Traditional Chinese medicine -
These points are believed to correspond with specific organs, emotions or sensory feelings. Acupuncture involves the insertion of very thin needles through your skin at strategic points on your body.
A key component of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture is most commonly used to treat pain. Increasingly, it is being used for overall wellness, including stress management.
Traditional Chinese medicine explains acupuncture as a technique for balancing the flow of energy or life force — known as chi or qi chee — believed to flow through pathways meridians in your body.
By inserting needles into specific points along these meridians, acupuncture practitioners believe that your energy flow will re-balance.
In contrast, many Western practitioners view the acupuncture points as places to stimulate nerves, muscles and connective tissue. Some believe that this stimulation boosts your body's natural painkillers.
Acupuncture is used mainly to relieve discomfort associated with a variety of diseases and conditions, including:. There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health.
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The risks of acupuncture are low if you have a competent, certified acupuncture practitioner using sterile needles. Common side effects include soreness and minor bleeding or bruising where the needles were inserted. Single-use, disposable needles are now the practice standard, so the risk of infection is minimal.
Not everyone is a good candidate for acupuncture. Tell your doctor that you're considering acupuncture. He or she may be able to tell you about the success rate of using acupuncture for your condition or recommend an acupuncture practitioner.
During an acupuncture treatment, your acupuncturist inserts very thin needles into specific spots on your body. Insertion of the needles usually causes little discomfort. Each person who performs acupuncture has a unique style, often blending aspects of Eastern and Western approaches to medicine.
To determine the type of acupuncture treatment that will help you the most, your practitioner may ask you about your symptoms, behaviors and lifestyle. He or she may also closely examine:.
An acupuncture session may take up to 60 minutes, although some appointments may be much shorter. A common treatment plan for a single complaint would typically involve one or two treatments a week.
The number of treatments will depend on the condition being treated and its severity. In general, it's common to receive 6 to 8 treatments.
Acupuncture points are situated in all areas of the body. Sometimes the appropriate points are far removed from the area of your pain. Your acupuncture practitioner will tell you the general site of the planned treatment and whether you need to remove any clothing. A gown, towel or sheet will be provided.
You lie on a padded table for the treatment, which involves:. Some people feel relaxed and others feel energized after an acupuncture treatment.
But not everyone responds to acupuncture. If your symptoms don't begin to improve within a few weeks, acupuncture may not be right for you. The benefits of acupuncture are sometimes difficult to measure, but many people find it helpful as a means to control a variety of painful conditions.
Several studies, however, indicate that some types of simulated acupuncture appear to work just as well as real acupuncture. There's also evidence that acupuncture works best in people who expect it to work.
Acupuncture has few side effects, so it may be worth a try if you're having trouble controlling pain with more-conventional methods. Acupuncture care at Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products.
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Ear acupuncture Ear acupuncture involves placing acupuncture needles into specific points around the ear. Request an appointment. How Much Do We Know About Traditional Chinese Medicine? What Do We Know About the Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine?
What Do We Know About the Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine? What Is Traditional Chinese Medicine? What the Science Says About the Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture Acupuncture is a technique in which practitioners stimulate specific points on the body, usually by inserting thin needles through the skin.
Tai Chi Tai chi combines certain postures, gentle movements, mental focus, breathing, and relaxation. Chinese Herbal Products Chinese herbal products have been studied for many medical problems, including stroke, heart disease, mental disorders, and respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and the common cold.
What the Science Says About the Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Reports and studies of herbal products used in TCM have found a variety of safety issues. Some Chinese herbal products have been found to be contaminated with undeclared plant or animal material; drugs such as the blood-thinner warfarin and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent diclofenac ; heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, and cadmium ; pesticides or compounds called sulfites, which could cause asthma or severe allergic reactions; or incorrect herbs, some of which have caused organ damage.
Relatively few complications from using acupuncture have been reported. Still, complications have resulted from the use of nonsterile needles and improper delivery of treatments. When not delivered properly, acupuncture can cause serious adverse effects, including infections, punctured organs, collapsed lungs, and injury to the central nervous system.
Tai chi and a similar technique called qigong appear to be safe practices. Women who are pregnant should talk with their health care providers before beginning tai chi, qigong, or any other exercise program. NCCIH-Funded Research NCCIH is supporting studies to determine if: TCM can treat fibromyalgia.
Acupuncture can ease joint pain caused by medical treatments for breast cancer. A tai chi program can be a feasible alternative to traditional cardiac rehabilitation programs in selected people. If you have a health condition, talk with your health care provider before using TCM herbal products.
Ask about the training and experience of the TCM practitioner you are considering. Most states and the District of Columbia have laws regulating acupuncture practice, and most states require certification from the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine.
Tell all your health care providers about any complementary or integrative health approaches you use. Give them a full picture of what you do to manage your health. This will help ensure coordinated and safe care. For More Information. NCCIH Clearinghouse The NCCIH Clearinghouse provides information on NCCIH and complementary and integrative health approaches, including publications and searches of Federal databases of scientific and medical literature.
Toll-free in the U. gov Email: info nccih. Know the Science NCCIH and the National Institutes of Health NIH provide tools to help you understand the basics and terminology of scientific research so you can make well-informed decisions about your health.
Explaining How Research Works NIH Know the Science: How To Make Sense of a Scientific Journal Article Understanding Clinical Studies NIH.
PubMed® A service of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed® contains publication information and in most cases brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews is a collection of evidence-based reviews produced by the Cochrane Library, an international nonprofit organization.
NIH Clinical Research Trials and You The National Institutes of Health NIH has created a website, NIH Clinical Research Trials and You, to help people learn about clinical trials, why they matter, and how to participate. Key References.
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Scientific Reports. Fung FY, Linn YC. Developing traditional Chinese medicine in the era of evidence-based medicine: current evidences and challenges. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM.
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Hu J, Zhang J, Zhao W, et al. Cochrane systematic reviews of Chinese herbal medicines: an overview. PLoS One. Jones KD, Sherman CA, Mist SD, et al. A randomized controlled trial of 8-form tai chi improves symptoms and functional mobility in fibromyalgia patients.
Clinical Rheumatology. Kendrick D, Kumar A, Carpenter H, et al. Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community.
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Drug Safety. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, et al. Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. com on March 18, Acupuncture for tension-type headache.
Maeda Y, Kim H, Kettner N, et al. Rewiring the primary somatosensory cortex in carpal tunnel syndrome with acupuncture. Manheimer E, Cheng K, Linde K, et al. Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis. com on February 24, Nery RM, Zanini M, de Lima JB, et al.
Tai chi chuan improves functional capacity after myocardial infarction: a randomized clinical trial. American Heart Journal. Vickers AJ, Cronin AM, Maschino AC, et al.
Acupuncture for chronic pain: individual patient data meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine. Vickers AJ, Linde K. Acupuncture for chronic pain. Wang C, Schmid CH, Hibberd PL, et al. Tai chi is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.
Wayne PM, Berkowitz DL, Litrownik DE, et al. What do we really know about the safety of tai chi? A systematic review of adverse event reports in randomized trials. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
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Yan J-H, Gu W-J, Sun J, et al. Efficacy of tai chi on pain, stiffness and function in patients with osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. Yeh GY, McCarthy EP, Wayne PM, et al.
It emdicine thousands Traditional Chinese medicine Chiinese ago, Tarditional its core practices have emdicine little since then. The goal of TCM is to restore Traditional Chinese medicine within an individual and balance the Cholesterol-lowering remedies of Traditional Chinese medicine and yang, which are components of qi. The differences between Eastern and Western medicine are defined by:. The earliest writings attributed to traditional Chinese medicine are attributed to the Shang dynasty and date back 3, years. Etched into tortoiseshell and bone, the writings describe the concept of qi, defined as circular movement in the body. It also describes xueor blood. Chi is the English word for qi.
Traditional Chinese medicine -
Traditional Chinese medicine should not be used in replacement of Western medicine or to delay the possibility of treatment for serious disorders, infections, or the like. If you're curious about what traditional Chinese medicine may offer, consider talking to your healthcare provider and a traditional Chinese medicine practitioner before trying any options at home.
Traditional Chinese Medicine is thousands of years old. Early writings date back 3, years to the Shang dynasty. It has changed little since. Before buying Chinese herbs online, speak with a qualified Chinese herbalist who can help guide your exact needs.
Seek herbs that are third-party tested for quality and accuracy, rather than buying bulk herbs online. In TCM, it's believed that a person's internal health is impacted by the external elements of earth, fire, water, wood, and metal. Balancing these elements with your internal life force is the goal of TCM treatment.
You can ask a local practitioner or healthcare provider medical or naturopathic doctor about the best place to find Chinese herbal medicines. You can also search online for "local Chinese herb stores" or your closest herbal remedy and herbal supplement store.
Johns Hopkins Medicine. Chinese medicine. When East meets West. Acupuncture and Massage College. What is qi? Definition of qi in traditional Chinese medicine. American College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. What is Chinese medicine? National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.
Acupuncture: What you need to know. Harvard Health Publishing. The health benefits of tai chi. Vaccaro M, Coppola M, Ceccarelli M, Montopoli M, Guarneri C. The good and the bad of cupping therapy: Case report and review of the literature.
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. Cleveland Clinic. What you should know about Chinese herbs. University of Minnesota. What happens when you visit a TCM practitioner? By Michelle Pugle Michelle Pugle, MA, MHFA is a freelance health writer as seen in Healthline, Health, Everyday Health, Psych Central, and Verywell.
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Develop and improve services. Use limited data to select content. List of Partners vendors. By Michelle Pugle. Medically reviewed by Cara Beth Lee, MD. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. Eastern vs. Early History. What Is Chi? Healing Techniques.
Where to Find a TCM Practitioner. Consult Your Healthcare Provider. Frequently Asked Questions. Acupuncture Benefits and Risks. How Tai Chi Can Help With Parkinson's Disease. Health Benefits of 10 Healing Herbs. Frequently Asked Questions How old is Traditional Chinese Medicine?
Nanjing or "Classic of Difficult Issues," originally called "The Yellow Emperor Eighty-one Nan Jing", ascribed to Bian Que in the eastern Han dynasty.
This book was compiled in the form of question-and-answer explanations. A total of 81 questions have been discussed. Therefore, it is also called "Eighty-One Nan". Questions one to twenty-two is about pulse study, questions twenty-three to twenty-nine is about meridian study, questions thirty to forty-seven is related to urgent illnesses, questions forty-eight to sixty-one is related to serious diseases, questions sixty-two to sixty-eight is related to acupuncture points, and questions sixty-nine to eighty-one is related to the needlepoint methods.
The book is credited as developing its own path, while also inheriting the theories from Huangdi Neijing. The content includes physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment contents, and a more essential and specific discussion of pulse diagnosis.
Shennong Ben Cao Jing is one of the earliest written medical books in China. Written during the Eastern Han Dynasty between and CE, it was the combined effort of practitioners in the Qin and Han Dynasties who summarized, collected and compiled the results of pharmacological experience during their time periods.
It was the first systematic summary of Chinese herbal medicine. In the centuries that followed, several shorter books tried to summarize or systematize the contents of the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. The Canon of Problems probably second century CE tried to reconcile divergent doctrines from the Inner Canon and developed a complete medical system centered on needling therapy.
Around — AD, Chinese were the first to develop a form of vaccination, known as variolation or inoculation , to prevent smallpox. Chinese physicians had realised that when healthy people were exposed to smallpox scab tissue, they had a smaller chance of being infected by the disease later on.
The common methods of inoculation at the time was through crushing smallpox scabs into powder and breathing it through the nose. Prominent medical scholars of the post-Han period included Tao Hongjing — , Sun Simiao of the Sui and Tang dynasties, Zhang Jiegu c.
In , Chinese Communist Party CCP chairman Mao Zedong announced support of traditional Chinese medicine, but he did not personally believe in and did not use it.
During the Cultural Revolution — the CCP and the government emphasized modernity, cultural identity and China's social and economic reconstruction and contrasted them to the colonial and feudal past. The government established a grassroots health care system as a step in the search for a new national identity and tried to revitalize traditional medicine and made large investments in traditional medicine to try to develop affordable medical care and public health facilities.
Chinese physicians trained in Western medicine were required to learn traditional medicine, while traditional healers received training in modern methods. This strategy aimed to integrate modern medical concepts and methods and revitalize appropriate aspects of traditional medicine.
Therefore, traditional Chinese medicine was re-created in response to Western medicine. In , the CCP supported a new system of health care delivery for rural areas.
Villages were assigned a barefoot doctor a medical staff with basic medical skills and knowledge to deal with minor illnesses responsible for basic medical care. The medical staff combined the values of traditional China with modern methods to provide health and medical care to poor farmers in remote rural areas.
The barefoot doctors became a symbol of the Cultural Revolution, for the introduction of modern medicine into villages where traditional Chinese medicine services were used. The State Intellectual Property Office now known as CNIPA established a database of patents granted for traditional Chinese medicine.
In the second decade of the twenty-first century, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping strongly supported TCM, calling it a "gem". As of May , in order to promote TCM worldwide, China had signed TCM partnership agreements with over 70 countries. Chinese scientists and researchers, however, expressed concern that TCM training and therapies would receive equal support with Western medicine.
They also criticized a reduction in government testing and regulation of the production of TCMs, some of which were toxic. Government censors have removed Internet posts that question TCM. At the beginning of Hong Kong 's opening up, Western medicine was not yet popular, and Western medicine doctors were mostly foreigners; local residents mostly relied on Chinese medicine practitioners.
In , the British government of Hong Kong issued an announcement pledging to govern Hong Kong residents in accordance with all the original rituals, customs and private legal property rights.
The establishment in of the Tung Wah Hospital was the first use of Chinese medicine for the treatment in Chinese hospitals providing free medical services.
In , Hong Kong had researched the use of traditional Chinese medicine to replace Western medicine. Historians have noted two key aspects of Chinese medical history: understanding conceptual differences when translating the term 身 , and observing the history from the perspective of cosmology rather than biology.
In Chinese classical texts, the term 身 is the closest historical translation to the English word "body" because it sometimes refers to the physical human body in terms of being weighed or measured, but the term is to be understood as an "ensemble of functions" encompassing both the human psyche and emotions.
This concept of the human body is opposed to the European duality of a separate mind and body. Chinese scholars established a correlation between the cosmos and the "human organism.
The Five Phase theory Wuxing of the Han dynasty contains the elements wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. By understanding medicine from a cosmology perspective, historians better understand Chinese medical and social classifications such as gender, which was defined by a domination or remission of yang in terms of yin.
These two distinctions are imperative when analyzing the history of traditional Chinese medical science. A majority of Chinese medical history written after the classical canons comes in the form of primary source case studies where academic physicians record the illness of a particular person and the healing techniques used, as well as their effectiveness.
Historians of science have developed the study of medicine in traditional China into a field with its own scholarly associations, journals, graduate programs, and debates with each other. Paul Unschuld, for instance, sees a "departure of TCM from its historical origins.
He has criticized Chinese and Western popular books for selective use of evidence , choosing only those works or parts of historical works that seem to lead to modern medicine, ignoring those elements that do not now seem to be effective.
A editorial the journal Nature wrote that TCM "remains poorly researched and supported, and most of its treatments have no logical mechanism of action.
A review of cost-effectiveness research for TCM found that studies had low levels of evidence , with no beneficial outcomes. Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM reflect its ancient origins and its emphasis on dynamic processes over material structure, similar to Classical humoral theory.
TCM has also been controversial within China. In , the Chinese philosopher Zhang Gongyao triggered a national debate with an article entitled "Farewell to Traditional Chinese Medicine", arguing that TCM was a pseudoscience that should be abolished in public healthcare and academia.
The Chinese government however, took the stance that TCM is a science and continued to encourage its development. There are concerns over a number of potentially toxic plants, animal parts, and mineral Chinese compounds, [56] as well as the facilitation of disease.
Trafficked and farm-raised animals used in TCM are a source of several fatal zoonotic diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine TCM is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2, years, including various forms of herbal medicine , acupuncture, massage tui na , exercise qigong , and dietary therapy.
Yin and yang are ancient Chinese deductive reasoning concepts used within Chinese medical diagnosis which can be traced back to the Shang dynasty [64] — BCE. They represent two abstract and complementary aspects that every phenomenon in the universe can be divided into.
The concept of yin and yang is also applicable to the human body; for example, the upper part of the body and the back are assigned to yang, while the lower part of the body is believed to have the yin character.
TCM also identifies drugs believed to treat these specific symptom combinations, i. Strict rules are identified to apply to the relationships between the Five Phases in terms of sequence, of acting on each other, of counteraction, etc.
Correspondences between the body and the universe have historically not only been seen in terms of the Five Elements, but also of the "Great Numbers" 大數 ; dà shū [70] For example, the number of acu-points has at times been seen to be , corresponding with the number of days in a year; and the number of main meridians—12—has been seen as corresponding with the number of rivers flowing through the ancient Chinese empire.
TCM "holds that the body's vital energy chi or qi circulates through channels, called meridians , that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions.
These functions are aggregated and then associated with a primary functional entity — for instance, nourishment of the tissues and maintenance of their moisture are seen as connected functions, and the entity postulated to be responsible for these functions is xiě blood. The primary functional entities used by traditional Chinese medicine are qì, xuě, the five zàng organs, the six fǔ organs, and the meridians which extend through the organ systems.
Concepts of the body and of disease used in TCM are pseudoscientific, similar to Mediterranean humoral theory. TCM practitioners disagree among themselves about how to diagnose patients and which treatments should go with which diagnoses.
Even if they could agree, the TCM theories are so nebulous that no amount of scientific study will enable TCM to offer rational care. Qi is a polysemous word that Traditional Chinese medicine distinguishes as being able to transform into many different qualities of qi 气 ; 氣 ; qì.
A lack of qi will be characterized especially by pale complexion, lassitude of spirit, lack of strength, spontaneous sweating, laziness to speak, non-digestion of food, shortness of breath especially on exertion , and a pale and enlarged tongue. Qi is believed to be partially generated from food and drink, and partially from air by breathing.
Another considerable part of it is inherited from the parents and will be consumed in the course of life. TCM uses special terms for qi running inside of the blood vessels and for qi that is distributed in the skin, muscles, and tissues between them.
The former is called yingqi 营气 ; 營氣 ; yíngqì ; its function is to complement xuè and its nature has a strong yin aspect although qi in general is considered to be yang.
Qi is said to circulate in the meridians. Just as the qi held by each of the zang-fu organs, this is considered to be part of the 'principal' qi of the body. In contrast to the majority of other functional entities, xuè or xiě 血 , "blood" is correlated with a physical form — the red liquid running in the blood vessels.
Typical symptoms of a lack of xiě usually termed "blood vacuity" [ 血虚 ; xiě xū ] are described as: Pale-white or withered-yellow complexion, dizziness, flowery vision, palpitations, insomnia, numbness of the extremities; pale tongue; "fine" pulse.
Closely related to xuě are the jinye 津液 ; jīnyè , usually translated as "body fluids" , and just like xuě they are considered to be yin in nature, and defined first and foremost by the functions of nurturing and moisturizing the different structures of the body.
Jinye are ultimately extracted from food and drink, and constitute the raw material for the production of xuě; conversely, xuě can also be transformed into jinye. The zangfu 脏腑 ; 臟腑 ; zàngfǔ are the collective name of eleven entities similar to organs that constitute the centre piece of TCM's systematization of bodily functions.
The term zang refers to the five considered to be yin in nature— Heart , Liver , Spleen , Lung , Kidney —while fu refers to the six associated with yang— Small Intestine , Large Intestine , Gallbladder , Urinary Bladder , Stomach and San Jiao.
The zang' s essential functions consist in production and storage of qi and xuě; they are said to regulate digestion, breathing, water metabolism, the musculoskeletal system, the skin, the sense organs, aging, emotional processes, and mental activity, among other structures and processes.
Since their concept was developed on the basis of Wǔ Xíng philosophy, each zàng is paired with a fǔ, and each zàng-fǔ pair is assigned to one of five elemental qualities i. The zàng-fǔ are also connected to the twelve standard meridians — each yang meridian is attached to a fǔ organ, and five of the yin meridians are attached to a zàng.
The meridians 经络 , jīng-luò are believed to be channels running from the zàng-fǔ in the interior 里 , lǐ of the body to the limbs and joints "the surface" [ 表 , biaǒ ] , transporting qi and xuĕ. Fuke 妇科 ; 婦科 ; Fùkē is the traditional Chinese term for women's medicine it means gynecology and obstetrics in modern medicine.
However, there are few or no ancient works on it except for Fu Qingzhu's Fu Qingzhu Nu Ke Fu Qingzhu's Gynecology. Women's bodies were often secondary to male bodies, since women were thought of as the weaker, sicklier sex.
In clinical encounters, women and men were treated differently. Diagnosing women was not as simple as diagnosing men. First, when a woman fell ill, an appropriate adult man was to call the doctor and remain present during the examination, for the woman could not be left alone with the doctor.
However, in certain cases, when a woman dealt with complications of pregnancy or birth, older women assumed the role of the formal authority. Men in these situations would not have much power to interfere.
This anonymity and lack of conversation between the doctor and woman patient led to the inquiry diagnosis of the Four Diagnostic Methods [98] being the most challenging. Doctors used a medical doll known as a Doctor's lady , on which female patients could indicate the location of their symptoms.
Cheng Maoxian b. One of his case studies was that of Fan Jisuo's teenage daughter, who could not be diagnosed because she was unwilling to speak about her symptoms, since the illness involved discharge from her intimate areas.
To maintain some form of modesty, women would often stay hidden behind curtains and screens. The doctor was allowed to touch enough of her body to complete his examination, often just the pulse taking. This would lead to situations where the symptoms and the doctor's diagnosis did not agree and the doctor would have to ask to view more of the patient.
These social and cultural beliefs were often barriers to learning more about female health, with women themselves often being the most formidable barrier.
Women were often uncomfortable talking about their illnesses, especially in front of the male chaperones that attended medical examinations. One such example is the case in which a teenage girl was unable to be diagnosed because she failed to mention her symptom of vaginal discharge.
This silence and control were most obviously seen when the health problem was related to the core of Ming fuke , or the sexual body.
In addition, there would be a conflict between patient and doctor on the probability of her diagnosis. For example, a woman who thought herself to be past the point of child-bearing age, might not believe a doctor who diagnoses her as pregnant.
Yin and yang were critical to the understanding of women's bodies, but understood only in conjunction with male bodies. In addition, gender in the body was understood as homologous, the two genders operating in synchronization.
According to Bequeathed Writings of Master Chu the male's yang pulse movement follows an ascending path in "compliance [with cosmic direction] so that the cycle of circulation in the body and the Vital Gate are felt The female's yin pulse movement follows a defending path against the direction of cosmic influences, so that the nadir and the Gate of Life are felt at the inch position of the left hand".
Bodily functions could be categorized through systems, not organs. In many drawings and diagrams, the twelve channels and their visceral systems were organized by yin and yang, an organization that was identical in female and male bodies.
Female and male bodies were no different on the plane of yin and yang. Their gendered differences were not acknowledged in diagrams of the human body.
Medical texts such as the Yuzuan yizong jinjian were filled with illustrations of male bodies or androgynous bodies that did not display gendered characteristics. As in other cultures, fertility and menstruation dominate female health concerns. The abdominal cavity presented pathologies that were similar in both men and women, which included tumors, growths, hernias, and swellings of the genitals.
The "master system," as Charlotte Furth calls it, is the kidney visceral system, which governed reproductive functions. Therefore, it was not the anatomical structures that allowed for pregnancy, but the difference in processes that allowed for the condition of pregnancy to occur.
Traditional Chinese medicine's dealings with pregnancy are documented from at least the seventeenth century. According to Charlotte Furth, "a pregnancy in the seventeenth century as a known bodily experience emerged [ The Canon of the Pulse , which described the use of pulse in diagnosis, stated that pregnancy was "a condition marked by symptoms of the disorder in one whose pulse is normal" or "where the pulse and symptoms do not agree".
Complications through the misdiagnosis and the woman's reluctance to speak often led to medically induced abortions. Cheng, Furth wrote, "was unapologetic about endangering a fetus when pregnancy risked a mother's well being". Disappointment at the loss of the fetus often led to family discord.
If the baby and mother survived the term of the pregnancy, childbirth was then the next step. The tools provided for birth were: towels to catch the blood, a container for the placenta, a pregnancy sash to support the belly, and an infant swaddling wrap.
Infertility, not very well understood, posed serious social and cultural repercussions. The seventh-century scholar Sun Simiao is often quoted: "those who have prescriptions for women's distinctiveness take their differences of pregnancy, childbirth and [internal] bursting injuries as their basis.
Once again, the kidney visceral system governs the "source Qi ", which governs the reproductive systems in both sexes. This source Qi was thought to "be slowly depleted through sexual activity, menstruation and childbirth. In addition, the view that only very serious ailments ended in the damage of this system means that those who had trouble with their reproductive systems or fertility were seriously ill.
According to traditional Chinese medical texts, infertility can be summarized into different syndrome types. These were spleen and kidney depletion yang depletion , liver and kidney depletion yin depletion , blood depletion, phlegm damp, liver oppression, and damp heat.
This is important because, while most other issues were complex in Chinese medical physiology, women's fertility issues were simple. Most syndrome types revolved around menstruation, or lack thereof. The patient was entrusted with recording not only the frequency, but also the "volume, color, consistency, and odor of menstrual flow.
This meant that diagnosing female infertility was difficult, because the only symptoms that were recorded and monitored by the physician were the pulse and color of the tongue. In general, disease is perceived as a disharmony or imbalance in the functions or interactions of yin, yang, qi, xuĕ, zàng-fǔ, meridians etc.
To determine which pattern is at hand, practitioners will examine things like the color and shape of the tongue, the relative strength of pulse-points, the smell of the breath, the quality of breathing or the sound of the voice.
In TCM, a disease has two aspects: "bìng" and "zhèng". For example, the disease entity of a common cold might present with a pattern of wind-cold in one person, and with the pattern of wind-heat in another. From a scientific point of view, most of the disease entities 病 ; bìng listed by TCM constitute symptoms.
Since therapy will not be chosen according to the disease entity but according to the pattern, two people with the same disease entity but different patterns will receive different therapy.
This is called yì bìng tóng zhì, tóng bìng yì zhì 异病同治，同病异治 ; 'different diseases', 'same treatment', 'same disease', 'different treatments'.
In TCM, "pattern" 证 ; zhèng refers to a "pattern of disharmony" or "functional disturbance" within the functional entities of which the TCM model of the body is composed.
In clinical practice, the identified pattern usually involves a combination of affected entities [] compare with typical examples of patterns.
The concrete pattern identified should account for all the symptoms a person has. The Six Excesses 六淫 ; liù yín , [65] sometimes also translated as "Pathogenic Factors", [] or "Six Pernicious Influences"; [72] with the alternative term of 六邪 ; liù xié , — "Six Evils" or "Six Devils" [72] are allegorical terms used to describe disharmony patterns displaying certain typical symptoms.
is identified as the cause of a disease , [68] while other authors explicitly deny a direct cause-effect relationship between weather conditions and disease, [27] [72] pointing out that the Six Excesses are primarily descriptions of a certain combination of symptoms [27] translated into a pattern of disharmony.
Six-Excesses-patterns can consist of only one or a combination of Excesses e. For each of the functional entities qi, xuĕ, zàng-fǔ, meridians etc. The process of determining which actual pattern is on hand is called 辩证 biàn zhèng , usually translated as "pattern diagnosis", [27] "pattern identification" [65] or "pattern discrimination" [].
Generally, the first and most important step in pattern diagnosis is an evaluation of the present signs and symptoms on the basis of the "Eight Principles" 八纲 ; bā gāng.
After the fundamental nature of a disease in terms of the Eight Principles is determined, the investigation focuses on more specific aspects.
There are also three special pattern diagnosis systems used in case of febrile and infectious diseases only "Six Channel system" or "six division pattern" [ 六经辩证 ; liù jīng biàn zhèng ]; "Wei Qi Ying Xue system" or "four division pattern" [ 卫气营血辩证 ; weì qì yíng xuè biàn zhèng ]; "San Jiao system" or "three burners pattern" [ 三焦辩证 ; sānjiaō biàn zhèng ].
Although TCM and its concept of disease do not strongly differentiate between cause and effect, [72] pattern discrimination can include considerations regarding the disease cause; this is called 病因辩证 bìngyīn biàn zhèng , "disease-cause pattern discrimination".
There are three fundamental categories of disease causes 三因 ; sān yīn recognized: [65]. In TCM, there are five major diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation, olfaction, inquiry, and palpation.
Examination of the tongue and the pulse are among the principal diagnostic methods in TCM. Details of the tongue, including shape, size, color, texture, cracks, teeth marks, as well as tongue coating are all considered as part of tongue diagnosis.
Various regions of the tongue's surface are believed to correspond to the zàng-fŭ organs. For example, redness on the tip of the tongue might indicate heat in the Heart, while redness on the sides of the tongue might indicate heat in the Liver.
Pulse palpation involves measuring the pulse both at a superficial and at a deep level at three different locations on the radial artery Cun, Guan, Chi , located two fingerbreadths from the wrist crease, one fingerbreadth from the wrist crease, and right at the wrist crease, respectively, usually palpated with the index, middle and ring finger of each arm, for a total of twelve pulses, all of which are thought to correspond with certain zàng-fŭ.
The pulse is examined for several characteristics including rhythm, strength and volume, and described with qualities like "floating, slippery, bolstering-like, feeble, thready and quick"; each of these qualities indicates certain disease patterns.
Learning TCM pulse diagnosis can take several years. The term "herbal medicine" is somewhat misleading in that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances in TCM, other, non-botanic substances are used as well: animal, human, fungi, and mineral products are also used.
There are roughly 13, compounds used in China and over , TCM recipes recorded in the ancient literature. Some animal parts used include cow gallstones, [] hornet nests, [] leeches , [] and scorpion.
Some compounds can include the parts of endangered species, including tiger bones [] and rhinoceros horn [] which is used for many ailments though not as an aphrodisiac as is commonly misunderstood in the West.
Poachers hunt restricted or endangered species to supply the black market with TCM products. used in traditional medicine is enormous; tens of millions of animals are unsustainably caught annually. Since TCM recognizes bear bile as a treatment compound, more than 12, asiatic black bears are held in bear farms.
The bile is extracted through a permanent hole in the abdomen leading to the gall bladder , which can cause severe pain. This can lead to bears trying to kill themselves. As of , approximately 10, bears are farmed in China for their bile.
The deer penis is believed to have therapeutic benefits according to traditional Chinese medicine. Tiger parts from poached animals include tiger penis , believed to improve virility, and tiger eyes. The tortoise freshwater turtle , guiban and turtle Chinese softshell turtle , biejia species used in traditional Chinese medicine are raised on farms, while restrictions are made on the accumulation and export of other endangered species.
Traditional Chinese medicine also includes some human parts: the classic Materia medica Bencao Gangmu describes also criticizes the use of 35 human body parts and excreta in medicines, including bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, organs, but most are no longer in use.
Human placenta has been used an ingredient in certain traditional Chinese medicines, [] including using dried human placenta, known as "Ziheche", to treat infertility, impotence and other conditions. As of [update] there were not enough good-quality trials of herbal therapies to allow their effectiveness to be determined.
Fifty percent of systematic reviews on TCM did not search Chinese databases, which could lead to a bias in the results. With an eye to the enormous Chinese market, pharmaceutical companies have explored creating new drugs from traditional remedies. The journal Nature commented that "claims made on behalf of an uncharted body of knowledge should be treated with the customary skepticism that is the bedrock of both science and medicine.
There had been success in the s, however, with the development of the antimalarial drug artemisinin , which is a processed extract of Artemisia annua , a herb traditionally used as a fever treatment. In , Li Shizhen recommended tea made from qinghao specifically to treat malaria symptoms in his Compendium of Materia Medica.
Researcher Tu Youyou discovered that a low-temperature extraction process could isolate an effective antimalarial substance from the plant. Despite global efforts in combating malaria, it remains a large burden for the population.
Also in the s Chinese researcher Zhang TingDong and colleagues investigated the potential use of the traditionally used substance arsenic trioxide to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia APL. Huperzine A , an extract from the herb, Huperzia serrata , is under preliminary research as a possible therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease, but poor methodological quality of the research restricts conclusions about its effectiveness.
Ephedrine in its natural form, known as má huáng 麻黄 in TCM, has been documented in China since the Han dynasty BCE — CE as an antiasthmatic and stimulant. Pien tze huang was first documented in the Ming dynasty. A systematic review found there is a lack of available cost-effectiveness evidence in TCM.
From the earliest records regarding the use of compounds to today, the toxicity of certain substances has been described in all Chinese materiae medicae. illegally, and are associated with claims of therapeutic benefit without evidence.
Substances known to be potentially dangerous include Aconitum , [27] [56] secretions from the Asiatic toad , [] powdered centipede, [] the Chinese beetle Mylabris phalerata , [] certain fungi, [] Aristolochia , [56] arsenic sulfide realgar , [] mercury sulfide, [] and cinnabar.
and China. To avoid its toxic adverse effects Xanthium sibiricum must be processed. However, many adverse reactions are due to misuse or abuse of Chinese medicine. The harvesting of guano from bat caves yemingsha brings workers into close contact with these animals, increasing the risk of zoonosis.
Acupuncture is the insertion of needles into superficial structures of the body skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles — usually at acupuncture points acupoints — and their subsequent manipulation; this aims at influencing the flow of qi. Acupuncture is often accompanied by moxibustion — the Chinese characters for acupuncture 针灸 ; 針灸 ; zhēnjiǔ literally meaning "acupuncture-moxibustion" — which involves burning mugwort on or near the skin at an acupuncture point.
In electroacupuncture , an electric current is applied to the needles once they are inserted, to further stimulate the respective acupuncture points. A recent historian of Chinese medicine remarked that it is "nicely ironic that the specialty of acupuncture -- arguably the most questionable part of their medical heritage for most Chinese at the start of the twentieth century -- has become the most marketable aspect of Chinese medicine.
Moreover, the fine, filiform needle we think of as the acupuncture needle today was not widely used a century ago. Present day acupuncture was developed in the s and put into wide practice only as late as the s. A editorial in the American journal Anesthesia and Analgesia stated that acupuncture studies produced inconsistent results, i.
acupuncture relieved pain in some conditions but had no effect in other very similar conditions which suggests the presence of false positive results.
These may be caused by factors like biased study design, poor blinding, and the classification of electrified needles a type of TENS as a form of acupuncture. The inability to find consistent results despite more than 3, studies, the editorial continued, suggests that the treatment seems to be a placebo effect and the existing equivocal positive results are the type of noise one expects to see after a large number of studies are performed on an inert therapy.
The editorial concluded that the best controlled studies showed a clear pattern, in which the outcome does not rely upon needle location or even needle insertion, and since "these variables are those that define acupuncture, the only sensible conclusion is that acupuncture does not work.
According to the US NIH National Cancer Institute, a review of 17, patients reported that real acupuncture relieved muscle and joint pain, caused by aromatase inhibitors, much better than sham acupuncture.
A meta-analysis concluded that the mechanisms of acupuncture "are clinically relevant, but that an important part of these total effects is not due to issues considered to be crucial by most acupuncturists, such as the correct location of points and depth of needling associated with more potent placebo or context effects".
A overview of Cochrane reviews found evidence that suggests acupuncture is effective for some but not all kinds of pain. Acupuncture is generally safe when administered using Clean Needle Technique CNT.
Tui na 推拿 is a form of massage, based on the assumptions of TCM, from which shiatsu is thought to have evolved. Qìgōng 气功 ; 氣功 is a TCM system of exercise and meditation that combines regulated breathing, slow movement, and focused awareness, purportedly to cultivate and balance qi.
Qi is air, breath, energy, or primordial life source that is neither matter or spirit. While Gong is a skillful movement, work, or exercise of the qi.
Cupping 拔罐 ; báguàn is a type of Chinese massage, consisting of placing several glass "cups" open spheres on the body.
A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands, and after placing in the skin, cools, creating lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via suction.
Gua sha 刮痧 ; guāshā is abrading the skin with pieces of smooth jade, bone, animal tusks or horns or smooth stones; until red spots then bruising cover the area to which it is done.
It is believed that this treatment is for almost any ailment. The red spots and bruising take three to ten days to heal, there is often some soreness in the area that has been treated. Diē-dǎ 跌打 or Dit Da , is a traditional Chinese bone-setting technique, usually practiced by martial artists who know aspects of Chinese medicine that apply to the treatment of trauma and injuries such as bone fractures, sprains, and bruises.
Some of these specialists may also use or recommend other disciplines of Chinese medical therapies if serious injury is involved. Such practice of bone-setting 正骨 ; 整骨 is not common in the West. The concepts yin and yang are associated with different classes of foods, and tradition considers it important to consume them in a balanced fashion.
From 1 July Chinese medicine practitioners must be registered under the national registration and accreditation scheme with the Chinese Medicine Board of Australia and meet the Board's Registration Standards, to practice in Australia.
The National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine was created in , which then absorbed existing TCM management in with major changes in China's National People's Congress Standing Committee passed the country's first law on TCM in , which came into effect on 1 July The new law standardized TCM certifications by requiring TCM practitioners to i pass exams administered by provincial-level TCM authorities, and ii obtain recommendations from two certified practitioners.
TCM products and services can be advertised only with approval from the local TCM authority. During British rule , Chinese medicine practitioners in Hong Kong were not recognized as "medical doctors", which means they could not issue prescription drugs, give injections, etc. However, TCM practitioners could register and operate TCM as "herbalists".
It regulates the compounds and professional standards for TCM practitioners. All TCM practitioners in Hong Kong are required to register with the council. The eligibility for registration includes a recognised 5-year university degree of TCM, a week minimum supervised clinical internship, and passing the licensing exam.
Currently, the approved Chinese medicine institutions are HKU , CUHK and HKBU. The Portuguese Macau government seldom interfered in the affairs of Chinese society, including with regard to regulations on the practice of TCM.
There were a few TCM pharmacies in Macau during the colonial period. In , the Portuguese Macau government published Decree-Law no. After the sovereign handover, the Macau S. government also published regulations on the practice of TCM.
In Macau, the legitimacy of Chinese medicine is not built upon "miracle making". Instead, it is achieved through a celebration of cultural tradition rejuvenated with discourses of nationalism and modernity, and through the mutual constructions of medical references between doctors and patients.
In , a new law regulating TCM, Law no. The same law also repealed Decree-Law no. All traditional medicines, including TCM, are regulated by Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation of on traditional medicine.
Traditional medicine license Surat Izin Pengobatan Tradisional — SIPT is granted to the practitioners whose methods are recognized as safe and may benefit health. The only TCM method which is accepted by medical logic and is empirically proofed is acupuncture.
Under modern Japanese medical law, it is possible for doctors to perform acupuncture and massage, but because there is a separate law regarding acupuncture and massage, these treatments are mainly performed by massage therapists, acupuncturists, and moxibustion practitioners.
The Traditional and Complementary Medicine Bill was passed by parliament in establishing the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Council to register and regulate traditional and complementary medicine practitioners, including TCM practitioners as well as other traditional and complementary medicine practitioners such as those in traditional Malay medicine and traditional Indian medicine.
There are no specific regulations in the Netherlands on TCM; [] TCM is neither prohibited nor recognised by the government of the Netherlands.
Despite its status, some private health insurance companies reimburse a certain amount of annual costs for acupuncture treatments, this depends on one's insurance policy, as not all insurance policies cover it, and if the acupuncture practitioner is or is not a member of one of the professional organisations that are recognised by private health insurance companies.
Although there are no regulatory standards for the practice of TCM in New Zealand, in the year , acupuncture was included in the Governmental Accident Compensation Corporation ACC Act. This inclusion granted qualified and professionally registered acupuncturists to provide subsidised care and treatment to citizens, residents, and temporary visitors for work or sports related injuries that occurred within and upon the land of New Zealand.
The two bodies for the regulation of acupuncture and attainment of ACC treatment provider status in New Zealand are Acupuncture NZ [] and The New Zealand Acupuncture Standards Authority.
The TCM Practitioners Act was passed by Parliament in and the TCM Practitioners Board was established in as a statutory board under the Ministry of Health, to register and regulate TCM practitioners. In , Nanyang Technological University will offer the four-year Bachelor of Chinese Medicine programme, which is the first local programme accredited by the Ministry of Health.
In Taiwan, TCM practitioners are physicians and are regulated by the Physicians Act. They are able to diagnose, write prescriptions, and dispense Chinese medicine independently. Under current law, those who wish to qualify for the Chinese medicine exam must have obtained a 7-year university degree in TCM.
The National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine , established in , is the largest Chinese herbal medicine research center in Taiwan.
As of July , only six states lack legislation to regulate the professional practice of TCM: Alabama , Kansas , North Dakota , South Dakota , Oklahoma , and Wyoming. In , California established an Acupuncture Board and became the first state licensing professional acupuncturists.
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Main article: Chinese food therapy. Main articles: Kampo and Kampo list. Main article: Traditional Korean medicine. May Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. doi : PMC PMID July Bibcode : Natur. Constructive approaches to divining the potential usefulness of traditional therapies are to be welcomed.
But it seems problematic to apply a brand new technique, largely untested in the clinic, to test the veracity of traditional Chinese medicine, when the field is so fraught with pseudoscience. In the meantime, claims made on behalf of an uncharted body of knowledge should be treated with the customary skepticism that is the bedrock of both science and medicine.
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Bad Idea - Scientific American". Scientific American.
Traditiojal of Traditional Chinese medicine page. Traditional Chinese medicine rTaditional a system Chinnese medicine Traditional Chinese medicine based medicinne the idea that an energy, called qi say "chee"flows along Traditional Chinese medicine in the body called meridians. In this belief, if the flow of qi along these meridians is blocked or unbalanced, illness can occur. In China, doctors have practiced traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, and it is gaining in popularity in many Western countries. Causes of qi imbalance are thought to involve:. Another important concept in traditional Chinese medicine is the concept of yin and yang.
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