Metabolism and muscle loss -
Rapid disuse and denervation atrophy involve transcriptional changes similar to those of muscle wasting during systemic diseases. Stevenson EJ, Giresi PG, Koncarevic A, Kandarian SC.
Global analysis of gene expression patterns during disuse atrophy in rat skeletal muscle. Jang J, Park J, Chang H, Lim K. l-Carnitine supplement reduces skeletal muscle atrophy induced by prolonged hindlimb suspension in rats.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Jamart C, Raymackers JM, Li An G, Deldicque L, Francaux M. Prevention of muscle disuse atrophy by MG proteasome inhibitor. Muscle Nerve. Zhang P, Li W, Liu H, Li J, Wang J, Li Y, et al.
Cell Biochem Biophys. Jones SW, Hill RJ, Krasney PA, O'Conner B, Peirce N, Greenhaff PL. Disuse atrophy and exercise rehabilitation in humans profoundly affects the expression of genes associated with the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. Maki T, Yamamoto D, Nakanishi S, Iida K, Iguchi G, Takahashi Y, et al.
Branched-chain amino acids reduce hindlimb suspension-induced muscle atrophy and protein levels of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in rats. Nutr Res. Bialek P, Morris C, Parkington J, St Andre M, Owens J, Yaworsky P, et al.
Distinct protein degradation profiles are induced by different disuse models of skeletal muscle atrophy. Physiol Genomics. Talbert EE, Smuder AJ, Min K, Kwon OS, Szeto HH, Powers SK. Immobilization-induced activation of key proteolytic systems in skeletal muscles is prevented by a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant.
Kang C, Ji LL. PGC-1alpha overexpression via local transfection attenuates mitophagy pathway in muscle disuse atrophy. Levine S, Biswas C, Dierov J, Barsotti R, Shrager JB, Nguyen T, et al.
Increased proteolysis, myosin depletion, and atrophic AKT-FOXO signaling in human diaphragm disuse. Hussain SN, Mofarrahi M, Sigala I, Kim HC, Vassilakopoulos T, Maltais F, et al. Mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragm disuse in humans triggers autophagy.
Reardon KA, Davis J, Kapsa RM, Choong P, Byrne E. Myostatin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and leukemia inhibitory factor mRNAs are upregulated in chronic human disuse muscle atrophy. Lach-Trifilieff E, Minetti GC, Sheppard K, Ibebunjo C, Feige JN, Hartmann S, et al.
An antibody blocking activin type II receptors induces strong skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protects from atrophy.
Mol Cell Biol. Lee SJ, Huynh TV, Lee YS, Sebald SM, Wilcox-Adelman SA, Iwamori N, et al. Gentry BA, Ferreira JA, Phillips CL, Brown M. Hindlimb skeletal muscle function in myostatin-deficient mice. Dubois V, Laurent MR, Sinnesael M, Cielen N, Helsen C, Clinckemalie L, et al.
A satellite cell-specific knockout of the androgen receptor reveals myostatin as a direct androgen target in skeletal muscle. Ma D, Gao P, Qian L, Wang Q, Cai C, Jiang S, et al.
Over-expression of porcine myostatin missense mutant leads to a gender difference in skeletal muscle growth between transgenic male and female mice. Int J Mol Sci. Qiao S, Nordstrom K, Muijs L, Gasparoni G, Tierling S, Krause E, et al. Molecular plasticity of male and female murine gonadotropes revealed by mRNA sequencing.
White JP, Baltgalvis KA, Sato S, Wilson LB, Carson JA. Effect of nandrolone decanoate administration on recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury. J Appl Physiol.
Google Scholar. Spangenburg EE, Geiger PC, Leinwand LA, Lowe DA. Regulation of physiological and metabolic function of muscle by female sex steroids. Med Sci Sports Exerc. McClung JM, Davis JM, Wilson MA, Goldsmith EC, Carson JA. Estrogen status and skeletal muscle recovery from disuse atrophy. Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, Storer TW, Farwell WR, Jette AM, et al.
Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med. Normal Laboratory Values for adults - ESAP Laboratory Reference Ranges. Basualto-Alarcon C, Jorquera G, Altamirano F, Jaimovich E, Estrada M.
Testosterone signals through mTOR and androgen receptor to induce muscle hypertrophy. Schiaffino S, Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Blaauw B, Sandri M. Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy. Febs J. Altuwaijri S, Lee DK, Chuang KH, Ting HJ, Yang Z, Xu Q, et al.
Androgen receptor regulates expression of skeletal muscle-specific proteins and muscle cell types. Sinha I, Sinha-Hikim AP, Wagers AJ, Sinha-Hikim I.
Testosterone is essential for skeletal muscle growth in aged mice in a heterochronic parabiosis model. Cell Tissue Res. McHale MJ, Sarwar ZU, Cardenas DP, Porter L, Salinas AS, Michalek JE, et al. Increased fat deposition in injured skeletal muscle is regulated by sex-specific hormones.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Yarasheski KE, Clevenger B, Phillips J, et al. Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Smith GI, Yoshino J, Reeds DN, Bradley D, Burrows RE, Heisey HD, et al. Testosterone and progesterone, but not estradiol, stimulate muscle protein synthesis in postmenopausal women.
Mitchell CJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Bellamy L, Parise G, Baker SK, Phillips SM. Muscular and systemic correlates of resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy. West DWD, Phillips SM.
Associations of exercise-induced hormone profiles and gains in strength and hypertrophy in a large cohort after weight training.
Eur J Appl Physiol. Swift-Gallant A, Monks DA. Androgen receptor expression in satellite cells of the neonatal levator ani of the rat. Dev Neurobiol. Burney BO, Hayes TG, Smiechowska J, Cardwell G, Papusha V, Bhargava P, et al.
Low testosterone levels and increased inflammatory markers in patients with cancer and relationship with cachexia. White JP, Puppa MJ, Narsale A, Carson JA. Biol Open. Moore PD, Gorgey AS, Wade RC, Khalil RE, Lavis TD, Khan R, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and testosterone did not influence heterotopic ossification size after spinal cord injury: A case series.
World J Clin Cases. Bauman WA, Cirnigliaro CM, La Fountaine MF, Jensen AM, Wecht JM, Kirshblum SC, et al. A small-scale clinical trial to determine the safety and efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men with spinal cord injury.
Horm Metab Res. Zhao W, Pan J, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Bauman WA, Cardozo CP. Testosterone protects against dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy, protein degradation and MAFbx upregulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. St George A, Bauman A, Johnston A, Farrell G, Chey T, George J.
Independent effects of physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dalton JT, Taylor RP, Mohler ML, Steiner MS. Selective androgen receptor modulators for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting associated with cancer. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care.
Wright TJ, Dillon EL, Durham WJ, Chamberlain A, Randolph KM, Danesi C, et al. A randomized trial of adjunct testosterone for cancer-related muscle loss in men and women.
Harjola V, Jankala H, Harkonen M. Myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein distribution in immobilized rat skeletal muscle are not affected by testosterone status. Acta Physiol Scand. De Naeyer H, Lamon S, Russell AP, Everaert I, De Spaey A, Jamart C, et al. Effects of tail suspension on serum testosterone and molecular targets regulating muscle mass.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Reed BG, Carr BR. The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation. In: Endotext. South Dartmouth: MDText. com, Inc. Smith MS, Freeman ME, Neill JD. The control of progesterone secretion during the estrous cycle and early pseudopregnancy in the rat: prolactin, gonadotropin and steroid levels associated with rescue of the corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy.
Kramer PR, Bellinger LL. The effects of cycling levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone on the magnitude of temporomandibular joint-induced nociception.
Butcher RL, Collins WE, Fugo NW. Plasma concentration of LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiolbeta throughout the 4-day estrous cycle of the rat. Butcher RL, Inskeep EK, Pope RS.
Plasma concentrations of estradiol produced with two delivery systems in ovariectomized rats. Kalra SP, Kalra PS. Temporal interrelationships among circulating levels of estradiol, progesterone and LH during the rat estrous cycle: effects of exogenous progesterone.
Devries MC, Hamadeh MJ, Phillips SM, Tarnopolsky MA. Menstrual cycle phase and sex influence muscle glycogen utilization and glucose turnover during moderate-intensity endurance exercise. Parr MK, Zhao P, Haupt O, Ngueu ST, Hengevoss J, Fritzemeier KH, et al.
Estrogen receptor beta is involved in skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by the phytoecdysteroid ecdysterone. Mol Nutr Food Res. Kamanga-Sollo E, White ME, Weber WJ, Dayton WR.
Role of estrogen receptor-alpha ESR1 and the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor IGFR1 in estradiol-stimulated proliferation of cultured bovine satellite cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol. Velarde MC. Mitochondrial and sex steroid hormone crosstalk during aging. Longev Healthspan. Murphy E, Steenbergen C.
Gender-based differences in mechanisms of protection in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. Pleiotropic actions of estrogen: a mitochondrial matter.
Naugler WE, Sakurai T, Kim S, Maeda S, Kim K, Elsharkawy AM, et al. Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyDdependent IL-6 production. Hetzler KL, Hardee JP, LaVoie HA, Murphy EA, Carson JA. Ovarian function's role during cancer cachexia progression in the female mouse.
Teveroni E, Pellegrino M, Sacconi S, Calandra P, Cascino I, Farioli-Vecchioli S, et al. Estrogens enhance myoblast differentiation in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy by antagonizing DUX4 activity. J Clin Invest. Matsakas A, Yadav V, Lorca S, Narkar V.
Muscle ERRgamma mitigates Duchenne muscular dystrophy via metabolic and angiogenic reprogramming. Dorchies OM, Reutenauer-Patte J, Dahmane E, Ismail HM, Petermann O.
Patthey- Vuadens O, et al. The anticancer drug tamoxifen counteracts the pathology in a mouse model of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am J Pathol. Gayi E, Neff LA, Ismail HM, Ruegg UT, Scapozza L, Dorchies OM. Repurposing the selective oestrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen for the treatment of duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Chimia Aarau. Huss JM, Garbacz WG, Xie W. Constitutive activities of estrogen-related receptors: Transcriptional regulation of metabolism by the ERR pathways in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. Kararigas G, Bito V, Tinel H, Becher E, Baczko I, Knosalla C, et al.
Transcriptome characterization of estrogen-treated human myocardium identifies myosin regulatory light chain interacting protein as a sex-specific element influencing contractile function.
J Am Coll Cardiol. Kawano S, Kanda K, Ohmori S, Izumi R, Yasukawa K, Murata Y, et al. Effect of estrogen on the development of disuse atrophy of bone and muscle induced by tail-supension in rats.
Environ Med. Mukai R, Horikawa H, Lin PY, Tsukumo N, Nikawa T, Kawamura T, et al. Mukai R, Horikawa H, Fujikura Y, Kawamura T, Nemoto H, Nikawa T, et al. Prevention of disuse muscle atrophy by dietary ingestion of 8-prenylnaringenin in denervated mice.
Sugiura T, Ito N, Goto K, Naito H, Yoshioka T, Powers SK. Estrogen administration attenuates immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in male rats.
Ohmori S, Kanda K, Kawano S, Kambe F, Seo H. Changes in calcium, PTH and 1,25 OH 2 vitamin D3 during tail-suspension in ovariectomized rats: effects of estrogen administration.
Kane DA, Lin CT, Anderson EJ, Kwak HB, Cox JH, Brophy PM, et al. Progesterone increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 emission in nonmenopausal women. Mankowski RT, Anton SD, Buford TW, Leeuwenburgh C. Dietary antioxidants as modifiers of physiologic adaptations to exercise.
Dai Q, Shah AA, Garde RV, Yonish BA, Zhang L, Medvitz NA, et al. A truncated progesterone receptor PR-M localizes to the mitochondrion and controls cellular respiration. Mol Endocrinol. Price TM, Dai Q. The Role of a Mitochondrial progesterone receptor PR-M in progesterone action.
Semin Reprod Med. Bottje W, Kong BW, Reverter A, Waardenberg AJ, Lassiter K, Hudson NJ. Progesterone signalling in broiler skeletal muscle is associated with divergent feed efficiency. BMC Syst Biol. De Jager N, Hudson NJ, Reverter A, Barnard R, Cafe LM, Greenwood PL, et al. Gene expression phenotypes for lipid metabolism and intramuscular fat in skeletal muscle of cattle.
J Anim Sci. Goldstein J, Sites CK, Toth MJ. Progesterone stimulates cardiac muscle protein synthesis via receptor-dependent pathway. Fertil Steril. Dossat AM, Wright KN, Strong CE, Kabbaj M. Bigos KL, Pollock BG, Stankevich BA, Bies RR.
Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antidepressants: an updated review. Gend Med. Offner H. Neuroimmunoprotective effects of estrogen and derivatives in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: therapeutic implications for multiple sclerosis.
J Neurosci Res. Offner H, Polanczyk M. A potential role for estrogen in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. You S, Ohmori M, Pena MM, Nassri B, Quiton J, Al-Assad ZA, et al. Int J Exp Pathol. Wall BT, Dirks ML, van Loon LJ. Skeletal muscle atrophy during short-term disuse: implications for age-related sarcopenia.
Ageing Res Rev. Montero D, Madsen K, Meinild-Lundby AK, Edin F, Lundby C. Sexual dimorphism of substrate utilization: Differences in skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density and function.
McKenzie S, Phillips SM, Carter SL, Lowther S, Gibala MJ, Tarnopolsky MA. Endurance exercise training attenuates leucine oxidation and BCOAD activation during exercise in humans. Valle A, Guevara R, Garcia-Palmer FJ, Roca P, Oliver J. Sexual dimorphism in liver mitochondrial oxidative capacity is conserved under caloric restriction conditions.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. Colom B, Alcolea MP, Valle A, Oliver J, Roca P, Garcia-Palmer FJ. Skeletal muscle of female rats exhibit higher mitochondrial mass and oxidative-phosphorylative capacities compared to males.
Cell Physiol Biochem. Justo R, Boada J, Frontera M, Oliver J, Bermudez J, Gianotti M. Gender dimorphism in rat liver mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and biogenesis. Chweih H, Castilho RF, Figueira TR. Colom B, Oliver J, Garcia-Palmer FJ. Sexual dimorphism in the alterations of cardiac muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics associated to the ageing process.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Sharma J, Johnston MV, Hossain MA. Sex differences in mitochondrial biogenesis determine neuronal death and survival in response to oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation.
BMC Neurosci. Straface E, Vona R, Campesi I, Franconi F. Mitochondria can orchestrate sex differences in cell fate of vascular smooth muscle cells from rats. Girten B, Oloff C, Plato P, Eveland E, Merola AJ, Kazarian L. Skeletal muscle antioxidant enzyme levels in rats after simulated weightlessness, exercise and dobutamine.
Appell HJ, Duarte JA, Soares JM. Supplementation of vitamin E may attenuate skeletal muscle immobilization atrophy. Int J Sports Med. Lin J, Wu H, Tarr PT, Zhang CY, Wu Z, Boss O, et al.
Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1 alpha drives the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibres. Brault JJ, Jespersen JG, Goldberg AL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha or 1beta overexpression inhibits muscle protein degradation, induction of ubiquitin ligases, and disuse atrophy.
J Biol Chem. PGC-1α overexpression via local transfection attenuates mitophagy pathway in muscle disuse atrophy. Rosa-Caldwell ME, Brown JL, Lee DE, Blackwell TA, Turner KW, Brown LA, et al.
Autophagy activation, not peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha, may mediate exercise-induced improvements in glucose handling during diet-induced obesity. Miura S, Kai Y, Ono M, Ezaki O.
Overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha down-regulates GLUT4 mRNA in skeletal muscles.
Choi CS, Befroy DE, Codella R, Kim S, Reznick RM, Hwang YJ, et al. Paradoxical effects of increased expression of PGC-1alpha on muscle mitochondrial function and insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism. Goncalves RL, Quinlan CL, Perevoshchikova IV, Hey-Mogensen M, Brand MD.
Sites of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production by muscle mitochondria assessed ex vivo under conditions mimicking rest and exercise. Thompson JR, Swanson SA, Casale GP, Johanning JM, Papoutsi E, Koutakis P, et al. Gastrocnemius mitochondrial respiration: are there any differences between men and women?
J Surg Res. Grossman A, Oppenheim J, Grondin G, St Jean P, Beaudoin AR. Immunocytochemical localization of the [3H]estradiol-binding protein in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Noteboom WD, Gorski J. Stereospecific binding of estrogens in the rat uterus.
Arch Biochem Biophys. Moats RK 2nd, Ramirez VD. Rapid uptake and binding of estradiolbeta O-carboxymethyl oximeI-labeled BSA by female rat liver. Biol Reprod. Monje P, Boland R. Subcellular distribution of native estrogen receptor alpha and beta isoforms in rabbit uterus and ovary.
Chen JQ, Delannoy M, Cooke C, Yager JD. Mitochondrial localization of ERalpha and ERbeta in human MCF7 cells. Cammarata PR, Chu S, Moor A, Wang Z, Yang SH, Simpkins JW. Subcellular distribution of native estrogen receptor alpha and beta subtypes in cultured human lens epithelial cells.
Exp Eye Res. Yang SH, Liu R, Perez EJ, Wen Y, Stevens SM Jr, Valencia T, et al. Mitochondrial localization of estrogen receptor beta. Gavrilova-Jordan LP, Price TM.
Actions of steroids in mitochondria. Toda K, Takeda K, Okada T, Akira S, Saibara T, Kaname T, et al. Targeted disruption of the aromatase P gene Cyp19 in mice and their ovarian and uterine responses to 17beta-oestradiol.
Burris TP, Krishnan V. Estrogen: a mitochondrial energizer that keeps on going. Mol Pharmacol. Ivanova MM, Mazhawidza W, Dougherty SM, Klinge CM.
Sex differences in estrogen receptor subcellular location and activity in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. Dougherty SM, Mazhawidza W, Bohn AR, Robinson KA, Mattingly KA, Blankenship KA, et al. Gender difference in the activity but not expression of estrogen receptors α and β in human lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Endocr Relat Cancer. Solakidi S, Psarra AM, Nikolaropoulos S, Sekeris CE. Estrogen receptors alpha and beta ERalpha and ERbeta and androgen receptor AR in human sperm: localization of ERbeta and AR in mitochondria of the midpiece.
Hum Reprod. Buffenstein R, Poppitt SD, McDevitt RM, Prentice AM. Food intake and the menstrual cycle: a retrospective analysis, with implications for appetite research. Physiol Behav. Webb P. Lebenstedt M, Platte P, Pirke KM. Reduced resting metabolic rate in athletes with menstrual disorders.
Wong CH, Siah KW, Lo AW. Estimation of clinical trial success rates and related parameters. Download references. Thank you to the many faculty, staff, and students at the Exercise Science Research Center for their consistent support of our research. Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, , USA.
Megan E. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Nicholas P. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Rosa-Caldwell, M. Biol Sex Differ 10 , 43 Download citation.
Received : 24 July Accepted : 16 August Published : 28 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Greene 1 Biology of Sex Differences volume 10 , Article number: 43 Cite this article 23k Accesses Citations Altmetric Metrics details.
Abstract Skeletal muscle health is a strong predictor of overall health and longevity. Muscle phenotypes between males and females The maintenance of muscle size relies on a delicate balance between protein synthesis and degradation, whereby an increased protein synthesis:degradation ratio results in muscle hypertrophy and decreased synthesis:degradation ratio results in muscle atrophy.
Full size image. Summary of the current literature of classical sex hormones and their influence on muscle size. Perspectives and significance Skeletal muscle size and quality remain one of the largest mediators of overall quality of life and mortality across a variety of pathologies.
References Carson JA, Manolagas SC. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Leitner LM, Wilson RJ, Yan Z, Godecke A.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Evans WJ. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ali NA, O'Brien JM Jr, Hoffmann SP, Phillips G, Garland A, Finley JC, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Sharshar T, Bastuji-Garin S, Stevens RD, Durand MC, Malissin I, Rodriguez P, et al.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Hermans G, Van Mechelen H, Clerckx B, Vanhullebusch T, Mesotten D, Wilmer A, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Mueller N, Murthy S, Tainter CR, Lee J, Richard K, Fintelmann FJ, et al.
PubMed Google Scholar De Jonghe B, Sharshar T, Lefaucheur JP, Authier FJ, Durand-Zaleski I, Boussarsar M, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Lipes J, Mardini L, Jayaraman D. Article PubMed Google Scholar Morales MG, Abrigo J, Acuna MJ, Santos RA, Bader M, Brandan E, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Fisher AG, Seaborne RA, Hughes TM, Gutteridge A, Stewart C, Coulson JM, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Cannavino J, Brocca L, Sandri M, Bottinelli R, Pellegrino MA. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Brocca L, Pellegrino MA, Desaphy JF, Pierno S, Camerino DC, Bottinelli R.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Brocca L, Cannavino J, Coletto L, Biolo G, Sandri M, Bottinelli R, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Alibegovic AC, Sonne MP, Hojbjerre L, Bork-Jensen J, Jacobsen S, Nilsson E, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lawler JM, Song W, Demaree SR.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kondo H, Miura M, Itokawa Y. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kondo H, Nakagaki I, Sasaki S, Hori S, and Itokawa Y.
Article CAS Google Scholar Kondo H, Miura M, Kodama J, Ahmed SM, Itokawa Y. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Servais S, Letexier D, Favier R, Duchamp C, Desplanches D.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kessler RC. Article PubMed Google Scholar Van de Velde S, Bracke P, Levecque K. Article PubMed Google Scholar Wang H, Hai S, Liu Y, Dong B.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Mauvais-Jarvis F. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Palmer BF, Clegg DJ.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Anderson LJ, Liu H, Garcia JM. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Mokdad AH, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Fitzmaurice C, Stubbs RW, Bertozzi-Villa A, Morozoff C, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Assi M, Derbre F, Lefeuvre-Orfila L, Rebillard A. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Yamashita AS, das Neves RX, Rosa-Neto JC, Lira FD, Batista ML Jr, Alcantara PS, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Neves RX, Rosa-Neto JC, Yamashita AS, Matos-Neto EM, Riccardi DM, Lira FS, et al.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Talbert EE, Metzger GA, He WA, Guttridge DC. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Gao Y, Arfat Y, Wang H, Goswami N. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Haizlip KM, Harrison BC, Leinwand LA.
CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar Wang Y, Pessin JE. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Talbot J, Maves L.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Picard M, Ritchie D, Thomas MM, Wright KJ, Hepple RT. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Brown JL, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Lee DE, Blackwell TA, Brown LA, Perry RA, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Thomason DB, Herrick RE, Surdyka D, Baldwin KM. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Angelini C, Tasca E, Nascimbeni AC, Fanin M. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Baracos VE, Reiman T, Mourtzakis M, Gioulbasanis I, Antoun S.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hendifar A, Yang D, Lenz F, Lurje G, Pohl A, Lenz C, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Wallengren O, Iresjo BM, Lundholm K, Bosaeus I.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Callahan DM, Tourville TW, Miller MS, Hackett SB, Sharma H, Cruickshank NC, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Callahan DM, Miller MS, Sweeny AP, Tourville TW, Slauterbeck JR, Savage PD, et al.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Cosper PF, Leinwand LA. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Yoshihara T, Natsume T, Tsuzuki T, Chang SW, Kakigi R, Sugiura T, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hodson N, Philp A.
PubMed Google Scholar Dreyer HC, Fujita S, Glynn EL, Drummond MJ, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Article CAS Google Scholar West DW, Burd NA, Churchward-Venne TA, Camera DM, Mitchell CJ, Baker SK, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Volpi E, Lucidi P, Bolli GB, Santeusanio F, De Feo P. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Fujita S, Rasmussen BB, Bell JA, Cadenas JG, Volpi E.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Smith GI, Atherton P, Reeds DN, Mohammed BS, Jaffery H, Rankin D, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Horstman AMH, Kouw IWK, van Dijk JW, Hamer HM, Groen BBL, van Kranenburg J, et al.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Scalzo RL, Peltonen GL, Binns SE, Shankaran M, Giordano GR, Hartley DA, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Murach KA, Fry CS, Kirby TJ, Jackson JR, Lee JD, White SH, et al.
CAS Google Scholar Manzano R, Toivonen JM, Calvo AC, Miana-Mena FJ, Zaragoza P, Munoz MJ, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Song Y, McFarland DC, Velleman SG. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Neal A, Boldrin L, Morgan JE.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Joubert Y, Tobin C. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lee DM, Bajracharya P, Lee EJ, Kim JE, Lee HJ, Chun T, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Nnodim JO. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mulvaney DR, Marple DN, Merkel RA.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Dalbo VJ, Roberts MD, Mobley CB, Ballmann C, Kephart WC, Fox CD, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Egner IM, Bruusgaard JC, Eftestol E, Gundersen K. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Egner IM, Bruusgaard JC, Gundersen K.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar McCarthy JJ, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Fry CS, Murach KA, Peterson CA. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar McCarthy JJ, Mula J, Miyazaki M, Erfani R, Garrison K, Farooqui AB, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Murach KA, Englund DA, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Sandri M. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Brooks NE, Myburgh KH. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Gilbert A, Gomes M, Baracos V, Bailey J, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Klionsky DJ, Abdelmohsen K, Abe A, Abedin MJ, Abeliovich H, Acevedo Arozena A, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Wesselborg S, Stork B. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Shu Y, Xia J, Yu Q, Wang G, Zhang J, He J, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ogawa M, Kitano T, Kawata N, Sugihira T, Kitakaze T, Harada N, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ogawa M, Kitakaze T, Harada N, Yamaji R.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Olivan S, Calvo AC, Manzano R, Zaragoza P, Osta R. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Piekarski A, Khaldi S, Greene E, Lassiter K, Mason JG, Anthony N, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Sacheck JM, Hyatt JP, Raffaello A, Jagoe RT, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Stevenson EJ, Giresi PG, Koncarevic A, Kandarian SC. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Jang J, Park J, Chang H, Lim K. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jamart C, Raymackers JM, Li An G, Deldicque L, Francaux M.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Zhang P, Li W, Liu H, Li J, Wang J, Li Y, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jones SW, Hill RJ, Krasney PA, O'Conner B, Peirce N, Greenhaff PL.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Maki T, Yamamoto D, Nakanishi S, Iida K, Iguchi G, Takahashi Y, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bialek P, Morris C, Parkington J, St Andre M, Owens J, Yaworsky P, et al.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Talbert EE, Smuder AJ, Min K, Kwon OS, Szeto HH, Powers SK. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kang C, Ji LL. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Levine S, Biswas C, Dierov J, Barsotti R, Shrager JB, Nguyen T, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hussain SN, Mofarrahi M, Sigala I, Kim HC, Vassilakopoulos T, Maltais F, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Reardon KA, Davis J, Kapsa RM, Choong P, Byrne E. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lach-Trifilieff E, Minetti GC, Sheppard K, Ibebunjo C, Feige JN, Hartmann S, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Lee SJ, Huynh TV, Lee YS, Sebald SM, Wilcox-Adelman SA, Iwamori N, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Gentry BA, Ferreira JA, Phillips CL, Brown M. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Dubois V, Laurent MR, Sinnesael M, Cielen N, Helsen C, Clinckemalie L, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ma D, Gao P, Qian L, Wang Q, Cai C, Jiang S, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Qiao S, Nordstrom K, Muijs L, Gasparoni G, Tierling S, Krause E, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar White JP, Baltgalvis KA, Sato S, Wilson LB, Carson JA. Google Scholar Spangenburg EE, Geiger PC, Leinwand LA, Lowe DA. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar McClung JM, Davis JM, Wilson MA, Goldsmith EC, Carson JA.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, Storer TW, Farwell WR, Jette AM, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Normal Laboratory Values for adults - ESAP Laboratory Reference Ranges. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Schiaffino S, Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Blaauw B, Sandri M.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Altuwaijri S, Lee DK, Chuang KH, Ting HJ, Yang Z, Xu Q, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sinha I, Sinha-Hikim AP, Wagers AJ, Sinha-Hikim I. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar McHale MJ, Sarwar ZU, Cardenas DP, Porter L, Salinas AS, Michalek JE, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Yarasheski KE, Clevenger B, Phillips J, et al. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Smith GI, Yoshino J, Reeds DN, Bradley D, Burrows RE, Heisey HD, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mitchell CJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Bellamy L, Parise G, Baker SK, Phillips SM.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar West DWD, Phillips SM. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Swift-Gallant A, Monks DA.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Burney BO, Hayes TG, Smiechowska J, Cardwell G, Papusha V, Bhargava P, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar White JP, Puppa MJ, Narsale A, Carson JA.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Moore PD, Gorgey AS, Wade RC, Khalil RE, Lavis TD, Khan R, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bauman WA, Cirnigliaro CM, La Fountaine MF, Jensen AM, Wecht JM, Kirshblum SC, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Zhao W, Pan J, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Bauman WA, Cardozo CP.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar St George A, Bauman A, Johnston A, Farrell G, Chey T, George J. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Dalton JT, Taylor RP, Mohler ML, Steiner MS. Article PubMed Google Scholar Wright TJ, Dillon EL, Durham WJ, Chamberlain A, Randolph KM, Danesi C, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Harjola V, Jankala H, Harkonen M. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar De Naeyer H, Lamon S, Russell AP, Everaert I, De Spaey A, Jamart C, et al. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Reed BG, Carr BR.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kramer PR, Bellinger LL. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Butcher RL, Collins WE, Fugo NW. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Butcher RL, Inskeep EK, Pope RS. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kalra SP, Kalra PS.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Devries MC, Hamadeh MJ, Phillips SM, Tarnopolsky MA. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Parr MK, Zhao P, Haupt O, Ngueu ST, Hengevoss J, Fritzemeier KH, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kamanga-Sollo E, White ME, Weber WJ, Dayton WR.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Velarde MC. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Murphy E, Steenbergen C.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Naugler WE, Sakurai T, Kim S, Maeda S, Kim K, Elsharkawy AM, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hetzler KL, Hardee JP, LaVoie HA, Murphy EA, Carson JA. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Teveroni E, Pellegrino M, Sacconi S, Calandra P, Cascino I, Farioli-Vecchioli S, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Matsakas A, Yadav V, Lorca S, Narkar V. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Dorchies OM, Reutenauer-Patte J, Dahmane E, Ismail HM, Petermann O. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Gayi E, Neff LA, Ismail HM, Ruegg UT, Scapozza L, Dorchies OM. Article CAS Google Scholar Huss JM, Garbacz WG, Xie W.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kararigas G, Bito V, Tinel H, Becher E, Baczko I, Knosalla C, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kawano S, Kanda K, Ohmori S, Izumi R, Yasukawa K, Murata Y, et al. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mukai R, Horikawa H, Lin PY, Tsukumo N, Nikawa T, Kawamura T, et al.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Mukai R, Horikawa H, Fujikura Y, Kawamura T, Nemoto H, Nikawa T, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Sugiura T, Ito N, Goto K, Naito H, Yoshioka T, Powers SK.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ohmori S, Kanda K, Kawano S, Kambe F, Seo H. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kane DA, Lin CT, Anderson EJ, Kwak HB, Cox JH, Brophy PM, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mankowski RT, Anton SD, Buford TW, Leeuwenburgh C. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Dai Q, Shah AA, Garde RV, Yonish BA, Zhang L, Medvitz NA, et al.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Price TM, Dai Q. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bottje W, Kong BW, Reverter A, Waardenberg AJ, Lassiter K, Hudson NJ. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar De Jager N, Hudson NJ, Reverter A, Barnard R, Cafe LM, Greenwood PL, et al.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Goldstein J, Sites CK, Toth MJ. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Dossat AM, Wright KN, Strong CE, Kabbaj M.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bigos KL, Pollock BG, Stankevich BA, Bies RR. Article PubMed Google Scholar Offner H. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Offner H, Polanczyk M. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar You S, Ohmori M, Pena MM, Nassri B, Quiton J, Al-Assad ZA, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Wall BT, Dirks ML, van Loon LJ. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Montero D, Madsen K, Meinild-Lundby AK, Edin F, Lundby C. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar McKenzie S, Phillips SM, Carter SL, Lowther S, Gibala MJ, Tarnopolsky MA.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Valle A, Guevara R, Garcia-Palmer FJ, Roca P, Oliver J. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Colom B, Alcolea MP, Valle A, Oliver J, Roca P, Garcia-Palmer FJ. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Justo R, Boada J, Frontera M, Oliver J, Bermudez J, Gianotti M.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Chweih H, Castilho RF, Figueira TR. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Colom B, Oliver J, Garcia-Palmer FJ. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sharma J, Johnston MV, Hossain MA. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Straface E, Vona R, Campesi I, Franconi F.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Girten B, Oloff C, Plato P, Eveland E, Merola AJ, Kazarian L. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Appell HJ, Duarte JA, Soares JM. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lin J, Wu H, Tarr PT, Zhang CY, Wu Z, Boss O, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Brault JJ, Jespersen JG, Goldberg AL.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kang C, Ji LL. Risson, V. Muscle inactivation of mTOR causes metabolic and dystrophin defects leading to severe myopathy. You, J. The role of raptor in the mechanical load-induced regulation of mTOR signaling, protein synthesis, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
FASEB J. Zhang, Q. Lack of muscle mTOR kinase activity causes early onset myopathy and compromises whole-body homeostasis. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 10 , 35—53 Article PubMed Google Scholar. Castets, P.
Sustained activation of mTORC1 in skeletal muscle inhibits constitutive and starvation-induced autophagy and causes a severe, late-onset myopathy. McPherron, A. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature , 83—90 Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar.
Sartori, R. Smad2 and 3 transcription factors control muscle mass in adulthood. Cell Physiol. Winbanks, C. Follistatin-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy is regulated by Smad3 and mTOR independently of myostatin.
BMP signaling controls muscle mass. Traore, M. An embryonic CaVbeta1 isoform promotes muscle mass maintenance via GDF5 signaling in adult mouse. Smad7 gene delivery prevents muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia in mice.
Article CAS Google Scholar. Davey, J. Integrated expression analysis of muscle hypertrophy identifies Asb2 as a negative regulator of muscle mass. JCI Insight 1 , e Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. The bone morphogenetic protein axis is a positive regulator of skeletal muscle mass.
Kline, W. Rapamycin inhibits the growth and muscle-sparing effects of clenbuterol. Goncalves, D. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 10 , — Benoit, B. Fibroblast growth factor 19 regulates skeletal muscle mass and ameliorates muscle wasting in mice. Oost, L.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 controls mitophagy and muscle mass. Cohen, S. Trim32 reduces PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling in muscle atrophy by promoting plakoglobin-PI3K dissociation. Summermatter, S. Blockade of metallothioneins 1 and 2 increases skeletal muscle mass and strength.
Wang, G. Metastatic cancers promote cachexia through ZIP14 upregulation in skeletal muscle. Mammucari, C. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter controls skeletal muscle trophism in vivo.
Cell Rep. Ruas, J. A PGC-1alpha isoform induced by resistance training regulates skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Cell , — White, J. G protein-coupled receptor 56 regulates mechanical overload-induced muscle hypertrophy. Das, S. ATP citrate lyase improves mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle.
Cai, X. Lahiri, S. The gut microbiota influences skeletal muscle mass and function in mice. Hunt, L. A key role for the ubiquitin ligase UBR4 in myofiber hypertrophy in Drosophila and mice. Conte, M. Muscle-specific Perilipin2 down-regulation affects lipid metabolism and induces myofiber hypertrophy.
Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 10 , 95— Bodine, S. Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science , — Pankiv, S. Protein breakdown in muscle wasting: role of autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome.
Biochem Cell Biol. Muscle wasting in disease: molecular mechanisms and promising therapies. Drug Discov. Cadena, S. Skeletal muscle in MuRF1 null mice is not spared in low-gravity conditions, indicating atrophy proceeds by unique mechanisms in space.
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. Baehr, L. Muscle sparing in muscle RING finger 1 null mice: response to synthetic glucocorticoids. Hwee, D. Maintenance of muscle mass and load-induced growth in muscle RING Finger 1 null mice with age.
Aging Cell 13 , 92— Signalling pathways regulating muscle mass in ageing skeletal muscle. The role of the IGF1-Akt-mTOR-FoxO pathway. Biogerontology 14 , — Ubiquitylation by Trim32 causes coupled loss of desmin, Z-bands, and thin filaments in muscle atrophy.
Di Rienzo, M. Autophagy induction in atrophic muscle cells requires ULK1 activation by TRIM32 through unanchored Klinked polyubiquitin chains. Paul, P. Targeted ablation of TRAF6 inhibits skeletal muscle wasting in mice.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 intercedes in starvation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy through multiple mechanisms.
Carnio, S. Autophagy impairment in muscle induces neuromuscular junction degeneration and precocious aging. Bujak, A. AMPK activation of muscle autophagy prevents fasting-induced hypoglycemia and myopathy during aging.
Raben, N. Suppression of autophagy in skeletal muscle uncovers the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and their potential role in muscle damage in Pompe disease.
Nemazanyy, I. Defects of Vps15 in skeletal muscles lead to autophagic vacuolar myopathy and lysosomal disease. EMBO Mol. Fuqua, J. ULK2 is essential for degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates and homeostasis in skeletal muscle.
FASEB J 33 , — Ryu, D. Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents. Milan, G. Regulation of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system by the FoxO transcriptional network during muscle atrophy. Lee, D.
USA , E—E VerPlank, J. Piccirillo, R. EMBO J. Wang, C. Methyltransferase-like 21c methylates and stabilizes the heat shock protein Hspa8 in type I myofibers in mice.
Wiederstein, J. Skeletal muscle-specific methyltransferase METTL21C trimethylates p97 and regulates autophagy-associated protein breakdown. FoxO transcription factors are critical regulators of diabetes-related muscle atrophy. Diabetes 68 , — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar.
Segales, J. Sestrin prevents atrophy of disused and aging muscles by integrating anabolic and catabolic signals. Beharry, A. HDAC1 activates FoxO and is both sufficient and required for skeletal muscle atrophy.
Cell Sci. Bertaggia, E. Posttranslational modifications control FoxO3 activity during denervation. Brault, J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha or 1beta overexpression inhibits muscle protein degradation, induction of ubiquitin ligases, and disuse atrophy.
Raffaello, A. JunB transcription factor maintains skeletal muscle mass and promotes hypertrophy. Yin, J. Dkk3 dependent transcriptional regulation controls age related skeletal muscle atrophy.
Shimizu, N. Crosstalk between glucocorticoid receptor and nutritional sensor mTOR in skeletal muscle. Cai, D. Mittal, A. The TWEAK-Fn14 system is a critical regulator of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. Bonetto, A. Ebert, S. Stress-induced skeletal muscle Gadd45a expression reprograms myonuclei and causes muscle atrophy.
Gallot, Y. PERK regulates skeletal muscle mass and contractile function in adult mice. Bohnert, K. Tezze, C. Age-associated loss of OPA1 in muscle impacts muscle mass, metabolic homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and epithelial senescence. Favaro, G. DRP1-mediated mitochondrial shape controls calcium homeostasis and muscle mass.
Choi, S. Skeletal muscle-specific Prmt1 deletion causes muscle atrophy via deregulation of the PRMT6-FOXO3 axis. Autophagy 15 , — Segatto, M. Epigenetic targeting of bromodomain protein BRD4 counteracts cancer cachexia and prolongs survival.
Bowman, C. Foxk proteins repress the initiation of starvation-induced atrophy and autophagy programs. Sun, L. Long-noncoding RNA Atrolnc-1 promotes muscle wasting in mice with chronic kidney disease.
Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 9 , — Kravic, B. Autophagy 14 , — Pin, F. PDK4 drives metabolic alterations and muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. He, W. NF-kappaB-mediated Pax7 dysregulation in the muscle microenvironment promotes cancer cachexia. Parajuli, P. Twist1 activation in muscle progenitor cells causes muscle loss akin to cancer cachexia.
Cell 45 , — e Madaro, L. Denervation-activated STAT3-IL-6 signalling in fibro-adipogenic progenitors promotes myofibres atrophy and fibrosis. Zhang, G. Tumor induces muscle wasting in mice through releasing extracellular Hsp70 and Hsp Ekelund, U. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality?
A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet , — Chakravarty, E. Reduced disability and mortality among aging runners: a year longitudinal study.
Hall, D. The AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide AICAR , but not metformin, prevents inflammation-associated cachectic muscle wasting. Mills, K. Long-term administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide mitigates age-associated physiological decline in mice.
Wagner, K. Golan, T. LY, an antimyostatin antibody, in pancreatic cancer: a randomized, phase 2 trial. Porporato, P. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin impair skeletal muscle atrophy in mice.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Garcia, J. Anamorelin for patients with cancer cachexia: an integrated analysis of two phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. Lancet Oncol. Baraldo, M. Skeletal muscle mTORC1 regulates neuromuscular junction stability.
Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 11 , — Pietrocola, F. Spermidine induces autophagy by inhibiting the acetyltransferase EP Cell Death Differ. Koeberl, D. Adams, V. Download references.
This work was supported by Fondazione Umberto Veronesi to R. Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, , Padova, Italy. Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. design the different sections and prepared the figures. wrote the article. Correspondence to Vanina Romanello or Marco Sandri.
Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Troy Hornberger and Markus Ruegg for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease.
Nat Commun 12 , Download citation. Received : 04 November Accepted : 16 November Published : 12 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.
Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. nature nature communications review articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Ageing Cell signalling Energy metabolism Skeletal muscle.
Abstract Skeletal muscle is the protein reservoir of our body and an important regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis.
Full size image. Muscle atrophy The comparison of the gene expression profiles of muscles from different catabolic conditions led to the identification of a common set of genes that were named atrogenes.
Box 1 ubiquitination process at a glance In the ubiquitin—proteasome system, proteins are targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome through covalent attachment of a chain of ubiquitin molecules. Box 2 The autophagy system at a glance The process of autophagy proceeds through several mechanistically distinct steps that include Fig.
Signaling pathways that control muscle loss FoxOs-atrogenes After the discovery of the atrogenes, the concept that transcription factors drive muscle atrophy is well-established. TNFα-IKK-IkB-NF-kB The NF-κB transcription factor, which is a master regulator of immunity and inflammation, mediates the effect of inflammatory cytokines, in particular, TNF-α and IL6, on muscle wasting.
Nonautologous signaling that controls muscle mass In the last years, a new concept is emerging that considers events surrounding muscle fibers as active players in the atrophy process. Future directions and therapeutic perspective Despite the great effort of scientists and pharmaceutical companies to identify effective drug targets and chemical compounds to counteract muscle loss, successful pharmacological treatments for atrophying muscle are absent in the clinic.
Exercise mimetics While sedentary behavior has a deleterious effect on human health that has been quantified to be similar to smoking and obesity, longitudinal studies have shown that regular exercise extends life expectancy and reduces morbidity in aging 89 , IGF1 signaling In adult mammals, IGF1 is synthesized predominately in the liver under the growth hormone GH action and acts as a systemic growth factor.
Autophagy and mitophagy modulators The autophagy system has a dual role: it contributes to muscle loss when hyperactivated, and promotes muscle degeneration when blocked. β2-adrenoreceptor agonists Clenbuterol or formoterol are β2-adrenoreceptor agonists that in addition to stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and lipids, enhance protein synthesis and inhibit protein degradation Inhibitors of ubiquitin—proteasome system Several genetic evidences underline the critical role of ubiquitin—proteasome in degrading sarcomeric proteins.
Concluding remarks Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that mediate the loss of muscle mass in disease. References Baskin, K. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Sandri, M. Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Brocca, L.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Grumati, P. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Liu, G. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Musaro, A.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ascenzi, F. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Murgia, M. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Pallafacchina, G. Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Blaauw, B. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bentzinger, C.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Risson, V. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar You, J. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Zhang, Q. Article PubMed Google Scholar Castets, P. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar McPherron, A.
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sartori, R. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Winbanks, C. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Sartori, R.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Traore, M. Article CAS Google Scholar Davey, J. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Winbanks, C. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kline, W. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Goncalves, D.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Benoit, B. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Oost, L. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Cohen, S. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Summermatter, S. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Mammucari, C.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Ruas, J. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar White, J. Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Das, S.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Cai, X. Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Lahiri, S. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Conte, M. Article PubMed Google Scholar Bodine, S. Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar Pankiv, S. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sandri, M.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Cohen, S. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Cadena, S. Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Baehr, L.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Hwee, D. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Cohen, S. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Di Rienzo, M. Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Paul, P. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Paul, P.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Carnio, S. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bujak, A. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Raben, N. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Nemazanyy, I. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Fuqua, J.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Milan, G. Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lee, D. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar VerPlank, J.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Wang, C. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Wiederstein, J. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Segales, J.
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Beharry, A. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bertaggia, E. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Brault, J. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Raffaello, A. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Yin, J.
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Shimizu, N. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Cai, D. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mittal, A. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bonetto, A. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Ebert, S.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Gallot, Y. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bohnert, K. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Favaro, G. Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Choi, S.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Segatto, M. Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Bowman, C. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Sun, L. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kravic, B.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Pin, F. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar He, W. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Parajuli, P.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Madaro, L. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Zhang, G. Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Ekelund, U. Article PubMed Google Scholar Chakravarty, E.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Hall, D. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Mills, K. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Wagner, K. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Golan, T. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Porporato, P. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Garcia, J.
Weight loss drugs lpss soared Metabolism and muscle loss muscld in the past year, helping nad lose dramatic amounts Metabolism and muscle loss Metabloism — but not all Liver detoxification herbs weight is fat. Jaime Almandoz, an associate professor of internal medicine in the Division of Endocrinology at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. That lean mass loss is generally from muscle. The more muscle mass a person has, the better the resting metabolic rate, or the number of calories a person burns at rest. When a person loses muscle mass, the resting metabolic rate decreases, too.Metabolism and muscle loss -
An average man has a BMR of around 7, kJ per day, while an average woman has a BMR of around 5, kJ per day. Energy expenditure is continuous, but the rate varies throughout the day. The rate of energy expenditure is usually lowest in the early morning. Your BMR rises after you eat because you use energy to eat, digest and metabolise the food you have just eaten.
The rise occurs soon after you start eating, and peaks 2 to 3 hours later. Different foods raise BMR by differing amounts. For example:.
During strenuous or vigorous physical activity, our muscles may burn through as much as 3, kJ per hour. Energy used during exercise is the only form of energy expenditure that we have any control over.
However, estimating the energy spent during exercise is difficult, as the true value for each person will vary based on factors such as their weight, age, health and the intensity with which each activity is performed.
Australia has physical activity guidelines External Link that recommend the amount and intensity of activity by age and life stage. Muscle tissue has a large appetite for kilojoules. The more muscle mass you have, the more kilojoules you will burn. People tend to put on fat as they age, partly because the body slowly loses muscle.
It is not clear whether muscle loss is a result of the ageing process or because many people are less active as they age. However, it probably has more to do with becoming less active. Research has shown that strength and resistance training can reduce or prevent this muscle loss.
If you are over 40 years of age, have a pre-existing medical condition or have not exercised in some time, see your doctor before starting a new fitness program. Hormones help regulate our metabolism. Some of the more common hormonal disorders affect the thyroid.
This gland secretes hormones to regulate many metabolic processes, including energy expenditure the rate at which kilojoules are burned.
Thyroid disorders include:. Our genes are the blueprints for the proteins in our body, and our proteins are responsible for the digestion and metabolism of our food. Sometimes, a faulty gene means we produce a protein that is ineffective in dealing with our food, resulting in a metabolic disorder.
In most cases, genetic metabolic disorders can be managed under medical supervision, with close attention to diet. The symptoms of genetic metabolic disorders can be very similar to those of other disorders and diseases, making it difficult to pinpoint the exact cause.
See your doctor if you suspect you have a metabolic disorder. Some genetic disorders of metabolism include:. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. Content on this website is provided for information purposes only.
Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional.
The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances.
The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Actions for this page Listen Print.
Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. This is debatable , with research showing people lose as much muscle on high-protein weight loss diets as people who followed other types of diets. Low-carb diets have also been claimed to promote more fat loss.
But studies comparing different types of diets have found that low-fat high-carb diets seem to offer the same, if not better, fat loss than low-carb, high-fat diets — with no differences in muscle loss.
Given all that has been said, the only way to prevent muscle loss somewhat while losing weight is to combine exercise particularly resistance exercise and endurance exercise with a diet higher in protein. This is because exercise stimulates muscle growth — but this process can only happen if you have an adequate supply of protein.
But given the extra demand exercise places on the muscles, a person will probably need to consume 1. People who exercise a lot may need to increase that to more than 2g per kilogram of body weight when losing weight. Older people may also need to consume more protein than average.
Just be wary of consuming too much protein more than 2. It may also put greater pressure on the kidneys and liver — which could lead to serious health issues , such as liver and kidney damage. Even if you prevent muscle loss when losing weight, other metabolic changes still happen that promote weight regain — such as changes in your metabolic rate the minimum amount of calories your body needs to survive and increases in appetite and hunger.
This is why, when trying to lose weight, the most important thing to consider is how sustainable your diet and lifestyle changes are. The easier these are to maintain, the better chances you have of keeping the weight off. This article was originally published on The Conversation. Much of what we blame on age is actually a result of disuse.
With just minutes of resistance training, twice each week, you can stimulate your metabolism to promote fat loss , AND you can also tell your body to keep your precious, expensive muscle, so your metabolism stays youthful, and your waist stays trim!
Notice a trend here? Short, brief workouts help us manage hunger. Incredible visualization of how unused muscle gets replaced by fat! Note the similar leg size but reduced muscle volume!
Strength training is the fix. Gaining weight? You may be losing muscle. Do strength training!
Metabolism and muscle loss to Metabolism and muscle loss essential loas in movement, insulating Metabolism and muscle loss internal organs, generating heat to maintain Metabolissm body lloss, and umscle as a major Metzbolism storage Metabllism, any Metaoblism to skeletal muscle structure and function may lead to an increase in both morbidity Gluten-Free Coconut Oil mortality. In the context of skeletal muscle, altered metabolism is directly associated with numerous pathologies and disorders, including diabetes, and obesity, while many skeletal muscle pathologies have secondary changes in metabolism, including cancer cachexia, sarcopenia and the muscular dystrophies. Furthermore, the importance of cellular metabolism in the regulation of skeletal muscle stem cells is beginning to receive significant attention. Thus, it is clear that skeletal muscle metabolism is intricately linked to the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and regeneration. While in a constant state of flux, these reactions reach equilibrium homeostasis and are maintained in the absence of altered energy supply or demand. The following essay is muscls with permission from The OMAD and insulin levelsan online publication covering musclf Metabolism and muscle loss research. This can Metabolism and muscle loss many repercussions — not only on your fitness Metbaolism strength, but on Metxbolism metabolism. To lose weight body fatyou need to be in a calorie deficit. This means consuming fewer calories than your body uses, or exercising to burn more calories than you consume. If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.
0 thoughts on “Metabolism and muscle loss”