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Exercise has many benefits. The tricky thing for people with type 1 diabetes is that it can lower blood glucose in both the short and long-term. Nearly half of children in a type 1 diabetes study who exercised an hour during the day experienced a low blood glucose reaction overnight.
The intensity, duration, and timing of exercise can all affect the risk for going low. Many people with diabetes, particularly those who use insulin, should have a medical ID with them at all times.
In the event of a severe hypoglycemic episode, a car accident or other emergency, the medical ID can provide critical information about the person's health status, such as the fact that they have diabetes, whether or not they use insulin, whether they have any allergies, etc.
Emergency medical personnel are trained to look for a medical ID when they are caring for someone who can't speak for themselves. Medical IDs are usually worn as a bracelet or a necklace. Traditional IDs are etched with basic, key health information about the person, and some IDs now include compact USB drives that can carry a person's full medical record for use in an emergency.
As unpleasant as they may be, the symptoms of low blood glucose are useful. These symptoms tell you that you your blood glucose is low and you need to take action to bring it back into a safe range.
But, many people have blood glucose readings below this level and feel no symptoms. This is called hypoglycemia unawareness. Hypoglycemia unawareness puts the person at increased risk for severe low blood glucose reactions when they need someone to help them recover.
People with hypoglycemia unawareness are also less likely to be awakened from sleep when hypoglycemia occurs at night.
People with hypoglycemia unawareness need to take extra care to check blood glucose frequently. This is especially important prior to and during critical tasks such as driving.
A continuous glucose monitor CGM can sound an alarm when blood glucose levels are low or start to fall. This can be a big help for people with hypoglycemia unawareness.
If you think you have hypoglycemia unawareness, speak with your health care provider. This helps your body re-learn how to react to low blood glucose levels.
This may mean increasing your target blood glucose level a new target that needs to be worked out with your diabetes care team.
It may even result in a higher A1C level, but regaining the ability to feel symptoms of lows is worth the temporary rise in blood glucose levels. This can happen when your blood glucose levels are very high and start to go down quickly.
If this is happening, discuss treatment with your diabetes care team. Your best bet is to practice good diabetes management and learn to detect hypoglycemia so you can treat it early—before it gets worse.
Monitoring blood glucose, with either a meter or a CGM, is the tried and true method for preventing hypoglycemia. Studies consistently show that the more a person checks blood glucose, the lower his or her risk of hypoglycemia.
This is because you can see when blood glucose levels are dropping and can treat it before it gets too low. Together, you can review all your data to figure out the cause of the lows. The more information you can give your health care provider, the better they can work with you to understand what's causing the lows.
Your provider may be able to help prevent low blood glucose by adjusting the timing of insulin dosing, exercise, and meals or snacks.
Changing insulin doses or the types of food you eat may also do the trick. Breadcrumb Home Life with Diabetes Get the Right Care for You Hypoglycemia Low Blood Glucose. Low blood glucose may also be referred to as an insulin reaction, or insulin shock. Signs and symptoms of low blood glucose happen quickly Each person's reaction to low blood glucose is different.
Treatment—The " Rule" The rule—have 15 grams of carbohydrate to raise your blood glucose and check it after 15 minutes.
Note: Young children usually need less than 15 grams of carbs to fix a low blood glucose level: Infants may need 6 grams, toddlers may need 8 grams, and small children may need 10 grams.
This needs to be individualized for the patient, so discuss the amount needed with your diabetes team. When treating a low, the choice of carbohydrate source is important. Complex carbohydrates, or foods that contain fats along with carbs like chocolate can slow the absorption of glucose and should not be used to treat an emergency low.
Treating severe hypoglycemia Glucagon is a hormone produced in the pancreas that stimulates your liver to release stored glucose into your bloodstream when your blood glucose levels are too low. Steps for treating a person with symptoms keeping them from being able to treat themselves.
If the glucagon is injectable, inject it into the buttock, arm, or thigh, following the instructions in the kit. If your glucagon is inhalable, follow the instructions on the package to administer it into the nostril. When the person regains consciousness usually in 5—15 minutesthey may experience nausea and vomiting.
Do NOT: Inject insulin it will lower the person's blood glucose even more Provide food or fluids they can choke Causes of low blood glucose Low blood glucose is common for people with type 1 diabetes and can occur in people with type 2 diabetes taking insulin or certain medications.
Insulin Too much insulin is a definite cause of low blood glucose. Food What you eat can cause low blood glucose, including: Not enough carbohydrates. Eating foods with less carbohydrate than usual without reducing the amount of insulin taken.
Timing of insulin based on whether your carbs are from liquids versus solids can affect blood glucose levels. Liquids are absorbed much faster than solids, so timing the insulin dose to the absorption of glucose from foods can be tricky.
The composition of the meal—how much fat, protein, and fiber are present—can also affect the absorption of carbohydrates. Physical activity Exercise has many benefits. Medical IDs Many people with diabetes, particularly those who use insulin, should have a medical ID with them at all times.
Hypoglycemia unawareness occurs more frequently in those who: Frequently have low blood glucose episodes which can cause you to stop sensing the early warning signs of hypoglycemia. Have had diabetes for a long time. Tightly manage their diabetes which increases your chances of having low blood glucose reactions.
How can I prevent low blood glucose? If you can, check often! Check before and after meals. Check before bed. After intense exercise, also check in the middle of the night. Check more if things around you change such as, a new insulin routine, a different work schedule, an increase in physical activity, or travel across time zones.
Why am I having lows?
: Hypoglycemic unawareness and medication adjustment| Hypoglycemia Prevention and Treatment in the Ambulatory Care Setting | However, this deficit was offset by higher hypoglycemia symptom scores, which resulted from an increased perception of cholinergically mediated diaphoresis. Refer a Patient. They might recommend checking your levels again after a short time, avoiding activities like driving, or eating something with carbohydrates. The symptoms of low blood glucose vary from person to person and can change over time. Encouraging individuals to wear a medical identification listing diabetes and any other diagnoses they may have is also important. |
| How Hypoglycemia Unawareness Affects People with Diabetes | Continuous glucose monitoring can help prevent hypoglycemia if you have type 1 diabetes or if you have type 2 diabetes and take insulin or other medication s that increases risk for hypoglycemia. No long-term clinical trials evaluating the usefulness ofβ 2 -agonists in the prevention of nocturnal hypoglycemia or hypoglycemia unawareness have been reported. If this is happening, discuss treatment with your diabetes care team. Increasing Diabetic Foot Exam Rates in Primary Care Via a Toolkit for Registered Nurses. Efficacy of low-dose dapagliflozin in young people with type 1 diabetes. Prospective studies have not found an association between intensive insulin therapy and cognitive function 58—60 , or between severe hypoglycemia and future cognitive function 56, |
| Related CE | Vele, S. β-Blockers theoretically could suppress medicayion even obviate all of the adrenergically mediated symptoms of hypoglycemia. Diabetes Technol. Effects of antecedent prolonged exercise on subsequent counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. Iles 1 Simon J. |
| Hypoglycemia-Signs, Symptoms & Treatment |ADA | This is an unawaeness article distributed under the terms Citrus aurantium extract weight loss the Biodynamic farming techniques Aadjustment Attribution License CC BY. Augmenting engraftment of beta Biodynamic farming techniques replacement therapies for T1DM. Unaareness of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in older adults with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. metabolism 1— Online Ahead of Print Alert. This software connects CGMs and insulin pumps to a software through a phone or computer, and analyzes blood glucose to make decisions that adjust insulin delivery Templer, JAMA Intern Med. |
| Hypoglycemia - Diabetes Education Online | Make a note about any episodes of low blood glucose and talk with your health care team about why it happened. They can suggest ways to avoid low blood glucose in the future. Many people tend to want to eat as much as they can until they feel better. This can cause blood glucose levels to shoot way up. Using the step-wise approach of the " Rule" can help you avoid this, preventing high blood glucose levels. Glucagon is a hormone produced in the pancreas that stimulates your liver to release stored glucose into your bloodstream when your blood glucose levels are too low. Glucagon is used to treat someone with diabetes when their blood glucose is too low to treat using the rule. Glucagon is available by prescription and is either injected or administered or puffed into the nostril. For those who are familiar with injectable glucagon, there are now two injectable glucagon products on the market—one that comes in a kit and one that is pre-mixed and ready to use. Speak with your doctor about whether you should buy a glucagon product, and how and when to use it. The people you are in frequent contact with for example, friends, family members, and coworkers should be instructed on how to give you glucagon to treat severe hypoglycemia. If you have needed glucagon, let your doctor know so you can discuss ways to prevent severe hypoglycemia in the future. If someone is unconscious and glucagon is not available or someone does not know how to use it, call immediately. Low blood glucose is common for people with type 1 diabetes and can occur in people with type 2 diabetes taking insulin or certain medications. If you add in lows without symptoms and the ones that happen overnight, the number would likely be higher. Too much insulin is a definite cause of low blood glucose. Insulin pumps may also reduce the risk for low blood glucose. Accidentally injecting the wrong insulin type, too much insulin, or injecting directly into the muscle instead of just under the skin , can cause low blood glucose. Exercise has many benefits. The tricky thing for people with type 1 diabetes is that it can lower blood glucose in both the short and long-term. Nearly half of children in a type 1 diabetes study who exercised an hour during the day experienced a low blood glucose reaction overnight. The intensity, duration, and timing of exercise can all affect the risk for going low. Many people with diabetes, particularly those who use insulin, should have a medical ID with them at all times. In the event of a severe hypoglycemic episode, a car accident or other emergency, the medical ID can provide critical information about the person's health status, such as the fact that they have diabetes, whether or not they use insulin, whether they have any allergies, etc. Emergency medical personnel are trained to look for a medical ID when they are caring for someone who can't speak for themselves. Medical IDs are usually worn as a bracelet or a necklace. Traditional IDs are etched with basic, key health information about the person, and some IDs now include compact USB drives that can carry a person's full medical record for use in an emergency. As unpleasant as they may be, the symptoms of low blood glucose are useful. These symptoms tell you that you your blood glucose is low and you need to take action to bring it back into a safe range. But, many people have blood glucose readings below this level and feel no symptoms. This is called hypoglycemia unawareness. Hypoglycemia unawareness puts the person at increased risk for severe low blood glucose reactions when they need someone to help them recover. People with hypoglycemia unawareness are also less likely to be awakened from sleep when hypoglycemia occurs at night. But often, teasing out the exact triggers can be a challenge. Table 1 provides a checklist of potential causes of hypoglycemia. HCPs may need to think like a crime scene investigator to uncover the causes and contributing factors that have led to a hypoglycemic event. Allowing individuals with diabetes and their family to tell their story about a hypoglycemic event may allow HCPs to uncover a need not only for medication changes, but also for changes in patients' behavioral responses to hypoglycemia. Empowering individuals to have more control over such situations will also help reduce the anxiety and fear often associated with hypoglycemia. Probing patients with pertinent questions will help create an accurate understanding of the context of reported hypoglycemia. This can also reduce misunderstandings between patients and providers and provide education opportunities about skills or concepts that may seem basic to providers but can be challenging for patients. When patients report that they have been experiencing low blood glucose, it is important to define hypoglycemia together. What do patients consider to be a low blood glucose level? Is this based solely on feelings or have they been able to actually check their blood glucose at the moment of symptoms? If self-monitoring of blood glucose SMBG records are available, at what point or level of blood glucose do individuals start to experience symptoms of hypoglycemia? People with consistently high blood glucose levels will feel hypoglycemic at blood glucose levels higher than the normal range, whereas those with tight glycemic control may feel hypoglycemic at lower levels. Discussing these concepts with patients provides practical motivation and support for the role of SMBG in medication adjustment and safety. Another area worthy of inquiry is patients' actions leading up to hypoglycemic events. It may seem obvious that changes in food choices, physical activity, or medication can produce hypoglycemia, but letting patients verbalize their patterns or changes in patterns can allow them to discover this for themselves. Eating a smaller meal or one containing less carbohydrate than normal may result in a low postprandial blood glucose level. If changes in food choices lead to hypoglycemic events, patients likely did not do this on purpose. Have they been less hungry lately, or are they trying to lose weight? Has there been a change in their oral health? Many individuals do not understand the complexity of factors affecting postprandial glucose levels or are not able to consistently identify a low-carbohydrate or high-carbohydrate meal or to accurately estimate the number of calories in their meals. For patients who are doing basic carbohydrate counting, explore the potential impact of the presence or absence of protein and fat in meals. These individuals may not recognize or may easily forget the role of protein and fat because they are concentrating more closely on carbohydrates. For patients who are counting calories or using some overall means of portion control, explore the impact of significant changes in carbohydrate content and assess their ability to identify foods that are rich in carbohydrates. These individuals may not understand the importance of carbohydrate budgeting. In these discussions, providers may find patients to be at a point of readiness to be referred to a registered dietitian or certified diabetes educator for more nutrition education. Changes in physical activity that can lead to hypoglycemia can include more than just intentional exercise. Particularly for people who are usually sedentary, an increase in overall energy and stamina that leads to doing more errands, gardening, or housework than normal may result in hypoglycemia. In contrast, athletes with diabetes who have temporary periods of two-a-day practices might need help learning how to adjust their medication to deal with the increase in insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake that results from increased exercise. Asking open-ended questions about the timing and dosing of medication or asking patients to demonstrate or describe their injection technique also may reveal potential causes of hypoglycemia. Finally, it is important to ask exactly how patients treat low blood glucose. This question often reveals a tendency to consume more than the recommended 15—20 g of carbohydrate or may uncover a misunderstanding of what types of foods and substances will most quickly raise the blood glucose level. Table 2 reviews the recommended treatment guidelines for hypoglycemia. Discussing patients' knowledge of food choices, physical activity, and medication can help prevent future hypoglycemia and allow providers to best determine any necessary changes in medication and identify education needs. Lipohypertrophy is a buildup of fat at the injection site. Injecting insulin into lipohypertrophy usually causes impaired absorption of insulin. However, injecting into sites of lipohypertrophy can result in erratic and unexplained fluctuations in blood glucose. When advising patients to rotate to new injection sites, HCPs should note the need for caution. Because insulin injected into a fresh site likely will be absorbed more efficiently, doses may need to be decreased. Regular rotation of insulin injection sites may prevent lipohypertrophy from occurring. Keep in mind that some patients, especially children, may be hesitant to inject in areas other than one with lipohypertrophy because they report that area is less sensitive to injections. Many alcohol-containing drinks contain carbohydrate and can cause initial hyperglycemia. However, alcohol also inhibits gluconeogenesis, which becomes the main source of endogenous glucose about 8 hours after a meal. Therefore, there is increased risk of hypoglycemia the morning after significant alcohol intake if there has not been food intake. Alcohol consumption can also interfere with the ability to feel hypoglycemia symptoms. For patients whose blood glucose is well controlled, the ADA guidelines for alcohol intake suggest a maximum of one to two drinks per day, consumed with food. Close monitoring of blood glucose for the next 10—20 hours may be beneficial. Insulin and sulfonylurea clearance is decreased with impaired hepatic or renal function. Decreasing the dosages of some anti-hyperglycemic medications and avoiding others may be necessary. Of the oral agents, sulfonylureas are more likely to cause hypoglycemia. Glimepiride may be a safer choice than glyburide or glipizide in elderly patients and those with renal insufficiency because it is completely metabolized by the liver; cytochrome P reduces it to essentially inactive metabolites that are eliminated renally and fecally. As kidney function declines, exogenous insulin has a longer duration and is more unpredictable in its action, and the contribution of glucose from the kidney through gluconeogensis is reduced. Patients who have had diabetes for many years or who have had poor control are at risk for autonomic neuropathy, including gastroparesis, or slow gastric emptying. It is thought that delayed food absorption increases the risk of hypoglycemia, although evidence is lacking. Intercurrent gastrointestinal problems such as gastroenteritis or celiac disease can also be causes of altered food absorption. Medications such as metoclopramide or erythromycin are used to increase gastric emptying time. Giving mealtime insulin after meals or using an extended bolus on an insulin pump may also help to prevent potential hypoglycemia related to delayed gastric emptying. Hypothyroidism slows the absorption of glucose through the gastrointestinal tract, reduces peripheral tissue glucose uptake, and decreases gluconeogenesis. For people with diabetes, this can cause increased episodes of hypoglycemia. Measuring the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone is the most accurate method of evaluating primary hypothyroidism. As hypothyroidism is treated, an increase in insulin dose will likely be needed to meet the increased metabolic need. The risk of severe hypoglycemia increases with age. Slowed counter-regulatory hormones, erratic food intake, and slowed intestinal absorption place older adults at higher risk of hypoglycemia. The incidence of mild and severe hypoglycemia is highest between 8 and 16 weeks' gestation in type 1 diabetes. It is important to counsel individuals who are at risk of hypoglycemia and their support persons about the recognition and treatment of hypoglycemia. The goals of treatment for hypoglycemia are to detect and treat a low blood glucose level promptly by using an intervention that provides the fastest rise in blood glucose to a safe level, to eliminate the risk of injury and to relieve symptoms quickly. Once the hypoglycemia has been reversed, the person should have the usual meal or snack that is due at that time of the day to prevent repeated hypoglycemia. It is important to avoid overtreatment of hypoglycemia, since this can result in rebound hyperglycemia and weight gain. Key Messages for People with Diabetes Know the signs and symptoms of a low blood glucose level. Some of the more common symptoms of low blood glucose are trembling, sweating, anxiety, confusion, difficulty concentrating or nausea. Not all symptoms will be present and some individuals may have other or no symptoms. Wear diabetes identification e. a MedicAlert® bracelet Talk with your diabetes health-care team about prevention and emergency treatment of a severe low blood glucose associated with confusion, loss of consciousness or seizure. Introduction Drug-induced hypoglycemia is a major obstacle for individuals trying to achieve glycemic targets. Complications of Severe Hypoglycemia Short-term risks of hypoglycemia include the dangerous situations that can arise while an individual is hypoglycemic, whether at home or at work e. Treatment of Hypoglycemia The goals of treatment for hypoglycemia are to detect and treat a low BG level promptly by using an intervention that provides the fastest rise in BG to a safe level, to eliminate the risk of injury and to relieve symptoms quickly. Recommendations All people with diabetes currently using or starting therapy with insulin or insulin secretagogues and their support persons should be counselled about the risk, prevention, recognition and treatment of hypoglycemia. Risk factors for severe hypoglycemia should be identified and addressed [Grade D, Consensus]. The DHC team should review the person with diabetes' experience with hypoglycemia at each visit, including an estimate of cause, frequency, symptoms, recognition, severity and treatment, as well as the risk of driving with hypoglycemia [Grade D, Consensus]. In people with diabetes at increased risk of hypoglycemia, the following strategies may be used to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia: Avoidance of pharmacotherapies associated with increased risk of recurrent or severe hypoglycemia see Glycemic Management in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes, p. S88, for further discussion of drug-induced hypoglycemia [Grade D, Consensus] A standardized education program targeting rigorous avoidance of hypoglycemia while maintaining overall glycemic control [Grade B, Level 2 83 ] Increased frequency of SMBG, including periodic assessment during sleeping hours [Grade D, Consensus] Less stringent glycemic targets with avoidance of hypoglycemia for up to 3 months [Grade D, Level 4 37,38 ] A psycho-behavioural intervention program blood glucose awareness training [Grade C, Level 3 40 ] Structured diabetes education and frequent follow up [Grade C, Level 3 42 for type 1 diabetes; Grade D, Consensus for type 2]. In people with diabetes with recurrent or severe hypoglycemia, or impaired awareness of hypoglycemia, the following strategies may be considered to reduce or eliminate the risk of severe hypoglycemia and to attempt to regain hypoglycemia awareness: Less stringent glycemic targets with avoidance of hypoglycemia for up to 3 months [Grade D, Level 4 37,38 ] CSII or CGM or sensor augmented pump with education and follow up for type 1 diabetes [Grade B, Level 2 42,44,46,47 ] Islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes [Grade C, Level 3 48 ] Pancreas transplantation for type 1 diabetes [Grade D, Level 4 50—53 ]. These are preferable to orange juice and glucose gels [Grade B, Level 2 73 ]. Note : This does not apply to children. See Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents, p. S; and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents, p. S, for treatment options in children. For people with diabetes at risk of severe hypoglycemia, support persons should be taught how to administer glucagon [Grade D, Consensus]. Abbreviations: A1C , glycated hemoglobin; BG, blood glucose; CVD , cardiovascular disease; CGM , continuous glucose monitoring; CSII , continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; DHC , diabetes health-care team; SMBG , self-monitoring of blood glucose. Other Relevant Guidelines Chpater 8. Targets for Glycemic Control Chapter 9. Monitoring Glycemic Control Chapter Glycemic Management in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Chapter Pharmacologic Glycemic Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults Chapter Diabetes and Driving Chapter Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents Chapter Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents Chapter Diabetes and Pregnancy Chapter Diabetes in Older People. Author Disclosures Dr. References Alvarez-Guisasola F, Yin DD, Nocea G, et al. Health Qual Life Outcomes ; Anderbro T, Amsberg S, Adamson U, et al. Fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med ;—8. Belendez M, Hernandez-Mijares A. Beliefs about insulin as a predictor of fear of hypoglycaemia. Chronic Illn ;—6. Barnard K, Thomas S, Royle P, et al. Fear of hypoglycaemia in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. BMC Pediatr ; Di Battista AM, Hart TA, Greco L, et al. Type 1 diabetes among adolescents: Reduced diabetes self-care caused by social fear and fear of hypoglycemia. Diabetes Educ ;— Haugstvedt A,Wentzel-Larsen T, GraueM, et al. Fear of hypoglycaemia in mothers and fathers of children with type 1 diabetes is associated with poor glycaemic control and parental emotional distress: A population-based study. Hepburn DA. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia. In: Frier BM, Fisher BM, eds. Hypoglycaemia and diabetes: clinical and physiological aspects. London: Edward Arnold, , pg. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Adverse events and their association with treatment regimens in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care ;— Hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes ;— Mühlhauser I, Overmann H, Bender R, et al. Risk factors of severe hypoglycaemia in adult patients with type I diabetes—a prospective population based study. Diabetologia ;— The DCCT Research Group. Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. Am J Med ;—9. Davis EA, Keating B, Byrne GC, et al. Hypoglycemia: Incidence and clinical predictors in a large population-based sample of children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes Care ;—5. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Stettler C, et al. Risk of adverse effects of intensified treatment in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. Diabet Med ;— Gold AE, MacLeod KM, Frier BM. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type I diabetes with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Mokan M, Mitrakou A, Veneman T, et al. Hypoglycemia unawareness in IDDM. Meyer C, Grossmann R, Mitrakou A, et al. Effects of autonomic neuropathy on counterregulation and awareness of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care ;—6. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. J Pediatr ;— Miller ME, Bonds DE, Gerstein HC, et al. The effects of baseline characteristics, glycaemia treatment approach, and glycated haemoglobin concentration on the risk of severe hypoglycaemia: Post hoc epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ ;b de Galan BE, Zoungas S, Chalmers J, et al. Cognitive function and risks of cardiovascular disease and hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation ADVANCE trial. Sarkar U, Karter AJ, Liu JY, et al. Hypoglycemia is more common among type 2 diabetes patients with limited health literacy: The Diabetes Study of Northern California DISTANCE. J Gen Intern Med ;—8. Seligman HK, Davis TC, Schillinger D, et al. Food insecurity is associated with hypoglycemia and poor diabetes self-management in a low-income sample with diabetes. J Health Care Poor Underserved ;— Davis TM, Brown SG, Jacobs IG, et al. Determinants of severe hypoglycemia complicating type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle diabetes study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab ;—7. Schopman JE, Geddes J, Frier BM. Prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia and frequency of hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract ;—8. Cryer PE. Banting lecture. Hypoglycemia: The limiting factor in the management of IDDM. Daneman D, Frank M, Perlman K, et al. Severe hypoglycemia in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Frequency and predisposing factors. J Pediatr ;—5. Berlin I, Sachon CI, Grimaldi A. Identification of factors associated with impaired hypoglycaemia awareness in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. |
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