This indicates that increasing omega-3 intake may improve your ability to build and maintain muscle. Omega-3s have also been shown to improve athletic performance by helping to widen the blood vessels, increasing flow of oxygen to muscles during exercise. In one study , sixteen well-trained cyclists who received 1g fish oil per day over the course of 8 weeks showed decreased exercise heart rates and whole-body oxygen consumption in comparison to the placebo group, indicating that omega-3 may improve endurance capacity.

This provides an advantage for competitive endurance athletes, as your body will essentially require less oxygen to perform. Despite the promising evidence that omega-3s may aid in athletic performance and recovery, the overall recommendations for post -workout nutrition including adequate fluids, carbs, and protein, should still be the focus.

Athletes should aim to meet their omega-3 needs through whole food sources, as they offer additional nutrients that supplements do not. For example, a single serving of salmon 4oz not only contains omega-3s, but also provides protein, vitamin D, and several B vitamins.

However, there are cases in which omega-3 supplementation may be beneficial. Thus, these athletes may find it beneficial to supplement with algae oil, a rich source of omega-3s. Omega-3 supplementation may also serve a purpose for athletes who are recovering from injury, as they are experiencing additional stress and inflammation.

In a study of NCAA Division I football players, athletes taking DHA experienced decreased concentrations of NFL, a significant biomarker of head trauma.

Athletes who are currently following a vegan or vegetarian diet or who are recovering from an injury should seek help from a sports dietitian to determine if supplementation is necessary.

If choosing to supplement, it is important to select products that hold third party testing certifications, such as NSF Certified for Sport or Informed Choice, especially for drug tested athletes.

Third party testing verifies the quantity and ingredients to ensure the product contains what it says it does in the amounts stated. For example, Nordic Naturals Ultimate Omega is NSF Certified for Sport, making it a reputable choice for athletes. Upon graduation, she plans to work with athletes to help them adopt a sustainable approach that allows them to fuel their body, and maximize their potential.

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Privacy policy Disclosures. About Blog Resources Services Contact Menu. Instagram Facebook-square Pinterest. Search Search. THE BLOG. July 27, SAN Interns. Learn about the top researched omega 3 benefits for athletes, plus tips for obtaining adequate amounts in your daily diet!

Omega 3 Benefits for Athletes While more research is needed to deepen our understanding of omega-3 benefits for athletes, there is promising evidence for a role of omega-3s in inflammatory responses, recovery, muscle growth, and endurance performance.

Inflammation Adequate omega-3 intake is associated with decreased inflammatory responses in the body. Recovery Research suggests that omega-3 supplementation may provide benefits for recovery by reducing muscle soreness following training.

Muscle Growth It is also theorized that omega-3s play a role in facilitating muscle growth by increasing muscle protein synthesis MPS , which takes place when your body uses the protein you consume to repair and rebuild muscle.

Endurance Performance Omega-3s have also been shown to improve athletic performance by helping to widen the blood vessels, increasing flow of oxygen to muscles during exercise. Tips for Boosting Omega 3 Intake Swap out poultry and beef for fatty fish a couple of times per week.

Try a salmon salad sandwich, tuna pizza on pita, or fish tacos! Include ALA-rich nuts, seeds, and plant oils. While the conversion rate to DHA and EPA is poor, these foods provide healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals that are critical for athletic performance and recovery.

Omega-3 is a general name for three fatty acids that your body needs to function optimally: EPA, DHA, and ALA. The body needs all three of them, but the first two are especially important for athletes more on that later.

Your body is able to convert ALA often found in plant oils to EPA and DHA, but it is very inefficient at doing so. Omega-3 fatty acids are most easily obtained through marine oils, with some of the best sources being salmon and sardines.

It is worth mentioning that you can find omega-3s in other fish, such as tuna and shrimp, but due to high levels of cadmium in those fish, they are less recommended. Other good sources of omega-3 fatty acids are enriched dairy products, and krill oil, and fish oil supplements.

Considering that the ratio between omega-3 and -6 fatty acids is more important than their absolute numbers, you should strive to decrease the amount of omega-6 fatty acids in your diet.

Omega-6 fatty acids can be found in a variety of oils including corn oil, soya oil, cotton oil, etc. Replacing those oils with canola or olive oil can help.

The change in the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 leads to an inflammatory state in your body. This is because omega-3 fatty acids metabolites have anti-inflammatory properties, while omega-6 fatty acids metabolites tend to be inflammatory.

So why is this especially important for athletes? In a study by Artemis P.

In the last thousand years or so and mainly during the last years , the ratio changed from approximately to in favor of omega-6 fatty acids. A menu that consists of too little omega-3 in comparison to omega-6 fatty acids is the culprit, which can cause unnecessary inflammation in the body.

Omega-3 is a general name for three fatty acids that your body needs to function optimally: EPA, DHA, and ALA. The body needs all three of them, but the first two are especially important for athletes more on that later.

Your body is able to convert ALA often found in plant oils to EPA and DHA, but it is very inefficient at doing so. Omega-3 fatty acids are most easily obtained through marine oils, with some of the best sources being salmon and sardines. It is worth mentioning that you can find omega-3s in other fish, such as tuna and shrimp, but due to high levels of cadmium in those fish, they are less recommended.

Other good sources of omega-3 fatty acids are enriched dairy products, and krill oil, and fish oil supplements.

Considering that the ratio between omega-3 and -6 fatty acids is more important than their absolute numbers, you should strive to decrease the amount of omega-6 fatty acids in your diet. Omega-6 fatty acids can be found in a variety of oils including corn oil, soya oil, cotton oil, etc.

Replacing those oils with canola or olive oil can help. The change in the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 leads to an inflammatory state in your body.

This is because omega-3 fatty acids metabolites have anti-inflammatory properties, while omega-6 fatty acids metabolites tend to be inflammatory.

There are many types of unsaturated fats, but two commonly known are Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids. Most people get plenty of Omega-6 in their diet but not nearly enough Omega Foods rich in Omega-6 include mostly vegetable oils, commonly found in highly processed foods.

Omega-3 rich foods include fatty fish, olive oil, walnuts, chia seeds, and flax seeds but they are typically inadequate in most daily diets, especially if consuming fatty fish is not part of your weekly intake. There are three types of Omega-3 fatty acids found in food: Alpha Linolenic Acids ALA , Eicosapentaenoic Acid EPA , and Docosahexaenoic Acid DHA.

ALA is an essential fatty acid meaning our bodies do not make it but the research showing Omega-3s as the true alphas of health benefits and performance focuses on EPA and DHA. Beyond the well-documented health benefits of Omega-3s — including heart health, weight management, and blood sugar control — Omega-3s play an important role in muscle strength, endurance, recovery, and injury prevention for athletes.

OMEGA-3 FOR STRENGTH Studies have shown Omega-3s boost muscle protein synthesis, which increases muscle mass and strength. The research suggests Omega-3s, specifically EPA, improves protein metabolism.

Improving muscular strength requires a higher load of training and additional caloric intake to gain muscle mass, and Omega-3s contribute to this by adding daily calories to replenish your training calorie deficits. Fats contain nine calories per gram compared to four calories per gram in carbohydrates and protein.

Therefore, fat is more calorically dense, allowing athletes to fuel up and meet higher caloric requirements to build muscle. OMEGA-3 FOR ENDURANCE Few studies have examined how Omega-3s improve endurance, however, some evidence suggests ingestion of Omega-3s can improve endurance capacity.

Omega-3s act as a vasodilator , increasing oxygen flow during exercise, which increases endurance. Other studies show higher Omega-3 consumption reduces fatigue. OMEGA-3 FOR RECOVERY Omega-3s contain anti-inflammatory properties which aid in muscle recovery and injury prevention.

Consuming higher Omega-3s improves the integrity of your cells and cellular function, ultimately reducing muscular damage. Just seven days of supplementation can decrease post-exercise muscle damage and soreness.

Additionally, Omega-3s have been shown to improve sleep , which is a vital piece of the puzzle for performance recovery. In conclusion, it appears Omega-3s can help athletic performance by improving muscle strength, endurance, and reducing recovery time.

ALA is found in plant-based nuts, seeds, and oils. EPA and DHA are found in fatty fish and marine algae. Generally, smaller fish have lower mercury content than larger fish, and wild fish have more Omega-3s than farm-raised fish. If needed, supplements can be taken, since most people do not consume two servings per week.

When looking for supplementation, consider the level of Omega-3s you are currently consuming and dose accordingly. The National Academy of Medicine suggests a daily consumption of 1. Find a USP-approved label, which means a third party tested the accuracy of the product.

Training adaptations within the neuromuscular and skeletal muscle systems modulate muscle force generating capacity and the resistance to fatigue. Much investigation has occurred to determine the effect of nutritional supplements on the adaptations of skeletal muscle to strength training e.

To date, however, there has been limited investigation on the effect of nutritional supplements on the neuromuscular system. Central and peripheral nerves are comprised of fatty acids which are predominantly polyunsaturated [ 1 ].

Omega-3 N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFAs are an integral component of neurons, nerve endings, myelin and muscle membranes [ 1 ]. N-3 PUFAs are essential nutrients which must be provided by the diet due to the inability of the body to synthesize them endogenously.

The shortest N-3 PUFA is alpha linoleic acid ALA; found in seeds and nuts. Eicosapentaenoic acid EPA; and docosahexaenoic acid DHA; 22—6 are longer chain N-3 PUFAs found in marine sources e. Studies on the effects of N-3 PUFA supplementation have predominantly focused on their potential ability to reduce cardiovascular risk factors [ 2 ]; however, there is growing evidence that N-3 PUFAs might support neural function [ 3 , 4 ] and adaptations to exercise [ 5 , 6 ].

In contrast, N-3 PUFA supplementation in different clinical and applied settings has enhanced nerve conduction velocity [ 3 ], membrane fluidity, sensitivity to acetylcholine [ 7 ] and also reduced post-exercise inflammation [ 5 , 8 ]. The effect of N-3 PUFA supplementation on neuromuscular and physical adaptations to resistance training was studied in postmenopausal sedentary women who were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: N-3 PUFA supplementation for days followed by days resistance training with N-3 PUFA supplementation 2 g.

Supplementation without training over days had no effect neuromuscular function or physical tests. After training all groups showed improvements in neuromuscular function and physical test; however, the N-3 PUFA groups showed significantly greater quadriceps peak toque and muscle EMG activation and the time delay between increased muscle electrical activity and contraction onset was decreased.

These findings provide evidence of the ergogenic potential of this nutritional supplement. Since Lui et al. Therefore, our objective was to determine if short-term N-3 PUFA supplementation has an ergogenic effect through adaptations in the neuromuscular system. The primary endpoint of this study was change in quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction force.

The secondary endpoints were change in muscle activation during quadriceps maximal voluntary contractions and a series of performance tests. Thirty-one healthy male athletes were recruited for this parallel design, placebo controlled study. A study overview is shown in Fig. All competed in summer Olympic sports e.

The PAR-Q exercise readiness questionnaire was used for medical screening www. All participants were informed of study procedure and provided written consent. Approval for this project was obtained from the University of Toronto Research Ethics Board.

Height, weight and body fat percentage Omron Fat Loss Monitor, model HBFCAN, Omron Healthcare, Bannockburn, Illinois were measured wearing lightweight shorts. After a min cycling warm-up at 80 W, participants were fitted to a custom-made isometric dynamometer.

Velcro straps were used to restrain the chest and hips. Quadriceps muscle force was measured from a load cell SMI9; Durham Instruments, Pickering, Canada attached in series to the malleolus of the right ankle. The knee and trunk-thigh angle was fixed at 90°.

Stimulations of the femoral nerve were delivered from a high-voltage V constant current stimulator Biopac, BSLSTMA, Santa Barbara, California , controlled by a custom designed program LabChart 7, ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.

A square wave, 1-ms stimulation was delivered from a cathode 10 mm diameter Kendall , Covidien, Saint-Laurant, Quebec, Canada placed over the femoral nerve at the femoral triangle beneath the inguinal ligament.

The anode 5 x 10 cm, DJO, Vista, CA, USA was on the lower portion of the gluteal fold opposite to the cathode. Determination of optimal stimulation intensity Maximal voluntary isometric contraction MVC was used to determine peak muscle force from the dominant quadriceps.

During each neuromuscular testing session, three 5-s MVCs were performed, each separated by 1-min rest. Participants were strongly encouraged during each trial. The best MVC was used for measurement of peak muscle force. The rate of force development RFD was calculated for each MVC and averaged.

This was performed using a custom analysis program Matlab 6. A superimposed high-frequency doublet Hz; 10 ms inter-stimulus interval was given at 2. The ratio of the amplitude of the superimposed twitch during the MVC over the potentiated twitch was used to calculate voluntary activation as follows:.

VL EMG signal was recorded using Ag-AgCl electrodes Kendall , Covidien, Saint-Laurant, Quebec, Canada; inter-electrode distance of 25 mm place lengthwise over the mid-belly of the muscle with the reference electrode placed over the patella [ 10 ].

Muscle activation was determined by calculating the EMG root mean square RMS from when muscle force began to plateau until immediately before the superimposed stimulation. RMS was averaged over 0. The mean of all three MVC was used for determining change. All RMS values were normalized to the pre-Visit 1.

This calculation was performed in our custom Matlab analysis program. After a series of submaximal warm-up sets, participants selected a weight thought to be their 10RM max based on current training weights.

If the participant thought the weight was not maximal while lifting, they were encouraged to stop and additional weight was added using the methods of McLester et al. This process continued until a weight the participant could lift for 10 repetitions was determined. Repetition only counted when contact was made with the band and band height was measured and kept constant for all visits.

Resistance was set at 50 W, W and W for two minutes each before increasing by 25 W per minute thereafter. VO 2 max was determined as the highest valued achieved over a s period. The experimental protocol consisted of two identical testing sessions separated by days of supplementation.

Neuromuscular testing occurred before and after a series of performance tests to examine changes in neuromuscular function, performance and neuromuscular fatigue respectively. Participants returned to the lab at least 48 h after completing the pre-experimental procedures. Participants were then weighed to determine Wingate test resistance, before warming-up on a cycling ergometer Lode Excalibur, Groningen, Netherlands for min at 80 W.

Neuromuscular testing pre-Visit 1 was then performed as described above. Next participants were allowed to stretch before performing 3 maximal squat jumps and countermovement jumps on a force plate AccuPower ACP, AMTI, Watertown, MA, USA to measure jump height using to the manufacturers software AccuPower v1.

After 5-min rest, participants completed as many pushups as possible in 1-min, were given 1-min rest and then repeated the test a second time.

Participants entered a pushup position with elbows at 90° flexion and an elastic band was placed in contact with chest to denote minimum depth.

This assessment was interpreted as a measure of upper-body strength and strength endurance. Participants cycled against light resistance for 10 min before performing a 30 s Wingate test Monark , Vansbro, Sweden at 7.

Participants recovered for min with low intensity cycling before completing, a kJ cycling time trial Lode Excalibur, Groningen, Netherlands. The bike was set in a pedaling-dependent with power varied by cadence [ 13 ].

Participants received no verbal feedback during the time trial regarding the distance they had covered and were could only see work completed as an indication of distance travelled.

A standing fan was set at the same speed to reduce thermal stress. As soon as reasonably possible after the time trial, participants returned to the isometric dynamometer to repeat neuromuscular testing post-Visit 1. At the completion of testing, participants were given their randomly assigned supplement in a sealed opaque envelope.

Participants were asked to refrain from training for 24 h prior, to control for athletic recovery. All procedures were identical to Visit 1. Participants were not informed of prior test performances to ensure that their performance was not artificially enhanced through mental self-competition. Participants were recruited during their regular training season to ensure constant levels of activity.

For the duration of the study, participants were instructed to maintain normal level of training, with the exception of resting for h prior to each testing session.

At the beginning of Visit 1, participants completed a h diet record. This was scanned and sent back to each participant prior to Visit 2 to ensure the same foods were eaten prior to each test.

All testing took place at the same time of day to avoid temporal variation. For days, participants consumed 5 mL of seal oil N-3 PUFA mg N-3 PUFA, mg EPA, mg DPA, mg DHA and with IU vitamin D3 Auum Inc. Participants were instructed to take 2—2.

Seal oil was chosen as the source of experimental N-3 supplement for this study because mammalian seal triacylglycerol molecules have N-3 PUFA fats primarily in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, as opposed to the sn-2 position of fish oil N-3 PUFA [ 15 , 16 ].

Fats in the sn-3 position are preferentially cleaved by sublingual lipases, and the sn-1 fat is cleaved in the small intestine, while the sn-2 fatty acid is left for later esterification [ 14 , 17 ]. These structural differences are thought to enable chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants containing mammalian N-3 PUFA to have a higher rate of clearance from the blood compared to fish oil intake [ 18 ].

Participants were assigned a sequential study ID based on their enrollment. Treatment assignment n-3 PUFA or placebo was determined from a computer generated random number sequence. Supplement bottles were then sealed in opaque envelopes and labeled with participant ID by a researcher not involved in the study.

Participants received their supplement at the end of visit 1. Study researchers were unblinded after plasma n-3 analysis was completed. A resting 8 mL blood sample from the antecubital vein was collected into K3-EDTA Vacutainer tubes BD Vacutainer, Mississauga, Canada at the beginning of Visit 1 and 2.

Samples were centrifuged rpm for 15 min at 4 °C. All lipid extraction techniques have been previously described by Chen et al. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection GC-FID was used to quantify FAME. Injector and detector ports were set at °C and helium carrier gas was set at a constant flow rate of 0.

Retention times of authentic FAME standards Nu-Chek Prep, Inc. Protocol for GC-FID was adopted from Chen et al. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials. gov NCT with statistical analysis of repeated measures ANOVA on all neuromuscular and performance measurements.

After analysis had begun we became aware of the magnitude-based inferences analysis approach [ 20 ]. The authors determined this approach was more appropriate given our sample size and population of interest.

The standardized difference in means of neuromuscular measures was compared as follows: pre-Visit 1 to pre-Visit 2 and pre-Visit 2 to post-Visit 2.

As well the standardized difference in means of performance tests from Visit-1 and Visit-2 were compared using pooled standard deviation as previously described by our lab [ 21 ]. The difference between time points was examined quantitatively using magnitude based inferences as described by Hopkins et al.

A threshold of ±1. Where confidence intervals included values that were both positive and negative, OR are used to interpret if findings are meaningful and discussed further.

Changes in blood N-3 PUFA concentration were analyzed using a repeated measures-ANOVA Group x Time and differences in descriptive statistics were analyzed using an unpaired t -test SPSS v21, Armonk, NY. One participant was unable to complete Visit 2 due to competition related travel.

When baseline characteristics were compared, the experimental N-3 PUFA and placebo groups were not different from each other. This represents an unclear change of 4. Similarly, there was an unclear difference in force between post-Visit 1 and post-Visit 2 0.

Change in quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction MVC force is shown as percent change from pre-visit 1. Quadriceps RFD was measured during each MVC and averaged.

This represents an unclear difference 9. Quadriceps muscle activation was calculated from the RMS EMG signal collected from the VL and normalized to pre-Visit 1 Fig.

Participants on N-3 PUFA supplement increased muscle activation 9. This represents a very likely benefit Change in vastus lateralis VL EMG RMS is shown as percent change from pre-Visit 1. This represents an unclear difference Maximal quadriceps activation was tested using the interpolated twitch technique during each MVC and averaged.

On N-3 PUFA, voluntary activation increased from This represents an unclear change between time points 2. Comparison of voluntary activation from pre-Visit 2 to post-Visit 2 was unclear 0.

Changes from Visit 1 to Visit 2 are shown in Table 2 to examine both raw differences and interpreted percent changes. Both groups have similar performances in Visit 1, showing homogeneity of the sample population.

Change in the number of repetitions of back squat was compared before and after supplementation. A change in performance was measured in the Wingate test. The N-3 PUFA group Wingate power drop was lower from Visit 1 to Visit 2, while the PLA group showed an increase in fatigue.

Unlike omega-6s, which are found in foods like peanut butter, eggs, vegetable oils, and other items prevalent in the standard American diet, omega-3s are often under-consumed. Further, athletes with increased needs often fail to meet even the general recommendations.

While more research is needed to deepen our understanding of omega-3 benefits for athletes, there is promising evidence for a role of omega-3s in inflammatory responses, recovery, muscle growth, and endurance performance.

A brief overview of each of these potential benefits is provided below! Adequate omega-3 intake is associated with decreased inflammatory responses in the body. During exercise, oxidative stress occurs which can lead to muscle fatigue, and in the case of more strenuous activity, chronic inflammation.

Therefore, it is believed that omega-3s may play a role in combating the excess stress that athletes face from regular intense exercise. Research suggests that omega-3 supplementation may provide benefits for recovery by reducing muscle soreness following training.

In a recent study , 14 healthy males were randomly assigned to receive an omega-3 supplement daily for 4 weeks, or a placebo. At the end of the trial, muscle soreness was significantly lower in the omega-3 group than the placebo group 24 hours post exercise.

Additionally, IL-6 an inflammatory immune protein was increased in the placebo group following exercise, but not in the omega-3 group. It is also theorized that omega-3s play a role in facilitating muscle growth by increasing muscle protein synthesis MPS , which takes place when your body uses the protein you consume to repair and rebuild muscle.

When the rate of MPS exceeds the rate of muscle breakdown from exercise, muscle growth occurs. This indicates that increasing omega-3 intake may improve your ability to build and maintain muscle.

Omega-3s have also been shown to improve athletic performance by helping to widen the blood vessels, increasing flow of oxygen to muscles during exercise. In one study , sixteen well-trained cyclists who received 1g fish oil per day over the course of 8 weeks showed decreased exercise heart rates and whole-body oxygen consumption in comparison to the placebo group, indicating that omega-3 may improve endurance capacity.

This provides an advantage for competitive endurance athletes, as your body will essentially require less oxygen to perform. Despite the promising evidence that omega-3s may aid in athletic performance and recovery, the overall recommendations for post -workout nutrition including adequate fluids, carbs, and protein, should still be the focus.

Athletes should aim to meet their omega-3 needs through whole food sources, as they offer additional nutrients that supplements do not.

For example, a single serving of salmon 4oz not only contains omega-3s, but also provides protein, vitamin D, and several B vitamins. However, there are cases in which omega-3 supplementation may be beneficial. Thus, these athletes may find it beneficial to supplement with algae oil, a rich source of omega-3s.

Omega-3 supplementation may also serve a purpose for athletes who are recovering from injury, as they are experiencing additional stress and inflammation.

In a study of NCAA Division I football players, athletes taking DHA experienced decreased concentrations of NFL, a significant biomarker of head trauma. Athletes who are currently following a vegan or vegetarian diet or who are recovering from an injury should seek help from a sports dietitian to determine if supplementation is necessary.

If choosing to supplement, it is important to select products that hold third party testing certifications, such as NSF Certified for Sport or Informed Choice, especially for drug tested athletes.

Third party testing verifies the quantity and ingredients to ensure the product contains what it says it does in the amounts stated. They Support Your Nervous System The nervous system is the basis for your body function.

Receive unique insights, advice and exclusive offers. Email address Subscribe. They Boost Brain Health Have you been hit in the head one too many times? They Improve Your Vision Your eyes are a critical part of your role as an athlete.

It also helps to maintain the function of rhodopsin, a compound that enables low-light vision. They Reduce Inflammation Both EPA and DHA are known to be potent anti-inflammatories, and that's key with physical activity. They Boost Your Recovery And finally, we get to one of the most critical aspects of your performance as an athlete.

Learn more about Performance Lab Omega 3. References Swanson D, Block R, Mousa SA. Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life. Adv Nutr. doi: Epub Jan 5. PMID: ; PMCID: PMC Gammone MA, Riccioni G, Parrinello G, D'Orazio N. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Benefits and Endpoints in Sport.

Dyall SC. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Front Aging Neurosci. Chang CY, Ke DS, Chen JY.

Essential fatty acids and human brain. Acta Neurol Taiwan. PMID: Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids and athletics. Curr Sports Med Rep.

Mohebi-Nejad A, Bikdeli B. Omega-3 supplements and cardiovascular diseases. Shei RJ, Lindley MR, Mickleborough TD. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the optimization of physical performance.

Mil Med. Jouris KB, McDaniel JL, Weiss EP. The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on the Inflammatory Response to eccentric strength exercise.

J Sports Sci Med. Tartibian B, Maleki BH, Abbasi A. The effects of omega-3 supplementation on pulmonary function of young wrestlers during intensive training. J Sci Med Sport. Epub Jun Hingley L, Macartney MJ, Brown MA, McLennan PL, Peoples GE.