Ginseng for arthritis -
Many women experience vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes and night sweats during the perimenopausal period. However, the prevalence of such symptoms and the perception of their discomfort are influenced by several different factors, including ethnicity, biological environment, lifestyle, overall health, and socioeconomic status Obermeyer, There is evidence that the prevalence of menopausal symptoms is different in Asian women compared to that in Western women.
Asian women suffer less from vasomotor symptoms but more commonly report joint pain Mccarthy, ; Hilditch et al. Some observational studies have reported favorable effects of exogenous estrogen on joint pain Nevitt et al.
Based on such results, hormone therapy may help alleviate joint pain. However, many women use herbal remedies instead of hormone therapy because of concerns about possible adverse effects of long-term hormone therapy.
Ginseng root Panax ginseng C. Meyer has been widely used in East Asian traditional medicine to improve general health and treat various conditions.
Ginsenosides are the major constituent of ginseng root and exhibit a large variety of biological and pharmacological activities. Red ginseng RG is manufactured by steaming and drying fresh white ginseng WG and contains newly identified ginsenosides, which are believed to have more potent pharmacological activities than those of WG Kim et al.
Experimental studies have demonstrated that certain ginsenosides have the potential to be used as therapeutic agents in patients with osteoarthritis OA Cheng et al.
However, no clinical studies have investigated the effects of RG as an alternative therapy for OA symptoms in postmenopausal women. A previous study has shown that RG did not relieve the vasomotor symptoms but did reduce the Kupperman index and Menopause Rating Scale scores Kim et al.
In addition, RG was demonstrated to have antioxidant effects, which may be of some benefit in preventing the destruction of articular cartilage as a result of oxidative stress Seo et al. However, this study did not focus on whether RG can help relieve OA symptoms.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of RG on joint pain related to OA in postmenopausal women in various circumstances. In addition, we assessed the cartilage markers such as cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMP and C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide type II collagen CTXII , oxidative stress, and hormone levels before and after RG or placebo consumption.
This study recruited participants from among patients who visited the outpatient clinic of orthopedic surgery with the chief complaints of pain and edema of the hand and were diagnosed with degenerative OA by x-ray.
All the patients were asked if they were menopaused and only the patients who were confirmed to be menopaused were asked to enroll to the study.
Body measurements height, weight, body mass index BMI , blood pressure and lipid profiles were obtained for all the study participants. Patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic arthritis, or other orthopedic diseases such as rotator cuff tear, frozen shoulder, trauma, tenosynovitis, or peripheral neuritis were excluded because these diseases could affect the pain and function of the hand.
Patients with chronic anti-inflammatory analgesic use for more than 1 month for degenerative arthritis were also excluded. This study was a single-center, double-blind RCT. After the initial screening visit and examination, all participants were allocated to either the RG or placebo group in a ratio using a computer-generated random number sequence by Biostatistics Collaboration Unit BCU of Yonsei college of medicine.
The random number sequence was kept secret to both investigators and participants until the end of trial to both investigators and participants. The randomization table was devised and generated before clinical trials through SAS ®.
RG and placebo capsules were provided by the Korea Ginseng Corporation Daejeon, Korea for the trial. The company packaged the tablets with the label according to the randomization number and supplied them to the testing institution before the trial.
For double-blindness, the investigator provided the capsule with unique code consistent with the allocation number of the participants. The RG group received 1 g of RG three times daily while the placebo group received identically shaped capsules composed of Each RG capsule contained mg of RG.
The ginsenoside composition in the RG was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was cooled for 1 h at 80°C and centrifugation 3, rpm, 10 min was performed. The supernatant was taken. This process was repeated. The supernatant was vacuum-concentrated in a 50°C water tank using a rotary evaporator.
The concentrate was dissolved in 2 ml of distilled water filtered with a 0. It was analyzed by a validated method of high-performance liquid chromatography. According to the standard method required by Health Functional Food Acts of South Korea, HPLC analysis was performed with Halo ® RP-Amide column 4.
The flow rate was 0. It was found to contain Rg1 2. For the HPLC analysis, reference standard method was used. Regarding the precision of the HPLC, the results and statistical values of the three repeated tests by adjusting the amount of ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3s to 0.
The statistical values and recovery rates was presented in Table 2. The lower limits of detection LLOD and lower limits of quantification LLOQ of Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3s was presented in Table 3. All the other information about the HPLC analysis was presented in Supplementary Material. The pain score was obtained via self-report questionnaire.
The participants were asked to score the pain in certain circumstances according to Visual Analog Scale VAS at the baseline week 0 and final week 12 visits.
The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand DASH score was also assessed by a self-reported questionnaire Hudak et al. The questionnaire consists of 30 items among which 21 questions evaluate the difficulty of a specific task, 5 questions evaluate symptoms, and 4 questions evaluate social function, work function, sleep, and confidence.
The DASH score range is from 0 to , and the higher the score, the higher the upper limb disability. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and blood was drawn for laboratory testing at the baseline week 0 and final week 12 visits. Body weight and height were measured with the participants in light indoor clothing with InBody analyzer Inbody Co.
Blood samples were collected in sterile tubes from an antecubital vein and were centrifuged at g for 10 min. The serum samples were stored at Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed using various commercial kits. Serum superoxide dismutase SOD Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, United States was measured to assess antioxidative enzyme activity.
Malondialdehyde MDA was measured as an oxidative stress marker Cell Biolabs Inc. COMP Kamiya biomedical company, Tukwila, WA, United States and urinary CTXII UCSN Life Sciences, Inc. Data were analyzed by intention-to-treat analysis and expressed as mean ± SD.
Primary validation variables included those related to pain and function: the pain score in VAS and the DASH score. The secondary validation variables were cartilage damage index, antioxidant enzyme activity, and oxidative stress markers.
A paired t -test was used to compare the mean changes from baseline to 12 weeks within each group, and a Two sample t -test was used to compare the RG and placebo groups.
Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS This study was approved by the institutional review board of Severance Hospital IRB No.
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. kr ], Republic of Korea KCT A total of 52 participants were enrolled, with 26 participants randomly assigned to each study group Figure 1. There were three participants in the RG group and six in the placebo group who dropped out of the study and failed to attend the follow-up session.
Table 4 shows the baseline characteristics of the participants. There was no significant difference between the two groups in their age, height, weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pain scores at rest, daily activities, physical activity at work or sports, baseline DASH scores, and the laboratory variables such as SOD and MDA.
TABLE 4. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participating postmenopausal women. Table 5 shows the pain scores in various circumstances and DASH scores for both groups at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment.
TABLE 5. Pain score and disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand DASH scores at baseline and week Table 6 shows the change in antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress markers before and after the 12 weeks of treatment. TABLE 6. Antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress markers at baseline and week Table 7 shows the changes in estradiol level and endometrial thickness after the treatment.
TABLE 7. Serum estradiol levels and endometrial thickness at baseline and week Figure 2 shows the change in COMP serum level in each group after 12 weeks of treatment.
COMP is well accepted as a diagnostic as well as prognostic indicator of OA Tseng et al. Figure 3 presents the CTXII levels of the two groups after 12 weeks of treatment. CTXII is another marker of cartilage degradation. FIGURE 2. Change in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMP level after 12 weeks of treatment.
FIGURE 3. Corresponding author. Keywords: Panax ginseng , ginsenoside , anti-arthritic , cytokine , matrix metalloproteinase JOURNAL FREE ACCESS. Published: April 01, Received: August 25, Available on J-STAGE: April 10, Accepted: January 14, Advance online publication: - Revised: -.
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Korean Ginseng for Pain and Inflammation August 02, Posted by. Chinese vs. Korean Ginseng The Oriental ginsengs can be divided into Chinese ginseng and Korean ginseng. Korean Red Ginseng is the Most Potent Korean red ginseng or Red Panax ginseng is considered to be the most potent and most popular ginseng in the world.
Cheong Kwan Jang Brand Korean Red Ginseng With the above concerns in mind, consider taking a natural supplement to provide stimulant-free energy, as well as strengthen the immune system. Share Tweet Pin it Share Whatsapp Email. Previous Next. Back to Ginseng Blogs. What are the Health Benefits of Ginseng?
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Department of Oral Biology, Body density screening Center for Orofacial Ginseng for arthritis Tissue Regeneration, Oral Gniseng Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei Arrhritis College of Dentistry Department Ginseng for arthritis Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine, Yonsei University College of Dentistry. Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University. Vitrosys Incorporation. Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C. M EYERhas been used as a food product and medicinal ingredient. Ginseng Panax ginseng C. Meyer is a Gijseng Oriental herbal drug widely used Ginseng for arthritis East Asia. Its Body shape management active ingredients are ginsenosides arthrotis Ginseng for arthritis are known adthritis Ginseng for arthritis various Ginsdng activities such as anticancer, antinociception, and neuroprotection. The analgesic effects of ginsenosides, such as Rg1, Rg2, and Rb1, as well as compound K, are well known and the analgesic mechanism of action in inflammatory pain models is thought to be the down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression TNF-α IL-1β, and IL Several studies have also demonstrated that ginsenosides regulate neuropathic pain through the modulation of estrogen receptors.
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