Diabetes management strategies -
The plate method helps you eat a healthy balance of foods and control portion sizes. Use a 9-inch plate.
Fill half of the plate with nonstarchy vegetables. Examples include lettuce, cucumbers, broccoli, tomatoes and green beans. Divide the other half of the plate into two smaller, equal sections. You might hear these smaller sections called quarters. In one quarter of the plate, place a lean protein.
Examples include fish, beans, eggs, and lean meat and poultry. On the other quarter, place healthy carbohydrates such as fruits and whole grains. Be mindful of portion sizes. Learn what portion size is right for each type of food. Everyday objects can help you remember.
For example, one serving of meat or poultry is about the size of a deck of cards. A serving of cheese is about the size of six grapes. And a serving of cooked pasta or rice is about the size of a fist.
You also can use measuring cups or a scale to help make sure you get the right portion sizes. Balance your meals and medicines. If you take diabetes medicine, it's important to balance what you eat and drink with your medicine. Too little food in proportion to your diabetes medicine — especially insulin — can lead to dangerously low blood sugar.
This is called hypoglycemia. Too much food may cause your blood sugar level to climb too high. This is called hyperglycemia. Talk to your diabetes health care team about how to best coordinate meal and medicine schedules.
Limit sugary drinks. Sugar-sweetened drinks tend to be high in calories and low in nutrition. They also cause blood sugar to rise quickly. So it's best to limit these types of drinks if you have diabetes. The exception is if you have a low blood sugar level. Sugary drinks can be used to quickly raise blood sugar that is too low.
These drinks include regular soda, juice and sports drinks. Exercise is another important part of managing diabetes. When you move and get active, your muscles use blood sugar for energy.
Regular physical activity also helps your body use insulin better. These factors work together to lower your blood sugar level. The more strenuous your workout, the longer the effect lasts. But even light activities can improve your blood sugar level.
Light activities include housework, gardening and walking. Talk to your healthcare professional about an exercise plan. Ask your healthcare professional what type of exercise is right for you. In general, most adults should get at least minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity.
That includes activities that get the heart pumping, such as walking, biking and swimming. Aim for about 30 minutes of moderate aerobic activity a day on most days of the week.
Most adults also should aim to do strength-building exercise 2 to 3 times a week. If you haven't been active for a long time, your healthcare professional may want to check your overall health first.
Then the right balance of aerobic and muscle-strengthening exercise can be recommended. Keep an exercise schedule. Ask your healthcare professional about the best time of day for you to exercise.
That way, your workout routine is aligned with your meal and medicine schedules. Know your numbers. Talk with your healthcare professional about what blood sugar levels are right for you before you start exercise. Check your blood sugar level.
Also talk with your healthcare professional about your blood sugar testing needs. If you don't take insulin or other diabetes medicines, you likely won't need to check your blood sugar before or during exercise.
But if you take insulin or other diabetes medicines, testing is important. Check your blood sugar before, during and after exercise. Many diabetes medicines lower blood sugar. So does exercise, and its effects can last up to a day later. The risk of low blood sugar is greater if the activity is new to you.
The risk also is greater if you start to exercise at a more intense level. Be aware of symptoms of low blood sugar. These include feeling shaky, weak, tired, hungry, lightheaded, irritable, anxious or confused. See if you need a snack.
Have a small snack before you exercise if you use insulin and your blood sugar level is low. The snack you have before exercise should contain about 15 to 30 grams of carbs. Or you could take 10 to 20 grams of glucose products.
This helps prevent a low blood sugar level. Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of water or other fluids while exercising. Dehydration can affect blood sugar levels.
Be prepared. Always have a small snack, glucose tablets or glucose gel with you during exercise. You'll need a quick way to boost your blood sugar if it drops too low. Carry medical identification too. In case of an emergency, medical identification can show others that you have diabetes.
It also can show whether you take diabetes medicine such as insulin. Medical IDs come in forms such as cards, bracelets and necklaces. Adjust your diabetes treatment plan as needed.
If you take insulin, you may need to lower your insulin dose before you exercise. You also may need to watch your blood sugar level closely for several hours after intense activity.
That's because low blood sugar can happen later on. Your healthcare professional can advise you how to correctly make changes to your medicine.
You also may need to adjust your treatment if you've increased how often or how hard you exercise. Insulin and other diabetes medicines are designed to lower blood sugar levels when diet and exercise alone don't help enough.
How well these medicines work depends on the timing and size of the dose. Medicines you take for conditions other than diabetes also can affect your blood sugar levels. Store insulin properly. Insulin that is not stored properly or is past its expiration date may not work.
Keep insulin away from extreme heat or cold. Don't store it in the freezer or in direct sunlight. Tell your healthcare professional about any medicine problems. If your diabetes medicines cause your blood sugar level to drop too low, the dosage or timing may need to be changed.
Your healthcare professional also might adjust your medicine if your blood sugar stays too high. Be cautious with new medicines. Talk with your healthcare team or pharmacist before you try new medicines. That includes medicines sold without a prescription and those prescribed for other medical conditions.
Ask how the new medicine might affect your blood sugar levels and any diabetes medicines you take. Sometimes a different medicine may be used to prevent dangerous side effects. Or a different medicine might be used to prevent your current medicine from mixing poorly with a new one. With diabetes, it's important to be prepared for times of illness.
When you're sick, your body makes stress-related hormones that help fight the illness. But those hormones also can raise your blood sugar. Changes in your appetite and usual activity also may affect your blood sugar level.
Plan ahead. Work with your healthcare team to make a plan for sick days. Include instructions on what medicines to take and how to adjust your medicines if needed. Also note how often to measure your blood sugar.
Ask your healthcare professional if you need to measure levels of acids in the urine called ketones. Your plan also should include what foods and drinks to have, and what cold or flu medicines you can take.
Know when to call your healthcare professional too. For example, it's important to call if you run a fever over degrees Fahrenheit Keep taking your diabetes medicine. But call your healthcare professional if you can't eat because of an upset stomach or vomiting.
In these situations, you may need to change your insulin dose. If you take rapid-acting or short-acting insulin or other diabetes medicine, you may need to lower the dose or stop taking it for a time.
These medicines need to be carefully balanced with food to prevent low blood sugar. But if you use long-acting insulin, do not stop taking it.
During times of illness, it's also important to check your blood sugar often. Stick to your diabetes meal plan if you can. Eating as usual helps you control your blood sugar. Keep a supply of foods that are easy on your stomach. These include gelatin, crackers, soups, instant pudding and applesauce.
Drink lots of water or other fluids that don't add calories, such as tea, to make sure you stay hydrated. If you take insulin, you may need to sip sugary drinks such as juice or sports drinks. These drinks can help keep your blood sugar from dropping too low. It's risky for some people with diabetes to drink alcohol.
Alcohol can lead to low blood sugar shortly after you drink it and for hours afterward. The liver usually releases stored sugar to offset falling blood sugar levels. But if your liver is processing alcohol, it may not give your blood sugar the needed boost. Get your healthcare professional's OK to drink alcohol.
With diabetes, drinking too much alcohol sometimes can lead to health conditions such as nerve damage. But if your diabetes is under control and your healthcare professional agrees, an occasional alcoholic drink is fine.
Women should have no more than one drink a day. Men should have no more than two drinks a day. One drink equals a ounce beer, 5 ounces of wine or 1. Don't drink alcohol on an empty stomach. If you take insulin or other diabetes medicines, eat before you drink alcohol. This helps prevent low blood sugar.
Or drink alcohol with a meal. Choose your drinks carefully. Light beer and dry wines have fewer calories and carbohydrates than do other alcoholic drinks.
If you prefer mixed drinks, sugar-free mixers won't raise your blood sugar. Some examples of sugar-free mixers are diet soda, diet tonic, club soda and seltzer. Add up calories from alcohol. If you count calories, include the calories from any alcohol you drink in your daily count.
Ask your healthcare professional or a registered dietitian how to make calories and carbohydrates from alcoholic drinks part of your diet plan. Check your blood sugar level before bed. Alcohol can lower blood sugar levels long after you've had your last drink. So check your blood sugar level before you go to sleep.
The snack can counter a drop in your blood sugar. Changes in hormone levels the week before and during periods can lead to swings in blood sugar levels. Look for patterns. Keep careful track of your blood sugar readings from month to month. You may be able to predict blood sugar changes related to your menstrual cycle.
Your healthcare professional may recommend changes in your meal plan, activity level or diabetes medicines.
These changes can make up for blood sugar swings. Check blood sugar more often. If you're likely nearing menopause or if you're in menopause, talk with your healthcare professional. Ask whether you need to check your blood sugar more often. Also, be aware that menopause and low blood sugar have some symptoms in common, such as sweating and mood changes.
So whenever you can, check your blood sugar before you treat your symptoms. That way you can confirm whether your blood sugar is low. Most types of birth control are safe to use when you have diabetes.
But combination birth control pills may raise blood sugar levels in some people. It's very important to take charge of stress when you have diabetes. The hormones your body makes in response to prolonged stress may cause your blood sugar to rise.
It also may be harder to closely follow your usual routine to manage diabetes if you're under a lot of extra pressure. Take control. Once you know how stress affects your blood sugar level, make healthy changes.
Learn relaxation techniques, rank tasks in order of importance and set limits. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices.
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Smoking and diabetes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed Oct. Wexler DJ. Overview of general medical care in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Caring for diabetic feet. Foot complications. American Diabetes Association.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clinic; Boden MT, et al. Exploring correlates of diabetes-related stress among adults with type 1 diabetes in the T1D exchange clinic registry. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. Guo J, et al. Perceived stress and self-efficacy are associated with diabetes self-management among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A moderated mediation analysis.
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REVERSE Type 2 Diabetes in 5 Easy Steps (Yes You Can!) American Diabetes Association; 1. Strategies for Improving Stfategies. A patient-centered communication diaebtes that incorporates patient managemenf, assesses literacy Energy-boosting foods diabetes management strategies, strwtegies addresses cultural Glucose monitoring device for diabetics to care should be used. Treatment decisions strtegies be timely and based on diabetes management strategies strrategies that are tailored to individual patient preferences, prognoses, and comorbidities. Care should be aligned with components of the Chronic Care Model to ensure productive interactions between a prepared proactive practice team and an informed activated patient. When feasible, care systems should support team-based care, community involvement, patient registries, and decision support tools to meet patient needs. In the following sections, different components of the clinical management of patients with or at risk for diabetes are reviewed.
Diabetes management strategies -
The gut environment is affected by a number of factors including the diet, pH, and nutrient absorption. While the presence of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria increases under the influence of carbohydrates and simple sugar-rich diet, saturated fats, and animal protein-rich diet encourages the proliferation of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria [ ].
This allowed and increased secretion of LPS, fat content, body weight, and inflammatory reactions associated with T2DM [ ].
Reduction in butyrate is largely responsible for the loss of tight intestinal barrier. An intestinal pH of 5. In addition, the hypoglycemic agents utilized for the antidiabetic therapy also pose a remarkable influence on the gut microbiota.
Metformin and acarbose are known to increase the proliferation of lactobacilli, Akkermansia, and several other bacteria that are acknowledged to exert beneficial effects in diabetes [ ]. Gut microbiota composition also affects the regulation of expression of different genes in T2DM.
Although reports are limited in terms of potential interactions between gut microbes and T2DM associated gene variants, existing reports on the influence of gut microbes in the expression genes that are crucial in T2DM are highly suggestive of a complex gene-microbes interplay in the etiology of T2DM.
Also, microbiome plays a crucial role in the epigenetic regulation of genes by the modification of DNA methylation [ ].
prausnitzii , a short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria was found crucial in epigenetic regulation of FFA receptor gene in patients of T2DM. A significant reduced presence of F. prausnitzii was evident in such patients.
As a result, a considerably low methylation in the promoter region of FFA receptor gene is observed in these individuals [ ]. Increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is a key event in T2DM.
Microbes are largely known to be associated with increased release of inflammatory cytokines by producing the products such as LPS that promote low-grade inflammation and endotoxemia.
On contrary, several microbes are known to induce the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including the IL and IL, that have proven roles in improving the insulin sensitivity Roseburia intestinalis , Bacteroides fragilis , Akkermansia muciniphila , Lactobacillus plantarum , and Lactobacillus casei [ ].
Two other beneficial microbes — Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides dorei — are observed to increase the expression of tight junction genes in T2DM to compensate with the compromised gut permeability leaky gut [ ].
A major contribution of probiotics is observed in the case of glucose metabolism and homeostasis. For instance, L. gasseri BNR17 is known to increase the expression of GLUT-4 transporter gene [ ]. Another gut microbe, L.
casei is witnessed to increase the expression of multiple T2DM-related genes, including ClC, GlyRα1, -SLC26A3, SLC26A6, GABAAα1, Bestrophin-3, and CFTR, thus resulting in a significant reduction in hyperglycemia [ ].
It appears to be of vital importance to consider the potential interplay between various T2DM-related genes and these microbes. Undoubtedly, the absence of these microbes among the gut microbiota can be largely responsible for the altered regulation of different genes in T2DM patients.
Also, exploring the interactions between different T2DM-associated gene variants and gut microbiota is warranted to further understand the complex interactions between environmental factors, gut microbiota, and genetics in the development of T2DM. The guidelines for the pharmacological management of diabetes provided by American Diabetes Association suggest that metformin be prescribed as the initial intervention to T2DM patients.
However, the same guideline also indicates that vitamin B 12 deficiency is a prominent side effect observed in metformin consumers and a periodic vitamin B 12 measurement is required in such patients [ , ]. Furthermore, metformin is also notorious for causing lactic acidosis, especially in patients with kidney disease, liver injury, or other CVS complications that create a low level of oxygen in circulation [ ].
The employability of SGTL2 inhibitors with almost all classes of hypoglycemic agents makes them ideal candidates to be combined when dual and triple combination therapies are warranted [ ]. In an ideal scenario, a drug used in combination should be able to reverse the pathology with an improved overall health status of the patient and ensure that no new complications arise due to the existing management strategies.
In case of T2DM, drug combination should not only be able to just merely reduce the glycosylated hemoglobin levels HbA1C but also an improved overall metabolic condition of the patient is expected through such interventions [ ]. The combination of SGTL2 inhibitors with metformin may have proved beneficial in curbing hyperglycemia that cannot be controlled by metformin alone [ ], but the adverse effects associated with the SGTL2 inhibitors still remain unresolved.
Genital infections caused by SGTL2 inhibitors due to high glycosuria still remain an unfocussed aspect while prescribing such combinations. In addition, during the event of excessive osmotic diuresis caused by SGTL2 inhibitors, a low extracellular fluid volume and subsequent hypotension is another complication that may arise [ ].
Multiple reports have also raised concerns regarding the use of SGTL2 inhibitors in diabetes due to their substantial involvement in causing diabetic ketoacidosis [ ]. Two separate reports published in claimed that canagliflozin, an SGTL2 inhibitor is implicated in pancreatitis in T2DM patients [ , ].
GLP-1 agonists are also a preferred class of adjuvant hypoglycemic agents that are combined with first-line hypoglycemics [ ]. Apart from gastrointestinal disorders nausea, vomiting, and constipation , infections and acute renal injury, a major raising concern regarding the use of GLP-1 agonists is their association with pancreatitis [ , ].
Cases of acute pancreatitis are reported with the use of liraglutide and exenatide [ , ]. More importantly, recent reports also raise concerns regarding the long-term reliance on incretin-based therapies due to frequently reported cases of their association with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer [ ].
Studies based on FDA Adverse Events Reporting System demonstrated that incretin-based therapies are associated with the increased incidences of pancreatic and thyroid cancer [ , ]. Exenatide use is also positively associated with the incidences of bone fractures [ ].
Failure of monotherapy in diabetes is simply managed by the dual or triple drug combination therapies that involve the addition of supportive hypoglycemic agents with the first-line drugs. However, adding the supportive or second-line drugs in combination seldom includes the assessment of risk factors associated with these new additions.
The sole aim of these therapies remains to be a controlled glycemic condition. Unfortunately, in the pursuit of maintaining normal blood glucose levels, the occurrence of new complications is largely taken for granted.
Monotherapies supplemented with herbal extracts or phytoconstituents have showed appreciable improvements in the blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. Chemical constituents from plants have also proved to be promising alternatives.
Table 1 represents the known effects of different phytoconstituents in diabetes exerted through multiple targets. As a result, unlike in the case of conventional single target therapy where chances of treatment failures are high, therapy failures with multi-targeting approach are rare.
Multiple targets of different phytoconstituents in the management of T2DM and their possible outcomes [ ]. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is influenced by a variety of factors.
Recent insights into the pathogenesis of diabetes have unraveled newer pathways and factors that contribute substantially in disease development and progression.
Insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction are the 2 major events that are largely responsible for the onset of diabetes. A major objective of this review is to focus on the unfocused aspects of diabetes to develop better strategies for diabetes treatment.
In this review, we have discussed the factors that have played crucial roles in the etiology of T2DM but have not received adequate attention. We have also discussed the efficiency of existing approaches in the treatment of T2DM.
Lifestyle modifications that favor the improvement of management of diabetes and their complex interplays with genetics and gut environment is a crucial factor that warrants further research in the development of more efficient and individualized therapy approaches for disease treatment.
The use of multidrug combination therapy in diabetes may have improved health outcomes in T2DM patients and also result in additional complications that need serious consideration. Moreover, more attention is required toward the developing comorbidities during diabetes.
The diabetic milieu accelerates the formation of advanced glycation end products that may encourage the development of diabetic complications and even cancer in diabetic patients.
Multiple pathways are involved in diabetes that can contribute to the manifestation of comorbidities that are largely neglected during disease treatment. Multitargeting is a promising approach for the treatment of T2DM as it includes multiple pathways.
The failure of single target approaches is the major challenge faced in T2DM treatment. Phytoconstituents are promising as they interact with multiple pathways simultaneously. However, the reluctance to rely on phytoconstituents as the main therapy still remains as a limiting factor for such drugs to serve as mainstream interventions.
The authors are thankful to B. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development PERD Center, Ahmedabad, and AYUSH — Center of Excellence, Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health CCIH , Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, for providing facilities for the successful completion of the work.
The authors are also thankful to those colleagues whose work could not be cited directly owing to space constraints. Borse and Abu Sufiyan Chhipa contributed equally; Vipin Sharma and Devendra Pratap Singh contributed equally. Sign In or Create an Account.
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Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 30, Issue 2. Understanding the Diabetes Machinery: The Unfocused Aspects. Lifestyle Modifications, Environmental Factors, and Management of T2DM.
Interplay of Genetics, Gut Microbiota, Lifestyle, and Environmental Factors. Current Approaches for Diabetes Management: What Are We Missing? Alternatives: Phytoconstituents. Conflict of Interest Statement. Article Navigation.
Review Articles August 20 Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Current Strategies, Unfocussed Aspects, Challenges, and Alternatives Subject Area: General Medicine. Borse ; Swapnil P. a AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health CCIH , Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University SPPU , Pune, India.
b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development PERD Centre, Thaltej, India. This Site. Google Scholar. Abu Sufiyan Chhipa ; Abu Sufiyan Chhipa. c Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.
Vipin Sharma ; Vipin Sharma. d Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India. Devendra Pratap Singh ; Devendra Pratap Singh. e Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Manish Nivsarkar Manish Nivsarkar. director perdcentre. Med Princ Pract 30 2 : — Article history Received:.
Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disorder that leads to a disturbed glucose homeostasis. Combinational therapies employed after failure of monotherapy result in comorbidities.
Phytoconstituents are better alternatives owing to their multitargeting capability. Table 1. View large. View Large. Search ADS. Physiology of the pancreatic α-cell and glucagon secretion: role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes.
Assessment of human pancreatic islet architecture and composition by laser scanning confocal microscopy. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beta amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau deposits in the pancreas in type 2 diabetes.
Documentation of hyperglucagonemia throughout the day in nonobese and obese patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Predominant role of gluconeogenesis in increased hepatic glucose production in NIDDM. The role of alpha-cell dysregulation in fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and therapeutic implications.
Lack of suppression of glucagon contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycaemia: the limiting factor in the glycaemic management of type I and type II diabetes. Reversal of defective glucagon responses to hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent autoimmune diabetic BB rats.
Intrahepatic islet transplantation in type 1 diabetic patients does not restore hypoglycemic hormonal counterregulation or symptom recognition after insulin independence. Van Der Meulen. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion.
Somatostatin secreted by islet delta-cells fulfills multiple roles as a paracrine regulator of islet function. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of somatostatin-containing D-cells in diabetes.
The role of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Mouse pancreatic polypeptide modulates food intake, while not influencing anxiety in mice. Decreased food intake and body weight in pancreatic polypeptide-overexpressing mice. Adipose tissue: an endocrine organ playing a role in metabolic regulation.
Role of adipose tissue insulin resistance in the natural history of T2DM: results from the San Antonio metabolism study. Increased circulating resistin is associated with insulin resistance, oxidative stress and platelet activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Differences in risk of insulin-dependent diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers and diabetic fathers.
For many people with diabetes, checking their blood glucose level each day is an important way to manage their diabetes. Monitoring your blood glucose level is most important if you take insulin.
The results of blood glucose monitoring can help you make decisions about food, physical activity, and medicines. The most common way to check your blood glucose level at home is with a blood glucose meter.
You get a drop of blood by pricking the side of your fingertip with a lancet. Then you apply the blood to a test strip. The meter will show you how much glucose is in your blood at the moment. Ask your health care team how often you should check your blood glucose levels.
Make sure to keep a record of your blood glucose self-checks. You can print copies of this glucose self-check chart. Take these records with you when you visit your health care team. Continuous glucose monitoring CGM is another way to check your glucose levels.
Most CGM systems use a tiny sensor that you insert under your skin. If the CGM system shows that your glucose is too high or too low, you should check your glucose with a blood glucose meter before making any changes to your eating plan, physical activity, or medicines.
A CGM system is especially useful for people who use insulin and have problems with low blood glucose. Talk with your health care team about the best target range for you. Be sure to tell your health care professional if your glucose levels often go above or below your target range.
Sometimes blood glucose levels drop below where they should be, which is called hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia can be life threatening and needs to be treated right away. Learn more about how to recognize and treat hypoglycemia. If you often have high blood glucose levels or symptoms of high blood glucose, talk with your health care team.
You may need a change in your diabetes meal plan, physical activity plan, or medicines. Most people with diabetes get health care from a primary care professional. Primary care professionals include internists, family physicians, and pediatricians.
Sometimes physician assistants and nurses with extra training, called nurse practitioners, provide primary care. You also will need to see other care professionals from time to time. A team of health care professionals can help you improve your diabetes self-care.
Remember, you are the most important member of your health care team. When you see members of your health care team, ask questions. Watch a video to help you get ready for your diabetes care visit.
You should see your health care team at least twice a year, and more often if you are having problems or are having trouble reaching your blood glucose, blood pressure, or cholesterol goals. At each visit, be sure you have a blood pressure check, foot check, and weight check; and review your self-care plan.
Talk with your health care team about your medicines and whether you need to adjust them. Routine health care will help you find and treat any health problems early, or may be able to help prevent them.
Talk with your doctor about what vaccines you should get to keep from getting sick, such as a flu shot and pneumonia shot. Preventing illness is an important part of taking care of your diabetes. Feeling stressed, sad, or angry is common when you live with diabetes.
Stress can raise your blood glucose levels, but you can learn ways to lower your stress. Try deep breathing, gardening, taking a walk, doing yoga, meditating, doing a hobby, or listening to your favorite music. Consider taking part in a diabetes education program or support group that teaches you techniques for managing stress.
Learn more about healthy ways to cope with stress. Depression is common among people with a chronic, or long-term, illness. Depression can get in the way of your efforts to manage your diabetes. A type 2 diabetes diagnosis means your pancreas is not working as effectively as it needs to.
Your body is building insulin resistance and is unable to effectively convert glucose into energy, leaving too much glucose in your blood.
Type 2 diabetes can often be managed through lifestyle modifications. Taking these steps can help:. Keeping your BGLs as close as possible to your target range, will help to prevent diabetes complications.
Your GP, Credentialled Diabetes Educator CDE or other diabetes health professionals can advise you on your target blood glucose range and provide advice on how you can maintain it. Your healthcare team can prescribe a treatment suited to your condition.
This may be a combination of healthy diet, regular physical activity and medication. Rest assured that taking medication when required can result in fewer complications in the long-term.
However, keep in mind that your tablets or insulin injections should be taken with healthy eating and regular physical activity. Your medication should never be a substitute for a healthy lifestyle.
Boost energy levels for better athletic performance stratwgies of tight glucose control in patients with type 1 strategiees mellitus Blood circulation tips well established. Diaabetes the exact pathophysiologic explanation for prolonged improved outcomes remains unclear, there is a Boost energy levels for better athletic performance in all-cause strategise. Long-term follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial shows that the benefit of early, aggressive insulin therapy and intensive glycemic control persists for several decades after treatment and is associated with a decrease in all-cause mortality. A well-designed double-blind randomized controlled trial of adults with type 1 diabetes who were taking metformin did not show significant improvement in glycemic control. The potential cardiovascular disease benefit remains under investigation. In Septemberthe U.
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