Cognitive function improvement tools -
Those results confirm that even if the age-related cognitive decline is inevitable, lifelong trajectories of brain and cognitive functions are variable and stay plastic throughout the lifespan For the next part of discussion, we will address the effect of training on each cognitive domain see Table 5 for the different cognitive abilities trained by the CMG in turn.
Note that each CMG may train different cognitive abilities but for the sake of this discussion, we define the main component of cognition for each CMG. The processing speed increases during the first 50 sessions then remain stable while the score of the games is continuously increasing, this seems to indicate that the speed is no longer decreasing but the participants are able to perform more complex tasks.
The results of the present study are consistent with these results and extend them to older adults. We observed an increase in Word Pairs scores throughout the sessions in every age group. This increase was greater for the younger participants. Word processing and literacy engagement along adulthood enable to maintain an efficient lexical processing 37 , which is reflected by the evolution of the scores observed in the current study indicating that semantic learning abilities are preserved even at advanced ages.
However, concerning the processing speed, even after adjusting for the difficulty level, we observed an increase in all age groups during the training.
Word Pairs and Babble Bot are the only two CMG using retrieval from long-term memory. Participants tended to recall common, more easily accessible items before unique, less accessible items, and this pattern was more prominent in older adults The words to pair become more difficult and less common as the training progresses, which may explain why, despite the adjustment, the time needed to associate these words increases significantly in the different age groups.
It has been demonstrated that older adults experience more difficulties in task switching, coupled with infrequent and unexpected transitions from one task set to another Despite the highest costs to task shifting performance 40 , we observed that older participants were able to train this function, as exhibited by their significant improvements in processing speed.
One potential mechanism that could explain this is a shift in cognitive control. Previous neuroimaging studies have indeed shown that older adults may switch from a proactive e. In the Must Sort , reactive control strategy is the most used mechanism. With regard to visual attention, it is widely accepted that aging is associated with the deterioration of vision and field of view 42 , and with a decrease in selective attention We observed that the time needed to find the unique object decreased in all age groups over time, which may indicate that this CMG is able to improve selective attention in older adults, or at least improve response speed, which is a good indicator of cognitive function These results are in line with a previous study that showed that processing speed training improves selective attention in older adults Similarly to other CMGs, scores and reaction time of Rush Back , which mainly trains working memory, were improved in all age groups with a slower progression in the older groups.
It has been demonstrated that older adults can improve their working memory after a specific training In another study the investigators analyzed the effect of a session training program using an n -back task program same principle as the Rush Back where the subjects must remember the previous card in younger, middle-aged and older adults The authors found that age exerted independent effects on training gains and asymptotic performance: older adults tended to show less improvement in scores than younger adults 47 , which is also consistent with our findings.
There are three main limitations in this study: the first is that we did not have access to any information about the background of the participants: it is well-known that several factors influence cognitive function and the risk of dementia such as genetic risk factors 48 , as well as non-genetic risk factors including lifestyle-related factors 49 , for example education level, smoking history, history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical activity, body mass index, or concomitant pathologies such as stroke 50 , cardiovascular disease 51 , diabetes 52 , or chronic respiratory disease Gender is also postulated to influence some cognitive functions such as vocabulary capacity Due to the fact that we did not have access to this background information, we cannot establish whether the effects observed in the current study were influenced by any of these factors.
Most probably, subjects playing with this kind of app are cognitively healthy and quite comfortable with mobile devices. The second limitation is the choice of the outcomes, namely, the scores of the CMG and the processing speed data obtained within the games.
Furthermore, both of the scores of the CMG and processing speed have been shown to be good indicators of cognitive function 16 , In a recent study examining the effects of cognitive training on cognitive performance of healthy adults, the authors found that there was a transfer effect between the trained abilities and the instruments used only when the tests were similar to the trained situation near effects.
If the tests differed too much from the training tasks far effects no training effect was observed However, some studies did show a transfer to general cognitive function as tested byneuropsychological batteries for multiple cognitive domains 11 , 16 and also demonstrated a protective effect in patients with MCI Those beneficial effects could be related to the multi-domains, novel and continuously challenging self-adaptative stimulation provided by most cognitive training apps, which has been shown to be superior to the routine mental activities of everyday life These challenging and unusual stimuli induce changes in brain activity and connectivity in areas that are known to be affected by aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
Those changes may help counteract age- and disease-related alterations and help to explain cognitive benefits and transfers, once their link with cognitive improvements has been clearly established 33 , Finally, the study suffers a selection bias, since the participants were all users of this app and were therefore most probably familiar with the use of smartphones and current technology.
This has two consequences: first, older people who are less familiar with mobile technology might find this app less usable and therefore the adherence may be lower. Secondly, a recent study underlined the importance of digital devices use in delaying cognitive decline in the older adults 58 , thus the participants of this study may have already been benefiting from this phenomenon and thus functioning at a higher cognitive level than those who do not regularly use mobile technology.
Despite these limitations, the results of this study support that even at old age above 80 years old , participants are able to use CMG and to train and improve cognition through CMG.
Although technological devices and medical-related apps cannot single-handedly improve cognitive decline, in the absence of effective, low-cost, and accessible treatments for cognitive and motivational deficits, these brain training apps could be greatly beneficial to public health.
One salient aspect of the games is that they could be combined with automated evaluation and assessment of cognitive function 16 , In this context, the presented method could be an interesting complementary tool due to its potential to become widely available thanks to the growing use of mobile technology.
Another positive aspect is that the cognitive training and follow-up with games on mobile can be also proposed to patients with limited mobility, or living to far to come on a regular basis to specialized centers 60 , and in lockdown during the COVID pandemic 61 , While cognitive training app games have been shown to improve memory in older people with mild cognitive impairment 63 , further studies are needed to determine if technologies, such as apps, can decrease dementia risk in healthy subjects or slow down the progression of the disease in patients suffering from cognitive impairment and if there is a transfer to the activities of daily living.
We can, also, speculate that since psychomotor slowing associated with aging has an important negative effect on multi-tasking activities of daily living, improving the processing speed could have a positive effect on the quality of life of the participants We carried out a retrospective observational study in which we obtained anonymized CMG results of healthy participants.
This study was approved by The Cambridge Psychology Research Ethics Committee Pre. The scores of the CMG, automatically recorded by the application, were then analysed anonymously for each of the five age groups provided: 60—64, 65—69, 70—74, 75—79, and 80 years or older.
The number of participants varied in each CMG and in the different age groups Table 1. In this study, we used a set of seven individual short CMG provided by Peak brain training www.
net , London—UK to analyze changes in-game scores and processing speed over the course of sessions of CMG one session is defined as the completion of one level of the CMG. The games are organized by categories based on the main cognitive functions on which they focus.
Screenshots of the games are presented in Fig. The difficulty level of each CMG is adapted automatically according to the previous performance of the participant i. The number of stimuli and the intersimulus intervals depend on the CMG and the difficulty level The CMG were played on smartphones or tablets and the scores of training sessions were analyzed.
No particular instructions were given to the participants about the frequency or the duration of each training session, the total duration needed to achieve the sessions of training for the different CMG is presented in Supplementary Table S1. Screenshots of the 7 CMG used in this study.
A Square Numbers, B Memory Sweep, C Word Pair, D Babble Bots, E Must Sort, F Unique, G Rush Back. Instructions and main cognitive abilities trained of each CMG are presented in Table 5. The primary outcome was the scores obtained in the seven CMG for the different age groups.
Several cognitive sub-functions are usually assessed during standard cognitive evaluations: attention, memory, fluency, language, and visuospatial abilities Table 5 To have a complete overview of the cognition, those different sub-functions need to be assessed individually; the scores of the CMG are used as a proxy of the main sub-cognitive abilities challenged in each game.
As a second primary outcome, we computed the processing speed based on the reaction time for the speed-dependent CMG exceptions were Memory Sweep and Word Pairs Details of the computations are presented in Table 4. Processing speed is considered as a good indicator of general cognitive performance 19 and has been proposed as a predictor of frailty risk among people in old age 67 , Firstly, the first session scores of the different age groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA or Kruskal—Wallis tests, depending the distribution of the data, to determine if age had an influence on the initial scores.
Omega-squared analyses or epsilon-squared non-normally distributed tests were computed to estimate the effect size Post-hoc tests for linear trends were performed last. We then analysed each CMG using a separate mixed model with random slope age and intercept with the scores from each session treated as repeated measures adjusted for the total duration of the training for each participant.
Fixed effects of age group, session 1 to , and the interaction between age group and session were specified, and the estimated baseline measures were constrained to be identical in the age groups by subtracting the mean values of the first session for each age group in all the sessions.
This approach is equivalent to adjusting for baseline and permitting the relationship between baseline and follow-up scores to differ at each session. Likelihood-ratio tests were used to test the significance of the random effects model and linear mixed model with interaction.
For the processing speed, we applied a separate mixed model for the different CMG with random slope age and intercept with the processing speed from each session treated as repeated measures, adjusted for the difficulty levels reached and the total duration of the training for each participant.
Statistical analyses were performed at an overall significance level of 0. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Next up video playing in 10 seconds. A Whole-Body Approach to a Healthy Brain So what types of exercises might benefit your brain? Test your recall. Make a list — grocery items, things to do, or anything else that comes to mind — and memorize it. An hour or so later, see how many items you can recall.
Make the list as challenging as possible for the greatest mental stimulation. One small past study suggested that writing and organizing lists helped older adults recall word lists more effectively. Let the music play. Learn to play a musical instrument or join a choir.
Learning new and complex skills is good for the aging brain, and a past review published in The Gerontologist suggested that musical activities like playing a musical instrument, singing in a choir, or taking piano lessons showed particular promise for healthy brain aging, though research is limited.
CogniFit personalized brain training is unique in that it continuously measures user performance and automatically selects the type and complexity of tasks that best fit the individual's cognitive outcomes. It also collects cognitive data and provides an interesting and comprehensive report on the user's performance at each level.
In this way, you can check the cognitive level at which you started, the rate of improvement, effort, etc. Not all brain training games are the same. While some classic games, such as Sudoku, are ideal for entertainment, a scientifically supported mental training program is needed to ensure that the brain is receiving the training and cognitive stimuli it requires.
If you are looking into brain training in a multidisciplinary, rigorous and systematic way, CogniFit's tools are the best choice.
If you have any questions about CogniFit Personalized Brain Training data performance, management or interpretation, you can contact us immediately. Our team of professionals will answer your questions and help you with everything you need. Shatil E Does combined cognitive training and physical activity training enhance cognitive abilities more than either alone?
A four-condition randomized controlled trial among healthy older adults. Aging Neurosci. doi: Korczyn AD, Peretz C, Aharonson V, et al. Shatil E, Korczyn AD, Peretz C, et al. Introducción a la estimulación cognitiva y la rehabilitación neuropsicológica.
En Estimulación cognitiva y rehabilitación neuropsicológica p. Rambla del Poblenou , Barcelona: Editorial UOC. cuatro 4 : T Verghese J, J Mahoney, Ambrosio AF, Wang C, Holtzer R. Evelyn Shatil, Jaroslava Mikulecká, Francesco Bellotti, Vladimír Burěs - Novel Television-Based Cognitive Training Improves Working Memory and Executive Function - PLOS ONE July 03, Gard T, Hölzel BK, Lazar SW.
The potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline: a systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Voss MW et al. Plasticity of brain networks in a randomized intervention trial of exercise training in older adults.
Front Aging Neurosci. pii: You can purchase CogniFit with a debit card or through PayPal, which are the most common ways to make purchases online. If you don't have either of these payments methods available to you, you can contact our help team at support cognifit. com to explore other options.
Of course! You'll be able to cancel your subscription at any time. All you have to do is go to your Account Settings in the menu in your CogniFit account.
From there, head to "Purchases", and click the "Cancel Subscription" option. You'll see that you still have your subscription until the end of your current subscription.
Enjoy every second! If you've purchased your subscription through the App Store, you can cancel your subscription through Apple. We have a family plan that will let you have multiple users on the same account.
Children under 16 will always have to use CogniFit through a family account or some other professional account under the supervision of an adult. Two people won't be able to use the same individual account because the profile and scores will only be relevant to one user!
Using the wrong account or having two people use the same account could cause problems with the scores. Our brain training programs and assessments are based on science. We don't currently offer any free trials.
However, you'll be able to see some of our favorite brain games and different training programs. The Personalized Brain Training Program from CogniFit recognizes your cognitive skills and automatically adapts to your cognitive strengths and weaknesses. This is why almost anyone can use it!
You'll get a personalized program specific to your needs, adapting the tasks and difficulty to make sure that you're getting the most out of your training.
The duration of the training program will depend on each user. Based on the studies collected by CogniFit from different institutions, we recommend about 6 months of training.
The brain needs to create new neural connections, which takes time! According to research, this can take about 6 months of training.
That said, it won't hurt to train for more time! You can do your brain training from almost any mobile device or computer. All you'll need is Internet access. You'll be able to see your scores after each training session. The program will show you your scores from each of the trained skills and will tell you which have improved and which need to be improved.
I'm a professional user. If I purchase 3 months of brain training, will I be able to extend it later? Once the monthly licenses that you've purchased have been used, you'll be able to purchase more. According to the research that show the efficacy of CogniFit, days a week on non-consecutive days has been shown to be most effective.
CogniFit measures your cognitive skills during every session! This means that the program will adapt to your cognitive level after ever brain training session. In a clinical setting, the CogniFit results when interpreted by a qualified healthcare provider , may be used as an aid in determining whether further cognitive evaluation is needed.
CogniFit does not offer any medical diagnosis or treatment of any medical disease or condition. CogniFit products may also be used for research purposes for any range of cognitive related assessments. If used for research purposes, all use of the product must be in compliance with appropriate human subjects' procedures as they exist within the researchers' institution and will be the researcher's obligation.
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One-time payment. Leader in Brain Training and Brain Stimulation Challenge your brain. Stimulate, activate, and strengthen your main cognitive skills A comprehensive report on results, effort, progress, and evolution. Compare your cognitive skills with the rest of the world.
You're above average. Who is it for? Young people, adults or seniors Improve and explore my cognitive state. CogniFit is suitable for anyone interested in evaluating and improving their main cognitive functions. The brain assessments and exercises are automatically adapted to the user's specific needs.
The program evaluates the person's cognitive outcomes and creates a cognitive training plan specifically designed for them. CogniFit's psychostimulant and brain rehabilitation tools are technology leaders in prevention and an excellent complement to non-pharmacological therapy to help restore impaired cognitive abilities.
CogniFit brain training is very easy to use and has been specifically designed for you. Healthcare professionals Apply cognitive stimulation and rehabilitation to my patients. This professional instrument of cognitive stimulation helps to assist physicians, psychologists, and other health professionals in their patients' cognitive intervention.
CogniFit standardized data can help work on those cognitive domains that have been altered or weakened. The pattern of cognitive weaknesses and strengths can help in planning the patient's treatment and measuring their progress.
Antioxidant-rich antioxidant-rich oils » Science funvtion Biohacking » Cognitive function improvement tools Biohacking. Cognitive tols is a Yoga of improve,ent that focuses on optimizing brain Cgnitive and fnuction performance. Cognitive function improvement tools biohackers seek to improve their physical Yoga mental well-being, cognitive biohacking has emerged as a popular approach to enhance cognitive abilities. This practice involves using various techniques, tools, and substances to improve memory, focus, creativity, and overall mental health. Cognitive biohacking is based on the idea that our brains are not fixed, but rather, can be trained and enhanced through various interventions. By understanding the underlying mechanisms of cognitive function, biohackers can develop strategies to optimize their mental performance. Yoga often like to separate mental health from physical fumction but in functtion, mental health is physical health. Our brain is part of our body, and there Funcgion measurable Cognitive function improvement tools improvemetn Cognitive function improvement tools can drive brain Cognitive function improvement tools improvemenh. And with brain Gluten-free menu on the Cognitive function improvement tools, I see Cognitive function improvement tools and more people seeking out Electrolyte Imbalance expertise in my telehealth functional medicine clinic than ever before. And while every person's health case is different, there are a few tools that I regularly implement and recommend to my patients for their proven benefits when it comes to brain health. Keep reading for my top 5 brain-boosting tools. A study published in Trends in Cognitive Sciences theorize that the continuous consumption of food causes changes in epigenetic molecular DNA and protein that negatively impact cognition that can even be passed down to future generations. And while there are multiple benefits to fasting, improved brain health is at the top of the list.
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