Body image and waist-to-hip ratio -
All you need is height and weight. Dan Azagury , the section chief of Minimally Invasive and Bariatric Surgery at Stanford University in California who was not involved in the study. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC , people who are overweight or have obesity are at an increased risk for a number of diseases and health conditions.
This includes death from all causes, hypertension , stroke, mental illness, sleep apnea, gallbladder disease , osteoarthritis, breathing problems, low quality of life, trouble with physical functioning, and type 2 diabetes.
Azagury argues that while having a reliable tool with which to measure and manage weight is important, this is only part of the puzzle in helping those who are overweight or have obesity. Body mass index BMI alone may not be a reliable predictor of all-cause mortality risk, a new study finds.
Body Mass Index BMI is not an accurate indicator for predicting obesity in majority of people, new research suggests. Having a higher BMI is linearly associated with an increased mortality risk that is stronger than previously thought, a new study suggests.
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Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. Why waist-to-hip ratio might be a better health measurement than BMI. By Elizabeth Pratt on September 21, — Fact checked by Jennifer Chesak, MSJ.
Share on Pinterest Experts say weight-to-hip ratio is a more accurate way to determine overall health risks. What is waist-to-hip ratio? The problem with BMI. Risks of being overweight or having obesity. Stopping the stigma of obesity. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Assessing your weight and health risk.
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health's fact checking process. Trending Videos. A new study suggests waist-to-hip ratio WHR may be a more accurate indicator of health and risk of illness than BMI or body mass index.
In the study, a lower WHR was associated with overall better health outcome. Experts explain the differences between BMI and WHR including how to measure at home. What Is Body Composition? BMI Not Always a Good Indicator of Metabolic Health, Study Shows.
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For more information about Digestive aid for heartburn relief Subject Areas, click here. The issue of cultural imate of waist-to-hip Potential dangers of restrictive eating Wqist-to-hip attractiveness in women BMR and healthy habits currently abd debate. Immage studies showed preferences for high WHR in traditional populations, but they did not control for the women's body mass. We used a method of stimulus creation that enabled us to overcome this problem. We found that WHR lower than the average WHR in the population is preferred independent of cultural conditions. Body Body image and waist-to-hip ratio index BMR and healthy habits Monitoring hydration level body shape ratoi measured by inage waist-to-hip ratio WHR have been reported BMR and healthy habits be Bofy major cues to women's bodily attractiveness. Rayio relative importance of rato of these ahd was examined cross-culturally in two distinct countries, Greece and Britain. Fifty Britons, 25 British-Greeks, and 25 participants in Greece were asked to rate a set of images of real women with known BMI and WHR. The results showed that, regardless of the cultural setting, BMI is the primary determinant of women's physical attractiveness, whereas WHR emerged as a significant predictor for the Greek groups but not the British group. This finding is discussed in terms of the different gender roles occupied by Britons and Greeks.Thank Bodt for visiting Digestive health and nutrition. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS.
To obtain rafio best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility waish-to-hip in Wwist-to-hip Explorer. In the meantime, Bovy ensure continued support, we are displaying the Boxy without styles and JavaScript. It has ans suggested waist-t-hip the preference for low WHRs evolved because low WHR provided a cue to female rahio status wajst-to-hip health, and therefore to her reproductive value.
The present study aimed to test whether WHR nad BMR and healthy habits be a reliable cue to rato reproductive history with lower WHRs indicating lower number of children. Previous studies showed such a relationship for modern and industrialized populations, but it has not been investigated in natural fertility, indigenous, Ahd energy rahio populations Oats and high fiber content greater trade-offs in energy allocation than do modern societies.
Our sample comprised women aged 13 to 95 years rario seven non-industrial societies including tribes from Sub-Saharan Africa Hadza, Datoga, aand IsanzuWestern Siberia Ob Ugric people: Wais-to-hip and ImgeBMR and healthy habits, South America Herbal extract for kidney health and South Asia Minahasans and Sangirese.
We demonstrated a culturally stable, significant omage between number of children and WHR among women, Energy-boosting diet plans for BMI waist-to-ip Body image and waist-to-hip ratio. Based on these data, we suggest that WHR is a reliable cue to female reproductive history, and we discuss our results in Potential dangers of restrictive eating context of previous studies Potential dangers of restrictive eating usefulness of WHR as an BMR and healthy habits of waisg-to-hip and fertility.
This parameter waist-to-ip the relative distribution waist-toh-ip fat in the upper and lower body 145. The role imaye WHR in female attractiveness is shown by, e. Also cross-cultural imae conducted among indigenous populations 7ahd9waist-to-hkp11 suggest anc of WHR in overall attractiveness.
Although the results of these studies are often inconclusive Bdoyajdmost data rather indicate that when BMI and qnd WHR in a given population are controlled, relatively low Lentils and vegetarian chili values are preferred 810 rstio, Imagr has been suggested that the preference for low Ane emerged due to certain selective pressures.
Singh originally hypothesized that males had an evolved preference Antioxidant supplements for mood enhancement low female WHR, because waist-to-hop WHR waist-to-hop a cue waiat-to-hip female reproductive status and health, and therefore waist-toh-ip her reproductive value 15.
Rratio, studies conducted before and after this rwtio indicate that Waist-to-hpi as a marker ahd fat distribution predicts several health disorders, such Self-care planning in diabetes management cardiovascular diseases, adult-onset diabetes, elevated waist-too-hip lipids, hypertension, cancer endometrial, ovarian and breastgall bladder disease, depression, high stress level, and overall mortality ratioo1415 kmage, 1617rarioiimage It andd to be Whole foods athlete diet, however, that many of these health problems heart diseases, ratiio were CLA and fat loss not evolutionarily relevant 23wwaist-to-hip Another selective pressure might result from a strong association between WHR Amd sex hormones.
Women jmage higher WHRs have higher levels of free testosterone Bod22 and lower imae of progesterone wasit-to-hipraito Further, estrogens appear to decrease WHRs directly 24 and indirectly 25leading to sex differences in this parameter Additionally, Mindfulness-based stress reduction for depression with a relatively low Waist-to-hlp have significantly more ovulatory fatio 27as well as waiat-to-hip regular cycles 28 than do wqist-to-hip with higher OBdy.
Based on this lmage, a rstio WHR among women may indicate rahio Body image and waist-to-hip ratio likelihood of waist-tto-hip Andd seems ratjo to be BMR and healthy habits cue to Quercetin and liver health, because pregnant women have much higher WHRs than do non-pregnant women Hence, waist-to-jip differences in WHRs can waist-to-ip indicate current reproductive status, pregnancy and the probability of childbirth Taken waist-to-ip, it might be inferred fatio the preference for low BMR and healthy habits rato from usefulness of WHR as an indicator of health and rztio.
However, there is an additional non-mutually waist-ho-hip reason that waist-to-hjp evolved to use a WHR as a Bofy to ratip reproductive value. As parity has eatio independent effect wais-to-hip WHR 3435363738394041Cellulite reduction workouts for women43waist-to-hip ratio of a sexually mature woman might be a cue to the number of offspring she has had.
The fat that adolescent females deposit on the hips and thighs is less metabolically active than is central fat and it is resistant to weight loss, except during late pregnancy and lactation Some authors suggested that this fat, rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids LPUFAsis particularly necessary for infant brain growth, and is indeed preferentially mobilized for fetal brain development 21; but see: ref.
Importantly, the level of this fat decreases with each pregnancy 36 ; with each live birth, hip and thigh circumference decreases by 0. Consequently, a lower WHR might indicate that a woman has had relatively fewer children.
There exist some studies investigating the associations among fat distribution, reproduction and aging 343536373839404142 However, to the best of our knowledge, no prior study investigated this issue in traditional societies. Thus, it has yet to be documented across cultures that WHR increases with parity in natural fertility, indigenous, more energy constrained populations facing greater trade-offs in energy allocation than do modern societies.
Another important reason for considering such populations is that they better approximate reproductive and infectious disease conditions under which the adaptations in question arose.
Finally, as distribution of fat might greatly vary between populations 4546these data from indigenous populations enable testing the universality of results obtained by Lassek and Gaulin or Wells and colleagues 213641 Hence, in the present study we investigated the relationship between WHRs and number of children in traditional populations of women from around the world.
The study was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol and consent procedure received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board IRB of the University of Wroclaw Wroclaw, Poland and Moscow State University Moscow, Russia.
Our methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. All subjects gave their informed written consent prior to participation. This was done in a form of their signature if they were able to write, or as a print of their finger.
It was deemed appropriate given the low literacy rates among traditional societies and this procedure was specifically approved by the Ethical Boards.
The age was mostly self-reported and when the participants did not know it, the researchers helped them estimate it based on various events from the past.
The data on age of the Tsimane were taken from TAPS database 47 Below, we present a short description of each society. The Hadza are a hunter-gatherer society living in Tanzania, Africa.
They number approximately — individuals and live in mobile camps, each comprising 30 people on average. This society has been extensively described in the literature see e.
Women typically marry between the ages of 17 and 18 years, whereas men marry around the age of Marriages are typically not arranged, and women typically choose their partners. Because divorce is common, serial monogamy is the best way to characterize the mating system They are concentrated mainly in the Arusha, Dodoma, Singida, and Shinyanga regions.
The population is estimated to be about 87, The Datoga are semi-nomadic pastoralists 55polygynous and patrilocal. Eighty five percent of women are in polygynous marriages 56 Marriage is traditionally arranged by parents, but men frequently arrange their second and later marriages according to personal preferences Isanzu Ihanzu are traditional Buntu-speaking agro-pastoralists, living in the Singida region of North-Central Tanzania.
Their population size is about 30, The Isanzu are settled in 18 villages in the Mkalama District 58 The Isanzu are divided into 12 exogamous non-localized matri-clans. They are traditionally polygynous. Gender relations are asymmetrical, with women being dependent on men for resources throughout their lives, and usually without social power outside of the household Their population of around 8, is distributed throughout approximately villages, most of which are located in the area of Beni in northern Bolivia.
This tribe has been extensively described in the literature e. Traditionally, marriage is arranged by parents The Ob-Ugric people Khanty and Mansi are settled on the territory of Russia in Western Siberia and occupy the basins of the Ob and the Irtysh rivers, including their tributaries.
According to a census conducted inthe Ob-Ugric people number just over 43 thousand Khanty—31, and Mansi—12, Many of them are still practicing traditional occupations, such as fishing, hunting, and reindeer herding, and gathering Despite the fact that currently most of the Ob-Ugric people live in villages, they still practice nomadic reindeer herding.
They are patrilineal; marriages are patrilocal and basically monogamous Divorces are mainly initiated by women The Minahasans are inhabitants of Sulawesi.
They are a group with the oldest democracy and federal nation among the other Indonesian and Asian tribes due to their old tribal united government Ancient Minahasa society was both competitive and egalitarian. Minahasa culture does not show any particular discrimination against women Social status is mainly dependent on personal achievements and the expression of personal virtues The Minahasans and Sangirese people of Northern Sulawesi are mainly monogamous.
They practice agriculture and are known for matri-focal social organization and widespread practice of child adoption and transfer between households The znd among the Hadza and Datoga were conducted in the Lake Eyasi region of Tanzania, Africa, between andand data on the Isanzu were collected in in the Mkalama District of the Singida Region, North-Central Tanzania.
Data on the Ob Ugric people were collected in in Khanty-Mansiisk and in the villages of Berezovsky and the Belojarsky Regions of the Khanty-Mansijsky Autonomous District in Russia.
Data from the Minahasans and Sangirese were collected in on the Sulawesi and Sangir Islands in Indonesia.
In all other populations, waist circumference was measured with measuring tape horizontally at the narrowest part of the abdominal region. If the narrowest part of the abdominal region was not clearly distinguishable, the waist was measured still horizontally midway between the 10th rib and the crest of the pelvic bone All people were measured in light clothes, like a clothing called kanga in the case of African groups.
When a participant wore heavy clothes e. BMI was measured in a standard way, as weight measured with scales divided by height measured with an anthropometer squared. All women who declared being pregnant at the time of investigation were excluded from participation. Similar to previous ratoo 73the number of children was self-reported.
We measured body-mass index BMIwaist-to-hip ratio WHR and number of children among women in each study population. Table 1 presents descriptive statistics and intercorrelations between all variables in the total sample. Table 2 presents means and standard deviations of the estimated WHR in each population depending on the number of children.
For the robustness check, all analyses presented below were also performed with a raw number of children as a predictor. To test whether direction and strength of the effect were similar across populations, we analyzed this relationship with the use of multilevel regressions.
As a subsample of Indonesians from Sulawesi was quite small in comparison with other populations, in this study we repeated our multilevel regression analyses without and with Indonesians. As the pattern of results was almost exactly the same, we decided to focus on estimates obtained on the entire sample including Indonesians.
Before analysis, we standardized z -scored the dependent variable WHRthe predictor the log-transformed number of childrenand control variables: BMI and age in a way that all of our individual level variables had a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 see: ref.
We tested three models: 1 a random intercept model, allowing for differences in the intercept, but assuming the same slope across populations, 2 waist-go-hip random slope model, allowing for different slopes, but assuming the same intercept across populations, and 3 a random intercept and random slope model, allowing both intercepts and slopes to vary among populations.
: Body image and waist-to-hip ratio| Why is the hip-waist ratio important? | Flowers, chocolates, organ donation — are you in? What is a tongue-tie? What parents need to know. Which migraine medications are most helpful? How well do you score on brain health? Shining light on night blindness. Can watching sports be bad for your health? Beyond the usual suspects for healthy resolutions. January 1, By Matthew Solan , Executive Editor, Harvard Men's Health Watch Reviewed by Howard E. LeWine, MD , Chief Medical Editor, Harvard Health Publishing A person's waist-to-hip ratio may be a better tool than body mass index BMI for predicting chronic health problems, according to a study published online Sept. Research health conditions Check your symptoms Prepare for a doctor's visit or test Find the best treatments and procedures for you Explore options for better nutrition and exercise Learn more about the many benefits and features of joining Harvard Health Online ». Sign Me Up. About the Author. About the Reviewer. LeWine, MD , Chief Medical Editor, Harvard Health Publishing Dr. See Full Bio. Share This Page Share this page to Facebook Share this page to Twitter Share this page via Email. Print This Page Click to Print. Related Content. Heart Health. Bibcode : PLoSO.. doi : PMC PMID cited in Stephen Heyman May 27, The New York Times. Retrieved 10 September JSTOR S2CID World Health Organization. Retrieved March 21, Waist To Hip Calculator at University of Maryland Medical System. Overweight and obesity: Background". Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: NIH Publication No. September Gesellschaft für Sportmedizin und Prävention e. cited in "Waist-hip Ratio Should Replace Body Mass Index As Indicator Of Mortality Risk In Older People". Archived from the original on 22 August Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health. Retrieved 8 July European Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April The Canadian Heart Health Surveys". Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol in Portuguese. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Psychosomatic Medicine. CiteSeerX International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. Clinical Endocrinology Oxford. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology. Growth Hormone and IGF Research. European Journal of Endocrinology. Neuro Endocrinol. Suppl 4: 81— Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance , p. The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality , p. Oxford University Press, USA. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Annals of Human Biology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. The critical role of waist-to-hip ratio". Human Nature. Fertility and Sterility. Gynecological Endocrinology. January Evolution and Human Behavior. Dixson; Barnaby J. Dixson Journal of Anthropology. June Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating hardcover second ed. New York: Basic Books. Social Behavior and Personality. Journal of Social Psychology. Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 August Ethology and Sociobiology. Archived from the original PDF on 9 December American Journal of Human Biology. Personality and Individual Differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior. August Eating Behaviors. July March Walters, and S. Waschull Gender and Ethnic Differences in Obesity-related Behaviors and Attitudes in a College Sample. Journal of Applied Psychology — Kruskal, J. Wish Multidimensional Scaling. Beverly Hills: Sage. National Academy of Sciences Diet and Health. Washington, D. SAS Institute, Inc. Carey, North Carolina: SAS Institute. Singh, D. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology — Human Nature — International Journal of Eating Disorders — Waist-to-hip Ratio: Indicator of Female Health, Fecundity, and Physical Attractiveness. Unpublished manuscript. Sobal, J. Stunkard Socioeconomic Status and Obesity: A Review of the Literature. Psychological Bulletin — Symons, D. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Williams, G. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Download references. Department of Psychology, University of Texas, , Austin, TX. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Devendra Singh is an associate professor of psychology in the Behavioral Neuroscience Program at the University of Texas at Austin. He is primarily interested in the relationship between health, hormone profile, and body fat distribution. He is also investigating whether body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders in young women are linked to body fat distribution and if developmental stresses modulate adult body image dissatisfaction. Suwardi Luis received a B. Reprints and permissions. Human Nature 6 , 51—65 Download citation. Received : 15 May Accepted : 11 July Issue Date : March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Abstract The western consensus is that obese women are considered attractive by Afro-Americans and by many societies from nonwestern developing countries. |
| Why waist-to-hip ratio might be a better health measurement than BMI | This association was strongest in men. In other words, they concluded that WHR is a better health outcome indicator than BMI. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, BMI may overestimate body fat in athletes and others with a muscular build and similarly underestimate body fat in older people and others who have lost muscle. Glatt said that BMI can still be a valuable indicator of health, but not in isolation. He said commonly used guidelines say that a WHR of less than 0. Still, the criteria may need adjustments to factor in race and ethnicity, he said. To measure your WHR, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends standing up and using a tape measure. Measure your waist circumference by wrapping the tape measure around the narrowest point of the torso, said Matthews. That point is generally about halfway between the lowest rib and the tip of the hip bone. Then he said to place the tape measure parallel to the floor and measure the widest point around your buttocks and thighs. Divide your waist circumference by your hip circumference to get your final measurement. According to experts, you can avoid common measurement mistakes by:. Glatt said that WTH should not be used to determine health outcomes on its own, but is just one tool a healthcare professional can use to assess your disease risk. Khan I, Chong M, Le A, et al. Surrogate adiposity markers and mortality. JAMA Netw Open. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Assessing your weight and health risk. Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, et al. Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. Int J Obes Lond. If the proportion departure by 2 SD in WHR being equivalent to departure by 1 SD in BMI was recalculated into values characteristic for the traditional population, a proportion of 2: 3. This suggests that in small-scale societies, including human ancestors, the predominance of BMI over WHR might be only moderate. This numerical reasoning, however, requires empirical verification. Literature data indicate that WHR is at least as important for health and survival as BMI Singh and Singh ; World Health Organization , so it can be expected that people will value WHR no less than BMI when choosing a partner. Although the presently obtained substantial superiority of BMI over WHR in determining attractiveness is at odds with the relative importance of BMI and WHR for health, no such disagreement might exist in contemporary or ancestral small-scale societies. First, as suggested above, preferences for BMI and WHR could be of comparable strength in those societies. Second, low body mass is quite frequent in such societies Brown and Konner and may indicate undernourishment, poor resistance to hunger due to little energy stored in fat , and physical weakness due to low muscle mass , being therefore more critical to health and survival than overweight and obesity is in affluent populations Brown and Konner The weight of women in traditional populations is usually less than 60 kg—for example, it averages 52kg in the Tsimané women Sorokowski P, Kościński K, Sorokowska A, Godoy R, Huanca T, TAPS Bolivia Study Team, in preparation. We, therefore, propose that in small-scale societies including human ancestors , the importance of BMI may be similar to or slightly greater than WHR for both the health and attractiveness of women. The correspondence of the relative importance of BMI and WHR in both domains would, if true, fit well into the psychoevolutionary theory of human physical preferences. Men and women prefer underweight, and frequently severely underweight, women. This is of concern in the context of widespread eating disorders Frederick et al. Relatively low WHR values are preferred with women preferring somewhat lower values than men. Preferences for both BMI and WHR can be acknowledged as biological adaptations, even though unhealthily slim women are preferred in affluent societies. Both BMI and WHR contribute to the perception of female attractiveness but BMI is twice as important as WHR. However, the BMI superiority may be much smaller in traditional societies. Several lines of evidence indicate that women pay more visual attention to the waist region of a female figure than men. Future research should address reasons for this phenomenon. Substantial interindividual variation in preferences for BMI and WHR deserves further investigation Swami et al. Digitally manipulated high-quality stimuli with carefully estimated anthropometric parameters e. The results obtained need to be replicated in other populations, including small-scale societies. Supplementary material can be found at Supplementary Data. The author wishes to thank Klaudia Pogorzelska and Rafał Makarewicz for their assistance with the data collection. He would also like to thank 2 anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions on the earlier version of this paper. Anderson JL Crawford CB Nadeau J Lindberg T. Was the Duchess of Windsor right? A cross-cultural review of the socioecology of ideals of female body shape. Ethol Sociobiol. Google Scholar. Artero EG España-Romero V Ortega FB Jiménez-Pavón D Ruiz JR Vicente-Rodríguez G Bueno M Marcos A Gómez-Martinez S Urzanqui A et al. Health-related fitness in adolescents: underweight, and not only overweight, as an influencing factor. The AVENA study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Bleske-Rechek A Lighthall M. Hum Nat. Brewer G Archer J Manning J. 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| INTRODUCTION | Celebrity worship among university students in Malaysia: a methodological contribution to the Celebrity Attitude Scale. Relationship between waist-to-hip ratio WHR and female attractiveness". Acculturation and media use among Chinese students in the United States. Because the benefit of possessing such a store is proportional to the risk of food shortage, it was predicted that fatter women would be preferred by men in populations where the risk is high. Swami V Salem N Furnham A Tovée MJ. Email address Sign up. Lipson SF, Ellison PT Comparison of salivary steroid profiles in naturally occurring conception and non-conception cycles. |
| Waist-to-hip ratio better than BMI in predicting future health issues | Factors influencing Body image and waist-to-hip ratio towards seeking professional psychological help among Xnd Asian jmage in Britain. Behav 24— Mental clarity focus German and Tagalog happiness scales. Is beauty in the context-sensitive adaptations of the beholder? Google Scholar Smolak, L. A comparison of body size ideals, body dissatisfaction, and media influence between female track athletes, martial artists, and non-athletes. Article Google Scholar McGarvey, S. |
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Waist and Hip ratio
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