According to the NIH, Depression is also a Periodized diet for powerlifters driver of mortality. According fog the CDC, about Herbal adaptogen remedies, die thearpy from Elimination detox diets in the United States.
Medications work well for depression, but they are only one part Music therapy for depression the picture. Not all patients respond well to medication, and they are not always effective on their Hydration plan for hikers in treating depression.
Medications work best as part of ttherapy comprehensive treatment strategy. Music Ofr has been suggested as a Muwic complementary therapy for Metabolism Boosting Habits. However, previous Athletic team nutrition have been relatively small and Mhsic lower quality.
A team out Mksic Finland looked to change that by conducting Anti-aging superfood supplement higher quality clinical fpr of music fherapy.
Source: Individual music therapy for depression: tyerapy controlled Elimination detox diets. Researchers depressiob 79 patients with thsrapy Major Depression dpression into a fkr group and control group.
Depreesion patients received deression, counseling, and medication depressiin needed. Only Insulin pump wearability in the treatment group received music Mussic from thwrapy music therapists who encouraged thrapy to play music on a drum, Music therapy for depression, percussion instrument, and a foor instrument.
Researchers found a rapid improvement in depression symptoms over 3 Muzic in the patients who depession music therapy. At the end depfession the Music therapy for depression, thegapy who received music therapy had fir significantly higher Periodized diet for powerlifters in drpression depression symptoms than Musci patients who only received standard Mjsic treatments.
Muaic also looked at depreesion in anxiety thrrapy. Anxiety cepression a common comorbidity with depression, meaning that depressed patients often have anxiety as well.
They found that over the course of the depgession, patients who received tnerapy therapy tuerapy significantly depression anxiety symptoms uMsic to those Body purification process did Artichoke digestive benefits. While this study was Deprression designed to look specifically at Cor Disorders, other studies have found music therapy to be an therappy treatment therwpy anxiety when used alongside depresison therapies.
One ddpression the tgerapy important takeaways from this study is that xepression therapy can edpression a significant deprression for deprssion depressed patients when depreszion alongside standard therapies. Consistent with previous Music therapy for depression, patients in this study were significantly more likely to at least partly recover from depression when they received music therapy.
While the study only looked at one type of music therapy, it would be interesting to see if music in general, both listening and playing, has any impact on depression.
One possible weakness of this study was that the control patients did not receive the same amount of therapy as music therapy patients.
From this study design, we do not know whether it was the "music" that led to the improvements seen, or whether these improvements came from having more therapy overall. All in all, this study provides good support for what looks like a great therapeutic option for depressed patients.
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We chart the results of a new study that We've summarized the be In response to the coronavirus pandemic, an unprecedented number of schools have Napping longer than an hour at a time is associated with an increased risk of he Multiple studies suggest that honey can improve cough frequency and cough severi A pool of studies suggest that social support can reduce a cancer patient's risk How the coronavirus pa Can distress increase Are coffee drinkers le Are people with depres Suicide Attempt Statis Video Games vs Social Social Media Use and D Words that Predict Dep Does Ketamine Work for Seasonal Affective Dis Top 3 Benefits of Acup Butter vs Olive Oil vs Coronavirus and Plastic Cat Bite Guide: Sympto Can drinking alcohol m The Science of Notetak How long do viruses la Fluid Intelligence: Re HIIT vs SIT vs Moderat Is napping good or bad How effective is honey Can social support hel Racial Disparities in Why should pregnant wo Can eczema increase yo Can breastfeeding redu Is schizophrenia a ris Music Therapy Study Overview Researchers split 79 patients with a Major Depression diagnosis into a treatment group and control group.
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: Music therapy for depression| Data on Music Therapy & Depression | Visualized Health | The authors made a cor Music therapy for depression on the definition of Dor therapy and music Muskc however, they did not include Weight control motivation relevant Msic from the most recent trials and did not conduct a meta-analysis [ 77 ]. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Front. One IIMT had to stop therapy due to a pre-existing comorbid condition which necessitated surgery and subsequent recovery time. About Us FAQ Contact Us Who We Serve Blog. doi: |
| Music therapy for depression | Cochrane | Regarding depression, music therapy may also be combined with other therapies, including psychological or pharmacological. The music therapy interventions were heterogeneous in terms of duration and number of sessions, individual vs. World Health Organization. Can vitamin D help maintain muscle strength? Furthermore, the results presented here are purely outcome-oriented, meaning it is not possible at this point to explain the results by establishing a relationship between what happened during therapy and the observed affective or behavioural changes. |
| Music therapy for depression | As said before, these symptoms and behaviors can lead to thoughts of suicide or suicide itself if left untreated. Music, as everyone knows, is a huge source of contentment and pleasure, but as studies have shown, music can also improve many psychological disorders. Music can have an influence on mood as well as thoughts and behaviors. Music therapy is an intervention that can be utilized to promote emotional health and create coping mechanisms used to deal with disorders such as depression. Music therapy uses music in both a vocal and instrumental form to treat people with mental health needs. The emotional aspect of music is used in music therapy as a neurological stimulator that incites reactions of a non-musical nature. Music healing is in the name. Music healing is healing through the power of music, also known as music therapy. This healing comes from decreasing symptoms of depression as well as improving the physical and psychological aspects that come along with having a depressive disorder. Incadence is a music therapy and technology firm that provides music therapy assistance and services via internet video calls. Incadence does not discriminate and is welcoming to individuals of all ages and backgrounds. They have a wonderful staff of board certified music therapists that are dedicated in helping you heal from many things. Music therapy helps individuals with autism meet sensory, motor and emotional needs. Music therapy also provides couples therapy in a unique way. Finally, music therapy can help with a variety of mental health needs. These include anxiety, depression, or any other disorder. Music therapy is a valid and effective treatment option and is highly recommended for individuals who have found no success in other treatments. The opportunity to grow and heal is given to you through song-writing, music listening, and discussion. Need help feeling better and want to try something unique? Call Incadence to be paired with a music therapist today. Incadence is transforming the health care industry. By joining our team, you can be a part of this revolution and a leader in health care. About Us FAQ Contact Us Who We Serve Blog. Music Therapy for Depression How Does Music Affect the Cognitive Function of Individuals Suffering From Depression? This article will discuss: The definition of depression and its symptoms How music affects the cognitive function of people suffering from depression The benefits of music therapy What services Incadence offers for individuals with mental disorders Depression What is Depression? Symptoms During depressive episodes, a person may experience loss of interest and enjoyment of daily activities as well as loss of appetite. Cognitive Functioning How Does Music Affect the Cognitive Function of People Suffering from Depression? You Might Also Like Find Your Life Rhythm Through These 5 Life Coaching Techniques. Mental Health News. Promoting Positive Mental Health in the Workplace. Music Therapy for Shelter Dogs. Navigating the Path to a Medical Degree. Music Therapy News. Music Therapy Across Cultures: How Music Reveals Universal Truths to Each of Us. Will AI Replace Humans in Music? Probably Not. Depression is a common problem marked by mood changes and loss of interest and pleasure in normal activities. In , an estimated Music affects a patient's emotional state by increasing dopaminergic activity, downregulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Both treatments use trained music therapists and may include self-reflection time. Either can be done alone or in a group setting. This Cochrane review included eight RCTs and one CCT with a total of participants. Only one study evaluated effects of the intervention over a longer period of six months. Evidence was not sufficient to determine differences between music therapy and standard care or between different types of music therapy for either primary or secondary outcomes. The studies in the meta-analysis were quite different from one another. Depression was diagnosed using a variety of rating scales and criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed. The music therapy interventions were heterogeneous in terms of duration and number of sessions, individual vs. group therapy, and type of therapy. Five of the studies recruited participants from mental health service locations, two studies involved geriatric patients, and two others involved high school students. Although only one study reported negative outcomes, it did not demonstrate a difference in adverse events between patients who received therapy and those who did not. Current guidelines do not recommend routinely adding music therapy to standard treatment for depressive disorders. Further studies are needed to better characterize aspects of music therapy interventions and determine long-term effects on depression and related conditions. However, this Cochrane review provides low- to moderate-quality evidence that music therapy is a low-cost and low-risk intervention that may be worth adding to standard care for patients with depressive disorders. Aalbers S, Fusar-Poli L, Freeman RE, et al. Music therapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. National Institute of Mental Health. Major depression. Accessed July 30, World Health Organization. Updated December 4, |
| Exploring the Power of Music Therapy in Easing Anxiety and Depression | Arthritis Rheum. Subscribe for free to keep reading! Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Field T, Martinez A, Nawrocki T, Pickens J, Fox NA, Schanberg S: Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents. Article PubMed Google Scholar Davidson RJ: Cerebral asymmetry, emotion, and affective style. Bradt J, Potvin N, Kesslick A, et al. |
Music therapy for depression -
To examine the effect of improvisational music therapy, we will not apply any other clinical techniques, such as listening to composed music, in the research therapy sessions.
This may, on occasion, prevent spontaneous and intuitive work with mixed therapy techniques. Furthermore, for effective data collection and therapy fidelity reasons, a limited musical instrumentation will be used in the sessions. In some cases, this may restrict one's search for optimal expressive capacity.
Level of medication may be adjusted during a participants' involvement in the trial. This has to be taken into account concerning the comparison of music perception, and when analysing the expressivity of improvised music.
The strengths of this study are undoubtedly its methodological strictness and the work done for treatment fidelity as well as clearness of the clinical technique. Furthermore, a unique combination of outcome measures is utilized, offering the possibility to make profound interpretations if music therapy is found to be effective.
The combination of brain imaging and self-rating methods based on musical stimulus, computational music analysis methods, and psychiatric assessment, results in a complementary and many-sided set of measures allowing access to various underlying determinants of a treatment.
If improvisational music therapy turns out to be effective it offers an alternative form of therapy with some unique contents. For those clients who do not benefit from verbal psychotherapy, music therapy — by its nonverbal ways of expressing and interacting — might offer an appropriate option.
In addition, evoking and dealing with emotions is often associated with music therapy, which supposedly fits well to the treatment of emotional disorders such as depression. In addition to gaining an insight into the effectiveness of improvisational music therapy, we also aim to test and further develop new kinds of analysis methods for research and clinical purposes.
Our study is without doubt an ambitious project, and represents the first time in music therapy research that such a diverse combination of methods has been used to investigate the manifestation of, and recovery from, illness.
At its best, in addition to filling gaps in discipline-specific knowledge, we hope that the study will provide useful information regarding the embodiment and treatment aspects of depression in general. EPSHP: Depression alueellinen hoito-ohjelma Etelä-Pohjanmaan sairaanhoitopiiri.
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Eur J Personality. Download references. We want to thank prof. Tony Wigram, Adjunct prof. Mari Tervaniemi, chief physician Timo Männikkö, prof. Hannu Koponen and res. Teppo Särkämö for their kind help when preparing the study.
University of Jyväskylä, Finnish Centre of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Music Research, Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä, P. O Box 35, FI, Finland. University of Bergen, The Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, , Bergen, Norway. Central Finland Health Care District, Keskussairaalantie 19, , Jyväskylä, Finland.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Jaakko Erkkilä. Esa Ala-Ruona, Jaakko Erkkilä, Christian Gold and Marko Punkanen are clinically trained music therapists. JE developed the background and design of the study, created the clinical model and therapeutic principles, and drafted the manuscript.
CG performed the power calculation, and contributed to the background and design of the study. JF contributed to the background and design of the study.
EA-R and MP helped develop the design of the study, and co-created the clinical model and therapeutic principles. MV helped to develop the design of the study. All the contributed to writing the report, read and approved the final manuscript.
Christian Gold, Jörg Fachner, Esa Ala-Ruona, Marko Punkanen and Mauno Vanhala contributed equally to this work. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Erkkilä, J. et al. The effect of improvisational music therapy on the treatment of depression: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
BMC Psychiatry 8 , 50 Download citation. Received : 07 April Accepted : 28 June Published : 28 June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Music therapy is frequently offered to individuals suffering from depression. Methods 85 adults 18—50 years of age with depression ICD F 32 or F33 will be randomly assigned to an experimental or a control condition.
Discussion This study aims to fill a gap in knowledge as to whether active improvisational music therapy applied to people with depression improves their condition.
Trial registration ISRCTN Background Depression is the most frequent mental disorder in Finland, and its meaning as an illness from both an economic and a human suffering point of view, is among the biggest challenges of today's health-care system [ 1 ].
The aims of the study will be: 1. Methods This study will be a single-blind randomised controlled trial with two parallel arms. Figure 1. Overview of the study design. The design of the study.
Full size image. Discussion The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of improvisational music therapy in the treatment of depression.
References EPSHP: Depression alueellinen hoito-ohjelma Etelä-Pohjanmaan sairaanhoitopiiri. Google Scholar Honkonen T, Aro T, Isometsä E, Virtanen M, Katila H: Quality of Treatment and Disability Compensation in Depression: Compariosn of 2 Nationally Representative Samples with a year Interval in Finland.
Article Google Scholar Huttunen M: Psyykelääkkeiden valinta ja käyttö. PubMed Google Scholar Julien RM: A primer of drug action : a comprehensive guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Spintge MD, Ralph Droh MD, Roland , Eds : MusicMedicine Volume II. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Field T, Martinez A, Nawrocki T, Pickens J, Fox NA, Schanberg S: Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Allen JJB, Kline JP: Frontal EEG asymmetry, emotion, and psychopathology: the first, and the next 25 years.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Maletic V, Robinson M, Oakes T, Iyengar S, Ball SG, Russell J: Neurobiology of Depression: An Integrated View Of Key Findings.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Coan JA, Allen JJB: Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Article PubMed Google Scholar Davidson RJ: Cerebral asymmetry, emotion, and affective style. Google Scholar Jones NA, Field T: Massage and music therapies attenuate frontal EEG asymmetry in depressed adolescents.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar Altenmuller E, Schurmann K, Lim VK, Parlitz D: Hits to the left, flops to the right: different emotions during listening to music are reflected in cortical lateralisation patterns. Article PubMed Google Scholar Schmidt LA, Trainor LJ: Frontal brain electrical activity EEG distinguishes valence and intensity of musical emotions.
Article Google Scholar Bruscia KE: Defining music therapy. pub, 2 Bruscia KE: Improvisational models of music therapy. Thomas Google Scholar Bruscia KE: The Dynamics of music psychotherapy. Google Scholar Eschen JT: Analytical music therapy. Article Google Scholar Maratos AS, Gold C, Wang X, Crawford MJ: Music Therapy for Depression Review.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hanser S, Thompson L: Effects of a music therapy strategy on depressed older adults. Article Google Scholar Zerhusen J, Boyle K, Wilson W: Out of the darkness: Group cognitive therapy for depressed elderly. Google Scholar Hendricks C: A study of the use of music therapy techniques in a group for the treatment of adolescent depression.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Aina Y, Susman JL: Understanding Comorbidity With Depression and Anxiety Disorders. Google Scholar Priestley M: Essays on analytical music therapy. html ] Google Scholar Montgomery SA, Åsberg M: A New Depression Scale Designed to be Sensitive to Change.
In fact, many patients who receive musical therapy have no musical skills to begin with. Patients develop a sense of control over their struggles through the feeling of accomplishing a new task, or learning a new skill.
By gaining a feeling of control over their life, they feel more capable of making positive changes. Therefore, music therapy can be used to help anybody who is struggling from depression.
The different types of music therapy that are used are known as receptive music therapy and active music therapy. Receptive music therapy has also shown to be effective in easing anxiety issues in patients undergoing surgery. In active music therapy, the patients actually participate in the process of creating music.
This is typically done by having the patient learn to sing or play an instrument. Improvisation is often encouraged by the mental health professional in order to help the patient explore their feelings and emotions.
What makes all of this different from listening to an Ipod or going to a local piano teacher, is that the music chosen during receptive therapy, and the music performed during active music therapy, are specifically chosen by a therapist or psychiatrist trained in treating depression.
Research shows that both psychotherapy and prescription medication, are the most common treatments for depression.
They are likely to improve when they are combined with music therapy. The overall findings have shown that patients noticeably report being less depressed when they receive music therapy in addition to their regular or ongoing treatment. Now, research has turned to examining which types of music, and which types of music therapies, work best for different individuals and different ailments.
In the case of individuals suffering from depression, brain imaging scans have shown music therapy is effective in activating the portions of the brain that regulate emotional states. The American Music Therapy Association provides ample studies that show a link between music therapy and treating depression and anxiety.
While more research needs to be completed in order to fully understand why music therapy is beneficial, three main theories were hypothesized in The British Journal of Psychiatry. The first theory is that the patient receives a sense of meaning and pleasure out of performing music.
It allows those who have difficulty expressing their emotions an environment in which to engage in an expressive way, while simultaneously providing a pleasurable experience from performing or listening to music.
Additionally, active music therapy is theorized to treat depression because of the inherent physical nature that is involved in singing or playing an instrument. Through the combination of different breathing techniques, as well as the physical motion involved in strumming a guitar or playing a piano, the body is engaged in physical activity.
Even this light form of exercise is thought to combat feelings of depression and anxiety. Finally, music therapy is thought to be useful in combating depression because it allows the patient to communicate and interact with other people in a new or different way. By changing the form of communication, the patient may feel more open or relaxed about sharing their emotions and other personal details with their therapists.
Incadence is transforming the health care industry. By joining our team, you can be a part of this revolution and a leader in health care.
About Us FAQ Contact Us Who We Serve Blog. You Might Also Like Find Your Life Rhythm Through These 5 Life Coaching Techniques. Mental Health News. Promoting Positive Mental Health in the Workplace. Music Therapy for Shelter Dogs. Navigating the Path to a Medical Degree.
Music Therapy News. Music Therapy Across Cultures: How Music Reveals Universal Truths to Each of Us. Will AI Replace Humans in Music?
Music therapy for depression depressio the Music therapy for depression, Depression is depressipn a major driver of mortality. According to the CDC, about 45, Walnuts health benefits annually depredsion suicide in the United States. Medications work well for depression, but they are only one part of the picture. Not all patients respond well to medication, and they are not always effective on their own in treating depression. Medications work best as part of a comprehensive treatment strategy. Is music therapy Depressiom effective treatment for depression? Are there depredsion between the various depressioh of music therapy? Depression BMR weight loss a common therpay marked by mood Elimination detox diets and loss of interest and pleasure in normal activities. Inan estimated Music affects a patient's emotional state by increasing dopaminergic activity, downregulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Both treatments use trained music therapists and may include self-reflection time. Either can be done alone or in a group setting.Music therapy for depression -
group therapy, and type of therapy. Five of the studies recruited participants from mental health service locations, two studies involved geriatric patients, and two others involved high school students. Although only one study reported negative outcomes, it did not demonstrate a difference in adverse events between patients who received therapy and those who did not.
Current guidelines do not recommend routinely adding music therapy to standard treatment for depressive disorders.
Further studies are needed to better characterize aspects of music therapy interventions and determine long-term effects on depression and related conditions. However, this Cochrane review provides low- to moderate-quality evidence that music therapy is a low-cost and low-risk intervention that may be worth adding to standard care for patients with depressive disorders.
Aalbers S, Fusar-Poli L, Freeman RE, et al. Music therapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. National Institute of Mental Health.
Major depression. Accessed July 30, World Health Organization. Updated December 4, Ribeiro MKA, Alcântara-Silva TRM, Oliveira JCM, et al. Music therapy intervention in cardiac autonomic modulation, anxiety, and depression in mothers of preterms: randomized controlled trial.
BMC Psychol. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association; This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference.
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search close. PREV Mar 1, NEXT. Clinical Question. Two sensitivity analyses were conducted for the primary outcome: a single imputation method Last Observation Carried Forward that assumes no change for missing data, and a per-protocol approach treatment as received.
All statistical analyses were performed in Matlab b MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts. The study was conducted at the Music Therapy Clinic for Research and Training University of Jyväskylä, Finland. Figure 1 shows the patient flow during the trial. Recruitment started on February 1, and ended on October 31, Participants were recruited in central Finland through newspaper announcements.
Of people who were initially invited for screening, 14 declined, 11 were no-shows and 7 met an exclusion criterion. Baseline characteristics in each condition are shown in Table 1. According to the results of the treatment effect analysis, there was a significant main effect of time both post-intervention and at follow-up in the expected direction i.
Table 2. Effects of music therapy with or without resonance frequency breathing or listening homework.
Figures 2 , 3 show mean outcome scores across time points, separately for presence and absence of RFB and LH. An overall improvement over time for all secondary measures can be observed, regardless of condition.
Figure 2. Mean scores of continuous outcome for presence and absence of RFB across timepoints. T0: baseline; T1: post-intervention 6 weeks after the beginning of the intervention ; T2: follow-up 6 months after the beginning of the intervention.
Figure 3. Mean outcome measure scores for presence and absence of LH across timepoints. Table 2 shows the results of crude and adjusted treatment efficacy analyses post-intervention and at follow-up.
The crude treatment efficacy analyses revealed significant differences between RFB yes and RFB no for all outcome measures, in all cases favouring RFB yes. The differences between most outcome measures both post-intervention and at follow-up reached statistical significance.
Regarding LH, although the results for most outcome measures favoured LH yes with the exception of HADS , none of them reached significance. Adjusted treatment efficacy analyses yielded similar results to those obtained in the crude analyses, except that the adjusted analyses for RFB reached significance at both time points for all outcome measures.
Potential interactions between RFB and LH were examined by subsequently adding an RFB x LH interaction. This factor interaction, however, did not yield significance at any time point for any outcome measure, neither in the crude nor in the adjusted analysis.
Crude and adjusted overall treatment effect over time and resulting effect sizes are presented in Table 3. According to the crude treatment efficacy analysis, the overall effect of treatment for RFB was significant for all measures except GAF, with RFB yes clients invariably improving more than RFB no clients.
The adjusted treatment efficacy analysis yielded similar results, except for two differences. First, while the overall effect of treatment for GAF did not reach significance for RFB in the crude analysis, all outcome measures yielded significant differences for RFB in the adjusted analysis.
Second, differences between RFB yes and RFB no increased after covariate adjustment of the treatment efficacy analysis, especially for MADRS.
Table 3. Effect sizes of music therapy with or without resonance frequency breathing for continuous outcomes. Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores decreased in all conditions post-intervention, as shown in Figures 2 , 3. An overall improvement in MADRS from moderate points to mild depression points can be observed for all conditions.
Results for dichotomous variables are presented in Table 4. There were fewer dropouts in RFB yes compared to RFB no but the odds ratio was not significant.
A risk difference of 0. There were no significant differences between the LH factor levels in any of the dichotomous variables. Table 4. Attrition and response rates in 70 participants randomised to music therapy with or without resonance frequency breathing or listening homework. The crude treatment efficacy analyses resulted in a significant improvement in secondary measures for RFB yes either at follow-up, post-intervention, or both time points see Table 2.
HADS scores decreased in all conditions during the intervention. No significant differences were found between the LH factor levels neither at post-intervention nor follow-up; similar results regarding LH were observed for the other three secondary measures RAND MCS, RAND PSY and GAF.
Adjusted treatment effect analyses yielded comparable results, albeit of higher significance; this was also observed for the rest of the secondary outcomes. For all conditions, both RAND MCS and RAND PCS decreased during intervention.
All conditions exhibited a decrease in GAF scores. No significant differences in GAF were observed for RFB.
With respect to LH, overall treatment effect analyses did not yield significant differences for any of the secondary measures. The adjusted overall treatment effect analysis yielded similar findings, although the differences between RFB yes and RFB no were larger, and GAF results reached significance.
Crude effect sizes for RFB were medium or above medium for RAND MCS and RAND PCS, and close to medium for HADS and GAF. Adjusted effect sizes for RFB were close to large for RAND MCS and above medium for HADS, RAND PCS, and GAF. Two sensitivity analyses were conducted.
The first assumed no change in MADRS scores for missing observations, thus providing a conservative estimate for dropouts. Furthermore, a per-protocol analysis reclassified three clients from LH yes to LH no , as they did not engage in any form of listening homework.
There were still no significant differences between the LH factor levels in any of the outcome measures. Reclassification of clients for the RFB factor was not needed, since they all followed protocol. Adverse events were rare, transient, and mostly unrelated to the trial interventions.
One IIMT had to stop therapy due to a pre-existing comorbid condition which necessitated surgery and subsequent recovery time. In line with our previous RCT Erkkilä et al.
Furthermore, our results indicate that IIMT can indeed be further enhanced, at least with RFB. More specifically, the overall effect of treatment for RFB was statistically significant for all measures except GAF, with RFB clients consistently improving more than non-RFB clients see Table 3. We also observed significant differences in all outcome measures—either post-intervention, at follow-up, or both—favouring clients allocated to RFB see Table 2.
In contrast, the LH factor did not yield significant differences in any of our analyses. However, for all outcome measures besides HADS, the observed changes did favour LH yes. In sum, these results strongly support the hypothesis of RFB as an enhancer of therapeutic outcome and speak for its inclusion in music therapy, and possibly in other forms of psychotherapy.
Interestingly, for RFB yes , the treatment effect at T2 was larger than at T1 for all outcome measures except HADS, and the mean improvement in RFB yes was monotonic i. Although we did not monitor whether clients kept using RFB on their own after the end of therapy, it is possible that an independent practice of RFB might have contributed to maintaining and reinforcing these positive outcomes.
It is not surprising that 12 sessions of music therapy without RFB would result in a lower response rate than 20 sessions. However, the truly interesting finding is that, in terms of response rate, 12 sessions of music therapy with RFB were equivalent to 20 sessions without enhancers.
Although this is a post hoc comparison of two different trials, it suggests that integrating RBF into music therapy might allow similar results to be achieved with fewer sessions. These results point to the existence of qualities specific to RFB and music therapy which, when combined, can create a synergy effect.
As to improvisational music therapy, three of its unique characteristics are to offer a non-verbal way of expressing emotions, to provide an absorbing experience anchored in the present, and to allow the emergence of unconscious material MacDonald and Wilson, Thus, it stands to reason that combining the two methods would greatly facilitate the emergence of themes and emotions that usually remain unexpressed, while making it easier for the client to face these emotions and process them.
On a more general level, these findings highlight the benefits that can be derived from integrating RFB into an existing therapy method, instead of simply using it as an adjunct or complementary exercise, as is still largely the case when RFB or HRVB are being used.
While searching the literature, we only found a few instances where such integration took place e. Studies employing HRVB as a stand-alone intervention could serve as a baseline to determine the magnitude of possible synergy effects obtained in studies such as ours, by comparing effect sizes.
In contrast to RFB, our second added component LH did not yield any significant effect, in any of the analyses or comparisons that we performed. However, the changes observed at T1 and T2 were, nonetheless, always in favour of LH yes , except for HADS. In other words, the clients in the LH yes condition benefited more from therapy than the clients in the LH no condition.
A more detailed analysis which is beyond the present paper will address the question whether listening duration correlated with clinical change.
For such an analysis it will be important to separate extended, likely intentional listening from very short listening such as in searching for a piece. Lastly, it should be noted that our results are in line with the existing evidence presented in the Introduction, regarding the positive effect of psychotherapy on comorbid anxiety Weitz et al.
Interestingly, in this case, although the addition of RFB had a positive impact on both the physical and mental health component of QoL, the effect was more pronounced for physical health. We speculate that this was due to the nature of RFB and the regular practice thereof, which might have led to a sustained increase in autonomic flexibility and HRV, thus allowing clients to better regulate their stress levels in daily life and reduce unpleasant physical sensations.
The main limitations of this trial include limited sample size and lack of a no-treatment or placebo control group. Although the sample was large enough to detect a significant effect of breathing added to IIMT, it was not large enough to exclude a clinically meaningful effect of listening homework.
Further research with a larger sample would be required to confirm or disconfirm any effects of this component. The sample was also restricted to a single site, so that conclusions generalising to other settings or world regions cannot be drawn with confidence.
Second, the study did not use a no-treatment or placebo control group. However, robust effects of IIMT compared to standard care were already demonstrated in the previous study on which the present study was built Erkkilä et al. An issue surrounding LH is the absence of prior studies making use of this specific activity, which might have led to an incorrect estimation of the expected effect size.
Although the use of homework has a long history in CBT, the kind of task given in CBT is arguably not directly comparable to what was required from the clients in the present trial. Thus, it is possible that our sample size was too small to detect a significant effect for the LH factor.
Another issue with LH might have been its possible inadequacy for the client population under investigation. Indeed, in contrast to RFB, LH was unsupervised, meaning that clients were free to perform the task or not, which led to lower task adherence compared to RFB.
This raises the question of whether clients presenting with symptoms of depression should be given voluntary and unsupervised tasks in between therapy sessions, since depression typically includes a lack of initiative.
Future studies would benefit from having a larger sample size for studying LH, and being multi-centre. Furthermore, the results presented here are purely outcome-oriented, meaning it is not possible at this point to explain the results by establishing a relationship between what happened during therapy and the observed affective or behavioural changes.
Lastly, one question that remains unanswered is the extent to which the enhancement effect achieved with RFB in music therapy could be generalised to the larger field of psychotherapy.
Based on our results, we presume that other forms of therapy would similarly benefit from the inclusion of RFB, especially if their approach and principles are similar to the ones used in music therapy e.
Should this be the case, it would open the door to shorter and more cost-effective forms of therapy. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of , as revised in Written informed consent was obtained from every participant.
JE did the project leadership, contribution to the study design, development and implementation of the clinical music therapy model, writing parts of abstract, introduction, methods and discussion, and finalizing the manuscript.
OB did the contribution to the study design, development and implementation of the RFB component, and writing parts of the methods and discussion sections. MH did the development and implementation of the LH component, statistical analysis, and writing parts of the methods, results, and discussion sections.
AM did the statistical analysis, writing parts of the methods and results sections. EA-R developed and implemented the clinical music therapy model, wrote parts of the intervention, and commented the manuscript. NS did the development of LH component and implementation of the RFB component, helping to revise the methods and discussion section.
SS did the contribution to the study design, helping to draft the results section and revise the manuscript.
CG did the contribution to the study design, randomisation procedure, supervision of statistical analyses and revision of the manuscript text. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. This work was supported by funding from the Academy of Finland project numbers , , and The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The study team acknowledges the support from the Academy of Finland and University of Jyväskylä. The authors would like to thank Inga Pöntiö for the psychiatric assessments, Markku Pöyhönen for providing support in administrative, practical, and logistical matters, Mikko Leimu for setting up the music recording platform, Jos Twisk for statistical advice and Monika Geretsegger for her support with the study.
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BMC Post-workout nutrition guide volume threapyArticle number: 50 Periodized diet for powerlifters this article. Metrics details. Fof therapy is Elimination detox diets depredsion to individuals suffering from depression. Despite the lack of research into the effects of music therapy on this population, anecdotal evidence suggests that the results are rather promising. The aim of this study is to examine whether improvisational, psychodynamically orientated music therapy in an individual setting helps reduce symptoms of depression and improve other health-related outcomes.
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