goranov B, Hristova-Ivanova Y, Slavchev A, Denkova Z, Kostov G Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Citrus aurantium L zest against some pathogenic microorganisms. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci — Clavaud C, Jourdain R, Bar-Hen A et al Dandruff is associated with disequilibrium in the proportion of the major bacterial and fungal populations colonizing the scalp. PLoS One. J Food Sci. Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev — Shi Z, Li T, Liu Y, Cai T, Yao W, Jiang J, He Y, Shan L Hepatoprotective and anti-oxidative effects of total flavonoids from Qu Zhi Qiao fruit of Citrus Paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in vivo and in vitro through Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Bendaha H, Bouchal B, El Mounsi I, Salhi A, Berrabeh M, El Bellaoui M, Mimouni M Chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of peel essential oils of Citrus aurantium grown in Eastern Morocco. Pharm Lett — Bian Y, Chen X, Cao H et al A correlational study of Weifuchun and its clinical effect on intestinal flora in precancerous lesions of gastric cancer. Chin Med United Kingdom — Yao L, Zhang X, Huang C, Cai Y, Wan C The effect of Citrus aurantium on non-small-cell lung cancer: a research based on network and experimental pharmacology. Shen C-Y, Yang L, Jiang J-G, Zheng C-Y, Zhu W Immune enhancement effects and extraction optimization of polysaccharides from Citrus aurantium L. amara Engl. Food Funct — Han MH, Lee WS, Lu JN, Kim G, Jung JM, Ryu CH, Kim GIY, Hwang HJ, Kwon TK, Choi YH Citrus aurantium L. exhibits apoptotic effects on U human leukemia cells partly through inhibition of Akt. Int J Oncol — Arbo MD, Schmitt GC, Limberger MF, Charão MF, Moro ÂM, Ribeiro GL, Dallegrave E, Garcia SC, Leal MB, Limberger RP Subchronic toxicity of Citrus aurantium L. Rutaceae extract and p-synephrine in mice. Schmitt GC, Arbo MD, Lorensi AL, Maciel ÉS, Krahn CL, Mariotti KC, Dallegrave E, Leal MB, Limberger RP Toxicological effects of a mixture used in weight loss products: P-synephrine associated with ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine. Int J Toxicol — Stohs SJ Safety, efficacy, and mechanistic studies regarding Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and p-synephrine. Penzak SR, Jann MW, Cold JA, Hori YY, Desai HD, Gurley BJ Seville sour orange juice: synephrine content and cardiovascular effects in normotensive adults. J Clin Pharmacol — Kang P, Ryu KH, Lee JM, Kim HK, Seol GH Endothelium- and smooth muscle-dependent vasodilator effects of Citrus aurantium L. Biomed Pharmacother — Park J, Kim HL, Jung Y, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Um JY Bitter orange Citrus aurantium linné improves obesity by regulating adipogenesis and thermogenesis through AMPK activation. Nutrients — Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Int J Med Sci — Li XY, Hao YF, Hao ZX, Jiang JG, Liu Q, Shen Q, Liu L, Yi YK, Shen CY Inhibitory effect of chloroform extracts from Citrus aurantium L. on fat accumulation. Phytomedicine Verpeut JL, Walters AL, Bello NT Citrus aurantium and Rhodiola rosea in combination reduce visceral white adipose tissue and increase hypothalamic norepinephrine in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Nutr Res — Jia S, Hu Y, Zhang W, Zhao X, Chen Y, Sun C, Li X, Chen K Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of neohesperidin derived from Citrus aurantium L. in diabetic KK-Ay mice. Zhang J, Sun C, Yan Y, Chen Q, Luo F, Zhu X, Li X, Chen K Purification of naringin and neohesperidin from Huyou Citrus changshanensis fruit and their effects on glucose consumption in human HepG2 cells. Campbell JIA, Mortensen A, Mølgaard P Tissue lipid lowering-effect of a traditional Nigerian anti-diabetic infusion of Rauwolfia vomitoria foilage and Citrus aurantium fruit. Jiang J, Yan L, Shi Z, Wang L, Shan L, Efferth T Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of total flavonoids of Qu Zhi Ke peel of Citrus changshan-huyou on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via modulation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Wang J, Li T, Cai H, Jin L, Li R, Shan L, Cai W, Jiang J Protective effects of total flavonoids from Qu Zhi Qiao fruit of Citrus paradisi cv. Biomed Pharmacother. Yu L, Hong W, Lu S, Li Y, Guan Y, Weng X, Feng Z The NLRP3 inflammasome in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: therapeutic targets and treatment. Chen S, Jiang J, Chao G, Hong X, Cao H, Zhang S Pure Total flavonoids from citrus protect against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestine injury by promoting autophagy in vivo and in vitro. He B, Jiang J, Shi Z et al Pure total flavonoids from citrus attenuate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via regulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice. Biomed Pharmacother Merah O, Sayed-ahmad B, Talou T, Saad Z, Cerny M, Grivot S, Evon P, Hijazi A Biochemical composition of cumin seeds, and biorefining study. Biomol Ther — Garg C, Khurana P, Garg M Molecular mechanisms of skin photoaging and plant inhibitors. Int J Green Pharm S—S Zhang S, Duan E Fighting against skin aging: the way from bench to bedside. Cell Transplant — Opinion S Scientific Opinion on safety evaluation of Ephedra species for use in food. EFSA J — Fugh-berman A, Myeres A Citrus aurantium , an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: current status of clinical and basic research. Exp Biol Med Maywood — Palamar J How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: a historical review of misuse and associated policy. Health Policy —9. Thomas JE, Munir JA, McIntyre PZ, Ferguson MA STEMI in a year-old man after use of a synephrine-containing dietary supplement: a case report and review of the literature. Tex Heart Inst J — Shekelle PG, Hardy ML, Morton SC, Maglione M, Mojica WA, Suttorp MJ, Rhodes SL, Jungvig L, Gagné J Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. JAMA — Haller CA, Benowitz NL Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med — Ruiz-Moreno C, Del CJ, Giráldez-Costas V, González-García J, Gutiérrez-Hellín J Effects of p-synephrine during exercise: a brief narrative review. Nutrients —9. Malhotra S, Bailey DG, Paine MF, Watkins PB Seville orange juice-felodipine interaction: comparison with dilute grapefruit juice and involvement of furocoumarins. Clin Pharmacol Ther — Bent S, Padula A, Neuhaus J Safety and efficacy of citrus aurantium for weight loss. Am J Cardiol — Bouchard NC, Howland MA, Greller HA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine. Mayo Clin Proc — Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Galapai C Adverse reaction to an adrenergic herbal extract Citrus aurantium. Phytomedicine — Gange CA, Madias C, Felix-Getzik EM, Weintraub AR, Estes NAM Variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary supplement. Gray S, Woolf AD Citrus aurantium used for weight loss by an adolescent with anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health — Haaz S, Fontaine KR, Cutter G, Limdi N, Perumean-Chaney S, Allison DB Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update. Obes Rev — Holmes RO, Tavee J Vasospasm and stroke attributable to ephedra-free xenadrine: case report. Mil Med — Inchiosa MA Experience mostly negative with the use of sympathomimetic agents for weight loss. J Obes. Nasir JM, Durning SJ, Ferguson M, Barold HS, Haigney MC Exercise-induced syncope associated with QT prolongation and ephedra-free Xenadrine. Nykamp DL, Fackih MN, Compton AL Possible association of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction and bitter orange supplement. Ann Pharmacother — Rossato LG, Costa VM, Limberger RP, Bastos M de L, Remião F Synephrine: from trace concentrations to massive consumption in weight-loss. Food Chem Toxicol — Stephensen TA, Sarlay R Ventricular fibrillation associated with use of synephrine containing dietary supplement. Stohs SJ Assessment of the adverse event reports associated with Citrus aurantium bitter orange from April to October J Funct Foods — Sultan S, Spector J, Mitchell RM Ischemic colitis associated with use of a bitter orange — containing dietary weight-loss supplement. Consum Rep — Dosoky NS, Setzer WN Biological activities and safety of Citrus spp. Essential oils. Int J Mol Sci — Opdyke DLJ Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Food Cosmet Toxicol — Rudzki E, Grzywa Z, Bruo WS Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. Contact Dermatitisitis — Rudazki E, Grzywa Z, Bruo WS Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. Contact Dermatitis — Ogunro OB, Oyeyinka BO, Gyebi GA, Batiha GE-S Nutritional benefits, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicity of Spondias mombin Linn: a comprehensive review. J Pharm Pharmacol. Izah SC, Etim NG, Ilerhunmwuwa IA, Ibibo TD, Udumo JJ Activities of express extracts of costus afer Ker—Gawl. Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res eIJPPR — Izah SC, Chandel SS, Epidi JO, Devaliya R Biocontrol of Anopheles gambiae larvae using fresh ripe and unripe fruit extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. Int J Green Pharm —7. Chibueze Izah S, Singh Chandel S, Etim NG, Epidi O, Venkatachalam T, Devaliya R Potency of unripe and ripe express extracts of long pepper Capsicum frutescens var. baccatum against some common pathogens. Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res — Izah SC, Uhunmwangho EJ, Etim NG Antibacterial and synergistic potency of methanolic leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. Chibueze Izah S Studies on the synergistic effectiveness of methanolic extract of leaves and roots of Carica papaya L. papaya against some bacteria pathogens. Int J Complement Altern Med — Chibueze Izah S Synergy of methanolic leave and stem-back extract of Anacardium occidentale L. cashew against some enteric and superficial bacteria pathogens. MOJ Toxicol — Karthikeyan V, Karthikeyan J Citrus aurantium bitter orange : a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Int J Drug Discov Herb Res — Palazzolo E, Armando Laudicina V, Antonietta Germanà M Current and potential use of citrus essential oils. Curr Org Chem — Download references. Reproductive and Endocrinology, Toxicology, and Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Disease Control and Immunization, Bayelsa State Primary Health Care Board, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Chemical Sciences, Crown-Hill University, Eiyenkorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro. Department of Microbiology, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria. Department of Sustainable Development, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA. Government College, University of Faisalabad, Islamabad, Pakistan. Reprints and permissions. Ogunro, O. Citrus aurantium : Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Potential, Safety Considerations, and Research Needs. In: Izah, S. eds Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. Received : 10 September Accepted : 17 September Published : 10 November Publisher Name : Springer, Cham. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life Sciences Reference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Abstract Citrus aurantium , commonly referred to as sour orange or bitter orange, holds significant importance both in biological and economic terms. Keywords Citrus aurantium Bitter orange Phytochemicals Non-pharmacological uses Economic relevance. Abbreviations ALT: Alanine transminase AMPKα: Activated protein kinase alpha AMPKα: AMP-activated protein kinase alpha AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CAVAPs: Crude polysaccharides of C. aurantium L. Amara Engls DPPH: 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ERK: Extracellular signal- regulated kinase EtOAc: Ethyl acetate FAS: Fatty acid synthase FDA: Food and Drug Administration FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase GSK3β: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta IL-1β: Interleukin-1β IL Interleukin 6 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MTD: Maximum tolerated dose NAFLD: Non-alcohol fatty liver disease NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa B NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect-level NOEL: No-observed-effect-level Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ORAC: Oxygen radical absorbance capacity PGC-1α: PPARγ co-activator 1α PTFC: Pure total flavonoids from citrus SCD1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TNF- α: Tumor necrosis factor α UCP1: Uncoupling protein-1 WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp — Chapter Google Scholar Abbaspoor Z, Siahposh A, Javadifar N, Faal SS, Mohaghegh Z, Sharifipour F The effect of Citrus aurantium aroma on the sleep quality in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. IJCBNM —95 PubMed Google Scholar Abdollahi F, Mohaddes Ardebili F, Najafi Ghezelje T, Hosseini F The effect of aaromatherapy with bitter orange extract on sleep quality in patient with type 2 diabetic. Complement Med J — Google Scholar Mohammadi F, Moradi M, Niazi A, Jamali J The impact of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential oil on sleep quality in pregnant women with sleep disorders: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery — PubMed Google Scholar da Camara CAG, Akhtar Y, Isman MB, Seffrin RC, Born FS Repellent activity of essential oils from two species of Citrus against Tetranychus urticae in the laboratory and greenhouse. Crop Prot — Article Google Scholar El-Akhal F, El Ouali LA, Guemmouh R Larvicidal activity of essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantium Rutaceae cultivated in Morocco against the malaria vector Anopheles labranchiae Diptera: Culicidae. Asian Pac J Trop Dis — Article Google Scholar Barragan Ferrer D, Rimantas Venskutonis P, Talou T, Zebib B, Manuel Barragan Ferrer J, Merah O Identification and in vitro activity of bioactive compounds extracted from Tussilago farfara L. Google Scholar Anwar S, Ahmed N, Speciale A, Cimino F, Saija A Bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. Fruits — Article CAS Google Scholar Karoui IJ, Wannes WA, Marzouk B Refined corn oil aromatization by Citrus aurantium peel essential oil. Ind Crop Prod — Article CAS Google Scholar Nguyen H, Campi EM, Roy Jackson W, Patti AF Effect of oxidative deterioration on flavour and aroma components of lemon oil. Food Chem — Article CAS Google Scholar Oulebsir C, Mefti-Korteby H, Djazouli ZE, Zebib B, Merah O Essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. Cardiovasc Toxicol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M The safety of Citrus aurantium bitter orange and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Phytother Res — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Louw VJ, Louw H Citrus aurantium — beware of the bitter orange. Toxicol Rep — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Deshmukh NS, Stohs SJ, Magar CC, Kadam SB Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract: safety assessment by acute and day oral toxicity studies in rats and the Ames Test for mutagenicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol — Article PubMed Google Scholar Teshome E, Forsido SF, Rupasinghe HPV, Olika Keyata E Potentials of natural preservatives to enhance food safety and shelf life: a review. J Oleo Sci — Article Google Scholar Friedman M, Henika PR, Levin CE, Mandrell RE Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against Escherichia coli OH7 and Salmonella enterica in apple juice. J Agric Food Chem — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Iturriaga L, Olabarrieta I, de Marañón IM Antimicrobial assays of natural extracts and their inhibitory effect against Listeria innocua and fish spoilage bacteria, after incorporation into biopolymer edible films. Int J Food Microbiol —64 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kim J, Marshall MR, Wei C, i. J Agric Food Chem — Article CAS Google Scholar Bensid A, El Abed N, Houicher A, Regenstein JM, Özogul F Antioxidant and antimicrobial preservatives: properties, mechanism of action and applications in food—a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Aazza S, Lyoussi B, Miguel MG Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of some commercial essential oils and their major compounds. Molecules — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sarrou E, Chatzopoulou P, Dimassi-Theriou K, Therios I Volatile constituents and antioxidant activity of peel, flowers and leaf oils of Citrus aurantium L. Molecules — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jabri Karoui I, Marzouk B Characterization of bioactive compounds in Tunisian bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. J Sci Food Agric — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Agarwal P, Sebghatollahi Z, Kamal M, Dhyani A, Shrivastava A, Singh KK, Sinha M, Mahato N, Mishra AK, Baek KH Citrus essential oils in aromatherapy: therapeutic effects and mechanisms. J Herb Med Article Google Scholar Suryawanshi JAS An overview of Citrus aurantium used in treatment of various diseases. African J Plant Sci — Google Scholar Ersus S, Cam M Determination of organic acids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of sour Citrus aurantium fruits. Chem Nat Compd — Article CAS Google Scholar Zhang C, Bucheli P, Liang X, Lu Y Citrus flavonoids as functional ingredients and their role in traditional Chinese medicine. Global Science Books CAS Google Scholar Seiyaboh EI, Seiyaboh Z, Izah SC Environmental control of mosquitoes: a case study of the effect of Mangifera indica root-bark extracts family Anacardiaceae on the larvae of Anopheles gambiae. Ann Ecol Environ Sci —38 Google Scholar Seiyaboh EI, Odubo TC, Izah SC Larvicidal activity of Tetrapleura tetraptera Schum and Thonn Taubert Mimosaceae extracts against Anopheles gambiae. Int J Adv Res Microbiol Immunol —25 Google Scholar Youkparigha FO, Izah SC Larvicidal efficacy of aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale Roscoe ginger against malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae Diptera: Culicidae. Int J Environ Agric Sci —6 Google Scholar Izah SC Activities of crude, acetone and ethanolic extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. J Environ Treat Techn — Google Scholar Ogunro OB, Salawu AO, Alotaibi SS, Albogami SM, Batiha G-S, Waard MD QuercetinO-β-D-glucopyranoside-rich fraction from Spondias mombin leaves halted responses from oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation in the brain of Dichlorvos-treated Wistar rats. Toxics —22 Article Google Scholar Siskos EP, Konstantopoulou MA, Mazomenos BE, Jervis M Insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium fruit, leaf, and shoot extracts against adult olive fruit flies Diptera: Tephritidae. J Econ Entomol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Yao WR, Wang HY, Wang ST, Sun SL, Zhou J, Luan YY Assessment of the antibacterial activity and the antidiarrheal function of flavonoids from bayberry fruit. J Agric Food Chem — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hansen DK, George NI, White GE, Pellicore LS, Abdel-Rahman A, Fabricant D Physiological effects following administration of Citrus aurantium for 28 days in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Enaregha EB, Chibueze Izah S, Okiriya Q Antibacterial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera pod against some pathogens. Res Rev Insights —4 Article Google Scholar Kigigha LT, Uhunmwangho EJ, Izah SC Assessment of hot water and ethanolic leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citrates Stapf lemon grass against selected bacteria pathogens. Ann Microbiol Infect Dis —8 Article Google Scholar Kigigha LT, Selekere RE, Izah SC Antibacterial and synergistic efficacy of acetone extracts of Garcinia kola Bitter kola and Buchholzia coriacea Wonderful kola. J Basic Pharmacol Toxicol —17 Google Scholar Chibueze Izah S, Aseibai ER Antibacterial and synergistic activities of methanolic leaves extract of lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus and rhizomes of ginger Zingiber officinale against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Acta Sci Microbiol —30 Google Scholar Chibueze Izah S Some determinant factors of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of plant extracts. Res Rev Insights —4 Article Google Scholar Yakubu MT, Ogunro OB, Ademola AR, Awakan OJ, Oyewo EB, Muhammad NO, Ajiboye TO Fadogia Agrestis Schweinf. Nigerian J of Biochem and Mol Bio 32 2 — Google Scholar Yakubu MT, Ogunro BO, Ademola RA, Awakan JO, Oyewo EB, Muhammad NO, Ajiboye TO Fadogia agrestis Schweinf. Niger J Biochem Mol Biol — Google Scholar Maksoud S, Abdel-Massih RM, Rajha HN, Louka N, Chemat F, Barba FJ, Debs E Citrus aurantium L. Phytother Res — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jayaprakasha GK, Mandadi KK, Poulose SM, Jadegoud Y, Nagana Gowda GA, Patil BS Novel triterpenoid from Citrus aurantium L. Bioorg Med Chem — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar De Moraes Pultrini A, Almeida Galindo L, Costa M Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. Biol Pharm Bull — Article Google Scholar Gholivand MB, Piryaei M, Abolghasemi MM Analysis of volatile oil composition of Citrus aurantium L. The fruit has thick, dimpled skin. It turns to bright reddish-orange when ripe and the centre of the fruit becomes hollow. The pulp of the fruit is bitter and holds less orange juice than sweet oranges. The Citrus aurantium fruit has leathery skin with many oil glands. Both the peel and its essential oil are considered generally safe by the U. Food and Drug Administration. In traditional medicine, it is well known that bitter orange peel benefits digestive problems. There, it has a long-standing use for issues like flatulence, dyspepsia, constipation, sluggish digestion, appetite loss, intestinal gas as well as nausea. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, bitter orange preparations are added to multiple ingredient formulas to treat indigestion, abdominal distension, and other digestive issues. In modern herbal medicine, orange peel is used to stimulate the appetite, to treat gastric-juice deficiency, and to aid digestion. For these health benefits, it is a common ingredient in digestive bitters along with other herbs such as gentian or juniper. Also, bitter oranges can benefit the skin. Germ-killing effects of bitter orange oil against bacteria and fungi are scientifically proven. Therefore, bitter orange essential oil is used for and benefits fungal skin infections as well as pimples and acne. In aromatherapy, the uplifting but also calming oil is used to ease stress and anxiety. Clinical studies confirmed that inhalation or oral administration of Citrus aurantium can have beneficial effects on anxiety. More recently, bitter orange extracts are used for weight loss supplements, bodybuilding, and improving athletic performance. Depending on the dosage form and quantity, bitter orange peel and essential oil show a range of medicinal activities such as. The fruit peel is used as a traditional digestive aid and appetite stimulant. The peel and the juice also seem to be good sources of antioxidants. Besides, consuming bitter orange juice can benefit our vitamin C intake. Bitter orange oil is used in aromatherapy to help with nervousness and anxiety. It is applied to the skin for fungal diseases and can also be found in many skincare products. Today, bitter orange extract and synephrine are widely used for weight loss or weight management, appetite control, and increasing energy and metabolism. However, the US National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA lists synephrine as a banned stimulant. Questions have been raised about the safety of bitter orange supplements since the structure of synephrine is similar to ephedrine. Back in , reports of serious adverse reactions triggered public concern also to products containing Citrus aurantium. However, subsequent investigations revealed that many reports were duplicates or very incomplete. Also, most reports involved either ephedrine-containing products without a bitter orange ingredient or products that also contained caffeine. Only one report was about a product with bitter orange as the only active ingredient. In , scientists reviewed 30 human studies with bitter orange extract and p-synephrine. They concluded that both are safe for use in dietary supplements and foods at the commonly used doses. However, weight-loss products often use much higher concentrations than traditional extracts. Health Canada states that doses of 1 to 50 mg p-synephrine per day are not likely to cause any adverse health consequences. Nevertheless, a combination with caffeine - as often is the case in weight loss and bodybuilding products - is not recommended. Combined use may increase the risk of adverse effects. Besides the volatile oil, para- or p-synephrine is the main active compound in the peel. It has thermogenic, meaning heat-producing, properties. Often referred to as simply synephrine, it is sometimes confused with meta-synephrine which has potent cardiovascular effects. In contrast to the meta-form, p-synephrine is naturally found in juices of several popular citrus varieties. Research has shown that para-synephrine does not increase heart rate or blood pressure even at oral doses up to mg. In addition, the orange skin contains bitter-tasting substances called neohesperidin and naringin. They are the reason for its typical bitterness and its use as a digestive aid and appetite stimulant. Our body contains receptors for bitter compounds not only in the mouth and tongue, but the stomach, gut, liver, and pancreas. This is mostly for protective reasons, as most poisonous things taste very bitter. Still, the stimulation of these bitter receptors promotes healthy digestion by increasing digestive secretions. Also, the bile flow is stimulated. This digestive cascade results in better digestion and relieves digestive issues. Bitter orange extract benefits digestion and appetite. However, the appetite is only stimulated if there is no healthy appetite, for instance, due to illness or a condition. Especially in low doses, bitter substances may even slow down cravings for sweets. Taking bitter orange with monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs may increase the concentration of the drug and cause serious side effects. Taking bitter orange along with midazolam might increase the effects and side effects of the drug. Because of potentially additive effects, synephrine use should be avoided in patients with severe hypertension, tachyarrhythmia, hyperthyroidism, or narrow-angle glaucoma. Children, as well as pregnant or breastfeeding women, should avoid bitter orange products since safety data are lacking. Applied to the skin, bitter orange oil can make the skin sensitive to UV light and sunlight. This particularly affects fair-skinned people. Many people consume p-synephrine daily in citrus juices and foods without experiencing any harmful effects. However, you should always check with your doctor first before starting any new health product. Pascoe Canada does not offer health or medical advice as we are not a healthcare practitioner. All content published by Pascoe Canada is developed through collaborating with licensed medical professionals and contributors. |
| Bitter Orange Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits | The aurantiuk is emdicinal by Purdue University's ayrantium department. Help us fill in the blanks! In Medicinao new systems, Cholesterol level management species Citrus × aurantium includes not only the bitter orange proper Citrus × aurantiumbut also all other crosses between the pomelo Citrus maxima and the wild mandarin Citrus reticulata sensu stricto, other name: Citrus daoxianensisi. Use of medicinal plants by ambulatory patients in Puerto Rico. Acta Sci Microbiol — |
Sie lassen den Fehler zu. Ich kann die Position verteidigen. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden reden.
Es ist die sehr wertvolle Phrase
Entschuldigen Sie, dass ich Sie unterbreche, aber ich biete an, mit anderem Weg zu gehen.
Sie sind nicht recht. Ich kann die Position verteidigen. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden besprechen.