Oxidative stress and disease -
Preclinical studies also report that antioxidants have contributed to the expansion of tumor processes in animal models. A well-known case is that of vitamin A, for which the administration of high doses in supplements has been associated with an increased risk of cancer.
Vitamin A can be obtained preformed from animal sources or plant products, derived from β-carotene. β-Carotene is an orange pigment found in fruits and vegetables carrots, sweet potatoes, mangoes, apricots , and in the body it is converted to vitamin A. A normal intake has a beneficial effect against the risk of cancer.
However, studies have shown a correlation between the administration of β-carotene supplements and the risk of bladder cancer, as well as the risk of lung cancer in smokers Lin et al. In another study, the administration of α-tocopherol and β-carotene for lung cancer did not change the incidence of lung cancer.
However, α-tocopherol supplements have been shown to be effective in prostate cancer whose incidence is reduced Goodman et al. A trial evaluated the effectiveness of long-term supplementation with vitamin E and vitamin C in the risk of developing cancer.
One of the findings of the study was that these types of supplements do not reduce the risk of prostate cancer or the overall risk of cancer in men of middle age or older. No significant results were obtained regarding the risk of colorectal or lung cancer Gaziano et al.
Vitamin E and C supplements showed poor results in many studies. There was a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, but no significant effect was observed on overall mortality. The authors concluded that vitamin E supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease among healthy women is not justified.
Moreover, cancer mortality is not significantly influenced by vitamin E supplementation Lee et al. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT which included over 35, men over the age of 50, showed that selenium and vitamin E supplements do not prevent prostate cancer.
This article summarizes the evidence from a large number of meta-analyzes covering the pathophysiological impact of antioxidants on the most common chronic diseases. The main criticism of the review is that the data were extracted from meta-analyzes and not from individual studies, but this can be considered an advantage because meta-analyzes provide the highest degree of evidence.
In the case of antioxidants, studies show that more does not necessarily mean better. Consuming superfoods does not compensate for other unhealthy eating habits or an unbalanced lifestyle.
Free radicals, as well as antioxidants, can have beneficial effects on the body. Therefore, we are talking about a balance and not a negative role attributed to free radicals and a positive one to antioxidants.
Degradation of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or other cellular components are among the effects that an excessive concentration of free radicals can generate. Risk factors leading to free radicals include air pollution, ionizing radiation, prolonged exercise, infections, excessive consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids Poprac et al.
On the other hand, antioxidants are considered to be the solution to these problems — substances that neutralize free radicals.
In some situations, some substances act as antioxidants, in other situations they become prooxidants, depending on the chemical composition of the environment in which they are.
There are many types of antioxidants, and the role in the body and the mechanisms by which they act are different. One misconception is that one antioxidant can be replaced with another, having the same effect. In fact, each has its own unique biological properties Chen X. There is also a significant difference between taking antioxidants from food and administering an isolated substance as a supplement.
Many substances that demonstrate beneficial effects in the laboratory do not work when introduced into the human body. Many antioxidants do not have good bioavailability. The concentration of antioxidants such as polyphenols is sometimes so low in the blood that no significant effect is observed Fernández-García et al.
Fruits and vegetables contain bioactive substances that in many cases do not work as antioxidants if we consider them outside of the body.
But they work as antioxidants when they are in the body, because they activate their own antioxidant mechanisms. These bioactive substances are the secret behind vegetable consumption Kurutas, Antioxidant supplements may have different health benefits.
On the one hand, it is possible that other substances present in food are responsible for the positive effects on health, not necessarily a certain type of antioxidant, but the synergistic effect of several substances. On the other hand, the chemical structure of antioxidants in food is often different from that identified in supplements.
An example is vitamin E. There are eight variants of vitamin E in the foods we eat, while the supplements used in most studies contain only one form Firuzi et al. Studies also frequently include healthy people, for whom oxidative stress on the body is not significant to determine a risk of disease.
Antioxidants can benefit certain categories of patients in whom there is a real, documented imbalance, but it may not bring anything extra for a person who gets a sufficient amount of nutrients from their diet. Observational studies analyze the trends, or habits of certain large population groups.
In many, all the risk factors that could influence the course of the study can be controlled, and demonstrating a cause-effect relationship is difficult.
We also cannot rely on small studies, carried out over a short period of time and using very concentrated substances extracted from different plant or animal products, to say that we have a superfood. Nutrition is a complex science, and at the moment we can only rely on the evidence accumulated so far.
A food rich in antioxidants will not compensate for an unhealthy lifestyle. Oxidative stress can be reduced by approaching a balanced lifestyle. Nutrition plays a critical role, and the best treatment against oxidative stress is antioxidants.
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of potentially severe conditions. In the long term, increasing the level of prooxidant factors can cause structural defects in mitochondrial DNA and alterations in enzymatic functionality or cellular structures, with the appearance of functional, structural abnormalities or aberrations in gene expression.
It has also been shown that in addition to metabolic products, other external agents can have a prooxidant effect, which has led to the conclusion that lifestyle and diet can play an important role in controlling oxidative stress.
Plant-derived bioactive molecules have gained pivotal attention in recent years, given their therapeutic relevance in both disease prevention and treatment, whether using the whole plants, plant extracts or even the isolated constituents with full phytochemical profiles.
The daily intake of a wide variety of phytochemicals has shown to be chemopreventive. It might hold promise for add-on treatment for several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders.
Larger randomized trials are needed to obtain clear scientific evidence on the benefits or risks of antioxidant supplementation during cancer treatment.
Antioxidants are also prone to oxidation, and therefore their use as foods or supplements should be carefully considered because oxidation and reduction reactions do not happen in isolation. The intake of high doses of antioxidants has been increasingly highlighted since there is increasing evidence of some detrimental effects.
The study of their chemical components as future prophylactic and therapeutic agents would be of particular interest, as they are more effective and safer than those widely available.
In conclusion, oxidative stress is an important pathogenetic link for humans and studies in this field may be important elements in the future, to better understand and manage various diseases. JS-R and MS-R contributed to the conceptualization. NA, PZ, EV, and LD contributed to the validation investigation.
EP, JR, PT, EA, IP, YE, and MB contributed to the resources. AP, MN, and AD: data curation. MS-R, AD, LP, MI, NM, MM, WS, DC, WC, and JS-R contributed to the review and editing. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and contributed equally to the manuscript.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. NM would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology FCT—Portugal for the Strategic project ref.
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Taverne, Y. You can help your body maintain balance by living a healthy lifestyle. Free radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons. This uneven number of electrons allows free radicals to react easily with other molecules.
Free radicals can cause large chain chemical reactions in your body because they react so easily with other molecules. These reactions are called oxidation. They can be beneficial or harmful. Antioxidants are molecules that can donate an electron to a free radical without making themselves unstable.
This causes the free radical to stabilize and become less reactive. Read on to learn how oxidative stress affects the body and how to manage and prevent this imbalance. Oxidation is a normal and necessary process that takes place in your body.
When functioning properly, free radicals can help fight off pathogens. Pathogens lead to infections. When there are more free radicals present than can be kept in balance by antioxidants, the free radicals can start doing damage to fatty tissue, DNA, and proteins in your body.
Proteins, lipids, and DNA make up a large part of your body, so that damage can lead to a vast number of diseases over time. These include:. Everyone produces some free radicals naturally in their body through processes like exercise or inflammation.
However, there are things you can do to minimize the effects of oxidative stress on your body. The main thing you can do is to increase your levels of antioxidants and decrease your formation of free radicals.
Eating five servings per day of a variety of fruits and vegetables is the best way to provide your body what it needs to produce antioxidants. Examples of fruits and vegetables include:. Other healthy lifestyle choices can also prevent or reduce oxidative stress.
Here are some lifestyle choices that will help:. Oxidative stress can cause damage to many of your tissues, which can lead to a number of diseases over time. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
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Oxidative stress is an imbalance of free Multivitamin for detoxification and antioxidants in tsress body, which can lead to cell and oxidative stress and disease damage. Oxidative stress oxidative stress and disease dosease and plays a role in the aging process. A large body of scientific evidence suggests that long-term oxidative stress contributes to the development in a range of chronic conditions. Such conditions include cancerdiabetesand heart disease. In this article, we explore what oxidative stress is, how it affects the body, and how to reduce it. Emphasis is now being placed oxdative biomarkers of oxidative stress and disease oxidativ, which are objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of oxidative stress and disease biological processes, dissase processes, or pharmacologic responses to stresss intervention. To Traditional Chinese medicine a predictor of disease, a biomarker must be validated. Validation criteria include intrinsic qualities such as specificity, sensitivity, degree of inter- and intraindividual variability, and knowledge of the confounding and modifying factors. In addition, characteristics of the sampling and analytical procedures are of relevance, including constraints and noninvasiveness of sampling, stability of potential biomarkers, and the simplicity, sensitivity, specificity, and speed of the analytical method. Oxidative damage of any of these biomolecules, if unchecked, can theoretically contribute to disease development.
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