Reduce visceral adipose tissue -
Those who do store dangerous amounts of visceral fat can reduce their levels by making positive changes to their lifestyle. Changes include eating a nutritious, low-fat diet, increasing the amount of exercise, and lowering stress levels.
It is not possible to spot-reduce back fat. If you lead a sedentary life you risk building up large amounts of visceral fat in your body. WHAT IS VISCERAL FAT? Researchers say bariatric surgery can help with weight loss, but it can also help improve cognitive functions including memory.
Researchers say running can help with weight loss but only in the short term. This form of exercise does have other health benefits from maintaining…. Researchers people with diabetes who also have obesity or other weight issues can lower their risk of chronic kidney disease with regular moderate to….
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Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. What is the best way to get rid of visceral fat?
Medically reviewed by Daniel Bubnis, M. Fast facts on visceral fat: Excess visceral fat can cause serious health problems. Exercising for a minimum of 30 minutes each day will help to burn visceral fat. Having some body fat is perfectly healthy and normal.
Was this helpful? How is visceral fat rated? Share on Pinterest Measuring the waist may help to determine how much visceral fat a person is carrying. Risks and dangers of carrying visceral fat. How to get rid of visceral fat. Treatment of VAT with slurry, similar to subcutaneous adipose tissue 24 , did not induce any observable local or systemic side effects or lab chemistry abnormalities.
The safety of the slurry was confirmed by a recent human study in which slurry was safely injected into subcutaneous adipose tissue Although more studies are needed to investigate the safety of using slurry to target fat in other areas of the body such as visceral fat, the data from this study and the pre-existing human safety study for subcutaneous adipose tissue, make the translation of our technology to human patients for reducing VAT possibly attainable in near future.
We speculate that contraindications for using large volumes of injectable slurry could include chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure as slurry consists of a hypertonic solution.
Other contraindications are known history of cold sensitivity, cryoglyobulenima, and cold induced vasculitis. A limitation of our study was that we used a surgical approach to expose VAT for slurry treatments since we were working with small animal models that make injections of 10ml slurry challenging.
However, in patients, we envision the use of laparoscopy or image guidance to inject or infuse ice slurry directly into the intra-abdominal cavity to selectively target and reduce intra-abdominal VAT. We have previously shown that due to the presence of ice particles, slurry can easily be visualized using ultrasound 29 , Although ice slurry is a selective treatment, the safe placement of the needle into the abdominal VAT while avoiding any injury by the needle to important anatomic structures will require further testing and development.
In our future study, we plan to examine the feasibility of slurry injection in visceral fat under ultrasound guidance in large animal models. In this study we showed that the initial safety, feasibility and mechanism of ice slurry-induced cryolipolysis of VAT in rodents.
Although more studies will be needed in large animals to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of this approach, slurry could potentially serve as a novel method for safe and selective reduction of abdominal VAT in obese patients that cannot tolerate current obesity treatment methods.
All data are available in the main text or supplementary materials. RNA-Seq data have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus GEO with the accession number of GSE Accessed 2 Jan Fox, C. et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: Association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study.
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Download references. Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street-Thier 2, Boston, MA, , USA.
Sara Moradi Tuchayi, Yeva Khachatryan, Ying Wang, R. Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. Sara Moradi Tuchayi, Ying Wang, R. Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
contributed to study conception, design, and manuscript preparation. contributed to study conduct and data analysis.
All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Correspondence to Lilit Garibyan. RRA, and LG are inventors in patents related to this work, which are owned by the Massachusetts General Hospital.
RRA, LG, SMT, and YW hold equity in companies recently founded to develop and commercialize this technology. The company had no involvement in this study. The initial search resulted in 87 articles after removing duplicates. After screening on title, abstract and full-text 15 articles totalling subjects fulfilled the a priori inclusion criteria.
A subgroup analysis was performed based on gender, type of training and intensity. Aerobic training of moderate or high intensity has the highest potential to reduce visceral adipose tissue in overweight males and females.
These results suggest that an aerobic exercise program, without hypocaloric diet, can show beneficial effects to reduce visceral adipose tissue with more than 30 cm 2 on CT analysis in women and more than 40 cm 2 in men, even after 12 weeks.
Citation: Vissers D, Hens W, Taeymans J, Baeyens J-P, Poortmans J, Van Gaal L The Effect of Exercise on Visceral Adipose Tissue in Overweight Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
PLoS ONE 8 2 : e Received: October 2, ; Accepted: January 8, ; Published: February 8, Copyright: © Vissers et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions with rates of severe childhood obesity that have tripled in the last 25 years.
Adipose tissue is not only considered an energy storage organ but is now recognized as an endocrine and paracrine organ that plays an active role in energy homeostasis through the release of a large number of cytokines and bioactive mediators. In keeping with earlier findings that reported the need for a higher volume on RCT's on the influence of physical activity in abdominal fat [15] , in this review literature was screened to determine the effect of different exercise regimes without hypocaloric diet on visceral adipose tissue in overweight and obese adults.
The systematic literature search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA statement [16].
Any randomized RCT and non-randomized controlled trials non-RCT or clinical trials CT meeting the subsequent specifications were included. Trials were included if the mean age of participants males and females was older than 18 years adults, no upper age limit and if the mean BMI at baseline was above Studies with one or more cohorts participating in aerobic or resistance exercise physical activity were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis.
Study inclusion was limited to four discrete measurements of visceral adipose tissue: 1 Computerized Tomography CT scan , 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI , 3 dual energy x-ray absorptiometry DXA , and 4 Ultrasound US.
These tests were selected because of their documented validity and reliability for assessments as well as reported prevalence in the literature. Diet-only and supplementation-only studies or studies not meeting the inclusion criteria e.
physical activity intervention less than 8 weeks were excluded. If a study examined the effects on visceral adipose tissue in diet and exercise groups, only the data of the exercise intervention arm was included in the final analysis.
Databases that were systematically searched were Pubmed, SPORTDiscus, Pedro and Cochrane. Studies published in English, German, French and Dutch were included.
The date range was from to August Hand searching and screening for abstracts and citations from annual scientific conferences relating to exercise science were not performed.
The corresponding author of a study was contacted if needed to obtain any missing information or data. If authors could not be reached or if the data were no longer available, the trial was not included in the meta-analysis.
All citations identified by electronic databases were organized and the duplicates were deleted. Initially, two investigators independently screened the results from the electronic searches in order to select potentially relevant citations based on titles and abstracts.
Inter-reviewer disagreements about study eligibility were resolved through consensus. All studies selected at the first screening step were read and abstracted independently by three reviewers.
Differences between the reviewers were resolved by consensus or referred to the third reviewer if necessary. The following study characteristics were extracted from the articles: publication year, journal, study design, BMI, gender, type of intervention, study size, study duration, volume of physical activity, intensity of physical activity and change in VAT.
Missing information was requested from authors by email. The quality of each eligible study was assessed in duplicate. Disagreements were resolved by mediation, if necessary with input from a third investigator.
The Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies Mc Master University [16] was used for quality assessment, resulting in a maximum score of Only studies with a score of 8 or higher were included. A meta-analysis with a random-effects model specified a priori , accounting for possible heterogeneity between the studies, was used to examine the overall effect size of physical activity on visceral adipose tissue.
Effect sizes change in VAT of the uncontrolled and controlled studies were calculated as standardized mean differences and expressed as Hedge's g to correct for overestimating the true effect. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the influence of different co-variates, such as the intensity of physical activity, on the overall estimate of VAT change.
Meta regression was used to assess the possible influence of the duration expressed as weeks of intervention on the effect sizes of the 15 studies under investigation. The Cochran's Q statistic and I 2 were calculated to assess the degree of heterogeneity across studies.
For all analyses, P values less than 0. All calculations and plots were conducted using the CMA-2 software Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2 nd version, Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA. For purpose of clinical interpretation the overall estimate of a meta-analysis on a subgroup of five controlled studies which used the same measurement scale cm 2 was re-expressed in the original units following the guidelines as described in the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions [19].
Baseline data of the McTiernan study [20] was used to calculate a pooled standard deviation for the female and male experimental and control groups as well as for the combined gender groups. The initial search resulted in articles after removing duplicates.
After screening on title, abstract and full-text 15 articles totalling subjects in the exercise-only groups fulfilled the a priori set inclusion criteria Fig. Because all studies that used dual energy x-ray absorptiometry or ultrasound did not fulfill one or more inclusion criteria, all of the 15 included studies used CT scan or MRI to quantify VAT.
In five of the fifteen studies, the reviewers independently agreed on all the items. For the other studies the degree of disagreement ranged between 1 and 5 items mostly content validity related items.
Disagreement was solved by consensus in all cases. Data were extracted by a reviewer and presented in a spreadsheet to two other reviewers. The data were discussed until consensus was reached and analyzed in work meetings. All fifteen studies analyzed the effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue Table 1.
The results of these studies were analyzed using the random effects model because of the high heterogeneity between studies Fig 2. Through a funnel plot of standard error by Hedge's g , a graphic representation of heterogeneity was obtained Fig 3.
For the first subgroup analysis, the studies were divided in nine controlled and six uncontrolled trials Fig 4. In two studies where there were mixed samples of males and females, a lower overall decrease of VAT was observed. This analysis showed that a certain threshold of physical activity intensity should be reached to obtain a decrease in VAT.
The present systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to investigate the effect of exercise without diet on visceral adipose tissue specifically in overweight and obese adults, with subgroup analyses for gender and intensity.
All studies included in the meta-analysis used CT scan or MRI to assess VAT. There seems to be a strong association between visceral adipose tissue and increased risk for diseases such as cardiovascular disease [25] , [26] , type 2 diabetes [27] and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [28].
A Cochrane review [29] , states that a strong association exists between physical activity and improved cardiovascular disease risk factors, independent of weight reduction. Reduction of visceral adipose tissue may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of this association.
This meta-analysis showed that a decrease of visceral adipose tissue can be obtained by exercise without diet in people with overweight and obesity.
Aerobic exercise of moderate to vigorous intensity seems to have a greater effect on VAT than low intensity aerobic exercise or strength training.
This is in line with the findings of Ismael et al. The study of Ismael et al. included predominantly studies with overweight and obese participants, but also to some extent studies with normal weight participants. Differences between the present meta-analysis and the meta-analysis of Ismael et al.
are that the present meta-analysis 1 focused exclusively on overweight and obese individuals, 2 only included exercise-only intervention groups, 3 required a minimum of 8 weeks of exercise for inclusion, 4 presented results of subgroup analyses for gender and training intensity, 5 included studies published up to August and 6 re-expressed Hedge's g in cm 2 for clinical interpretation.
Despite the large heterogeneity between studies, demonstrated by the sensitivity analyses, an overall effect of physical activity was found in this meta-analysis.
Heterogeneity could possibly be explained by the diversity in study designs, training protocols and characteristics of subjects age, BMI, gender, randomization, As demonstrated by Okura et al. abdominal fat reduction in response to weight loss can be modified by obesity phenotype intra-abdominal versus abdominal subcutaneous fat storage.
Also ethnicity or race can play a role in obesity phenotype and more specifically in visceral adipose tissue storage [33] , [34] In this meta-analysis most studies had Caucasian or Asian participants.
A subgroup analysis revealed no significant difference in reduction of VAT between these 2 groups results not shown. In the studies of McTiernan et al. This is in contrast with the findings of Friedenreich et al.
The totally or partially self reported adherence to the exercise programs using activity diaries in the McTiernan et al. In the subgroup analysis for training intensity, only the studies with an aerobic exercise-only protocol were included.
The results showed that there seems to be a threshold for intensity in order to have an effect on the reduction of VAT. Although both absolute and relative i.
Also an association between cardiorespiratory fitness and diminished abdominal adiposity has been described [42] and between the amount of physical activity and the risk for metabolic syndrome [43]. However, the direct association between exercise intensity and reduction in visceral fat has not been investigated as a primary goal extensively.
Gutin et al. The study of Irving et al. There were an equal number of male and female studies. Only two mixed gender studies Coker et al.
Excessive visceral adipose tissue appears to trigger a cascade of metabolic disturbances yissue seem Caffeine and liver health coexist rreduce ectopic vicseral storage in muscle, liver, heart and viscreal ß-cell. Adipoae, reduce visceral adipose tissue reduction of visceral adipose tissue potentially reduce visceral adipose tissue a pivotal role in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to describe the overall effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue and to provide an overview of the effect of different exercise regimes, without caloric restriction, on visceral adipose tissue in obese persons. A systematic literature search was performed according to the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The initial search resulted in 87 articles after removing duplicates.
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