Citrus aurantium and cardiovascular health -
The HR recovery analysis revealed no significant differences between the protocols. In the placebo protocol, the comparison of resting and after exercise established an increase in HR from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs.
In the C. aurantium protocol, the same results were attained, and HR values remained significantly enlarged from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs. Table 2. No significant changes were identified in the C. aurantium intervention during the recovery analysis rest vs.
recovery for DBP, MAP, and PP. Only SBP demonstrated significant changes in 1 min following exercise Rest vs. aurantium protocol. During the placebo protocol, SBP remained significantly higher during 3 min of recovery compared to rest Rest vs.
Table 3. Time and frequency domain indices in addition to non-linear analyzes revealed that autonomic heart rate recovery occurred more quickly in the C.
aurantium protocol compared to the placebo protocol. In the placebo protocol, the investigation of recovery rest vs. recovery of the HF index revealed that its values remain depressed throughout 10 min of recording after exercise Rest: Figure 3. In the placebo protocol, pNN50 index values continued to be significantly decreased throughout 20 min of recovery related to resting values Rest: Our findings demonstrate that the ingestion of C.
aurantium p-synephrine mg prior to exercise fast-tracks the fall in SBP after physical exertion. Earlier studies propose that one of the benefits of using C. aurantium equated to other adrenergic substances e. Activation of β-3 adrenergic receptors triggers reverse inotropic effects, antagonizing the activation of further classes of adrenoreceptors β-1 and β-2 in cardiac tissue and, thus, decreasing sympathetic modulation to the heart.
This clarifies why overall, the binding of p-synephrine with β-3 adrenergic receptors does not increase BP or HR, displaying cardioprotective effects In this study, in the placebo intervention, for the spectral analysis, the HF index, representative of parasympathetic modulation, needed 10 min after termination of exercise to recover.
aurantium protocol, we did not find substantial changes in the HF index in exercise recovery vs. Analogous deviations occurred in the pNN50 index and were reduced 20 min after cessation of exercise in the placebo protocol. While in the protocol with C. aurantium , this index continued to be reduced for only 10 min after exercise.
aurantium protocol, transformations were only following 5 min of recovery. However, in the C. aurantium protocol, the values were only meaningfully reduced for 5 min after the cessation of exercise.
These observations make C. aurantium a safe nutritional compound to be applied during exercise, which supports the recovery of autonomic parameters following exercise. Since a slow post-exercise autonomic recovery is linked with an increased cardiovascular risk 25 , the results of our study indicate that C.
aurantium compounds have a potential preventive role on the onset of cardiovascular complications in physical exercise. As caffeine and C. aurantium are frequently sold as complementary formulas for use in humans, preceding studies have assessed the effects of using these substances alone and in combination.
Through a randomized clinical trial, Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. aurantium alone or in combination with caffeine would have different results for fat utilization during aerobic physical exercise. No superiority was found between C. aurantium alone and combined with caffeine on the total values of fat consumption during the physical exercise session, while both interventions were superior to the placebo treatment.
This supports the isolated use of C. aurantium an alternate way to be applied as an adjunct in cutting body fat without inducing cardiac risk. In the study by Guitiérrez-Hellín et al.
aurantium isolated supplement. In contrast, the HR and SBP were significantly higher when caffeine was included in the formulation. Our study achieved no changes for HR, and SBP was lessened more quickly following exercise. The identification of β-3 adrenoreceptors in cardiovascular tissues posed challenges to the paradigm of sympathetic regulation by β-1 and β-2 adrenoceptors.
The binding response of p-synephrine to the β-3 receptor may elucidate why no increase in HR or BP is detected when C. aurantium is enforced alone.
In contrast, when C. aurantium is combined with caffeine in dietary supplements, it is capable of affecting these parameters, particularly in caffeine-sensitive individuals It has been revealed that the combination of these substances promotes a significant increase in the concentration of plasma catecholamines e.
The study by Kliszczewicz et al. aurantium upsurges sympathetic modulation to the heart throughout rest and corroborates the increases in HR and SBP achieved in the study by Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. It is assumed that caffeine alone can increase HR during physical exercise Despite that, a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that caffeine could not delay vagal return to the heart after exercise, evaluated by the HF and root mean square of successive differences between RR intervals RMSSD indices Equally, Kliszczewicz et al.
aurantium combined. Caffeine and C. aurantium combination have no extra effects on exercise fat utilization 5. These substances appear to exhibit the opposite cardiovascular effects and, thus, caffeine seems to overlap the beneficial effects of the isolated use of C.
aurantium on cardiovascular health. In this study, C. aurantium supplementation alone optimized the recovery of SBP and HRV indices after exercise. The nutritional characteristics demonstrated in the flavonoids e.
aurantium perform antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are partly answerable for accelerating the return of parasympathetic control of heart rate seen by vagal indices of HRV. Such properties can hasten the removal of metabolites produced by physical exercise, restoring baroreflex sensitivity and decreasing metaboreflex activation more quickly at the end of physical exercise While C.
aurantium exhibited cardioprotective effects, it is essential to be careful with its usage. Bui et al. Yet, in other studies that enforced doses beneath mg in an acute 5 , 30 , 31 and chronic for 15 days 32 form, no changes were achieved for the HR, SBP, and DBP values, nor electrocardiographic disturbances.
Likewise, our results do not support the findings of Bui et al. The results from the study of Ratamess et al. In your results, the p-synephrine supplementation mg did not evoke changes in HR before, during, and following resistance exercise unless mg of caffeine was added to the formulation.
The same occur in the rest situation, in another study by Ratamess et al. The study of Bui et al. Although it is a randomized and crossover study, there is a lack of information about allocation order in the study.
aurantium, and provoked adjustments in blood pressure, because of higher sweet and fat content e. Furthermore, the authors did not report guarantees that snack was equal on the others evaluation days.
Bitter orange caused cardiovascular effect was only observed based on statistical adjustments. A difference was seen compared to placebo but not when compared to baseline.
All these factors raise questions about the validity of their conclusions. The results recognized in our analyses will advance health professionals' conduct who work with the prescription of nutritional supplements.
Consequently, it may be an alternative way to replace other compounds that demonstrate similar contributions regarding fat utilization during exercise but that promote unwanted cardiovascular effects e.
Our study highlights important points about the study population, given that it is restricted to healthy and physically active males. Notwithstanding the number of participants having exceeded the sample size calculation, the final sample is considered small.
With the desire to improve body composition. In spite of this, these facts do not allow these results to be extrapolated to other populations and, therefore, further research with obese individuals is needed to confirm the safety of using C.
aurantium in combination with exercise. For the time being, we prefer to use a healthy population free from metabolic disorders to prevent possible adverse events from C. aurantium supplementation. Nevertheless, we encourage further studies to be established with C. aurantium as an intervention with these preliminary data.
Studies with females and other health conditions should also be performed to increase the external validity of these data and expand the application of C.
aurantium promoted the resumption of parasympathetic control and output of sympathetic flow of cardiac rhythm after physical exercise and decreased SBP. Based on these and previous findings, we assume that C. aurantium is a safe nutritional compound with submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males when used appropriately, moreover, your combination with a good diet there could be improved fat oxidation in exercise without the cardiovascular risk.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University Center of the Juazeiro do Norte Process: CJRB supervised the study, performed experiments, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the introduction, methods, discussion, and results in sections.
FJ, ER, and MS collected data and performed conduction of experiments. AP performed the statistical analysis, improved interpretation analysis, and wrote the results in sections.
DG drafted the manuscript, improved interpretation analysis, and reviewed English grammar and spelling. Conclusions: Citrus aurantium was shown to be safe for the cardiovascular and autonomic systems alongside submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males. Keywords: autonomic nervous system; blood pressure; heart rate control and regulation; p-synephrine; parasympathetic nervous system; physical effort.
Copyright © Benjamim, Júnior, Porto, Rocha, Santana, Garner, Valenti and Bueno Júnior. In addition, Sidney J. Both extracts were obtained from Modern Nutrition and Biotech Appleton, WI. No effects on weight loss, food consumption or survivability were observed in female rats for either synephrine or a bitter orange extract after 28 days of feeding, they said.
The increases in heart rate and blood pressure were more pronounced when caffeine was added. Dr Fabricant could not confirm if additional studies into synephrine were being planned by the agency.
Hansen, N. George, G. White, L. Pellicore, A. Abdel-Rahman, D. Show more. Content provided by DolCas Biotech, LLC. Viable natural product options for "healthy weight management" in the age of Ozempic and other GLP-1 inhibitors will require targeted innovations
Background: There are still no studies of heqlth cardiovascular safety of the aurantiuk use of Citrus aurantium in hewlth submaximal exercise. Cardiiovascular To evaluate the effect of C. Nutritional strategies for injury prevention and rehabilitation supplementation on the recovery of cardiorespiratory Insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation autonomic parameters following a session of submaximal aerobic exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy male adults achieved a crossover, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. We evaluated systolic blood pressure SBPdiastolic blood pressure DBPpulse pressure PPmean arterial pressure MAPheart rate HR and, HR variability indexes at Rest and during 60 min of recovery from exercise. No unfavorable cardiovascular effects were achieved for HR, DBP, PP, and MAP parameters.Citrus aurantium and cardiovascular health -
None of the 16 participants who came to the reassessment visit reported experiencing any adverse events during the administration of the dietary supplement under study. The median age of the study population was 59 years range, years. The mean weight of the subjects was A total of 10 participants The mean diastolic blood pressure was As regards comorbidities, 1 participant had diabetes mellitus, 1 had hypertension and 1 had hypothyroidism Table I.
The nutritional supplement used in the present study was provided by Votaniche S. Athens, Greece in the form of a capsule, available on the market under the name Elipidio ®. All volunteers received two capsules of the supplement daily, before their main meal.
Each capsule In detail, the plant composition of the capsule consisted of mg Cistus creticus , mg Citrus aurantium and Olea europaea blend, at an approximate ratio of 1.
The composition and content in the bioactive ingredients of the Citrus aurantium and Olea europaea blend have also been previously described in the study by Merola et al All participants were instructed to receive the capsules for 12 weeks and were reassessed after this period, without any instructions for alterations in diet or exercise patterns.
Blood samples 5 ml were drawn at the initial patient visit at the outpatient hypertension clinic and following the end of treatment week 12, re-evaluation visit.
Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS software version 29; IBM Corp. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the data. The parametric two-sided paired sample t-test was used to compare the blood results before and after supplement administration. The mean TC levels at the initial visit were measured at The average reduction in TC levels was 5.
Statistical analysis using the paired t-test indicated that the average TC levels before the administration of the supplement differed from the respective values following treatment. Boxplots of total cholesterol levels, before blue box and after orange box the administration of the supplement.
The average measured LDL levels at the initial visit were The mean reduction in LDL levels was 4. Variations in average values after 12 weeks of the daily intake of capsules of the supplement.
Statistical analysis using the paired t-test indicated that the mean LDL-C levels prior to the administration of the test capsule differed from the levels after the administration of the capsule. However, the reduction in LDL cholesterol was not statistically significant p. Boxplots of low-density lipoprotein levels, before blue box and after orange box the administration of the supplement.
The average values of HDL at the initial medical examination were The average increase in the HDL levels reached 5. Statistical analysis using the paired t-test indicated that the average HDL levels prior to the intake of the supplement differed from the final test results values.
The HDL values increased; however, this increase was not statistically significant p. Boxplots of high-density lipoprotein levels, before blue box and after orange box the administration of the supplement.
The average values of the TG levels at the initial examination were Following 12 weeks of the daily consumption of two capsules of the test supplement, the TG values were The average decrease was After performing statistical analysis paired t-test , the results revealed a statistically significant decrease following the administration of the capsules for a week period p.
Boxplots of triglyceride levels, before blue box and after orange box the administration of the supplement. A summary of the final results of the study regarding the efficacy of the nutritional supplement on the lipid profiles of the study participants is presented in Table II and Fig.
Following 3 months of receiving the supplement, the TC levels were reduced by 5. Overall, although the changes in the LDL levels are not deemed statistically significant, a tendency towards an improvement was observed in the results for TC, HDL and TG levels.
Median levels of TC, LDL, HDL and TGs at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks of consumption of the supplement. TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TGs, triglycerides. The present open observational prospective study in individuals with mild hyperlipidemia, demonstrated that the nutritional supplement combining plant extracts from Citrus aurantium, Olea europaea leaf and Cistus creticus , administered for a period of 12 weeks, significantly reduced TG levels by The results are consistent with those of previous publications , in which the herbal extracts of the study supplement were studied separately.
In both studies, the doses of the extracts used were higher than those used in the present study. Since in the present study, the decrease in TG levels was considerably higher, yet with smaller doses, it can be assumed that this decrease may be attributed to the synergistic effect of the plant extracts.
High TG levels are considered a marker of high cholesterol levels in TG-rich lipoproteins, which are associated with low-grade inflammation Hypertriglyceridemia and high levels of TG-rich lipoproteins are considered an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; therefore, any decrease in TG levels may have a beneficial effect on risk reduction.
In another study, fasting TG levels were shown to be associated with short- and long-term cardiovascular risk, even in individuals who were treated effectively with statins Additionally, from a multiple single nucleotide polymorphism Mendelian randomization analysis, the genetic findings support a casual effect of TGs on coronary heart disease events Increased levels of TGs are associated with increased levels of remnant cholesterol and with reduced levels of HDL-C On the other hand, HDL-C is important for the lipid transportation and metabolism, due to the removal of the excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues, but also for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties 27 , 28 , attributed to the associated enzyme paraoxonase 1 PON1 PON1 binds to HDL-C and increases its antioxidant anti-atherogenic effects In the present study, a marked increase of 3.
Since it is widely accepted that HDL-C is critical due to its anti-atherogenic properties in mediating cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver 31 , an increase in HDL-C alongside with a significant decrease in TG levels appears to be beneficial for individuals with mild cardiovascular risk factors.
The blend of ingredients which was used in the present study, has been previously suggested to improve PON1 activity in parallel with an increase in HDL-C levels and a decrease in TG levels Moreover, supplementation with a water infusion of Cistus incanus also known as Cistus criticus 32 , has been demonstrated to exert antioxidant effects by significantly decreasing the malondialdehyde and advanced oxidative protein product concentrations in healthy volunteers Recently, Cistus incanus extract, through its potent antioxidant activity due to its high content of flavonoids, was proven to attenuate the negative effects of high fat-carbohydrates on erythrocytes in animal models It has also been demonstrated in vitro to have the ability to decrease the overproduction of reactive carbonyl species, particularly advanced glycation end products, which function as a prooxidant and pro-inflammatory agent in the organism Cistus creticus is considered to be an excellent source of natural antioxidants and the European Food Safety Authority included it in its scientific opinion In previous research, the administration of polyphenol-rich olive leaf extracts was found to significantly lower the serum levels of TC, TGs and LDL-C, and to increase the serum level of HDL-C.
These extracts were found to increase the serum antioxidant potential and the hepatic catalase and superoxide dismutase activities Additionally, there are studies that recommend supplementing with vitamin B3 niacin or a fibrate as suggested options for the correction of atherogenic dyslipidemia 13 , Extracts from fruits of the Citrus family, have been mentioned as lipid-lowering components, with statin-like effects More specifically, the use of hesperidin, a flavonoid compound abundantly occurring in Citrus family fruit peel, has been found to lower serum TG levels in hypertriglyceridemic subjects, possibly by reducing very low-density lipoprotein metabolic abnormalities In another study, conducted with the use of Citrus extracts and olive polyphenols, in relation to the lipid profile, there was a significant improvement in the serum levels of TC and LDL Due to the key antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant extracts used in the composition of the nutritional supplement used herein along with vitamins B and chromium, a significant decrease in the TG levels was achieved.
The main limitation of the present study was that the findings were obtained from a small group of individuals, as well as in its short duration. The results attained in the present study, even if these are derived from a small sample size, establish a tendency.
Although the findings, particularly the suppressive effect on TG levels, appear promising, further larger studies for this nutritional supplement are required. Additionally, possible genetic profiling studies, related to the metabolism of TGs are required to further elucidate the regulatory mechanisms and the individual response after the use of a personalized intervention.
Funding: The present study was funded by the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens research grands research grant no. ND and SB conceived the study.
DK and CPT performed the patient medical examinations. EK, AT, SB and ND were involved in the acquisition of data, in the design of the study, and in the writing of the manuscript.
VE performed the statistical analyses. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. AT and VE confirm the authenticity of all the raw data.
The other authors declare that they have no competing interests. Rader DJ, Hoeg JM and Brewer HB Jr: Quantitation of plasma apolipoproteins in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease.
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Cardipvascular of the Nutritional strategies for injury prevention and rehabilitation Society of Aurantiuum Nutrition volume 15 augantium, Article number: 34 Cite this article. Metrics details. Ten physically active males Citrys Citrus aurantium and cardiovascular health consumption, participants were cardiovasfular throughout a min ingestion period, Citfus completed a repeated Wingate protocol, Natural energy boosters were fardiovascular monitored throughout a min recovery period. Cardiac autonomic function Heart Rate HR and Heart Rate Variability HRV and plasma epinephrine E and norepinephrine NE were taken at four different time points; Ingestion period: baseline I1post-ingestion period I2 ; Recovery period: immediately post-exercise R1post-recovery period R2. Heart rate variability was assessed in 5-min increments. The cultivation of commercially available supplements has substantially increased throughout recent years, making the use of pharmacologic ergogenic aids more prevalent and readily available to the general population and athletic community. Regret for the Supplements for body composition we are taking measures Nutritional strategies for injury prevention and rehabilitation Cltrus fraudulent form Citrus aurantium and cardiovascular health cardovascular extractors and page crawlers. Student, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Auranyium University of Medical Sciences, Iran 4 Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Received: December 19, Published: December 27, Citation: Keshtkar S, Komeili G, Keshavarzi F, Jahantigh M Cardio Protective Effects of Hydroalcholic Citrus Aurantium Extract on Myocardial Infarction Induced by Isoproterenol in Male Rats. J Cardiol Curr Res 10 2 :
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