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It influences brain processes and development, immune function and steroid hormone activity. Pyridoxine deficiency is rare. People who drink excessive amounts of alcohol, women especially those on the contraceptive pillthe elderly and people with thyroid disease the most at risk. Pyridoxine toxicity is mostly due to supplementation and can lead to harmful levels in the body that can damage the nerves.
Biotin B7 is needed for energy metabolismfat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis. High biotin intake can contribute to raised blood cholesterol levels.
Over-consumption of raw egg whites over periods of several months by bodybuilders, for example can induce deficiency because a protein in the egg white inhibits biotin absorption.
Folate, or folic acid the synthetic form of folate which is used extensively in dietary supplements and food fortification External Link is needed to form red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body.
It helps the development of the foetal nervous systemas well as DNA synthesis and cell growth. Women of child-bearing age need a diet rich in folate for this reason.
This is important to reduce the risks of neural tube defects such as spina bifida in the baby. Although folic acid is generally considered non-toxic, excessive intakes above 1,mcg per day over a period of time can lead to malaise, irritability and intestinal dysfunction. Cyanocobalamin or vitamin B12 helps to produce and maintain the myelin surrounding nerve cells, mental ability, red blood cell formation and the breaking down of some fatty acids and amino acids to produce energy.
Vitamin B12 has a close relationship with folate, as both depend on the other to work properly. Because vitamin B12 is only found in foods from animal sources, people following strict vegan dietsas well as breastfed babies of vegan mothers, tend to be most commonly affected.
Absorption of B12 from the gut also tends to decrease with ageso the elderly is another group who are more at risk of deficiency. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:.
Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional.
The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances.
The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Healthy eating. Home Healthy eating. Vitamin B. Actions for this page Listen Print.
Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. About B-group vitamins Vitamin B in food Vitamin B supplements Types of vitamin B Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pantothenic acid B5 Vitamin B6 pyridoxine Biotin B7 Folate or folic acid B9 Cyanocobalamin B12 Where to get help.
About B-group vitamins Vitamins naturally occur in food and are needed in very small amounts for various bodily functions such as energy production and making red blood cells.
Vitamin B in food Even though the B-group vitamins are found in many foods, they are water soluble and are generally quite delicate. Thiamin B1 Thiamin is also known as vitamin B1.
Good sources of thiamin wholemeal cereal grains seeds especially sesame seeds legumes wheatgerm nuts yeast pork. Thiamin deficiency Thiamin deficiency is generally found in countries where the dietary staple is white rice. Riboflavin B2 Riboflavin is primarily involved in energy production and helps vision and skin health.
Good sources of riboflavin milk yoghurt cottage cheese wholegrain breads and cereals egg white leafy green vegetables meat yeast liver kidney. Riboflavin deficiency ariboflavinosis Riboflavin deficiency or ariboflavinosis is rare and is usually seen along with other B-group vitamin deficiencies.
Niacin B3 Niacin is essential for the body to convert carbohydrates, fat and alcohol into energy. Good sources of niacin meats fish poultry milk eggs wholegrain breads and cereals nuts mushrooms all protein-containing foods.
Niacin deficiency pellagra People who drink excessive amounts of alcohol or live on a diet almost exclusively based on corn are most at risk of pellagra. Excessive niacin intake Large doses of niacin produce a drug-like effect on the nervous system and on blood fats.
Pantothenic acid B5 Pantothenic acid is needed to metabolise carbohydrates, proteins, fats and alcohol as well as produce red blood cells and steroid hormones.
Good sources of pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid is widespread and found in a range of foods, but some good sources include: liver meats milk kidneys eggs yeast peanuts legumes. Pantothenic acid deficiency Because pantothenic acid is found in such a wide variety of foods, deficiency is extremely rare.
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine Pyridoxine is needed for protein and carbohydrate metabolism, the formation of red blood cells and certain brain chemicals. Good sources of pyridoxine cereal grains legumes green and leafy vegetables fish and shellfish meat and poultry nuts liver fruit.
Pyridoxine deficiency Pyridoxine deficiency is rare. Excessive pyridoxine intake Pyridoxine toxicity is mostly due to supplementation and can lead to harmful levels in the body that can damage the nerves.
Biotin B7 Biotin B7 is needed for energy metabolismfat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis. Good sources of biotin liver cauliflower egg yolks peanuts chicken yeast mushrooms.
Folate or folic acid B9 Folate, or folic acid the synthetic form of folate which is used extensively in dietary supplements and food fortification External Link is needed to form red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body.
Good sources of folate green leafy vegetables legumes seeds liver poultry eggs cereals citrus fruits. Sinceall bread sold in Australia except organic has been fortified with folic acid. Excessive folic acid intake Although folic acid is generally considered non-toxic, excessive intakes above 1,mcg per day over a period of time can lead to malaise, irritability and intestinal dysfunction.
Cyanocobalamin B12 Cyanocobalamin or vitamin B12 helps to produce and maintain the myelin surrounding nerve cells, mental ability, red blood cell formation and the breaking down of some fatty acids and amino acids to produce energy.
Good sources of B12 liver meat milk cheese eggs almost anything of animal origin. Vitamin B12 deficiency Because vitamin B12 is only found in foods from animal sources, people following strict vegan dietsas well as breastfed babies of vegan mothers, tend to be most commonly affected.
Where to get help Your GP doctor Dietitians Australia External Link Tel. Nutrients External Link, Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand, National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government. Eat for Health, Australian dietary guidelines External Link, National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government.
Nutrition and fortification External LinkFood Standards Australia New Zealand. Give feedback about this page. Was this page helpful?
: Vitamin B for carbohydrate metabolism| Types of B vitamins: Functions, sources, and deficiencies | The importance of consistently consuming nutrient-dense foods that contain B vitamins cannot be underestimated! B vitamins are found in unrefined whole grains, fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts , legumes, seafood , and organ meats. For greatest effect, it is generally recommended to supplement with the whole vitamin B-complex family, rather than isolated B and often synthetic vitamins. Again, live-source nutrients are key! Max B-ND, Desiccated Liver and Nutritional Yeast Flakes all contain B-vitamins in abundance! Home Blog Improve Carbohydrate Metabolism with B Complex Vitamins! B vitamins help to regulate this biochemical function. In fact, many of the symptoms of vitamin B deficiency are those that are also associated with stress: anxiety, nervousness, depression irritability and so on. A lack of B vitamins affects the manufacture of neurotransmitters, affecting the nervous system, contributing to stress and anxiety. Vitamin B complex can reduce stress, but only if your stress is due to a deficiency. This is more common that most people are aware. Diuretics can cause deficiencies in water-soluble vitamins. Every one of the B vitamins is involved in cell metabolism. Thiamine supports the immune system and plays a key role in cell metabolism. Thiamine deficiency causes depression, muscle weakness and memory loss. Folic acid can also be depleted through diuretics, which may lead to anemia. Because they are soluble in water, B vitamins are quickly leached from the body. They need to be replaced on a regular basis. Carbohydrate consumption Although whole grains provide B vitamins in abundance, they are discarded during the refining process. Refined carbohydrates are devoid of the bodybuilding elements essential to life. Eating refined carbohydrates can deplete your body's precious reserves of vitamins, minerals and enzymes, as digestion of refined carbohydrates requires your body's own stores of vitamins, minerals and enzymes to be utilized for proper metabolism. In addition, eating refined carbohydrates causes blood sugar surges, which in turn depletes B-complex vitamins. A viscious cycle of which came first, the chicken or the egg ensues! Why do we need all of these B Vitamins? Vitamin B1: Thiamin. Needed to manufacture hydrochloric acid; used to treat constipation, fatigue, herpes and multiple sclerosis. In particular, for bodybuilders interested in lean muscle and transforming their body composition it is very important. The best type of diet for building muscle is a high carbohydrate diet. However, diets high in carbs require greater amounts of B Vitamins to maximize the response and enhance proper nutrition partitioning. The best naturally found sources of B12 is in animal products , including fish , meat , poultry , eggs, milk , and milk products. Although Vitamin B12 is generally not present in plant foods, fortified breakfast cereals are a readily available source of vitamin B12 with high bioavailability for vegetarians. Chiun T. Ling and Bacon F. Learn how to lift properly from our elite level coaches. Nutrition and a balanced diet are the two most critical elements of any fitness program. All memberships include personalized nutrition and a dedicated coach. Choose from either our Elite or Premium membership Offers. The effect of vitamin B12 on carbohydrate and lipide metabolism. pdf Share: Share on Twitter Share on Facebook. |
| 6.3: Vitamins Important for Metabolism | Thus a supplement of thiamin improves carbohydrate metabolism in the thiamin-deficient state. Some reports have indicated that concentrations of thiamin in tissues are decreased by exercise, i. the need for thiamin intake is increased. However, direct evidence supporting the hypothesis of whether or not the thiamin requirement is increased by exercise is lacking. Although it is well documented that thiamin plays an important role in the normal function of PDH reactions, whether carbohydrate metabolism is activated by supplemental thiamin during and after exercise in a normal thiamin state is unclear. This review deals with the possibility of the administration of thiamin in preventing exercise-induced fatigue by focusing on two considerations: 1 whether the need for thiamin is increased with exercise and 2 the effect of thiamin not only on carbohydrate metabolism, but also on lipid metabolism at rest and during exercise under normal dietary conditions. Already have an account? Sign in here. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. Online ISSN : Print ISSN : ISSN-L : Journal home All issues About the journal. Effect of thiamin vitamin B 1 on carbohydrate metabolism at rest and during exercise. Pantothenic acid is needed to metabolise carbohydrates, proteins, fats and alcohol as well as produce red blood cells and steroid hormones. Pyridoxine is needed for protein and carbohydrate metabolism, the formation of red blood cells and certain brain chemicals. It influences brain processes and development, immune function and steroid hormone activity. Pyridoxine deficiency is rare. People who drink excessive amounts of alcohol, women especially those on the contraceptive pill , the elderly and people with thyroid disease the most at risk. Pyridoxine toxicity is mostly due to supplementation and can lead to harmful levels in the body that can damage the nerves. Biotin B7 is needed for energy metabolism , fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis. High biotin intake can contribute to raised blood cholesterol levels. Over-consumption of raw egg whites over periods of several months by bodybuilders, for example can induce deficiency because a protein in the egg white inhibits biotin absorption. Folate, or folic acid the synthetic form of folate which is used extensively in dietary supplements and food fortification External Link is needed to form red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body. It helps the development of the foetal nervous system , as well as DNA synthesis and cell growth. Women of child-bearing age need a diet rich in folate for this reason. This is important to reduce the risks of neural tube defects such as spina bifida in the baby. Although folic acid is generally considered non-toxic, excessive intakes above 1,mcg per day over a period of time can lead to malaise, irritability and intestinal dysfunction. Cyanocobalamin or vitamin B12 helps to produce and maintain the myelin surrounding nerve cells, mental ability, red blood cell formation and the breaking down of some fatty acids and amino acids to produce energy. Vitamin B12 has a close relationship with folate, as both depend on the other to work properly. Because vitamin B12 is only found in foods from animal sources, people following strict vegan diets , as well as breastfed babies of vegan mothers, tend to be most commonly affected. Absorption of B12 from the gut also tends to decrease with age , so the elderly is another group who are more at risk of deficiency. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances. The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Healthy eating. Home Healthy eating. Vitamin B. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. About B-group vitamins Vitamin B in food Vitamin B supplements Types of vitamin B Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pantothenic acid B5 Vitamin B6 pyridoxine Biotin B7 Folate or folic acid B9 Cyanocobalamin B12 Where to get help. About B-group vitamins Vitamins naturally occur in food and are needed in very small amounts for various bodily functions such as energy production and making red blood cells. Vitamin B in food Even though the B-group vitamins are found in many foods, they are water soluble and are generally quite delicate. Thiamin B1 Thiamin is also known as vitamin B1. Impairment of secretion of this protein either caused by an autoimmune disease or by chronic inflammation of the stomach such as that occurring in some people with H. pylori infection , can lead to the disease pernicious anemia, a type of macrocytic anemia. Vitamin B 12 malabsorption is most common in the elderly, who may have impaired functioning of digestive organs, a normal consequence of aging. Pernicious anemia is treated with large oral doses of vitamin B 12 or by putting the vitamin under the tongue, where it is absorbed into the blood stream without passing through the intestine. In patients that do not respond to oral or sublingual treatment, vitamin B 12 is given by injection. Although some marketers claim taking a vitamin that contains one-thousand times the daily value of certain B vitamins boosts energy and performance, this is a myth that is not backed by science. As discussed, B vitamins are needed to support energy metabolism and growth, but taking in more than required does not supply you with more energy. A great analogy of this phenomenon is the gas in your car. Does it drive faster with a half-tank of gas or a full one? It does not matter; the car drives just as fast as long as it has gas. Similarly, depletion of B vitamins will cause problems in energy metabolism, but having more than is required to run metabolism does not speed it up. Buyers of B-vitamin supplements beware; B vitamins are not stored in the body and all excess will be flushed down the toilet along with the extra money spent. B vitamins are naturally present in numerous foods, and many other foods are enriched with them. In the United States, B-vitamin deficiencies are rare; however, in the nineteenth century, some vitamin-B deficiencies plagued many people in North America. Niacin deficiency, also known as pellagra, was prominent in poorer Americans whose main dietary staple was refined cornmeal Video 6. Its symptoms were severe and included diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and even death. Review this video on how Dr. Joseph Goldberger discovered that pellagra was a diet-related illness. click to see video. B vitamins are water-soluble and are not stored in significant amounts in the body. Therefore, they must be continuously obtained from the diet. Fortunately, B vitamins are generally well-absorbed in the gut. It should be noted that B vitamins are lost from foods during storage, processing, and cooking. To maximize B vitamin uptake, fruits and vegetables should not be stored for long periods of time, should be eaten more as whole foods, and vegetables should be steamed rather than boiled. Also, alcohol disrupts intestinal absorption of B vitamins. The US Department of Agriculture has reports of the nutrient contents in foods, including all B vitamins, available at their website. Source: Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B 6 , Folate, Vitamin B 12 , Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. June 12, The USDA has an interactive database of nutrient contents in food. To view reports of single nutrients simply click on the one you are interested in and view the report. To assist you in getting all the vitamin B 12 and folate you need to support metabolism and blood cell synthesis look over Table 6. Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. There is emerging evidence that vitamin K may play a role in energy metabolism, but currently, the exact functions of vitamin K-dependent enzymes in energy metabolism remain elusive. Vitamin K is required for optimal bone metabolism. Vitamin K is also critical for blood function. A deficiency in vitamin K causes bleeding disorders. It is relatively rare, but people who have liver or pancreatic disease, celiac disease, or malabsorption conditions are at higher risk for vitamin K deficiency. Signs and symptoms include nosebleeds, easy bruising, broken blood vessels, bleeding gums, and heavy menstrual bleeding in women. The function of the anticoagulant drug warfarin is impaired by excess vitamin K intake from supplements. Calcium additionally plays a role in activation of blood-clotting proteins as discussed in the previous chapter. Vitamin K is present in many foods and most highly concentrated in green leafy vegetables. See Table APUS: An Introduction to Nutrition 1st Edition. Search site Search Search. Go back to previous article. Sign in. Skills to Develop Summarize the role of the B vitamins in metabolism. Explain how Vitamin K supports a life-saving function of blood. Vitamins: Functions in Catabolic Pathways and Anabolic Pathways Thiamine B 1 Thiamine, one of the water-soluble vitamins, is especially important in glucose metabolism. Riboflavin B 2 Riboflavin, also a water-soluble vitamin, is an essential component of flavoproteins, which are coenzymes involved in many metabolic pathways of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Niacin B 3 Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin and is found as nicotinamide niacinamide or nicotinic acid. Pantothenic Acid B 5 Pantothenic acid, another water-soluble vitamin, forms coenzyme A, which is the main carrier of carbon molecules in a cell. Pyroxidine B 6 Pyroxidine water-soluble vitamin is the coenzyme involved in nitrogen transfer between amino acids and therefore plays a role in amino-acid synthesis and catabolism. Biotin B 7 Biotin water-soluble vitamin is required as a coenzyme in the citric acid cycle and in lipid metabolism. Folate Folate is a required coenzyme for the synthesis of the amino acid methionine, and for making RNA and DNA. Cobalamin B 12 Cobalamin contains cobalt, making it the only vitamin that contains a metal ion. Do B-Vitamin Supplements Provide an Energy Boost? Dietary Reference Intakes and Sources of B Vitamins B vitamins are water-soluble and are not stored in significant amounts in the body. Dietary Sources Rich in Folate and Vitamin B 12 To assist you in getting all the vitamin B 12 and folate you need to support metabolism and blood cell synthesis look over Table 6. Vitamin K: Functions in Metabolism There is emerging evidence that vitamin K may play a role in energy metabolism, but currently, the exact functions of vitamin K-dependent enzymes in energy metabolism remain elusive. |
| B vitamins - Wikipedia | Category metabooism B Vitamin B for carbohydrate metabolism. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Carbohyfrate. Coenzyme; assists in amino-acid synthesis, glycogenolysis, neurotransmitter Vitamin B for carbohydrate metabolism Vigamin synthesis. Hiroyuki Masuda Department of Health Antioxidant-rich antioxidants Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare Tsuyoshi Masuda Department of Environmental Simulation, Institute for Environmental Sciences Hideo Hatta Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Cyanocobalamin B12 Cyanocobalamin or vitamin B12 helps to produce and maintain the myelin surrounding nerve cells, mental ability, red blood cell formation and the breaking down of some fatty acids and amino acids to produce energy. |
| Vitamins and Minerals Involved in Energy Metabolism | Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Thiamin vitamin B 1 has often been used as a reagent to prevent fatigue. There are two possibilities concerning the anti-fatigue effect of thiamin: 1 an ergogenic effect in a non-thiamin deficient state and 2 a supplementary effect under the condition of an increasing need for thiamin due to exercise. Thiamin is a coenzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase PDH , which is a mitochondrial enzyme for oxidation of carbohydrate-derived substrate to generate ATP. In a thiamin deficiency, oxidation of carbohydrate is decreased due to the reduced activity of PDH. Thus a supplement of thiamin improves carbohydrate metabolism in the thiamin-deficient state. Some reports have indicated that concentrations of thiamin in tissues are decreased by exercise, i. the need for thiamin intake is increased. However, direct evidence supporting the hypothesis of whether or not the thiamin requirement is increased by exercise is lacking. Although it is well documented that thiamin plays an important role in the normal function of PDH reactions, whether carbohydrate metabolism is activated by supplemental thiamin during and after exercise in a normal thiamin state is unclear. This review deals with the possibility of the administration of thiamin in preventing exercise-induced fatigue by focusing on two considerations: 1 whether the need for thiamin is increased with exercise and 2 the effect of thiamin not only on carbohydrate metabolism, but also on lipid metabolism at rest and during exercise under normal dietary conditions. Already have an account? Sign in here. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. Online ISSN : Print ISSN : ISSN-L : Journal home All issues About the journal. Effect of thiamin vitamin B 1 on carbohydrate metabolism at rest and during exercise. Hiroyuki Masuda , Tsuyoshi Masuda , Hideo Hatta Author information. Hiroyuki Masuda Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare Tsuyoshi Masuda Department of Environmental Simulation, Institute for Environmental Sciences Hideo Hatta Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Diuretics can cause deficiencies in water-soluble vitamins. Every one of the B vitamins is involved in cell metabolism. Thiamine supports the immune system and plays a key role in cell metabolism. Thiamine deficiency causes depression, muscle weakness and memory loss. Folic acid can also be depleted through diuretics, which may lead to anemia. Because they are soluble in water, B vitamins are quickly leached from the body. They need to be replaced on a regular basis. Carbohydrate consumption Although whole grains provide B vitamins in abundance, they are discarded during the refining process. Refined carbohydrates are devoid of the bodybuilding elements essential to life. Eating refined carbohydrates can deplete your body's precious reserves of vitamins, minerals and enzymes, as digestion of refined carbohydrates requires your body's own stores of vitamins, minerals and enzymes to be utilized for proper metabolism. In addition, eating refined carbohydrates causes blood sugar surges, which in turn depletes B-complex vitamins. A viscious cycle of which came first, the chicken or the egg ensues! Why do we need all of these B Vitamins? Vitamin B1: Thiamin. Needed to manufacture hydrochloric acid; used to treat constipation, fatigue, herpes and multiple sclerosis. Sugar comsumption rapidly depletes B Vitamin B2: Riboflavin. Found in a variey of whole foods. Plays a key role in energy metabolism, as well as for the metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vitamin B3: Niacin. helps the body make various sex and stress-related hormones in the adrenal glands and other parts of the body. Niacin is effective in improving circulation and reducing cholesterol levels in the blood. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic Acid. Found in organ meats, egg yolks, and whole grains. Essential for proper adrenal gland function. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine. |
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Carbohydrate Structure and Metabolism, an Overview, Animation.Vitamin B for carbohydrate metabolism -
Although it is well documented that thiamin plays an important role in the normal function of PDH reactions, whether carbohydrate metabolism is activated by supplemental thiamin during and after exercise in a normal thiamin state is unclear.
This review deals with the possibility of the administration of thiamin in preventing exercise-induced fatigue by focusing on two considerations: 1 whether the need for thiamin is increased with exercise and 2 the effect of thiamin not only on carbohydrate metabolism, but also on lipid metabolism at rest and during exercise under normal dietary conditions.
Already have an account? Sign in here. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. Online ISSN : Print ISSN : ISSN-L : Journal home All issues About the journal. Effect of thiamin vitamin B 1 on carbohydrate metabolism at rest and during exercise. Hiroyuki Masuda , Tsuyoshi Masuda , Hideo Hatta Author information.
Hiroyuki Masuda Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare Tsuyoshi Masuda Department of Environmental Simulation, Institute for Environmental Sciences Hideo Hatta Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo.
Corresponding author. Keywords: thiamin vitamin B 1 , fatigue , skeletal muscle , exercise. JOURNAL FREE ACCESS. Published: September 25, Received: August 31, Available on J-STAGE: October 02, Accepted: September 14, Advance online publication: - Revised: -.
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Figures 0. Plasma concentrations of triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C were measured using enzymatic methods. MetS components were defined according to the diagnosis and management of the MetS established by the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Incident cases of MetS were identified at each follow-up examination. Dietary information was assessed using the validated, interviewer-administered CARDIA diet history at the baseline, year 7, and year 20 examinations.
This study assessed each B vitamin intake from both dietary and supplemental sources. Total folate consumption was measured at baseline and follow-ups at year 7 and 20 visits, whereas intakes of vitamin B 6 and vitamin B 12 were assessed at year 7 and The overall dietary quality was estimated by calculating the a priori diet quality scores at baseline, year 7, and year Serum folate and vitamin B 12 were determined on the Hitachi Roche Diagnostics with the use of the CEDIA homogeneous enzyme immunoassay system Boehringer Mannheim.
Serum vitamin B 6 was examined using a radioenzymatic assay American Laboratory Products. Alcohol intake was measured and converted to milliliters per day. Family histories of diabetes, hypertension, or myocardial infarction were identified as either mother or father having these diseases.
Participants were divided into quintiles according to B vitamin intakes or serum concentrations. Characteristics of participants were described as means or percentages. The median value was provided for variables with skewed distribution. The differences of baseline characteristics across energy-adjusted B vitamin intake quintiles were compared by using analysis of variance, χ 2 test, or Kruskal-Wallis test, as appropriate.
Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between each energy-adjusted B vitamin intake and MetS incidence. The energy-adjusted B vitamin intakes were calculated as the B vitamin intakes per day divided by the total daily calorie intake.
The medians of energy-adjusted B vitamin quintiles were used as a continuous variable to test the linear trend. We performed the analysis in 2 sequential multivariable-adjusted models.
In Model 1, we adjusted for age, sex, race, CARDIA field center, and total energy intake. In Model 2 final model , we further adjusted for education, lifestyle factors smoking status, alcohol consumption, PA, use of B vitamin supplement of interest, a priori diet quality scores , and family medical history hypertension, diabetes, and heart attack.
We stratified the analysis by some prespecified factors that are closely associated with MetS, including age, sex, and race as well as supplement usage. The interaction terms between the medians of B vitamin intake quintiles and these potential outcome modifiers were created and tested for statistical significance.
Furthermore, we examined the associations between each B vitamin intake and individual component of MetS using Cox proportional hazards regression with covariates in the final model.
The P values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni procedure. We performed several sensitivity analyses. First, we additionally adjusted for the other 2 B vitamin intakes for each B vitamin intake to reduce the potential confounding.
Second, we identified the participants with low intakes of all 3 energy-adjusted B vitamins those with intakes less than the median levels and compared the incidence of MetS among this subgroup with the rest.
We calculated the Spearman correlation between the average intake of total folate, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 and their serum mean concentration in this subcohort. We also examined the associations of serum B vitamin quintiles with MetS incidence using Cox proportional hazards regression and adjusted for covariates in the final model except for the a priori diet quality scores.
Finally, to explore potential mechanisms, we examined the Spearman correlations between serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B 6 , and B 12 with Hcy.
We also examined the association between Hcy quintiles and MetS incidence in a Cox proportional hazards regression model with adjustment for covariates in the final model except for the a priori diet quality scores.
All analyses were performed by using SAS version 9. Data analysis was conducted from January to July The present prospective cohort study includes participants with Participants who had higher intakes of total folate, vitamin B 6 , or vitamin B 12 were more likely to be older, be women and White, have a higher education level, be never-smokers, have less alcohol consumption for folate and vitamin B 6 , be more active, have lower total energy intake, and better overall dietary quality.
They were also less likely to have family history of diabetes for folate. In addition, they had lower BMI, lower systolic BP, lower waist circumference, lower triglycerides for folate and vitamin B 12 , higher HDL-C, and lower serum Hcy at baseline Table 1.
Serum concentrations of the 3 B vitamins were inversely associated with incident MetS quintile 5 vs 1: HR, 0. Serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 were also inversely correlated with serum Hcy concentration.
Moreover, serum higher Hcy was associated with an increased incidence of MetS HR in quintile vs 1: 1.
In addition, total folate intake was inversely associated with the incidences of all individual components of MetS Table 4. Significant inverse associations were found between vitamin B 6 intake and all individual components except for high glucose, and between vitamin B 12 intake and all individual components except for high glucose as well as high BP Table 4.
These significant associations remained when adjusted for multiple comparisons. The results of the sensitivity analyses were generally consistent. First, when we further adjusted for the other 2 B vitamin intakes, the association between each B vitamin intake and MetS incidence did not appreciably change eTable 3 in Supplement 1.
Second, comparing those with low intakes of all 3 energy-density B vitamins with the rest, the risk of developing MetS was significantly higher HR, 2.
In this large longitudinal cohort study with years of follow-up, total intakes of folate, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 were significantly inversely associated with incidence of MetS and the majority of its individual components among adults in the US.
Serum concentrations of these B vitamins were inversely associated with incident MetS in a subset of these participants. Epidemiological data on dietary B vitamin and MetS risk have produced inconsistent results.
A cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that higher dietary intakes of folate and vitamin B 6 , but not vitamin B 12 , were related to lower prevalence of MetS among US adult civilians.
We found that folate intake was inversely associated with all individual components of MetS. However, the inverse association between vitamin B 6 and MetS may be mainly explained by its favorable outcomes on adiposity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, and elevated BP.
Regarding vitamin B 12 , its inverse association with MetS may be mainly explained by its favorable impacts on adiposity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C. Nevertheless, the inverse association between vitamin B 12 intake and MetS risk was only observed among supplement users, presumably because these participants consumed relatively higher levels of total vitamin B The robustness of our findings is supported by the consistent results of intakes and serum concentrations of these B vitamins.
The findings of serum B vitamin concentrations are consistent with a case-control study that reported lower plasma vitamin B 6 concentrations in Nigerian MetS patients 25 and cross-sectional studies that found inverse associations between blood FA, 26 vitamin B 6, 27 and vitamin B 12, 26 , 28 and MetS prevalence in various populations.
Our findings are biologically plausible. Emerging evidence suggests that folate, vitamin B 6 , and B 12 are essential for facilitating energy, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism in rodents and humans, 3 , 29 - 31 mainly by counteracting hyperhomocysteinemia.
However, when we adjusted for serum Hcy in Model 2, the observed B vitamins-MetS associations were slightly attenuated but remained significant, suggesting that it is likely to be a multifactorial mechanism. For example, low status of these B vitamins may lead to dyslipidemia, 3 vascular endothelial dysfunction, 4 , 5 glucose intolerance, 6 and insulin resistance 7 through oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and impairment of nitric oxide synthesis, 3 , 6 , 32 - 34 which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MetS.
In addition, folate donates the methyl group in the one-carbon cycle with vitamin B 6 and B 12 acting as cofactors, which modifies methylation status of genetic loci signals related to cellular insulin resistance, elevated BP, and adiposity.
This study had notable strengths. First, the study population includes a large community-based cohort of young adults fairly balanced across sex and race. The long-term longitudinal follow-up, comprehensive data collection for exposure, outcome and covariates, and the stringent quality control in the CARDIA study allow us to examine the prospective associations of interest independent of major MetS factors associated with risk and to explore potential outcome modification.
Second, MetS components were ascertained by measures obtained by trained personnel using standardized procedures, rather than self-report, which substantially reduces the possibility of measurement error and misdiagnosis of end points.
Third, we performed comprehensive analyses examining B vitamins measured in both diet and serum, and their associations with MetS as well as its components. The consistent results suggest that it is unlikely that our results were substantially biased.
There are limitations that merit discussions. First, although we adjusted for a wide array of potential confounders, residual confounding cannot be completely ruled out due to the nature of observational study. Hence, this study cannot establish a causal inference. Folate-rich foods, such as green leafy vegetables, fruit, and legumes contain other beneficial nutrients and compounds that may confound the observed inverse associations.
However, we adjusted for the a priori diet quality scores as a marker of overall dietary quality. The consistent findings for serum and dietary B vitamins also suggest the observed association is less likely to be explained by confounding.
Second, we did not examine the potential outcomes of genetic risk factors influencing B vitamin metabolism.
Previous studies reported relations between genetic variations that encode the key enzymes in B vitamin metabolism and incident MetS. In this study, we found that both dietary intakes and serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 were significantly inversely associated with incident MetS.
Adequate intakes of these B vitamins should be recommended for prevention of MetS. Lower serum concentrations of these B vitamins may be indicators of higher risk of MetS. Further investigations are needed to confirm our findings and establish causal inference. Published: January 11, Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License.
JAMA Network Open. Corresponding Author: Ka Kahe, MD, ScD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, W th St, New York, NY kk columbia. Author Contributions: Dr Kahe had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Zhu, Chen, Lu, Shikany, Kahe. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Zhu, Chen, Lu, Shikany, Kahe. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Kahe reported receiving grants from National Institutes of Health outside the submitted work.
No other disclosures were reported. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults CARDIA Study is conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in collaboration with the University of Alabama at Birmingham HHSNI and HHSNI , Northwestern University HHSNI , the University of Minnesota HHSNI , and the Kaiser Foundation Research Institute HHSNI.
Disclaimer: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
This manuscript was reviewed by CARDIA for scientific content. Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 2. Additional Contributions: The authors thank the participants, the other investigators, and the staffs of the CARDIA study for valuable contributions.
full text icon Full Text. Download PDF Comment. Top of Article Key Points Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Article Information References. Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population by Quintiles of Energy-Adjusted B Vitamin Intakes, the CARDIA study, to a , b.
View Large Download. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Supplement 1. Flowchart of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults CARDIA Study Participants Included in This Study eTable 1. Stratified Analyses for Dietary B Vitamins in Relation to Incident Metabolic Syndrome, the CARDIA Study, to eTable 2.
Association of Serum Homocysteine Levels With Incident Metabolic Syndrome, the CARDIA Study, to eTable 3.
Supplement 2. Data Sharing Statement. Li M, Li S, Chavarro JE, et al. Prepregnancy habitual intakes of total, supplemental, and food folate and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study.
doi: Spratlen MJ, Grau-Perez M, Umans JG, et al. Arsenic, one carbon metabolism and diabetes-related outcomes in the Strong Heart Family Study.
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Celik SF, Celik E. Subclinical atherosclerosis and impaired cardiac autonomic control in pediatric patients with Vitamin B12 deficiency. Zhu J, Chen C, Lu L, Yang K, Reis J, He K. Intakes of folate, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 in relation to diabetes incidence among American young adults: a year follow-up study.
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One of the most intriguing aspects of Vitamin B for carbohydrate metabolism is its impact carbogydrate nutrition partitioning and mteabolism composition. The research on B vitamins is metaboliem Vitamin B for carbohydrate metabolism and Vegetarian meal planning particular the results of B12 Glutathione suggest metabolsim congruent relationship between Vitamon glucose control Performance nutrition for swimmers B12 metabolism. Therefore Vitamin B for carbohydrate metabolism carbohyddate deduct, that catbohydrate B12 plays an important role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Although these substances are usually found only in minute quantities in the animal body, their concentration can increase to a considerable extent under certain conditions. For example, Banerjee et al. found that dehydroascorbic acid was present in considerable amounts in scorbutic guinea pig tissues and that the glutathione content was markedly diminished in these tissues, and particularly so in the pancreas. However, the rapidity with which glutathione acts to lower the blood sugar after its injection suggests that this substance may be directly involved in the utilization of carbohydrate.
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