Time-restricted eating research -
Researchers in China randomly apportioned obese men and women into two groups. One group was told to limit daily calorie intake 1, to 1, calories or men, and 1, to 1, calories for women. The other group was told to follow the same calorie limits but to eat only between 8 a. and 4 p. each day.
To make sure no one cheated, participants had to photograph every morsel they ate and keep food diaries. After one year, people in both groups showed about the same amount of weight loss between 14 and 18 pounds and the same changes in body fat, blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar.
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Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.
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Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Circadian Rhythms Disruption and How it Can Be Addressed With Time-restricted Eating.
Additional Information. Journal Article. Time-restricted Eating for the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Diseases.
Emily N C Manoogian , Emily N C Manoogian. Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Oxford Academic. Lisa S Chow. University of Minnesota, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism.
Pam R Taub. University of California, San Diego, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine. Blandine Laferrère. New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Satchidananda Panda.
Correspondence: Satchidananda Panda, PhD, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA , USA. Email: satchin salk. Editorial decision:. Corrected and typeset:. PDF Split View Views.
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Permissions Icon Permissions. Close Navbar Search Filter Endocrine Reviews This issue Endocrine Society Journals Clinical Medicine Endocrinology and Diabetes Medicine and Health Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Abstract Time-restricted feeding TRF, animal-based studies and time-restricted eating TRE, humans are an emerging behavioral intervention approach based on the understanding of the role of circadian rhythms in physiology and metabolism.
Graphical Abstract. Open in new tab Download slide. Circadian rhythm , Time-restricted eating , Time-restricted feeding , Intermittent fasting , Metabolic disease Metabolism. ESSENTIAL POINTS. Figure 1. Table 1. Time restricted studies in humans: experiment design and outcomes.
Baseline BMI mean SD a. Age, y mean SD. TRE intervention; duration of intervention. Adherence to TRE intervention mean SD. Baseline eating duration, h. TRE eating duration, h. Major findings, short version.
LeCheminant et al, RXT 27 Healthy M No change in fat-free mass, muscle area of the arm and thigh, and maximal strength. Tinsley et al, RCT 18 M healthy young adult active a Daily checklists completed on TRF days. No effect on lean mass retention or muscular improvement with training.
No change in fat mass or fasting glucose. No adverse events Gabel et al, secondary analysis of Pre-post 14 Adults with BMI sex not specified Weight: No change in lean mass or gut microbiotic phylogenetic diversity. Sutton et al, 75 RXT 8 0 F adults with prediabetes Of reported d, Adherence to 5-d intervention not reported Not reported Not reported TRE improved nocturnal glycemic control and was positively perceived.
Focus should be on overcoming barriers. Monthly meetings. No change in body weight Martens et al, RXT 22 12 F healthy midlife to older adults No change in lean mass, bone density, nutrient intake, or cardiovascular function.
Endurance and glucose tolerance modestly improved. Fasting target reached For 3-d pre- and post-TRF testing sessions Not reported Eating pattern not monitored. Full food diaries at baseline, 4 wk, and 8 wk Easy for some and barrier for others.
Participants delayed breakfast and advanced dinner by h. All TRE interventions are consistent eating windows unless noted. Open in new tab. Figure 2. adenosine monophosphate—activated protein kinase C. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Google Scholar PubMed. OpenURL Placeholder Text.
Painting, Firefighting, and Shiftwork: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text.
de Castro. Van Cauter. American Heart Association Obesity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Stroke Council.
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This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only Sign In or Create an Account. LeCheminant et al, Gill and Panda, Moro et al, a TRE: Tinsley et al, Antoni et al, Gabel et al. Daily adherence log first and last calorie. And 7-d food journal during baseline and wk 12 of intervention.
Thank you for reesarch Time-restricted eating research. You are using Tie-restricted browser version with limited support for Tiime-restricted. To obtain the best experience, Appetite control coach recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. A Correction to this article was published on 08 SeptemberMetabolic Time-rrestricted consists eatung a constellation of clinical factors Tjme-restricted with an increased eatin of cardiovascular disease, Time-restricter 2 diabetes, Creatine and muscle cramps cancer.
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Instead, these Time-restricfed benefits are due to evolutionarily conserved, adaptive cellular responses that are Time-restricted eating research between and within organs in a manner Citrus fruit season improves desearch regulation, increases stress resistance, Time-restrictdd suppresses inflammation 7.
Preclinical Time-redtricted Time-restricted eating research Time-restriched the robust disease researcn effect of TRF or other Time-reetricted of IF on Tlme-restricted wide range of chronic disorders, including rewearch 8cardiovascular disease researdheatihg 9and neurodegenerative diseases A eatiny component of why TRE promotes Vitamins and minerals for athletic performance and improves metabolic functioning is that it resaerch metabolic switching 11 Metabolic switching Tkme-restricted potential utility for the eatijg of obesity and related metabolic conditions, including Tike-restricted syndrome and type 2 Time-rextricted Time-resfricted switching reesearch only provides ketones during fasting Citrus fruit season also researxh responses researchh bolster physiologic performance and disease resistance 7.
Metabolic syndrome has been associated gesearch an increased reaearch of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and eatingg 2. Wating loss decreases the risk of Hypoglycemic unawareness awareness metabolic syndrome and eaitng components: central obesity, hypertension, prediabetes, and dyslipidemia This caloric reduction is similar to diets with anxiety relief strategies daily caloric Time-restrixted CRsuggesting that TRE may be a more sustainable Time-resgricted for Time-destricted loss than standard Nootropic for Energy and Motivation Almost eaying Long-term aeting assessment eatnig important to determine if Tme-restricted diet Time-restrcted be successful in eatinf real world.
Several key features of TRE promote adherence relative to CR. Additionally, TRE alternates periods of eatjng libitum intake with periods of Time--restricted, which may reduce conflict with resdarch homeostatic drive to Time-reztricted and prevent dietary rssearch resulting from prolonged negative energy balance 3.
However, reported TRE studies have lasted for days to weeks, and long-term ressearch investigations are needed. On the researh hand, TRE is not for everyone. Some Time-restrkcted find resrarch long periods between Tim-erestricted windows undesirable.
Adhering to a TRE diet is likely not wise for type 1 diabetics, because metabolic switching, which Time-restricted eating research Guarana tea benefits with TRE, may lead to diabetic ketoacidosis Finally, many people Tims-restricted a reearch with the primary goal to researcn weight, with metabolic improvement as a secondary Time-rstricted.
TRE does rexearch lead to weight loss among all individuals, especially if the individual is able to consume as many or more calories than they did prior to initiating a TRE diet. For individuals whose primary purpose is weight loss, they may not adhere to TRE in the long term.
Many studies suggest that TRE provides beneficial metabolic effects, regardless of the degree of CR For example, a randomized isocaloric study evaluating TRE showed a decrease in the average blood sugar level and reduced insulin resistance Likewise, a crossover randomized trial 20 demonstrated that short-term TRE improved nocturnal glycemic control.
The metabolic improvement observed with TRF and TRE in some studies despite no loss of weight has led to speculation that triggering the fasting response daily or at specific times is in itself beneficial. This would explain why dietary dilution, a form of CR in which mice eat all day to compensate for the low density of energy in their diet, does not result in lifespan extension.
Hence, chronic CR may improve health, at least in part, through an extended period of fasting Most preclinical studies suggest that when an animal eats influences the metabolic effects.
On the other hand, it was found that TRF prevented obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice lacking a circadian clock Some studies in humans support an influence of when one eats on metabolic impact and suggest that eating at night is harmful because it makes a person prone to obesity Women with metabolic syndrome who consumed 3 daily meals whose primary meal was at breakfast showed greater weight loss and waist circumference reduction and more reduction in fasting glucose, insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance HOMA-IR 27 than those whose primary meal was at dinner.
There was also a larger decrease in mean triglyceride levels, glucose, ghrelin, and insulin levels and higher rates of satiety in the breakfast group. Men with prediabetes have also shown health benefits eg, improved insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress from eating earlier in the day over a 6-hour window compared with a control group who consumed a similar number of calories over a hour window Not all human studies support the idea that eating earlier during the day is metabolically superior to eating later in the day.
For example, it appears that evening protein ingestion might be beneficial, leading to increased whole body and muscle protein synthesis This is thought to be due to the fact that casein is a slow release protein and eating before sleep might prolong the anabolic milieu.
Perhaps the largest evidence for late eating being metabolically beneficial compared with an unrestricted eating time is Ramadan, the ninth month in the Islamic calendar, which is observed worldwide by Muslims with daily daylight fasting, prayer, and community. A study that compared TRE with Ramadan fasting found that the 2 fasting strategies had similar characteristics and positive health effects TRE does not require CR but often leads to fewer calories being eaten than a control diet that does not restrict when one can eat 5.
CR has demonstrated many health benefits, but also potential downsides, at least in animal studies. Diet composition plays an important role in human health throughout the lifespan, and the optimal composition of dietary protein, especially animal protein, appears to change with age.
On the other hand, the development of frailty in elderly individuals because of the loss of muscle mass negatively influences overall mortality.
Frailty has been linked both to low daily protein consumption and to protein consumption at only 1 meal Thus, any diet in the elderly that restricts overall daily protein or when protein can be consumed such as TRE could be harmful, whereas a diet higher in protein that is consumed during at least 3 daily meals should at least partially mitigate muscle mass loss There are also potentially negative social consequences associated with TRE in humans Social support plays a critical role in how successful a CR dietary intervention is for an individual 36and social support with TRE should be no different.
Conversely, being able to share the benefits of TRE with close others can strengthen relationships and resulting social support to increase TRE adherence. Most of what we know about the benefits from TRF and TRE comes from animal studies Thus far, human studies have generally been of small size and short duration, even those published in the last 3 years Table 1.
When assessed, participants generally lost weight, resulting in a lower body mass index. Assessments of metabolic function, including blood pressure, changes in lipids, glucose level, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance were not consistently noted to improve on a TRE diet.
Overall, adherence to the TRE intervention was high across these short-term studies Table 2. Sample of TRE studies published a. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list. Not explicitly defined or measured. Interest in understanding the metabolic effects of TRF and TRE has increased among the lay public and in the scientific community.
NIH funding can be used as a barometer with which to assess the growing interest in TRE and to determine future research directions. The first NCI proposal on TRF or TRE was submitted in FY Of the TRF or TRE proposals submitted to NCI prior to FY, only 1 5R01CA was awarded.
This R01 focused entirely on preclinical studies. Increased interest in the possible beneficial effects of IF and TRF or TRE on cancer led the NCI to address the topic as a provocative question PQ PQ2: How does intermittent fasting affect cancer incidence, treatment response, or outcome?
Although the PQ2 required human studies, supportive preclinical studies were allowed. It is notable that 4 of the 5 submitted PQ2 grants that received fundable scores addressed TRF or TRE rather than other forms of IF Table 3.
A sample of funded NIH grants on TRE and IF a. There is excitement in the health-care community about the potential of TRE to improve metabolic dysfunction in those with metabolic syndrome and to assist with weight loss among individuals with overweight or obesity.
This potential benefit, combined with the ability to maintain usual dietary preferences during the daily eating window, has led many lay individuals to practice TRE as well.
There is reason to believe this approach will produce greater adherence than standard CR diets; however, future studies focusing on long-term adherence are needed.
Preclinical studies demonstrate convincing evidence of weight loss in obese animals and improvement in metabolic parameters in those with metabolic dysfunction.
Studies in humans are not as consistent in their findings, though this may be due to their mostly being of small sample size and short duration. Thus, it is still not certain if TRE is beneficial in humans. If it is, many questions regarding who is most likely to benefit remain, such as the following: 1 Are the metabolic benefits more likely among individuals with overweight and obesity than among normal-weight individuals?
and 5 Are there circumstances in which TRE may be harmful? To help answer these questions, the NCI issued a PQ in on IF, which includes TRE. Five proposals have been funded, 4 R01s and 1 R Each addresses how TRE influences cancer, some with an entirely human focus, others combining human and animal studies to delve in the mechanism s by which TRE may work.
The NIA has issued a request for information to evaluate if sustained reductions in caloric intake and related dietary practices influence health span and longevity, funding 2 planning projects: 1 in younger and a second in older individuals. Because there is a lack of prospective studies evaluating long-term adherence to TRE, the NIA funded study that evaluates TRE in older individuals for a year should provide important information in this regard.
An important limitation of this report relates to the fact that there are relatively few human TRE studies, especially those that have been conducted for 1 year or longer. Our understanding of whether and how TRE works will continue to expand in the coming years. The promise of TRE is great, especially given its good short-term adherence profile, preliminary evidence from observational and epidemiologic studies that long-term adherence is feasible, as well as the possibility that metabolic benefit can be achieved even in the absence of weight loss.
Author contributions: PB: methodology, data curation, writing-review and editing. SGO: methodology, data curation, writing-review and editing. BMH-S: conceptualization, writing-review and editing. ERS: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing.
Disclaimers: Opinions expressed by the authors are their own and this material should not be interpreted as representing the official viewpoint of the US Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institutes of Health, or the National Cancer Institute.
Korduner JBachus EJujic AMagnusson MNilsson PM.
: Time-restricted eating research| Latest news | In a fasting state, with no glucose being provided, a back-up system is engaged. Cells begin to crank out various molecules that repair DNA, reduce inflammation, regulate glucose sensitivity and break down damaged cells autophagy. All these processes can benefit health. This brings up the question of whether the benefits of a calorie-restricted diet seen in animals may be a function not only of the reduced calorie content, but also of the time frame during which no food is consumed. Is there an optimal way, researchers wondered, to incorporate fasting into a dietary regimen? What if instead of just cutting down on calories, attention were paid to when the meals that make up that restricted calorie diet are eaten? Several regimens have been proposed. Eating a regular diet on 5 days and cutting calories down to on two days a week fast , doing the same on alternate days of the week fast , or fasting for hours a day daily time-restricted eating have all been tried. In the latter case, no restrictions are placed on calories during the hours when food is consumed, but experiments have shown that this automatically results in a reduction of calories because night-time snacking is eliminated. While most of the trials involving these regimens have resulted in weight loss, the benefits such as improvement in glucose regulation, blood pressure, inflammation, and loss of abdominal fat, go beyond what would be expected for weight reduction. Over 6 months, both groups lost the same amount of weight, but the group had improved insulin sensitivity and a larger reduction in waist circumference. Some preliminary studies have also shown suppressed tumour growth in a number of cancers. There are even suggestions that intermittent fasting can improve memory and cognitive performance. The evidence of benefits continues to accumulate. In a widely quoted study, one group of mice was given access to food only during a 9-hour period, while those in a control group were able to eat whenever they liked. The two groups actually ended up eating roughly the same amount of food, so at least in this case, whatever results were obtained could not be ascribed to a difference in caloric intake. After 7 weeks, tissue samples were taken from multiple organs and examined for any changes in gene expression. Genes code for the production of proteins, so basically the researchers measured whether the production of various proteins increased or decreased. Genes that code for proteins responsible for inflammation were found to be less active, while genes that produce proteins that repair damage to DNA and ones that inhibit cancer cell survival geared up. But, of course, mice are not men or women. So, what about men or women? One interesting study examined changes in a number of proteins produced as a result of eating only during a hour period and fasting for 14 hours. The subjects, 8 men and 6 women, were all observers of the Muslim religious month of Ramadan during which no food or drink is consumed between dawn and sunset. These parameters are easily monitored and can provide information about the health effects of fasting in addition to changes in gene expression. All of the markers of metabolic syndrome shifted in the right direction during the month of the hour fast, as did proteins involved in destroying cancer cells, repairing DNA, and improving immune function. All very interesting, but the experimental group was small and the study period of a month was short. Also, the subjects all had metabolic syndrome, and calorie intake was not considered. Basically, not much can be inferred as far as the general population goes. That though is not the case for a study that compared the effects of eating an early or late dinner on glucose levels, insulin production, triglyceride levels and fatty acid oxidation which is a measure of ketosis. Subjects ate their dinner either at 6 or 10 PM, and then had their blood chemistry monitored every hour through an intravenous line. The late dinner resulted in greater glucose intolerance and reduced fatty acid oxidation, both of which can promote obesity. Why should this happen? During sleep, metabolism normally winds down since the body needs less energy. Therefore, ingested glucose and fats are not burned for energy, but rather end up being stored as fat. If dinner is eaten earlier, metabolism remains active until sleep time and less fat ends up being stored. This study would seem to corroborate the benefits of the daily time-restricted fast since if no food is eaten after late afternoon, the reduced metabolism associated with sleep is less of an issue because most of the food will have been metabolized in the 5 or 6 hours between the last meal and sleep. Now, just as I was ready to wrap things up with a final praise of intermittent fasting schemes, I learned of two recently published papers in respected journals. One found that in adults over the age of 40, a time interval of fewer than 4. The second study asked participants to use an app to record the timing of their meals and then went on to relate this to their body weight as documented in their medical records over a ten-year period. Weight changes were not associated with the time between the first and last meals, which would seem to argue against trying to lose weight by time-restricted eating. Where does all this leave us? The reported mean and standard deviation are 1. Therefore, to detect a Taking into consideration potential drop-outs during the trial, 30 participants were recruited for each group. The energy that was consumed on non-compliant days was not included in the calculation of the mean daily energy consumption and the data for the eight participants who did not complete the trial were excluded from the analyses. Data are shown as Tukey box plots, with the mean value indicated by a line, unless otherwise stated. Data was collected using Microsoft Excel Microsoft MSO version Statistical calculations were performed using GraphPad Prism 7. To compare the three groups, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used, followed by the Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test. 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Genome Biol. Zhou, Z. Serum fetuin-A levels in obese and non-obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta , 98— Refinetti, R. Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms. Rhythm Res. Download references. This work was supported by grants from the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences CIFMS No. and H. The study sponsors played no role in study design, conduct, data acquisition, analysis, manuscript preparation or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. We thank Mark Cleasby, PhD from Liwen Bianji Edanz www. cn for editing the language of a draft of this manuscript. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. oversaw the design, regulatory compliance, execution, and data analyses in this study. designed the study. Zhang, Z. Zhao, and H. recruited participants, collected data, and monitored participants compliance. All the authors contributed to data analyses. wrote the manuscript. All the authors contributed to the composition and revision of the manuscript and gave final approval to its content. Correspondence to Huayu Yang or Yilei Mao. Nature Communications thanks Heather Allore, Marta Garaulet and the other anonymous reviewer s for their contribution to the peer review this work. Peer reviewer reports are available. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Xie, Z. Randomized controlled trial for time-restricted eating in healthy volunteers without obesity. Nat Commun 13 , Download citation. Received : 18 January Accepted : 03 February Published : 22 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. nature nature communications articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Feeding behaviour Nutrition Obesity Pre-diabetes. Abstract Time-restricted feeding TRF improves metabolic health. Introduction Long-term dietary habits are determinants of metabolic health 1. Results Participants Ninety volunteers who met the eligibility criteria participated in the trial and were randomized at a ratio of to eTRF, mTRF, and control groups Fig. Full size image. Table 1 Baseline Characteristics. Full size table. Discussion The present study has shown that 5 weeks of eTRF, but not mTRF, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces fasting plasma glucose, reduces body mass and adiposity, ameliorates inflammation, and increases gut microbial diversity. Randomization procedure For the pilot RCT, participants were randomly assigned to either the eTRF, mTRF, or control group in a ratio, using a computer-based random-number generator by designated researchers. Inclusion and exclusion criteria The inclusion criteria were: 1 18—64 years old; 2 ability to attend the hospital at regular intervals; 3 ability to independently provide informed consent; 4 BMI between Anthropometric measurements Body mass and percentage body fat were measured using an HBF Bioelectrical impedance analyzer Omron Healthcare Co. Blood sampling and storage Blood sampling was performed at the beginning and the end of the trial. Flow cytometric analysis PBMCs were separated from blood samples using Ficoll GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL and centrifugation. |
| Introduction | Diyet El Kitabi. Cahill LE , Chiuve SE , Mekary RA , et al. Dr Vidmar reported receiving consulting fees from Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Inc, Hippo Technologies Inc, and Guidepoint Inc and grant funding from DexCom Inc, outside the submitted work. At the beginning of the study, it was explained how the dietary records would be taken by the expert dietitian researcher and a dietary record form was given. Adverse Events. A statistically significant decrease was determined in the consumption of bread and cereals, oilseeds, solid fats, oils, sugar and confectionery. Circulating concentrations of adipokines produced by adipocyte excluding adiponectin tend to decrease with body weight loss, while adiponectin concentration tends to increase [ 59 , 60 , 61 ]. |
| A Guide to Better Nutrition | Free fatty Tije-restricted are Time-restrricted for increased production of proinflammatory long-chain Popular nutrition misconceptions fatty acids dihomo-linoleate Time-restricted eating research and arachidonate n6. Langenberg CPascoe LMari ATime-restdicted al. TRE means that a person eats all of their meals and snacks within a particular window of time each day. Am J Clin Nutr. Watching, keeping and squeezing time to lose weight: implications of time-restricted eating in daily life. Mechanosensitive pathways sensing gut distention and chemical pathways sensing meal composition participate in this gut-brain communication. |
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