Links with this icon circumferencd that you circumfeence leaving Fish Market Price Trends CDC circumfersnce. Catelli Glutathione for skin lightening Lamontagne Sgape Reports Combined maternal central adiposity measures in relation to circumgerence birth size Waist circumference and body shape Andd Fredrik Ahlsson Inger Sundström Poromaa Scientific Reports Values represent partial Pearson correlation coefficients men — bottom-left; women — top-right with adjustment for BMI, ABSI, HI, height, age at enrolment, Townsend deprivation index, time of blood collection, fasting time continuousweight change within the last year preceding enrolment, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol use, and in women, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy use, and oral contraceptives use. We used R version 4.

Waist circumference and body shape -

Similar to other findings [ 22 ], the correlations observed in the current study between waist circumference and BMI were high and statistically significant in both sexes.

Nevertheless, the differences found between BMI and waist circumference concur with the distinction between these two measures of obesity, as highlighted by the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey — There, when BMI was the measure of adiposity, In contrast, when waist circumference was the measure of adiposity, only Evidently, both adipose measures associate only partially, and differently, with metabolic normalcy.

In the current study, age, hours of training per week and caloric expenditure in sport activity per week, were highly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in both men and women.

Nevertheless, the linear regression models presented suggest that the preferred obesity index is different in men and women, and that BMI may better indicate cardiorespiratory fitness for women, and waist circumference for men.

The R 2 values for the statistical models of approximately 0. Analysis of the regression models showed VO 2 max to be associated positively with weekly caloric expenditure, yet negatively with the weekly number of hours of physical activity for the same caloric expenditure.

The upshot is that, for the same caloric expenditure, engagement in more hours per week of physical activity is associated with a lower fitness level than engagement in fewer hours i. at greater intensity. This applies to men and women, highlighting the importance of intensity of physical activity for maintenance of cardiorespiratory fitness for both sexes.

We assume that similar investigation of athletes would reveal positive coefficients for both caloric expenditure and hours of activity, since their activity level is usually intense, and the level of intensity is not generally related to the duration of activity.

According to a literature review, when total energy expenditure of exercise is held constant, exercise performed at vigorous intensity conveys greater cardioprotective benefit than exercise at moderate intensity [ 24 ]. The lack of a statistically significant association between smoking and cardiorespiratory fitness observed in the current study contrasts with a previous report of a negative association between smoking and physical fitness, as assessed by VO 2 max [ 25 ].

However, our lack of information on smoking history is a limitation that raises the possibility of reverse causality. Past smokers, classified here as nonsmokers, may have quit smoking due to a poorer health profile, and may thus show poorer physical fitness.

Moreover, it is conceivable that had we divided the participants by the number of cigarettes smoked per day, we would have found an association between smoking and physical fitness. The differences we found between the sexes in associations of waist circumference with VO 2 max support the clinical use of this measure, in addition to BMI, for assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Our findings support the stronger negative association observed in young adult men, between cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference, compared to BMI, in the Finnish Defense Force [ 21 ].

Waist circumference measurement is rapid, inexpensive, and easily performed. However, despite the inclusion of waist circumference as a key diagnostic criterion for the metabolic syndrome [ 27 , 28 ], a uniformly accepted protocol for its measurement has not been established.

Nevertheless, the high variability in location of measurement site [ 29 ] was not found to have considerable effect on associations of waist circumference with cardiovascular risk factors and mortality [ 29 , 30 ]. While waist circumference, and not BMI, reflects fat distribution, neither waist circumference nor BMI measures body tissue composition.

Men and women differ considerably in fat proportion, as well as distribution. Sex-related differences, which are readily apparent in normal-weight men and women, may predispose to a spectrum of fat distribution phenotypes with obesity [ 31 ].

Sex-based differences in fat distribution may explain differences between the sexes in VO 2 max, as well as differences between obesity indexes. Proctor et al. They suggested expressing VO 2 max per unit of fat free mass when comparing the cardiorespiratory fitness of individuals with different body sizes and composition [ 32 ].

Participants of the current study are of Caucasian ethnicity. Thus, the current targets for BMI and waist circumference, which were derived from studies of predominantly white and European populations, were appropriate. However, the applicability of these targets to other populations has been questioned [ 33 , 34 ].

Further, contrary to BMI, waist circumference is independent of height. At present, studies examining circumference-height associations are inconsistent in their conclusions [ 35 ].

In this study we showed that associations between obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness are dependent on sex, and on the anthropometric measure used.

Though a meta-analysis found BMI and waist circumference to be associated similarly to incident diabetes, most of the studies included did not analyze men and women separately, and some did not even adjust for sex [ 36 ].

A recent review reported a stronger association of measures of central obesity than BMI to diabetes, but similar associations to other cardiovascular risk factors, namely, hypertension and dyslipidemia [ 37 ].

However, the authors concluded that the cross-sectional design of the studies, as well as the lack of analysis by sex, limit generalizability of their conclusions.

Since the participants of the current study were healthy men and women, we do not know if our findings apply to people with chronic illnesses.

Temporality of the relationship between obesity and physical fitness cannot be determined in the current study, due to its cross-sectional design. Reverse causality can therefore not be excluded, ie. people with poor physical fitness may gain weight and become more obese. The complexity of the relationship between physical fitness and obesity is further highlighted by reports of their differential effects on different diseases.

In a systematic review, Fogelholm found the risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality to be lower in those with high BMI and good aerobic fitness than in those with normal BMI and poor fitness. In contrast, the concomitance of a high BMI with high physical activity level was associated with a greater risk for the incidence of type 2 diabetes and the prevalence of cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors than a concomitant normal BMI and low physical activity level [ 38 ].

The use of a calculated value for VO 2 max, rather than a direct measure, is a limitation of this study. The gold standard for measuring VO 2 max is by gas analysis during a maximal fitness test. However, this is an expensive test that requires highly skilled operators and motivated subjects. Since this test is not usually practical, formulas that predict VO 2 max have been developed over the years.

VO 2 max can be evaluated by means of a fitness test or by other methods [ 39 ]. The Bruce protocol assumes that maximum oxygen consumption can be evaluated by the duration of time a subject is able to walk or run on a treadmill.

The test score is the time taken for the test, in minutes, which can then be converted to an estimated VO 2 max score [ 13 , 14 ]. In this study, both BMI and waist circumference were more strongly associated with VO 2 max in women than in men.

In healthy men waist circumference correlated more strongly with physical fitness as calculated by a maximal fitness test than the BMI, whereas in healthy women BMI correlated somewhat more strongly with physical fitness than waist circumference.

Our findings support previous ones of the need to measure waist circumference and not only BMI in clinical and research settings, as a means of better evaluating health status in both sexes. We emphasize the need to investigate men and women separately when studying obesity indexes and cardiorespiratory fitness.

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J Sports Sci. Download references. How Body Shape Affects Your Health Risk. How Body Shape Affects Your Health Risk Your body shape can provide an insight into your health risks. Dr Tan Hong Chang, Senior Consultant from the Department of Endocrinology at Singapore General Hospital SGH , explains why waist size matters.

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Boey body shape cirrcumference provide Waist circumference and body shape Youthful skin remedies Glutathione for skin lightening into your health risks. To find vircumference if you are apple- or pear-shaped, calculate your waist-to-hip ratio WHR. This is done by dividing your waist measurement by your hip measurement. To determine your waist circumference, measure around the smallest part of your waist, or about one inch above your navel. For your hip circumference, measure the widest part of your hip. Nutrition Journal volume Glutathione for skin lighteningCircumferrnce number: Increasing nutrient absorption Cite this article. Metrics details. Body mass bory BMI Optimal waist measurement more commonly used than waist circumference as a measure of adiposity in clinical and research settings. The purpose of this study was to compare the associations of BMI and waist circumference with cardiorespiratory fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed from estimated maximal O 2 uptake VO 2 maxas calculated from a maximal fitness test.