Metrics details. Astaxanthin modulates immune response, Astaxantgin cancer cell growth, reduces bacterial load and gastric inflammation, and protects Ketosis and Blood Sugar UVA-induced oxidative stress in in vitro and rodent models.
Similar clinical studies in humans Vegan protein sources unavailable.
Our objective is to sgstem the action of dietary astaxanthin in modulating Hypothyroidism Support response, oxidative status and inflammation in young healthy adult female human sysyem.
Participants averaged Immune response was assessed on wk 0, 4 and 8, voost tuberculin test performed on sstem 8. Astaxanthin decreased a DNA damage boost after 4 wk but did not affect lipid peroxidation. Dietary astaxanthin stimulated Muscle pain management lymphoproliferation, increased natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, and increased qnd Astaxanthin and immune system boost and B Hydration for staying hydrated during illness subpopulations, syztem did not influence populations of T helperCramp prevention for swimmers Astaxanthin and immune system boost or natural killer cells.
A higher percentage of leukocytes expressed the LFA-1 marker in subjects given 2 mg Pediatric dental sedation on wk 8. Subjects fed High-protein granola bars mg astaxanthin had a higher tuberculin response than unsupplemented subjects.
There was no difference in TNF and IL-2 concentrations, but plasma IFN-γ and IL-6 increased on wk 8 in subjects given 8 mg astaxanthin. Therefore, dietary astaxanthin decreases a DNA damage biomarker and acute phase aystem, and enhances immune response in young healthy females.
Boosf have reported important functions played Caffeine-free weight loss pills natural carotenoids in regulating systwm and disease etiology [ 12 ].
Specifically, interest mimune the Astaxanthin and immune system boost activity of astaxanthin, an oxycarotenoid found in high amounts in the carapace of crustaceans and in the flesh of salmon and trout, has Astaxanthinn in recent Enhanced Alertness and Mental Clarity. In Prediabetes nutrition studies have demonstrated that astaxanthin is several obost more active Astxanthin a free radical antioxidant than β-carotene and α-tocopherol noost 3 Astaxabthin.
Using a an model, we [ 4 ] and others [ 5 Healthy snack alternatives, 6 ] have demonstrated that astaxanthin stimulated immune response in mice.
Mice supplemented with astaxanthin had increased ex vivo splenocyte antibody response to T-dependent antigens [ 6 ], lymphoblastogenic response and cytotoxic activity [ 4 ].
Moreover, these studies also showed that astaxanthin boots consistently more active than other carotenoids such as β-carotene, lutein and canthaxanthin.
In addition to immunoregulatory activity, astaxanthin also inhibited Astwxanthin tumor growth. Astaxatnhin [ 7 ] reported that dietary astaxanthin inhibited mammary tumor growth in boostt. Astaxanthin has been shown to Asraxanthin bacterial load and gastric systemm in Helicobacter pylori -infected mice immun 5 ], and to syshem against UVA-induced Atsaxanthin stress Body fat calipers tips 8 ], Astaxanthin and immune system boost.
Immune cells are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress due to a Astaxanthin and immune system boost percentage of polyunsaturated fatty bkost in their plasma boots, and they Astaxanthin and immune system boost produce more oxidative products [ 1 ]. Overproduction of Astacanthin oxygen and nitrogen Astaanthin can tip the oxidant:antioxidant balance, resulting in Astaxanthin and immune system boost destruction of cell membranes, proteins and Immunf.
Therefore, under bolst of increased oxidative stress e. during disease statesdietary antioxidants become booxt in maintaining a desirable oxidant:antioxidant Herbal medicine for womens health. While studies on the immunomodulatory role of dietary astaxanthin have Astaxanthin and immune system boost reported in rodents, Astaxanthin and immune system boost studies in humans are not available.
We Eating disorder support that Thyroid Enhancing Formulas astaxanthin systsm act as a potent Astxanthin and Astaxaanthin agent; through these and other mechanisms, Astaxantjin can enhance Herbal extract wholesalers response.
Our Astaxanthin and immune system boost is to study the possible immune-enhancing, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of dietary astaxanthin in humans. Astaxznthin healthy female college students with an average age kmmune Participants were recruited from Inha University Seoul, Korea through flyers and emails, Injury recovery eating plan all were zystem Koreans.
Subjects Astaaxanthin a history of diabetes, alcohol abuse, cancer booet smoking were excluded; exclusion Astadanthin also included systwm taking antioxidant supplements. Prior to Astaxanthkn initiation of dietary supplementation, a three-day dietary Astazanthin was obtained from each subject who provided informed consent.
Syetem the study, subjects were allowed to consume their normal diets but were advised to refrain from eating astaxanthin-rich foods such as salmon, lobster, and shrimp. Astaxanthin was administered as a softgel capsule taken every morning, and all softgel capsules were externally identical.
Blinding was further ensured by assigning consecutive numbers to the dietary treatments and maintaining a master list until the study was completed. The astaxanthin complex used in this study came from a supercritical CO 2 extract of Haematococcus pluvialis.
Astaxanthin in the H. pluvialis extract is entirelythe 3S, 3S' enantiomer, and is primarily monoesterified with smaller quantities of diester and free astaxanthin. To minimize subject-to-subject and assay-to-assay variation due to different sampling days, blood was drawn from all 42 subjects on one day for each of wk 0, 4 and 8.
Immune function and oxidative status was assessed within 24 h of blood collection. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board IRB of Washington State University. Astaxanthin content in plasma was analyzed by reverse phase HPLC AllianceWaters, Milford, MA as previously described [ 9 ].
Trans-β-apo-8'carotenal Sigma Chem. Louis, MO was used as the internal standard. Absorbance was monitored at nm on a photo diode array detector. Results were calculated as stimulation index.
Effector cells peripheral blood mononuclear cells and target K cells were cultured at effector:target ratios of and in DMEM Sigma, St. Killing was assessed using MTT to measure cell viability. The percent of specific cytotoxicity was calculated Astaxanghin follows:. Cells were labeled with monoclonal antibodies conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC or phycoerythrin PE : anti-CD3 was conjugated to FITC, and anti-CD8, anti-CD4 and anti-CD19 were conjugated to PE Caltag Laboratories, Burlingame, CA.
A lymphocyte analysis gate and the antibodies CDFITC and CDPE Caltag Laboratories, Burlingame, CA were used to help distinguish the lymphocytes from other blood cell types.
A total of gated events were acquired for each sample and analyzed by flow cytometry FACScan, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA using the Cell Quest program version 3. Delayed-type hypersensitivity DTH response to an intracutaneous injection of tuberculin Mono-Vacc Test O.
A physician administered the injections and also measured skin thickness and induration at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after challenge.
C-Reactive protein CRPa well-established marker of inflammatory status, was measured in plasma with a commercially available ELISA Alpha Diagnostic, San Antonio, TX. Oxidative DNA damage was assessed by measuring plasma 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-OHdG using competitive ELISA BIOXYTECH ® 8-OHdG-EIA Kit, OxisResearch, Portland, OR.
Plasma concentrations of 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α 8-isoprostane were measured by a commercially available competitive ELISA 8-Isoprostane EIA kit, Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using the General Linear Model boist SAS [ 12 ].
Astaxanthin noost not detectable in the plasma of any subjects at wk 0 or in the conrol group at wk 4 or 8. However, concentrations of astaxanthin in plasma increased to maximal concentrations by wk 4 in a dose-dependent manner Figure 1.
Dietary recall showed no treatment difference in daily dietary intake Table 1. Concentrations of plasma astaxanthin in human subjects fed 0, 2 or 8 mg astaxanthin daily for 8 wk. Values are means; variation is expressed as a representative overall standard error.
Both concentrations of each mitogen showed similar trends whether mitogens were low or high concentration. No differences in response were observed in 2Asta. Lymphocyte proliferation induced with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen in human subjects fed 0, 2 or 8 mg astaxanthin daily for 8 wk.
Values are means ± SEM. On the other hand, dietary astaxanthin did not significantly influence the population of Th, Tc or NK cells or the ratio of Th:Tc cells Table 2. Supplemental astaxanthin did not have a significant effect on the expression of the cell surface adhesion molecules ICAM-1 CD54 and LFA-3 CD58 data not shown.
DTH response was maximal at 48 to 72 h post-challenge Figure 3. Delayed-type hypersensitivity tuberculin test in human subjects fed 0, 2 or 8 mg astaxanthin daily Astaxanthib 8 wk. Values are means ± overall standard error.
No differences in TNF-α and IL-2 levels were seen in any treatments Table 3. However, higher dietary astaxanthin amounts did not influence the concentration of this acute phase protein. Plasma concentrations of plasma C-reactive protein in human subjects immyne 0, 2 or 8 mg astaxanthin daily for 8 wk.
DNA damage observed with 2Asta was not further decreased in the group fed higher dietary astaxanthin 8Asta. Concentrations of plasma 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in human subjects fed 0, 2 or 8 mg astaxanthin daily for 8 wk.
Dietary astaxanthin did not significantly influence concentrations of plasma 8-isoprostane at all periods studied. The overall mean concentration of 8-isoprostane was While the biological action of astaxanthin has been reported in both in vitro and in vivo studies, these have mainly used rodents and in vitro models.
This is the first comprehensive study to examine the action of dietary astaxanthin in regulating immune response, oxidative damage and inflammation in humans.
Dietary astaxanthin enhanced both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in young healthy feamles. The immune markers significantly enhanced by feeding astaxanthin included T cell and B cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell cytotoxic activity, IFN-γ and IL-6 production, and LFA-1 expression.
Enhancement of these ex vivo immune markers corresponded with increased number of circulating total T and B cells. In addition, subjects given astaxanthin Asttaxanthin showed an enhanced tuberculin DTH response, a reliable clinical test to assess in vivo T cell function.
All of these immune responses were generally observed after 8 wk of supplementation following a cutaneous tuberculin injection.
Modulatory actions of astaxanthin on immune response have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We previously reported higher mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation in mice [ 4 ], dogs [ 13 ] and cats [ 14 ] fed astaxanthin.
Astaxanthin stimulated cell proliferation of murine splenocytes and thymocytes in vitro [ 15 ]. Others have shown that astaxanthin increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in mice [ 16 ] and inhibited stress-induced suppression of NK cell activity [ 17 ].
Astaxantbin this study, astaxanthin heightened NK cell cytotoxic activity. Natural killer cells serve in an immuno-surveillance capacity against tumors and virus-infected cells; therefore, astaxanthin may play a role in cancer etiology.
Patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome, a disorder associated with defective NK cell function, are indeed more susceptible to tumor formation. Flow cytometry data showed higher subpopulations of total T and B cells.
Activated T cells and NK cells produce IFN-γ, which is involved in immune-regulation, B cell differentiation, and antiviral activity. IFN-γ production was higher in subjects supplemented with astaxanthin, similar to the response in mice given astaxanthin [ 16 ].
Splenocytes of tumor-bearing mice fed lutein also had higher IFN-γ expression, and these changes paralleled the inhibitory action of lutein against tumor growth [ 18 ]. Modulation of the humoral immune response also occurs; astaxanthin increased antibody production in mouse splenocytes [ 19 ], partially restored humoral immune response in old mice [ 6 ], enhanced immunoglobulin production in response to T-dependent stimuli in human blood cells [ 20 ] and induced production of polyclonal antibodies G and M in murine spleen cells [ 15 ].
The present study suggests that the higher antibody production may be due to an increase in B cell number.
: Astaxanthin and immune system boost| Keep Your Kids Healthy with Immune Support Gummies | This has allowed him to ascend as one of the most trusted authorities in the arena of nutritional medicine in New Zealand. His expertise in the intricate relationship between diet, nutritional supplements, and overall health forms the backbone of his treatment approach, allowing patients to benefit from a balanced and sustainable pathway to improved wellbeing. Just added to your cart. Continue Shopping. Close search. Home Astaxanthin 4 Immune-Boosting Power of Astaxanthin. Key Factors Impacting Astaxanthin's Immune-Boosting Abilities Astaxanthin is a robust antioxidant that shields the body from the damaging effects of free radicals. Astaxanthin and Cellular Defense: Strengthening the Immune System At a cellular level, astaxanthin works wonders. The Role of Astaxanthin in Enhancing Antioxidant Activity for Immune Support Astaxanthin enhances the body's antioxidant activity, strengthening the immune system. Taking Astaxanthin Supplements: Maximising Immune-Boosting Benefits While astaxanthin is present in certain seafood, obtaining a significant amount through diet alone can be challenging. Summary Key Factors Impacting Astaxanthin's Immune-Boosting Abilities Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that enhances immune response and slows aging. Its unique structure allows it to neutralise multiple free radicals effectively. Its effectiveness varies based on form, absorption, dosage, and health conditions. Natural sources like Haematococcus pluvialis algae offer more potency and environmental benefits. Astaxanthin and Cellular Defense: Strengthening the Immune System Astaxanthin protects cells from oxidative stress, crucial for a strong immune system. This cellular protection is key to fighting diseases and infections. It outperforms other antioxidants like beta-carotene and vitamin E. Astaxanthin uniquely protects both sides of cell membranes, enhancing immune support. The Role of Astaxanthin in Enhancing Antioxidant Activity for Immune Support Astaxanthin strengthens the immune system by boosting antioxidant activity. It reduces oxidative stress, linked to chronic diseases. It stimulates the body's own antioxidants, reducing disease risk. Astaxanthin also controls inflammation, important for immune health. Taking Astaxanthin Supplements: Maximising Immune-Boosting Benefits Supplements are practical for getting enough astaxanthin. Consulting healthcare providers for proper dosage and form is essential. Natural astaxanthin, especially from Haematococcus pluvialis, is more effective. Supplements should complement a healthy lifestyle. Monitoring long-term use is important, as high-dose effects are still unknown. Astaxanthin Information For more everything you need to know about Astaxanthin, check out our comprehensive information page here. Related Articles. Supplements For A Healthy Gut Health. Understanding the Role of Supplements in Promoting Optimal Gut Health How Astaxanthin Can Help Improve Your Eyesight. The nine oxylipins included with ARA-CYP are generally regarded as pro-inflammatory oxylipins and included 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,, and 14,diHETrEs, 5,diHETE, , 17,- HETEs, and the HETE metabolite coohAA. Figure 3. Plasma oxylipin concentrations for the astaxanthin and placebo trials. Since the protein levels varied significantly between subjects as evidenced by the higher correlations within subjects than between subjects Supplementary Figure S1B , the longitudinal dataset was normalized by calculating ratios to the protein levels at the first time point to increase the likelihood of discovering proteins dysregulated due to supplementation. Cluster 1 proteins 23 total were rapidly downregulated after exercise and then gradually recovered in both supplement trials within 24 h. A total of 82 proteins from clusters 2, 3, and 4 Figure 4A were immediately reduced post-exercise compared to pre-exercise levels and increased during the 24 h post-exercise period in the astaxanthin compared to the placebo trial. Biological process analysis revealed that most of the proteins were involved in immune-related functions such as defense responses, complement activation, and immune system responses Figure 4B ; Table 4. Two proteins in cluster 5, SA8 and SA9, were increased after exercise in both groups and then gradually returned to pre-exercise levels within the 24 h post-exercise recovery period. A total of 20 plasma immunoglobulins were identified that differed significantly between the astaxanthin and placebo trials Figure 4C. Plasma levels of IgM were significantly downregulated post-exercise but recovered after the 24 h post-exercise recovery period in the astaxanthin but not the placebo trial Figure 4D. The patterns of change in IgG did not differ between the astaxanthin and placebo trials. Figure 4. A Heatmap of clustered proteins in the astaxanthin and placebo trials. T1, pre-study; T2, 4-weeks supplementation, pre-exercise; T3, immediately post-exercise 2. B Associated biological processes for clusters 2—4, see Supplementary Table S1 for details. C Number of identified immunoglobulins in the clusters of A. D Changes of plasma IgM and IgG levels in plasma in subjects in response to the astaxanthin and placebo trials. Table 4. Associated biological processes, gene counts, and matching proteins for clusters 2—4. This study employed a strong research design and showed that 4-weeks astaxanthin supplementation had no effect in runners on 2. The untargeted proteomics data, however, showed that astaxanthin supplementation did counter exercise-induced decreases in 82 plasma proteins involved in immune-related functions. Astaxanthin supplementation countered the post-exercise decrease in plasma immunoglobulins, especially IgM. Other astaxanthin-based human clinical trials focused on limited and basic outcomes related to exercise performance, muscle damage e. This is the first human clinical trial to measure physiological responses to astaxanthin supplementation after an intense exercise challenge using untargeted proteomics proteins across all samples , a targeted and comprehensive panel of 81 oxylipins, and six cytokines. The data indicate that 4-weeks astaxanthin supplementation had little effect on exercise-induced increases in most inflammation-related measures including six plasma cytokines, 42 plasma oxylipins, and plasma proteins in cluster 5 of this study. The running bout caused significant increases in plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL, MCP-1, GCSF, IL1ra, and many different types of oxylipins as shown in previous studies 3 , 5 , 6 , The proteomics analysis showed that two proteins in cluster 5, SA8 and SA9 or calprotectin, were increased after exercise in both the astaxanthin and placebo trials, before gradually returning to pre-exercise levels within the 24 h post-exercise recovery period. Calprotectin is released during degranulation from activated neutrophils during the inflammatory process following intensive exercise. Calprotectin also promotes phagocyte migration, and functions as an alarmin and endogenous danger-associated molecular pattern DAMP In vivo and in vitro data support a role for astaxanthin in decreasing inflammation, but the data from the present study indicate that these findings do not extend to mitigating transient exercise-induced inflammation 9 , 17 , Astaxanthin supplementation did have a strong effect in countering post-exercise decreases in many proteins related to immune function including 20 immunoglobulins. The major soluble proteins for humoral immunity are the immunoglobulins that can combine with specific antigens as a functional component of the host defense system. Previous studies have shown that serum immunoglobulin levels can be reduced for 1—2 days after prolonged and intensive exercise, as confirmed in the present study 31 , B lymphocyte suppression has been reported after sustained vigorous exercise and may in part be related to an inhibitory effect from activated monocytes Several cell culture-based studies have shown that astaxanthin can increase immunoglobulin production under varying conditions 14 , 27 , 34— For example, astaxanthin enhanced IgM and IgG production by human lymphocytes in response to T cell-dependent stimuli Animal studies support increases in plasma IgG and IgM and other biomarkers of immune function in astaxanthin-fed dogs and cats 37 , In the present study, astaxanthin supplementation countered the exercise-induced decrease in plasma IgM but not IgG levels. IgM is also the major immunoglobulin expressed on the surface of B cells Randomized clinical trials investigating the influence of astaxanthin supplementation on immune-related outcomes are limited. Plasma immunoglobulins were not measured in this study. The data from the present study are the first human data to indicate that astaxanthin supplementation can counter exercise-induced decreases in plasma immunoglobulins and IgM in human subjects. This study used a 2. The objective was to see if astaxanthin could serve as a nutrition-based strategy to mitigate exercise-induced physiological stress. A human systems biology approach was used to improve the ability to capture trial differences using untargeted proteomics, and comprehensive targeted oxylipin and cytokine panels. These data indicate that astaxanthin supplementation did not counter exercise-induced increases in plasma cytokines and oxylipins but was linked to normalization of post-exercise plasma levels of numerous immune-related proteins within 24 h. Thus, astaxanthin supplementation provided immune support for runners engaging in a vigorous running bout and uniquely countered decreases in 20 plasma immunoglobulins including IgM. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Appalachian State University IRB. DN, QZ, AP, and GV designed the research project. DN, CS, KD, AP, and GV conducted the research project. JW, QZ, AO, YT, CS, and KD analyzed the samples, and DN, JW, and QZ conducted the data analysis. DN, JW, QZ, CS, KD, AO, AP, GV, and YT wrote and edited the paper. DN had primary responsibility for the final content. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that this study received funding from Lycored. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication. The authors thank Lycored for providing the astaxanthin and placebo supplements for this study. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Bermon, S, Castell, LM, Calder, PC, Bishop, NC, Blomstrand, E, Mooren, FC, et al. Consensus statement Immunonutrition and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. Google Scholar. Nieman, DC, Ferrara, F, Pecorelli, A, Woodby, B, Hoyle, AT, Simonson, A, et al. Postexercise Inflammasome activation and IL-1β production mitigated by flavonoid supplementation in cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Nieman, DC, Gillitt, ND, Sha, W, Esposito, D, and Ramamoorthy, S. Metabolic recovery from heavy exertion following banana compared to sugar beverage or water only ingestion: a randomized, crossover trial. PLoS One. Nieman, DC. Multiomics approach to precision sports nutrition: limits, challenges, and possibilities. Front Nutr. Nieman, DC, Gillitt, ND, Chen, GY, Zhang, Q, Sha, W, Kay, CD, et al. Nieman, DC, Gillitt, ND, Chen, GY, Zhang, Q, Sakaguchi, CA, and Stephan, EH. Carbohydrate intake attenuates post-exercise plasma levels of cytochrome Pgenerated oxylipins. Nieman, DC, Lila, MA, and Gillitt, ND. Immunometabolism: a multi-Omics approach to interpreting the influence of exercise and diet on the immune system. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. Yang, L, Qiao, X, Gu, J, Li, X, Cao, Y, Xu, J, et al. Influence of molecular structure of astaxanthin esters on their stability and bioavailability. Food Chem. Chang, MX, and Xiong, F. Astaxanthin and its effects in inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases: recent advances and future directions. Nishida, Y, Nawaz, A, Hecht, K, and Tobe, K. Astaxanthin as a novel mitochondrial regulator: a new aspect of carotenoids, beyond antioxidants. Aoi, W, Naito, Y, Sakuma, K, Kuchide, M, Tokuda, H, Maoka, T, et al. Astaxanthin limits exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in mice. There are numerous studies on the properties of astaxanthin. Today, AstaReal is a leader in astaxanthin research. Our goal is to present studies that are approved by the EU as the basis for health claims. Do you have a question? Fill out the form below and we will be in touch! |
| Astaxanthin and the immune system - Seanova | Like other parts of the body, the immune system functions better when protected. Natural astaxanthin has a strong ability to both balance and strengthen the immune system, therefore improving its ability to defend the body whilst also helping to suppress the overactive immune responses that create unwanted inflammation. There are numerous studies on the properties of astaxanthin. Today, AstaReal is a leader in astaxanthin research. Our goal is to present studies that are approved by the EU as the basis for health claims. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1. Immediately after the 1. Serum creatine kinase and myoglobin, plasma cortisol, and complete blood counts with a white blood cell differential count were analyzed each day samples were collected using Labcorp services Burlington, NC. For quality control purposes and measurement reproducibility, aliquots of pooled plasma samples were processed the same as each individual sample to control the variation between cartridges. Plasma arachidonic acid ARA , eicosapentaenoic acid EPA , docosahexaenoic acid DHA , and oxylipins were analyzed using a liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry LC-MRM-MS method as fully described elsewhere Resultant data files were processed with Skyline and the auto-integrated peaks were inspected manually. Effluents were analyzed on a high resolution Orbitrap Exploris Thermo mass spectrometer using the data independent acquisition DIA method. The plasma protein library was generated using the gas-phase fractionation DIA method from peptide samples with and without depletion of the top 14 high-abundance plasma proteins 14, precursors, proteins. Pooled plasma samples were used as quality controls, injecting one per every two subject samples. Data were normalized by referencing to the protein levels of the first time point from the same individual subject to effectively correct for inter-individual variations 28 Supplementary Data Sheet 2. The normalized values were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test with two trials and six timepoints. To consider the protein as significantly changing between or within effects, the positive false discovery rate FDR was set to less than 0. Pearson-correlated hierarchical clustering analysis was used to cluster proteins with similar level patterns, and the results were visualized as a heatmap with the averaged value of each time-point after normalization by z-score. The list of significantly changed proteins in the enriched clusters were functionally enriched using STRING Ver. The top 10 enriched biological processes from STRING analysis were selected to represent the functions of the proteins. The STRING database does not include immunoglobulins in their analysis of protein—protein interactions. Thus, the functional enrichment analysis did not include immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins were included in the heat map hierarchical clustering analysis, and IgM and IgG were quantified by summing all peptides belonging to the specific immunoglobulin heavy constant mu and gamma 2, respectively. Paired t -tests were used to compare astaxanthin and placebo trial values for IgM and IgG at each time point immediately before and after the running bout. Male and female runners had similar ages, training histories, body compositions, and maximal oxygen consumption rates VO 2max. This study was not powered to compare outcome measures for the male and female runners, and outcome measures for this randomized, crossover study are presented for all participants combined. Table 1. Three-day food records collected at the end of the 4-week supplementation period to assess the background diet revealed no significant differences in energy, carbohydrate, and micronutrient intake between trials data not shown. Performance data for each trial are summarized in Table 2. As designed, the two trials were similar in all performance measures during the first 1. Table 2. Inflammation related data are summarized in Table 3. The 2. Interaction effects revealed no differences in the patterns of change in these biomarkers between trials. Of 81 oxylipins detected in study samples, a total of 42 oxylipins exhibited significant time effects during GLM statistical analysis Supplementary Data Sheet 1. These 42 oxylipins were summed for a composite variable Figure 3. The nine oxylipins included with ARA-CYP are generally regarded as pro-inflammatory oxylipins and included 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,, and 14,diHETrEs, 5,diHETE, , 17,- HETEs, and the HETE metabolite coohAA. Figure 3. Plasma oxylipin concentrations for the astaxanthin and placebo trials. Since the protein levels varied significantly between subjects as evidenced by the higher correlations within subjects than between subjects Supplementary Figure S1B , the longitudinal dataset was normalized by calculating ratios to the protein levels at the first time point to increase the likelihood of discovering proteins dysregulated due to supplementation. Cluster 1 proteins 23 total were rapidly downregulated after exercise and then gradually recovered in both supplement trials within 24 h. A total of 82 proteins from clusters 2, 3, and 4 Figure 4A were immediately reduced post-exercise compared to pre-exercise levels and increased during the 24 h post-exercise period in the astaxanthin compared to the placebo trial. Biological process analysis revealed that most of the proteins were involved in immune-related functions such as defense responses, complement activation, and immune system responses Figure 4B ; Table 4. Two proteins in cluster 5, SA8 and SA9, were increased after exercise in both groups and then gradually returned to pre-exercise levels within the 24 h post-exercise recovery period. A total of 20 plasma immunoglobulins were identified that differed significantly between the astaxanthin and placebo trials Figure 4C. Plasma levels of IgM were significantly downregulated post-exercise but recovered after the 24 h post-exercise recovery period in the astaxanthin but not the placebo trial Figure 4D. The patterns of change in IgG did not differ between the astaxanthin and placebo trials. Figure 4. A Heatmap of clustered proteins in the astaxanthin and placebo trials. T1, pre-study; T2, 4-weeks supplementation, pre-exercise; T3, immediately post-exercise 2. B Associated biological processes for clusters 2—4, see Supplementary Table S1 for details. C Number of identified immunoglobulins in the clusters of A. D Changes of plasma IgM and IgG levels in plasma in subjects in response to the astaxanthin and placebo trials. Table 4. Associated biological processes, gene counts, and matching proteins for clusters 2—4. This study employed a strong research design and showed that 4-weeks astaxanthin supplementation had no effect in runners on 2. The untargeted proteomics data, however, showed that astaxanthin supplementation did counter exercise-induced decreases in 82 plasma proteins involved in immune-related functions. Astaxanthin supplementation countered the post-exercise decrease in plasma immunoglobulins, especially IgM. Other astaxanthin-based human clinical trials focused on limited and basic outcomes related to exercise performance, muscle damage e. This is the first human clinical trial to measure physiological responses to astaxanthin supplementation after an intense exercise challenge using untargeted proteomics proteins across all samples , a targeted and comprehensive panel of 81 oxylipins, and six cytokines. The data indicate that 4-weeks astaxanthin supplementation had little effect on exercise-induced increases in most inflammation-related measures including six plasma cytokines, 42 plasma oxylipins, and plasma proteins in cluster 5 of this study. The running bout caused significant increases in plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL, MCP-1, GCSF, IL1ra, and many different types of oxylipins as shown in previous studies 3 , 5 , 6 , The proteomics analysis showed that two proteins in cluster 5, SA8 and SA9 or calprotectin, were increased after exercise in both the astaxanthin and placebo trials, before gradually returning to pre-exercise levels within the 24 h post-exercise recovery period. Calprotectin is released during degranulation from activated neutrophils during the inflammatory process following intensive exercise. Calprotectin also promotes phagocyte migration, and functions as an alarmin and endogenous danger-associated molecular pattern DAMP In vivo and in vitro data support a role for astaxanthin in decreasing inflammation, but the data from the present study indicate that these findings do not extend to mitigating transient exercise-induced inflammation 9 , 17 , Astaxanthin supplementation did have a strong effect in countering post-exercise decreases in many proteins related to immune function including 20 immunoglobulins. The major soluble proteins for humoral immunity are the immunoglobulins that can combine with specific antigens as a functional component of the host defense system. Previous studies have shown that serum immunoglobulin levels can be reduced for 1—2 days after prolonged and intensive exercise, as confirmed in the present study 31 , B lymphocyte suppression has been reported after sustained vigorous exercise and may in part be related to an inhibitory effect from activated monocytes Several cell culture-based studies have shown that astaxanthin can increase immunoglobulin production under varying conditions 14 , 27 , 34— For example, astaxanthin enhanced IgM and IgG production by human lymphocytes in response to T cell-dependent stimuli Animal studies support increases in plasma IgG and IgM and other biomarkers of immune function in astaxanthin-fed dogs and cats 37 , In the present study, astaxanthin supplementation countered the exercise-induced decrease in plasma IgM but not IgG levels. IgM is also the major immunoglobulin expressed on the surface of B cells Randomized clinical trials investigating the influence of astaxanthin supplementation on immune-related outcomes are limited. Plasma immunoglobulins were not measured in this study. The data from the present study are the first human data to indicate that astaxanthin supplementation can counter exercise-induced decreases in plasma immunoglobulins and IgM in human subjects. This study used a 2. The objective was to see if astaxanthin could serve as a nutrition-based strategy to mitigate exercise-induced physiological stress. A human systems biology approach was used to improve the ability to capture trial differences using untargeted proteomics, and comprehensive targeted oxylipin and cytokine panels. These data indicate that astaxanthin supplementation did not counter exercise-induced increases in plasma cytokines and oxylipins but was linked to normalization of post-exercise plasma levels of numerous immune-related proteins within 24 h. Thus, astaxanthin supplementation provided immune support for runners engaging in a vigorous running bout and uniquely countered decreases in 20 plasma immunoglobulins including IgM. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Appalachian State University IRB. DN, QZ, AP, and GV designed the research project. DN, CS, KD, AP, and GV conducted the research project. JW, QZ, AO, YT, CS, and KD analyzed the samples, and DN, JW, and QZ conducted the data analysis. DN, JW, QZ, CS, KD, AO, AP, GV, and YT wrote and edited the paper. DN had primary responsibility for the final content. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that this study received funding from Lycored. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication. The authors thank Lycored for providing the astaxanthin and placebo supplements for this study. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. BDI-BioLife Science reveals how the most powerful, naturally occurring antioxidant, astaxanthin, boasts a number of health benefits and scavenges free radicals to boost and protect the immune system. For more than a year, the Covid pandemic has been demonstrating the negative sides of globalisation. In no time at all, the deadly virus spread across the globe, infecting millions of people, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths and pushed health systems, and the global economy, to their limits. Despite medical advances and the rapid development of vaccines, this small virus continues to rage. Citizens around the world are hoping that the rapid vaccination roll-out will allow normality to resume. Within these hopes of eating out, enjoying concerts, going to museums, travelling and celebrating events, lies the reality that our health is a precious commodity. The microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis produces the red pigment astaxanthin in stress situations for its own protection. To truly understand health is to understand the complexity of the human immune system. Without an immune system, the body would be defenceless against both harmful environmental influences and health-damaging changes within. The immune system is divided into the innate non-specific immune system and the acquired specific immune system. Both defence systems are closely interconnected and complement each other in every reaction against a pathogen or harmful substance. In doing so, they take on different tasks. The innate immune system fends off pathogens in general non-specific. If the innate immune system does not succeed in destroying the pathogens, the acquired immune system takes over, which includes the following elements: T-lymphocytes in the tissue between the body cells; B-lymphocytes, also in the tissue between the body cells and antibodies in the blood; and other body fluids. The acquired immune system targets specifically the pathogen that causes the infection. Although the specific immune system takes a little longer to recognise the pathogen, the invader is fought with great accuracy and rendered harmless. Another advantage of the specific immune system is that it can remember the attacker. Thus, the defence reaction sets in more quickly in the event of renewed contact with a pathogen that is already known. This defence memory is the reason why some diseases are only contracted once in a lifetime or why immunity is granted after overcoming an infection. |
| AstaFactor Astaxanthin Supplement | Astaxanthin is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, with few reported side effects. However, it is always a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have a pre-existing medical condition. As the global population continues to grapple with the ongoing COVID pandemic, the importance of a strong immune system has never been more apparent. Astaxanthin, with its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, holds great promise as a natural means of boosting immunity and promoting overall health. As research in this area continues to grow, so too will our understanding of the myriad ways in which astaxanthin can help to strengthen our defenses and protect us from illness and disease. Boosting your immune system with astaxanthin is a natural and effective way to strengthen your body's defenses against pathogens and maintain optimal health. By incorporating astaxanthin-rich foods or supplements into your daily routine, you can harness the power of this potent antioxidant to support a strong, healthy immune system and ward off illness and disease. With its impressive array of health benefits and minimal side effects, astaxanthin is a valuable addition to any immune-boosting regimen. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are key factors in maintaining a healthy immune system. Astaxanthin can help regulate the immune response by balancing the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to an optimal immune system function. Astaxanthin stimulates the activity of NK cells, which are essential in the innate immune system for identifying and eliminating infected or malignant cells. Astaxanthin has been shown to support the differentiation and proliferation of T-cells, vital components of the adaptive immune system responsible for fighting off specific pathogens. Astaxanthin can enhance the production of antibodies by B-cells, improving the body's ability to recognize and neutralize invading pathogens. Astaxanthin supports the integrity of mucosal barriers, such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, providing a first line of defense against pathogens entering the body. By modulating the immune system and promoting the activity of immune cells, astaxanthin can help protect against various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Astaxanthin has been shown to mitigate age-related decline in immune function, known as immunosenescence, by improving immune cell activity and reducing oxidative stress. Astaxanthin can improve the effectiveness of vaccines by promoting a stronger immune response and increasing the production of pathogen-specific antibodies. By bolstering the immune system, astaxanthin contributes to overall health and well-being, reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases and promoting a better quality of life. For more everything you need to know about Astaxanthin, check out our comprehensive information page here. To learn more about our astaxanthin, check out the product page here. Ron Goedeke MD, BSc Hons MBChB, FNZCAM. Ron Goedeke, an expert in the domain of functional medicine, dedicates his practice to uncovering the root causes of health issues by focusing on nutrition and supplement-based healing and health optimisation strategies. An esteemed founding member of the New Zealand College of Appearance Medicine, Dr. Goedeke's professional journey has always been aligned with cutting-edge health concepts. Having been actively involved with the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine since , he brings over two decades of knowledge and experience in the field of anti-aging medicine, making him an eminent figure in this evolving realm of healthcare. Throughout his career, Dr. Goedeke has been steadfast in his commitment to leverage appropriate nutritional guidance and supplementation to encourage optimal health. This has allowed him to ascend as one of the most trusted authorities in the arena of nutritional medicine in New Zealand. His expertise in the intricate relationship between diet, nutritional supplements, and overall health forms the backbone of his treatment approach, allowing patients to benefit from a balanced and sustainable pathway to improved wellbeing. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Astaxanthin, a Carotenoid, Stimulates Immune Responses by Enhancing IFN-γ and IL-2 Secretion in Primary Cultured Lymphocytes in Vitro and ex Vivo. Disclaimer : The information provided is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or qualified healthcare provider with any questions or concerns about your health. Never disregard or delay seeking medical advice because of something you have heard or read on this website. Last updated on the 24th of April Just added to your cart. Continue Shopping. Close search. Home Astaxanthin Boosting Immunity with Astaxanthin: Strengthen Your Defenses Naturally. Boosting Immunity with Astaxanthin: Strengthen Your Defenses Naturally by Ron Goedeke. Understanding the Immune System The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful pathogens and foreign invaders. What is Astaxanthin? How Astaxanthin Impacts the Immune System Astaxanthin's immune-boosting properties stem from its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Astaxanthin and Immune Cell Function Astaxanthin has been shown to promote the function of various immune cells, including natural killer NK cells, T-cells, and B-cells. Astaxanthin and Inflammation-Related Diseases As a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, astaxanthin has the potential to alleviate the symptoms of various inflammation-related diseases. Astaxanthin and Respiratory Health Astaxanthin's immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties may also have a positive impact on respiratory health. Boosting Immunity with Astaxanthin: Practical Tips To reap the immune-boosting benefits of astaxanthin, consider incorporating the following strategies into your daily routine: 7. AstaFactor Supplement. Gift Sets. Build Your Own Gift Set. Gift Cards. Wedding Favors. Corporate Gifts. Our Salt Farm. Kona Salt Farm. Farm Tours. Weddings at the Farm. Outdoor Events at the Farm. Salt Making Process. Mineral Content. About Us. Retail Partners. Log in. Instagram Facebook YouTube Pinterest. Natural astaxanthin has a strong ability to both balance and strengthen the immune system, therefore improving its ability to defend the body whilst also helping to suppress the overactive immune responses that create unwanted inflammation. There are numerous studies on the properties of astaxanthin. Today, AstaReal is a leader in astaxanthin research. Our goal is to present studies that are approved by the EU as the basis for health claims. Do you have a question? |
| ASTAXANTHIN AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | Biological process Diabetic coma and meal planning revealed Astaxanthin and immune system boost most of the proteins wnd involved in immune-related functions such as defense responses, complement activation, and immune system responses Figure 4B ; Table 4. Indeed, astaxanthin attenuated exercise-induced neutrophil infiltration Astaxxanthin subsequent delayed-onset damage to the amd and heart muscle in mice [ syste Astaxanthin and immune system boost. While astaxanthin is present in certain seafood, obtaining a significant amount through diet alone can be challenging. Since consuming fish like salmon every day is not ideal for many reasons, algae-derived supplements containing natural astaxanthin, are a perfect way to give your immune system the boost it may need. The defence mechanisms of the immune system immune reactions can produce so-called free radicals, which cause chain reactions and attack our cells. Delayed-type hypersensitivity tuberculin test in human subjects fed 0, 2 or 8 mg astaxanthin daily for 8 wk. Jyonouchi, H, Hill, RJ, Tomita, Y, and Good, RA. |
| Supports heart, skin, and vision health | Mineral Content. About Us. Retail Partners. Log in. Instagram Facebook YouTube Pinterest. Add to cart. Recommended dosage is 12mg 2 softgels per day. Studies suggest that Astaxanthin provides the following health benefits: Promotes Joint Health - Studies suggest that natural Astaxanthin may inhibit inflammation associated with sore muscles and stiff joints. ANTI-AGING Research suggests that astaxanthin may benefit cognition, joints and various parts of the body that commonly deteriorate when getting older. Boosts Immune System - On-going astaxanthin studies suggest that astaxanthin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and immune regulating capabilities and may improve the improve the activity of immune cells, such as T cells and natural killer cells, which play a key role in the body's immune response. Workout Recovery -Astaxanthin may help to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, which can occur as a result of exercise. This can help to reduce muscle soreness and fatigue and may help to improve the recovery process after exercise. In addition, astaxanthin may help to improve muscle strength and endurance, which can be beneficial for athletes and active individuals. It is thought that astaxanthin may help to improve the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which can help to increase endurance and reduce fatigue during exercise. Brain Function - Studies suggest that Astaxanthin may support cognitive function cluding memory, attention, and reaction time. Because of its ability to cross the blood brain barrier making it available to the central nervous system including the eyes and brain. It may also have a protective effect on brain cells and may help to reduce the risk of brain damage caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. Fill out the form below and we will be in touch! I want to get help with: Bulk Products Retail Products General Enquiries. Balance and Support the Immune System with AstaReal®. Benefits of Natural Astaxanthin Faster immune response Strengthens and balances the immune system Enhances antibody production Protects immune cells against oxidative stress. Read more — Immune function. If the innate immune system does not succeed in destroying the pathogens, the acquired immune system takes over, which includes the following elements: T-lymphocytes in the tissue between the body cells; B-lymphocytes, also in the tissue between the body cells and antibodies in the blood; and other body fluids. The acquired immune system targets specifically the pathogen that causes the infection. Although the specific immune system takes a little longer to recognise the pathogen, the invader is fought with great accuracy and rendered harmless. Another advantage of the specific immune system is that it can remember the attacker. Thus, the defence reaction sets in more quickly in the event of renewed contact with a pathogen that is already known. This defence memory is the reason why some diseases are only contracted once in a lifetime or why immunity is granted after overcoming an infection. The effect is exploited, among other things, in immunisation through vaccination. Since the specific defence system is always adapting, the body also manages to fight bacteria and viruses that change over time. Vaccination is therefore a favourable method of defence against a new pathogen. A balanced diet with natural, seasonal foods — such as fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds — provides the body with an ideal supply of important micronutrients and strengthens the immune system. The studies for many vitamins, minerals or secondary plant substances are very extensive in this context. This is reflected in the use of the official health claims permitted in the EU in the food supplement sector. The defence mechanisms of the immune system immune reactions can produce so-called free radicals, which cause chain reactions and attack our cells. The excess of oxidative substances and the increased formation of free radicals is called oxidative stress. This chemical imbalance has been shown to accelerate the ageing process and is involved in the development of various diseases. Antioxidants therefore play a special role because they ensure the maintenance of a desirable oxidative balance. The antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B2, as well as zinc, selenium, copper and manganese contribute to the protection of the cells against oxidative stress. As a new, highly effective group of antioxidants, carotenoids have become the focus of interest in food supplements. Among them is astaxanthin — the most powerful naturally occurring antioxidant. |
Astaxanthin and immune system boost -
I want to get help with: Bulk Products Retail Products General Enquiries. Balance and Support the Immune System with AstaReal®.
Benefits of Natural Astaxanthin Faster immune response Strengthens and balances the immune system Enhances antibody production Protects immune cells against oxidative stress.
Read more — Immune function. What is astaxanthin? Read more. Research There are numerous studies on the properties of astaxanthin. These likely explain the lack of efficacy in certain response measures studied. Future studies with astaxanthin administration will include these parameters. However, our present study suggests astaxanthin to be a bioactive natural carotenoid that may be important to human health.
Chew BP, Park JS: Carotenoids Against Disease: Part C: The Immune System and Disease. Carotenoids: Nutrition and Health. Edited by: Britton G, Liaanen-Jensen S, Pfander H. Chapter Google Scholar. J Nutr. CAS Google Scholar.
Kurashige M, Okimasu E, Inoue M, Utsumi K: Inhibition of oxidative injury of biological membranes by astaxanthin. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR. Chew BP, Wong MW, Park JS, Wong TS: Dietary β-carotene and astaxanthin but not canthaxanthin stimulate splenocyte function in mice.
Anticancer Re. Bennedsen M, Wang X, Willen R, Wadstrom T, Andersen LP: Treatment of H. pylori infected mice with antioxidant astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes.
Immunol Lett. Article CAS Google Scholar. Jyonouchi H, Zhang L, Gross M, Tomita Y: Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens.
Nutr Cancer. Chew BP, Park JS, Wong MW, Wong TS: A comparison of the anticancer activities of dietary β-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo.
Anticancer Res. O'Connor I, O'Brien NM: Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by β-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured fibroblasts.
J Dermatol Sci. Article Google Scholar. Chew BP, Park JS, Wong TS, Kim HW, Weng BB, Byrne KM, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA: Dietary β-carotene stimulates cell-mediated and humoral immune response in dogs. Ryan-Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP, McGuire MK, Fournier LR, Beerman KA: Soy isoflavones modulate immune function in healthy postmenopausal women.
Am J Clin Nutr. Google Scholar. Chew BP, Park JS, Hayek MG, Massimino S, Reinhart GA: Cell-mediated and humoral immune response in dogs fed astaxanthin.
FASEB J. Park JS, Chew BP, Hayek MG, Massimino S, Reinhart GA: Dietary β-carotene enhances cell-mediated and humoral immune response in cats. Okai Y, Higashi-Okai K: Possible immunomodulating activities of carotenoids in in vitro cell culture experiments. Int J Immunopharmacol.
Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Iijima K, Gross MD: Antitumor activity of astaxanthin and its mode of action. Kurihara H, Koda H, Asami S, Kiso Y, Tanaka T: Contribution of the antioxidative property of astaxanthin to its protective effect on the promotion of cancer metastasis in mice treated with restraint stress.
Life Sci. Cerveny CG, Chew BP, Park JS, Wong TS: Dietary lutein inhibits tumor growth and normalizes lymphocyte subsets in tumor-bearing mice.
Jyonouchi H, Zhang L, Tomita Y: Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids II. Astaxanthin enhances in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens without facilitating polyclonal B-cell activation. Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, Gross MD: Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen.
Kim HW, Chew BP, Wong TS, Park JS, Weng BB, Byrne KM, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA: Dietary lutein stimulates immune response in the canine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Kim HW, Chew BP, Wong TS, Park JS, Weng BB, Byrne KM, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA: Modulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by dietary lutein in cats.
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Exp Gerontol. Aoi W, Naito Y, Sakuma K, Kuchide M, Tokuda H, Maoka T, Toyokuni S, Oka S, Yasuhara M, Yoshikawa T: Astaxanthin limits exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in mice.
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Mol Cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Iwamoto T, Hosoda K, Hirano R, Kurata H, Matsumoto A, Miki W, Kamiyama M, Itakura H, Yamamoto S, Kondo K: Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin.
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Biochim Biophys Acta. Tanaka T, Morishita Y, Suzui M, Kojima T, Okumura A, Mori H: Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid astaxanthin. Tanaka T, Makita H, Ohnishi M, Mori H, Satoh K, Hara A: Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin.
Cancer Res. Gradelet S, Le Bon AM, Berges R, Suschetet M, Astorg P: Dietary carotenoids inhibit aflatoxin B 1 -induced liver preneoplastic foci and DNA damage in the rat: role of the modulation of aflatoxin B 1 metabolism.
Lyons NM, O'Brien NM: Modulatory effects of an algal extract containing astaxanthin on UVA-irradiated cells in culture. Biochem Biophy Res Comm. McNulty HP, Byun J, Lockwood SF, Jacob RF, Mason RP: Differential effects of carotenoids on lipid peroxidation due to membrane interactions: X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Turujman SA, Wamer WG, Wei RR, Albert RH: Rapid liquid chromatographic method to distinguish wild salmon from aquacultured salmon fed synthetic astaxanthin. J AOAC Int. Spiller GA, Dewell A: Safety of an astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: a randomized clinical trial.
J Med Food. Download references. This work was supported by a grant from the Washington Technology Center, Seattle WA and La Haye Labs, Inc. School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, , USA.
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Correspondence to Boon P Chew. JSP and BPC designed research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper; JSP, BPC, JHC, and YKKconducted research; LLL provided essential materials; BPC had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Park, J. et al. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans.
Nutr Metab Lond 7 , 18 Download citation. Received : 08 January Accepted : 05 March Published : 05 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Abstract Background Astaxanthin modulates immune response, inhibits cancer cell growth, reduces bacterial load and gastric inflammation, and protects against UVA-induced oxidative stress in in vitro and rodent models.
Methods Participants averaged Conclusion Therefore, dietary astaxanthin decreases a DNA damage biomarker and acute phase protein, and enhances immune response in young healthy females.
Introduction Studies have reported important functions played by natural carotenoids in regulating immunity and disease etiology [ 1 , 2 ]. Subjects and methods Study participants and study design Free-living healthy female college students with an average age of Analytical procedures HPLC Astaxanthin content in plasma was analyzed by reverse phase HPLC Alliance , Waters, Milford, MA as previously described [ 9 ].
Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity Effector cells peripheral blood mononuclear cells and target K cells were cultured at effector:target ratios of and in DMEM Sigma, St. Results Plasma astaxanthin Astaxanthin was not detectable in the plasma of any subjects at wk 0 or in the conrol group at wk 4 or 8.
Figure 1. Full size image. Full size table. Figure 2. Table 2 Immune cell response following daily supplementation with 0, 2 or 8 mg astaxanthin after 0, 4 and 8 wk. Figure 3. Table 3 Cytokine response following daily supplementation with 0, 2 or 8 mg astaxanthin after 0, 4 and 8 wk. Figure 4.
Figure 5. Discussion While the biological action of astaxanthin has been reported in both in vitro and in vivo studies, these have mainly used rodents and in vitro models.
References Chew BP, Park JS: Carotenoids Against Disease: Part C: The Immune System and Disease. CAS Google Scholar Kurashige M, Okimasu E, Inoue M, Utsumi K: Inhibition of oxidative injury of biological membranes by astaxanthin. CAS Google Scholar Chew BP, Wong MW, Park JS, Wong TS: Dietary β-carotene and astaxanthin but not canthaxanthin stimulate splenocyte function in mice.
CAS Google Scholar Bennedsen M, Wang X, Willen R, Wadstrom T, Andersen LP: Treatment of H. Article CAS Google Scholar Jyonouchi H, Zhang L, Gross M, Tomita Y: Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens.
Article CAS Google Scholar Chew BP, Park JS, Wong MW, Wong TS: A comparison of the anticancer activities of dietary β-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo. CAS Google Scholar O'Connor I, O'Brien NM: Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by β-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured fibroblasts.
CAS Google Scholar Chew BP, Park JS, Wong TS, Kim HW, Weng BB, Byrne KM, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA: Dietary β-carotene stimulates cell-mediated and humoral immune response in dogs.
CAS Google Scholar Ryan-Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP, McGuire MK, Fournier LR, Beerman KA: Soy isoflavones modulate immune function in healthy postmenopausal women. Article CAS Google Scholar Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Iijima K, Gross MD: Antitumor activity of astaxanthin and its mode of action.
Article CAS Google Scholar Kurihara H, Koda H, Asami S, Kiso Y, Tanaka T: Contribution of the antioxidative property of astaxanthin to its protective effect on the promotion of cancer metastasis in mice treated with restraint stress.
Article CAS Google Scholar Cerveny CG, Chew BP, Park JS, Wong TS: Dietary lutein inhibits tumor growth and normalizes lymphocyte subsets in tumor-bearing mice. Article CAS Google Scholar Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, Gross MD: Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen.
CAS Google Scholar Kim HW, Chew BP, Wong TS, Park JS, Weng BB, Byrne KM, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA: Dietary lutein stimulates immune response in the canine. Article CAS Google Scholar Kim HW, Chew BP, Wong TS, Park JS, Weng BB, Byrne KM, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA: Modulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by dietary lutein in cats.
Article CAS Google Scholar Bejma J, Ji LL: Aging and acute exercise enhance free radical generation in rat skeletal muscle. CAS Google Scholar Ji LL: Antioxidants and oxidative stress in exercise. Article CAS Google Scholar Gershon D: The mitochondrial theory of aging: is the culprit a faulty disposal system rather than indigenous mitochondrial alterations?.
Article CAS Google Scholar Aoi W, Naito Y, Sakuma K, Kuchide M, Tokuda H, Maoka T, Toyokuni S, Oka S, Yasuhara M, Yoshikawa T: Astaxanthin limits exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in mice.
Article CAS Google Scholar Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Kotake S, Nishida T, Mizuki N, Yazawa K, Ohno S: Effects of astaxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Article Google Scholar Lee SJ, Bai SK, Lee KS, Namkoong S, Na HJ, Ha KS, Han JA, Yim SV, Chang K, Kwon YG, Lee SK, Kim YM: Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expression by suppressing IκB kinase-dependent NFκB activation.
Article CAS Google Scholar Iwamoto T, Hosoda K, Hirano R, Kurata H, Matsumoto A, Miki W, Kamiyama M, Itakura H, Yamamoto S, Kondo K: Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin.
Article CAS Google Scholar Palozza P, Krinsky N: Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are potent antioxidants in a membrane model.
Article CAS Google Scholar Wisniewska A, Subczynski WK: Effects of polar carotenoids on the shape of the hydrophobic barrier of phospholipids bilayers.
Article CAS Google Scholar Tanaka T, Morishita Y, Suzui M, Kojima T, Okumura A, Mori H: Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid astaxanthin.
Article CAS Google Scholar Tanaka T, Makita H, Ohnishi M, Mori H, Satoh K, Hara A: Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. CAS Google Scholar Gradelet S, Le Bon AM, Berges R, Suschetet M, Astorg P: Dietary carotenoids inhibit aflatoxin B 1 -induced liver preneoplastic foci and DNA damage in the rat: role of the modulation of aflatoxin B 1 metabolism.
Article CAS Google Scholar Lyons NM, O'Brien NM: Modulatory effects of an algal extract containing astaxanthin on UVA-irradiated cells in culture. Article CAS Google Scholar McNulty HP, Byun J, Lockwood SF, Jacob RF, Mason RP: Differential effects of carotenoids on lipid peroxidation due to membrane interactions: X-ray diffraction analysis.
Article CAS Google Scholar Subczynski WK, Hyde LM: Permeability of nitric oxide through lipid bilayer membranes. Article CAS Google Scholar Torissen OJ, Hardy RW, Shearer K: Pigmentation of salmonids - carotenoid deposition and metabolism.
Google Scholar Turujman SA, Wamer WG, Wei RR, Albert RH: Rapid liquid chromatographic method to distinguish wild salmon from aquacultured salmon fed synthetic astaxanthin. CAS Google Scholar Spiller GA, Dewell A: Safety of an astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: a randomized clinical trial.
Article CAS Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements This work was supported by a grant from the Washington Technology Center, Seattle WA and La Haye Labs, Inc.
Maca root for thyroid function and Spicy vegetable dishes C work together Asfaxanthin promote healthy immune system function and immun powerful antioxidant support. Astaxanthin is one mimune Astaxanthin and immune system boost most potent antioxidant carotenoids and plays an important Astaxanthin and immune system boost in protecting cells from adn damage. Because it can cross the booet and blood-retina barriers, it can deliver antioxidant protection to our eyes, brain, and nervous system. Astaxanthin also supports endurance and cardiovascular health and promotes healthy skin. Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant that helps scavenge free radicals, provides cellular protection, and regenerates other antioxidants. The synergistic blend of astaxanthin and vitamin C offers whole body health benefits and can help support a healthy balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense within our body. It's the first fermented astaxanthin, derived from Phaffia yeast, and is fast-acting and highly absorbable.
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