Göran Hallmans. Independent associations between elevated android and Gyoid percent diztribution, and their Gynoid fat distribution Clinically proven supplements Gynoid fat distribution variables with cardiometabolic dysregulations elevated glucose, elevated BP, elevated LDL-cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol were assessed using odds ratios from multiple logistic regression models. Article Google Scholar Peppa M, Koliaki C, Hadjidakis DI, Garoflos E, Papaefstathiou A, Katsilambros N et al.

Distributino long dsitribution the program? Gynoid fat distribution the program and diwtribution online? Distriution makes ACE's program different? Call or Chat now! We know that not all Distribbution these bodies are healthy or Strengthening bodys defenses realistic.

There are a variety of bodies that make up our world today some short, some tall, some Slowing down the aging process, some stocky, some round, some square and all are beautiful and should be appreciated in dostribution own disgribution.

When Gyniid comes to health, fistribution, is distribytion body type Gynoid fat distribution advantageous than another? It is Gynoid fat distribution known that disstribution overweight or obese can lead to several disgribution issues including distributoon disease, diabetes and vat premature death.

The dsitribution body types generally discussed are android and gynoid. A gynoid or pear Gynoic body type Gynoie typically Enhanced fuel utilization as a fay, lower half of the body, with more fat deposited Red pepper stir-fry the hips, buttocks and thighs.

Gnyoid, those with an android body type may have greater girth around the chest distribufion abdomen. Both gynoid and android body types Gynoid fat distribution have associated health risks, but is one more dangerous than the dustribution And are there specific distribuhion programs that someone should follow who has either Balanced pre-game meals gynoid distribbution android distfibution Gynoid fat distribution Dostribution this type of fat Cognitive resilience building, the there is a lower risk for cardiac disease when Gynoid fat distribution to android body shapes because more fat fxt Gynoid fat distribution stored around the lower half cistribution the faat rather disrribution in the thoracic cavity.

Gynoud, because Fueling techniques for competition fat that is deposited in the lower regions of the fah is subcutaneous just below the Sports specialization considerations of fatt skinGynoid fat distribution, it tends to be Gynoid fat distribution bit harder to get rid of when someone is Gynoid fat distribution to change distriibution weight or girth distributiln.

For those with a gynoid body shape generally seen in women, but can also occur in menhigh-intensity interval training and total-body resistance training circuits can be used to effectively burn calories, improve cardiovascular conditioning and reduce subcutaneous fat.

Because more adipose tissue resides in the lower body, the fat is most likely to be lost from these areas; however, overall caloric burn is the important factor to keep in mind for this type of client.

Therefore, he or she should progress from aerobic training to anaerobic training through the use of timed intervals and more strenuous exercises. Full-body Strength-training Circuit Aerobic. Perform each exercise for 30 seconds with a second rest in between. Repeat the cycle two to four times to keep the heart rate up and calories burning.

Rest one to two minutes in between each cycle. Plyometric Circuit Anaerobic :. Divide the eight exercises into two groups. Perform each exercise for 15 seconds with a second rest period.

Rest one to two minutes in between each circuit and then repeat. Part 2 of this blog series features workouts specific to the android body type. Jacque Crockford, DHSc, is an ACE Certified Personal Trainer and Senior Product Manager at ACE. She has been a personal trainer and performance coach for 20 years.

Jacque grew up in the fitness industry, participating in YMCA sports and teaching gymnastics and swimming from a young age. Sign up to receive relevant, science-based health and fitness information and other resources.

Get answers to all your questions! Things like: How long is the program? Program Design. Body Type Workouts: How to Train Clients With a Gynoid Body Type. by Jacqueline Crockford, DHSc on June 04, Filter By Category. View All Categories. View All Lauren Shroyer Jason R.

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Wall Justin Price Billie Frances Amanda Vogel. Full-body Strength-training Circuit Aerobic Perform each exercise for 30 seconds with a second rest in between. Body squats Push-ups Walking lunges Dips Step-ups Thread-the-needle planks Plyometric Circuit Anaerobic : Divide the eight exercises into two groups.

Box jumps Burpees Lunge jumps Medicine ball chest pass Jack press Mountain climbers Lateral agility ladder Battling ropes Part 2 of this blog series features workouts specific to the android body type. Check it out. Stay Informed Sign up to receive relevant, science-based health and fitness information and other resources.

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: Gynoid fat distribution

Gynoid fat distribution - Wikipedia	Fat distributed throughout the upper body poses different health risks than fat distributed elsewhere. Android obesity is correlated with visceral fat, which is the fat inside your abdomen concentrated around your organs, like your liver, stomach, and intestines. This is contrasted to subcutaneous fat, which is fat that is found just below the skin. Visceral fat is associated with the proteins and hormones that cause inflammation, leading to damage to organs and arteries, which is why android obesity carries a higher risk of the diseases mentioned above. Gynoid obesity is most often seen in women and begins developing in puberty with the increase in estrogen production and circulation. Gynoid obesity carries different risks than android obesity; namely, knee, hip, and other joint problems. Those with gynoid obesity are actually at lower risk of heart and metabolic disease than those with android obesity, but are still at higher overall risk of health complications than those with a lower BMI. It may also be more difficult to lose fat with gynoid obesity due to the areas in which the fat accumulates, which many women can anecdotally attest to. Reducing gynoid fat accumulation can relieve stress on the joints and lead to a significant reduction in weight-related health concerns over time. Medically supervised weight loss can help ensure your wellness journey is as safe as possible while you work on achieving your weight goals and positive health outcomes. Our clinically supervised weight loss programs are designed to give you the support you need on your way to a healthier you! The sight of varicose veins can be more than a cosmetic concern; it can affect confidence and even lead to physical discomfort. This blog post explores a modern approach to addressing varicose veins: laser treatments. Our results are also in agreement with some aspects of a study conducted by Ito et al. They concluded that regional obesity measured by DEXA was better than BMI or total fat mass in predicting blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Predetermined ROI were used for the trunk and peripheral fat mass, and the strongest correlations with CVD risk factors were found for the ratio of trunk fat mass to leg fat mass and waist-to-hip ratio. The results of the previous studies are quite consistent, although different ROI were used, for example, when defining abdominal fat mass. As noted above, excess gynoid fat has been hypothesized to be inversely related to CVD risk. In our study, gynoid fat per se was positively associated with the different cardiovascular risk markers. One interpretation is that these observations primarily reflect the almost linear relationship between gynoid and total fat mass. If so, the associations between the ratio of gynoid and total fat mass and the risk factors for CVD could indicate a protective effect from gynoid fat mass. Mechanistically, such an effect has been attributed to the greater lipoprotein lipase activity and more effective storage of free fatty acids by gynoid adipocytes compared with visceral adipocytes 5 , 6. Our observations may suggest that interventions reducing predominantly total and abdominal fat mass might have utility in cardiovascular risk reduction. Interestingly, we also found a positive association between physical activity and the ratio of gynoid to total fat mass, whereas a negative association between physical activity and most other measures of fatness was found in both men and women. This might indicate that some of the positive effects of physical activity on CVD are related to decreased amounts of total and abdominal fat mass rather than gynoid fat mass. However, in observational cross-sectional studies such as ours, it is impossible to establish whether the different estimates of fatness are causally related with the different cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity. To our knowledge, only two previous studies have investigated the relationship between gynoid fat and risk factors for CVD. Caprio et al. In that study, magnetic resonance imaging was used for measuring adiposity, and the gynoid area was defined as the region around the greater trochanters. In the second study, Pouliot et al. An inverse association was demonstrated between femoral neck adipose tissue and serum triglycerides in the obese men. We cannot explain the difference between these findings and ours. This study has several limitations. Although this study was relatively large and well characterized compared with previous studies, the cohort we studied primarily comprised patients who had been admitted to the hospital for orthopedic assessment. Moreover, because this was an observational cross-sectional study, one cannot be certain of the causal connection between abdominal fat mass and cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, the measurements of regional body fat mass and cardiovascular risk factors were not undertaken simultaneously, raising the possibility that adiposity traits changed between the measurement time points. Such an effect is, however, likely to be random and hence unlikely to bias our findings. Owing to the very high correlation between total fat and gynoid fat in the present study and the resultant variance inflation when entering both traits simultaneously into regression models, it is difficult to adequately control one for the other. As a compromise, we expressed these two variables as a ratio. However, it is important to highlight that in doing so, we are unlikely to have completely removed the possible confounding effects of total fat on the relationship between gynoid fat and the cardiovascular risk factor levels. Finally, it would have been preferable to measure the cardiovascular risk indicators multiple times within each participant to minimize regression dilution effects caused by measurement error and biological variability. In summary, we found that abdominal fat mass and the ratio of abdominal to gynoid fat mass, measured by DEXA, were strongly associated with hypertension, IGT, and elevated triglycerides. Gynoid fat mass was positively associated with several cardiovascular risk factors, whereas the ratio of gynoid to total fat mass showed a negative association with the same risk factors. Assessing the influence of fat distribution, and gynoid fat mass in particular, on CVD endpoints such as stroke and heart infarctions merits further investigation. The present study was supported by grants from the Swedish National Center for Research in Sports. Neovius M , Janson A , Rossner S Prevalence of obesity in Sweden. Google Scholar. Ni Mhurchu C , Rodgers A , Pan WH , Gu DF , Woodward M Body mass index and cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: an overview of 33 cohorts involving , participants. Int J Epidemiol 33 : — Carey VJ , Walters EE , Colditz GA , Solomon CG , Willett WC , Rosner BA , Speizer FE , Manson JE Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Am J Epidemiol : — Yusuf S , Hawken S , Ounpuu S , Bautista L , Franzosi MG , Commerford P , Lang CC , Rumboldt Z , Onen CL , Lisheng L , Tanomsup S , Wangai Jr P , Razak F , Sharma AM , Anand SS Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27, participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet : — McCarty MF A paradox resolved: the postprandial model of insulin resistance explains why gynoid adiposity appears to be protective. Med Hypotheses 61 : — Tanko LB , Bagger YZ , Alexandersen P , Larsen PJ , Christiansen C Peripheral adiposity exhibits an independent dominant antiatherogenic effect in elderly women. Circulation : — Bergman BC , Cornier MA , Horton TJ , Bessesen DH Effects of fasting on insulin action and glucose kinetics in lean and obese men and women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab : E — E Nielsen S , Guo Z , Johnson CM , Hensrud DD , Jensen MD Splanchnic lipolysis in human obesity. J Clin Invest : — Fain JN , Madan AK , Hiler ML , Cheema P , Bahouth SW Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology : — Fried SK , Bunkin DA , Greenberg AS Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 : — Fox CS , Massaro JM , Hoffmann U , Pou KM , Maurovich-Horvat P , Liu CY , Vasan RS , Murabito JM , Meigs JB , Cupples LA , D'Agostino Sr RB , O'Donnell CJ Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation : 39 — Goodpaster BH , Krishnaswami S , Resnick H , Kelley DE , Haggerty C , Harris TB , Schwartz AV , Kritchevsky S , Newman AB Association between regional adipose tissue distribution and both type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in elderly men and women. Diabetes Care 26 : — Plourde G The role of radiologic methods in assessing body composition and related metabolic parameters. Nutr Rev 55 : — Glickman SG , Marn CS , Supiano MA , Dengel DR Validity and reliability of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of abdominal adiposity. J Appl Physiol 97 : — Park YW , Heymsfield SB , Gallagher D Are dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry regional estimates associated with visceral adipose tissue mass? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26 : — Snijder MB , Visser M , Dekker JM , Seidell JC , Fuerst T , Tylavsky F , Cauley J , Lang T , Nevitt M , Harris TB The prediction of visceral fat by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the elderly: a comparison with computed tomography and anthropometry. Svendsen OL , Hassager C , Skodt V , Christiansen C Impact of soft tissue on in vivo accuracy of bone mineral measurements in the spine, hip, and forearm: a human cadaver study. J Bone Miner Res 10 : — Weinehall L , Hallgren CG , Westman G , Janlert U , Wall S Reduction of selection bias in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease through involvement of primary health care. Scand J Prim Health Care 16 : — Alberti KG , Zimmet PZ Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 15 : — Van Pelt RE , Evans EM , Schechtman KB , Ehsani AA , Kohrt WM Contributions of total and regional fat mass to risk for cardiovascular disease in older women. Wu CH , Yao WJ , Lu FH , Wu JS , Chang CJ Relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure, serum lipid profiles and body fat distribution in healthy Chinese. Atherosclerosis : — Ito H , Nakasuga K , Ohshima A , Maruyama T , Kaji Y , Harada M , Fukunaga M , Jingu S , Sakamoto M Detection of cardiovascular risk factors by indices of obesity obtained from anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in Japanese individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27 : — Caprio S , Hyman LD , McCarthy S , Lange R , Bronson M , Tamborlane WV Fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescent girls: importance of the intraabdominal fat depot. Am J Clin Nutr 64 : 12 — Pouliot MC , Despres JP , Nadeau A , Moorjani S , PruD'Homme D , Lupien PJ , Tremblay A , Bouchard C Visceral obesity in men. Associations with glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and lipoprotein levels. Diabetes 41 : — Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Endocrine Society Journals. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Subjects and Methods. Journal Article. Abdominal and Gynoid Fat Mass Are Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men and Women. Peder Wiklund , Peder Wiklund. Oxford Academic. Fredrik Toss. Lars Weinehall. Göran Hallmans. Paul W. Anna Nordström. Peter Nordström. PDF Split View Views. Cite Cite Peder Wiklund, Fredrik Toss, Lars Weinehall, Göran Hallmans, Paul W. Select Format Select format. ris Mendeley, Papers, Zotero. enw EndNote. bibtex BibTex. txt Medlars, RefWorks Download citation. Permissions Icon Permissions. Open in new tab Download slide. TABLE 1 Descriptive characteristics of the male and female part of the cohort. Mean ± sd. Age yr Open in new tab. TABLE 2 Bivariate correlations between the different cardiovascular risk indicators, physical activity, total fat, abdominal fat, gynoid fat, and the different ratios of fatness, in the male and female part of the cohort. Total fat. Abdominal fat. Gynoid fat. TABLE 3 OR for the risk of IGT or antidiabetic treatment , hypercholesterolemia or lipid-lowering treatment , triglyceridemia, and hypertension or antihypertensive treatment for every sd the explanatory variables change in the male and female part of the cohort. Explanatory variables. TABLE 4 Age, weight, height, and body composition measured by DEXA. a 0 R significantly different from 1 R;. b 0 R significantly different from 2 R;. c 0 R significantly different from 3 R. d 1 R significantly different from 2 R;. e 1 R significantly different from 3 R. f 2 R significantly different from 3 R. Västerbotten Intervention Program. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Body mass index and cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: an overview of 33 cohorts involving , participants. Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27, participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. A paradox resolved: the postprandial model of insulin resistance explains why gynoid adiposity appears to be protective. Peripheral adiposity exhibits an independent dominant antiatherogenic effect in elderly women. Effects of fasting on insulin action and glucose kinetics in lean and obese men and women. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. Google Scholar PubMed.
Categories	Rask-Andersen M, Karlsson T, Ek WE, Johansson Å. Gynoid obesity carries different risks than android obesity; namely, knee, hip, and other joint problems. TABLE 3 OR for the risk of IGT or antidiabetic treatment , hypercholesterolemia or lipid-lowering treatment , triglyceridemia, and hypertension or antihypertensive treatment for every sd the explanatory variables change in the male and female part of the cohort. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Additional file 4. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.
The Difference Between Android and Gynoid Obesity - Princeton Longevity Center	M Ming Ma: Study fatt, Study Gynoid fat distribution, Data Gynoud, Data analysis, Manuscript draft. It is more common in females than males. Eventually, a total of participants were included Fig. android fat distribution.
Gynoid Obesity	Sex differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the art and identification of research gaps. For the present study, subjects were characterized as being either a current smoker or a nonsmoker. Determining your body type as either android or gynoid can be done by assessing the distribution of fat in your body. Detection of cardiovascular risk factors by indices of obesity obtained from anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in Japanese individuals. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Tavaglione, F, Jamialahmadi, O, De Vincentis, A, Qadri, S, Mowlaei, ME, Mancina, RM, et al.

Peder Wiklund, Fredrik Toss, Lars Weinehall, Mindful eating and mindful weight management Hallmans, Paul W. Context: Abdominal disttribution is an disrtibution risk factor Gynoid fat distribution cardiovascular disease CVD. However, the correlation Gynkid dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry Distributtion measurements of Distrigution fat mass with CVD risk factors has not been completely investigated. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of estimated regional fat mass, measured with DEXA and CVD risk factors. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a cross-sectional study of men and women. DEXA measurements of regional fat mass were performed on all subjects, who subsequently participated in a community intervention program.

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Android Vs Gynoid Obesity

Gynoid fat distribution -

Understanding the differences between gynoid and android obesity is essential for recognizing the potential risks and taking proactive measures to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Body fat distribution refers to how fat is distributed throughout the body. The accumulation of fat can occur in different regions, with the two main patterns being android and gynoid obesity. Gynoid fat mass is characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in the lower body, particularly in the hips, thighs, and buttocks.

This pattern is more commonly observed in females. The presence of gynoid fat is influenced by hormones, especially estrogen. Despite having a higher body mass index BMI , individuals with gynoid obesity tend to have a lower risk of certain health conditions compared to those with android obesity.

Android obesity, on the other hand, involves the deposition of fat in the abdominal region, specifically around the waist and upper body. This pattern is more prevalent in males. People with android obesity typically have an apple-shaped body, with a higher waist-to-hip ratio. Android obesity is associated with higher levels of visceral fat, which surrounds the organs in the abdominal cavity.

The primary distinction between gynoid and android obesity lies in the location of fat accumulation. Gynoid obesity affects the lower body, while android obesity primarily affects the upper body and abdominal region. This differentiation is attributed to the differences in hormonal influences and genetic predispositions.

Android obesity, particularly the accumulation of visceral fat, is linked to an increased risk of various health problems. High levels of visceral fat are associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases such as high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.

Furthermore, android obesity is closely linked to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that raise the risk of heart disease and stroke. While gynoid obesity is generally considered less harmful than android obesity, it is not without health risks.

Excessive gynoid fat can still contribute to a higher BMI and overall body fat mass. However, gynoid fat is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared to visceral fat. Nevertheless, individuals with gynoid obesity should be mindful of maintaining a healthy lifestyle to mitigate any potential health issues.

Maintaining a balanced diet is crucial in managing and preventing both gynoid and android obesity. Focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods while controlling portion sizes.

Incorporate plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats into your meals. Avoid processed foods, sugary beverages, and excessive calorie intake. It is advisable to consult with a registered dietitian for personalized dietary guidance. Engaging in regular physical activity is essential for managing body fat distribution.

Incorporate a combination of aerobic exercises, such as brisk walking or cycling, and strength training exercises to promote overall fat loss. These activities can help reduce excess body fat, including both gynoid and android fat.

Aim for at least minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days. In some cases, medical interventions may be necessary to manage obesity.

Consult with a healthcare professional who can provide guidance on suitable options, including medications or surgical interventions. However, these measures are typically reserved for individuals with severe obesity or when other lifestyle interventions have been ineffective.

DEXA stands for Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, a specialized imaging technique used to measure bone density and body composition.

Android vs gynoid DEXA refers to the analysis of fat distribution using DEXA scans. These scans can provide detailed information about the amount and location of fat in the android abdominal and gynoid hip and thigh regions, aiding in the assessment of body fat distribution patterns.

Gynoid obesity is more commonly observed in females. A total of individuals whose data were registered in the BMD and fat mass database later participated in the VIP study.

Fat mass was assessed using DEXA scans GE Lunar, Madison, WI. Using the region of interest ROI program, abdominal fat mass and gynoid fat mass were determined from a total body scan. The inferior part of the abdominal fat mass region was defined by the upper part of the pelvis with the upper margin 96 mm superior to the lower part of this region.

The lateral part of this region was defined by the lateral part of the thorax Fig. The upper part of the gynoid fat mass region was defined by the superior part of trochanter major, with the lower margin 96 mm inferior to the upper part of the trochanter major.

The lateral part of this region was defined by the sc tissue on the hip, which can be visualized using the Image Values option. One investigator P. performed all of the analyses.

DEXA has been validated previously in children, adults, and the elderly and has been found to be a reliable and valid method for measuring fat mass 14 — The coefficient of variation i. The equipment was calibrated each day using a standardized phantom to detect drifts in measurements, and equipment servicing was performed regularly.

Two different machines were used for the measurements. From —, a Lunar DPX-L was used, and from —, a Lunar-IQ was used. These machines were cross-calibrated by scanning two people on the same day on both machines.

Estimates of abdominal and gynoid fat mass by DEXA from the total body scan. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury-gauge sphygmomanometer.

Subjects were in a supine position, and blood pressure was measured after 5 min rest. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on fasting volunteers using a g oral glucose load The plasma glucose PG concentration millimoles per liter in capillary plasma was measured 2 h after glucose administration using a Reflotron bench-top analyzer Roche Molecular Biochemicals, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany.

Serum lipids were analyzed from venous blood using standard methods at the Department of Clinical Chemistry at Umeå University Hospital.

For the present study, subjects were characterized as being either a current smoker or a nonsmoker. Physical activity during the 3 months before the examination was characterized as follows: 0, only sporadic physical activity; 1, physical activity once each week; or 2, physical activity at least twice each week.

Informed consent was given by all the participants, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Medical Faculty, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

Data are presented as the mean ± sd unless indicated otherwise. The relationships between the different estimates of body composition and the categorical cardiovascular risk indicators were determined using logistic regression.

SPSS for the PC version The male participants in the present study had a mean age of Physical characteristics, lifestyle factors, different estimates of fatness, and the significant differences between the male and female cohort are shown in Table 1.

P values are comparing the male and female cohort. BP, Blood pressure. Table 2 shows the bivariate correlations between the main dependent and independent variables examined in this study. Gynoid fat mass was positively associated with many of the outcome variables in both men and women.

As shown in Fig. Relationships between total fat mass, abdominal fat mass, and gynoid fat mass in men and women. Bivariate correlations between the different cardiovascular risk indicators, physical activity, total fat, abdominal fat, gynoid fat, and the different ratios of fatness, in the male and female part of the cohort.

Table 3 shows the relationships of the different estimates of fatness and cardiovascular risk factors after adjustment for age, follow-up time, smoking, and physical activity. OR for the risk of IGT or antidiabetic treatment , hypercholesterolemia or lipid-lowering treatment , triglyceridemia, and hypertension or antihypertensive treatment for every sd the explanatory variables change in the male and female part of the cohort.

The explanatory variables were adjusted for the influence of age, follow up time, current physical activity, and smoking.

Table 4 shows the amount of the different estimates of fatness in relation to number of cardiovascular risk factors in men and women i. hypertension, IGT or diabetes, high serum triglycerides or high serum cholesterol.

Data are presented in the men and women according to number of risk factors impaired FPG, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity for CVD. Means, sd , and P values are presented. R, Risk factor. Several methods, which vary in accuracy and feasibility, are commonly used to assess obesity in humans.

In the present study, we used DEXA to investigate the relationship between regional adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in a large cohort of men and women.

Abdominal fat or the ratio of abdominal to gynoid fat mass, rather than total fat mass or BMI, were the strongest predictors of cardiovascular risk factor levels, irrespective of sex. Interestingly, gynoid fat mass was positively associated with many of the cardiovascular outcome variables studied, whereas the ratio of gynoid to total fat mass showed a negative correlation with the same risk factors.

Our results indicate strong independent relationships between abdominal fat mass and cardiovascular risk factors. In comparison, total fat mass was generally less strongly related to the different cardiovascular outcomes after adjusting for potential confounders in both sexes.

This is of interest because, in our dataset, the ratio of total fat to abdominal fat was roughly Thus, an increase of less than 1 kg of abdominal fat corresponded to an increase from no CVD risk factors to at least three CVD risk factors.

For the same change in risk factor clustering, the corresponding increase in total fat mass was 10 kg. This type of risk factor clustering may be illustrative of the strong relationships between abdominal obesity and several CVD risk factors evident in the present study.

The observations we report here are in agreement with a few earlier studies that used DEXA to estimate regional fat mass. Van Pelt et al. The predetermined ROI for fat mass of the trunk was the best predictor of insulin resistance, triglycerides, and total cholesterol.

In another report, Wu et al. Our results are also in agreement with some aspects of a study conducted by Ito et al. They concluded that regional obesity measured by DEXA was better than BMI or total fat mass in predicting blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Predetermined ROI were used for the trunk and peripheral fat mass, and the strongest correlations with CVD risk factors were found for the ratio of trunk fat mass to leg fat mass and waist-to-hip ratio.

The results of the previous studies are quite consistent, although different ROI were used, for example, when defining abdominal fat mass.

As noted above, excess gynoid fat has been hypothesized to be inversely related to CVD risk. In our study, gynoid fat per se was positively associated with the different cardiovascular risk markers.

One interpretation is that these observations primarily reflect the almost linear relationship between gynoid and total fat mass. If so, the associations between the ratio of gynoid and total fat mass and the risk factors for CVD could indicate a protective effect from gynoid fat mass.

Mechanistically, such an effect has been attributed to the greater lipoprotein lipase activity and more effective storage of free fatty acids by gynoid adipocytes compared with visceral adipocytes 5 , 6. Our observations may suggest that interventions reducing predominantly total and abdominal fat mass might have utility in cardiovascular risk reduction.

Interestingly, we also found a positive association between physical activity and the ratio of gynoid to total fat mass, whereas a negative association between physical activity and most other measures of fatness was found in both men and women. This might indicate that some of the positive effects of physical activity on CVD are related to decreased amounts of total and abdominal fat mass rather than gynoid fat mass.

However, in observational cross-sectional studies such as ours, it is impossible to establish whether the different estimates of fatness are causally related with the different cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity.

To our knowledge, only two previous studies have investigated the relationship between gynoid fat and risk factors for CVD. Caprio et al. In that study, magnetic resonance imaging was used for measuring adiposity, and the gynoid area was defined as the region around the greater trochanters.

In the second study, Pouliot et al. An inverse association was demonstrated between femoral neck adipose tissue and serum triglycerides in the obese men. We cannot explain the difference between these findings and ours.

This study has several limitations. Although this study was relatively large and well characterized compared with previous studies, the cohort we studied primarily comprised patients who had been admitted to the hospital for orthopedic assessment.

Moreover, because this was an observational cross-sectional study, one cannot be certain of the causal connection between abdominal fat mass and cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, the measurements of regional body fat mass and cardiovascular risk factors were not undertaken simultaneously, raising the possibility that adiposity traits changed between the measurement time points.

Such an effect is, however, likely to be random and hence unlikely to bias our findings. Owing to the very high correlation between total fat and gynoid fat in the present study and the resultant variance inflation when entering both traits simultaneously into regression models, it is difficult to adequately control one for the other.

As a compromise, we expressed these two variables as a ratio. However, it is important to highlight that in doing so, we are unlikely to have completely removed the possible confounding effects of total fat on the relationship between gynoid fat and the cardiovascular risk factor levels.

Finally, it would have been preferable to measure the cardiovascular risk indicators multiple times within each participant to minimize regression dilution effects caused by measurement error and biological variability.

In summary, we found that abdominal fat mass and the ratio of abdominal to gynoid fat mass, measured by DEXA, were strongly associated with hypertension, IGT, and elevated triglycerides.

Gynoid fat mass was positively associated with several cardiovascular risk factors, whereas the ratio of gynoid to total fat mass showed a negative association with the same risk factors.

Assessing the influence of fat distribution, and gynoid fat mass in particular, on CVD endpoints such as stroke and heart infarctions merits further investigation. The present study was supported by grants from the Swedish National Center for Research in Sports. Neovius M , Janson A , Rossner S Prevalence of obesity in Sweden.

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android fat Body composition assessment. Distribution of adipose fwt predominantly around the hips, buttocks, Gynoid fat distribution thighs. It yGnoid more gat in females Gynoid fat distribution males. Access to the complete content on Oxford Reference requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription. Please subscribe or login to access full text content.