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The Beat With Ari Melber 2/14/24 - 🅼🆂🅽🅱🅲 Breaking News Feb 14, 2024 BMC Nutrition and injury prevention Caffeine and mental performance Research volume 23 Non-phqrmaceutical, Article number: Non-pharmacsutical this article. Metrics suport. Caffeine and mental performance such as COVID pose threats Non-pnarmaceutical the physical safety of healthcare Caffeine and mental performance and students. Emotiona can have traumatic experiences Non-pharmaceutical emotional support their personal and professional life. Increasing rates of burnout, substance abuse, depression, and suicide among healthcare workers have already been identified, thus making mental health and psychological wellbeing of the healthcare workers a major issue. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the characteristics of emotional support programs and interventions targeted to healthcare workers and students since the onset of COVID and other SARS-CoV pandemics and to describe the effectiveness and experiences of these programs. This was a mixed method systematic review.Non-pharmaceutical emotional support -
Hypnosis With hypnosis, a psychologist or doctor guides you into an altered state of consciousness. Methods for hypnosis include: Imagery : Guiding you through imaginary mental images of sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and feelings can help shift attention away from the pain.
Distraction : Distraction is usually used to help children, especially babies. Using colorful, moving objects or singing songs, telling stories, or looking at books or videos can distract preschoolers.
Older children and adults find watching TV or listening to music helpful. Use distraction appropriately, and not in place of an explanation of what to expect. Previous Section Next Section. Condition Spotlight.
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At initial use, the patient adjusts the settings to find the most comfortable effective sensation [ 10 ]. TENS is virtually side effect free, and the mechanism includes activation of descending modulation systems and blocking of sympathetic outflow.
TENS should not be used in patients with cardiac pacemakers or a history of cardiac dysrhythmia [ 11 ]. Progressive muscle relaxation is a technique where the participant involved tightens and relaxes different muscle groups throughout the body in a progressive manner that would provoke a sense of relaxation and comfort.
There are many indications to the use of PMR, including back pain, phantom limb pain, headache and stress. PMR is a safe technique with minimal if any adverse effects have been reported.
In a double-blinded randomized clinical trial the use of PMR was found to decrease intensity of pain, tenderness of masticatory muscles and maximum opening of mouth with and without pain in patient with myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome [ 12 ].
Relaxation techniques have shown positive results for patients with chronic neck pain, tension headache, low back pain and chronic pain related to rheumatologic and non-rheumatologic chronic inflammatory disorders [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].
The global spine care initiative for communities with low and medium income supports the use of biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation techniques as an initial therapy for patient without a serious pathology chronic low back pain and neck pain [ 20 ].
In a randomized controlled trial, it was found that the use of PMR in combination with guided imagery and phantom exercises were useful in reducing phantom limb pain and phantom limb sensation [ 21 ].
In an interesting study which looked into deploying relaxation techniques over the Internet was found to be effective for patient suffering from chronic headaches.
Other trials are ongoing that utilizes phone applications in other conditions like chronic back pain and neck pain [ 14 , 22 ]. Incorporating the biopsychosocial BPS model to pain management by targeting cognitive responses to pain and maladaptive behavioral in addition to social and environmental factors that may play an important role in modifying reactions to pain [ 23 ].
Such therapy has shown efficacy for many physical disorders and psychiatric illnesses, as well as pain [ 24 ]. CBT for pain also addresses maladaptive thoughts about pain and pain catastrophizing through formal use of cognitive restructuring.
According to recent meta-analytic studies [ 25 ], CBT for pain demonstrates small-to-medium effect sizes in a variety of domains and shows effects on pain and functioning compared to standard medical care for pain.
This approach aims to disconnect the link between the sensory elements of pain from the emotional and evaluative elements and enhances uncoupled awareness of both somatic and psychological sensations [ 26 ].
Because the signal of pain usually cannot be distinguished, such detachment may alter the response to pain [ 27 ]. Using mindfulness-based stress reduction strategies such as awareness and meditation, different ideas and beliefs about pain may be perceived as an unattached event rather than a sign of an underlying matter that requires lineal and possibly maladaptive reactions.
This approach implies that thoughts do not basically have to be changed or targeted but the responses to these thoughts may be altered in a way that the resulting negative consequences are ameliorated [ 28 ]. ACT approaches can augment the sense of well-being via purposeful and nonjudgmental acknowledgment of mental events like emotions and thoughts, facilitating acceptance of such events, and enhancing the capability of the patients to sustain present and be aware of personally relevant environmental and psychological factors.
Keeping this in mind, patients might be able to modify their behavior in a way that is in line with their goals and values, instead of keep focusing on immediate relief from their emotions and thoughts [ 27 ].
While conducting pain management, ACT can boost purposeful awareness and pain acceptance, hence diverting the focus on decreasing pain and its thought content and re-directing efforts trying to achieve favorable fulfilling behavior.
In a randomized clinical trial, it looked into the difference between hypnosis for chronic low back pain and hypnosis with biofeedback techniques, it showed that biofeedback with hypnosis is significantly more effective than hypnosis alone [ 33 ].
Biofeedback was also used successfully in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, in a randomized clinical trial for children aged 8—13, the use of electromyography biofeedback was associated with reduced pain intensity and improved quadriceps strength [ 35 ].
It is a technique in which an experienced practitioner helps a patient provoke a state of mind or mental images in the absence of that stimuli, defined by Bresler and Rossman as a range of techniques from simple visualization and direct imagery-based suggestions through metaphor and storytelling [ 36 ].
Recently, it has been increasingly explored in different medical settings, like for managing post-operative pain, fibromyalgia, low back pain or musculoskeletal-related pain.
Those images if they are vivid enough, this may elicit a physiological response, through modulations at the level of the autonomic nervous system, such effects would result in changes of the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, endocrine and even immune system [ 37 ].
Many randomized clinical trials have shown significant reduction in pain scores using guided imagery or hypnosis, but there is a lack of rigors high-quality studies, in a systematic review by Posadzki, he found only nine RCT with quality ranged between 1 and 3 on Jadad scale, eight of them suggested significant reduction of musculoskeletal-related pain, while one showed no significant change from the usual standard of care [ 38 ].
In another systematic review of randomized clinical trial by Posadzki, he found that 11 trails of the 15 included in his analysis showed significant reduction of non-musculoskeletal pain, while 4 trails showed no significant change from standard of care. Although the evidence remains inconclusive but simply looking at the risk to benefit ratio, we can simply conclude that benefits significantly outweigh the risk [ 39 ].
Many trials have looked into the efficacy of guided imagery and hypnosis in fibromyalgia cases, were they have shown a clinically significant benefit, moreover, a meta-analysis by Zechhave showed that combined therapy of cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis is superior to the use of cognitive behavioral therapy alone in patients with fibromyalgia [ 40 ].
In the middle ages, pain was considered a religious matter. Spiritual counseling in such situation can be more of a priority than medical treatment [ 41 ].
Major parts of Hindu believers consider pain as a God punishment or as a result of personal actions. A common Buddhist belief is that suffering is the price of attachment [ 42 ]. However, religious and spirituality are not the same.
These beliefs can influence lifestyle, attitudes, and feelings about life, pain, and death. Both religious and spiritual beliefs help some people accept their own illness and help explain illness for others. Religion can supply the client, the family, and health professionals with a sense of strength, security, and faith during a time of need [ 41 , 43 ].
Pain is an extremely complex phenomenon that involves multiple cascades of behavioral responses, thoughts, and emotions. A lot of non-physiologic factors such as psychological, familial and societal attitudes, life stressors, and cultural, spiritual and religious beliefs contribute significantly how the individuals experience and respond to pain.
Emotional distress specifically depression and anxiety plays a vital role in pain experience. Numerous studies have demonstrated that individuals having pain perhaps report more severe pain and disability, if they have anxiety, depression or both.
Interestingly, it has been found that fear of pain can cause more disability than that has been already caused by pain itself. There is a cyclical pattern of chronic pain leading to depression and depression causing an increase in chronic pain, creating a mutually reinforcing relationship [ 44 , 45 ].
BPSSM suggests that illness disrupts the biological, interpersonal, and spiritual relationships unique to the individual. The BPSSM recognizes the potential impact of spiritual and religious variables that may increase or decrease experience of illness.
Spiritual interventions may differ depending on culture background. Generally, prayer is one of the most common daily spiritual activities, which can take variety of forms including gratitude, admission and confession, intercessory prayer or silent communion.
The ultimate goal is to become more close to and loved one for God. God is responsible for wellbeing and health; therefore, spiritual beliefs are considered one of the most effective ways that influence healing.
Individuals suffering pain may practice varieties of spiritual and religious activities including prayer and seeking specialized spiritual support, to cope more effectively with their pain [ 46 ]. Patients with chronic pain with a variety of conditions e. Music has been used since ancient times to enhance wellbeing and reduce pain and suffering.
Playing music for patients during or after surgery helps reduce pain and use of morphine and other sedatives, anxiolytics, and analgesics [ 48 , 49 ]. Many randomized controlled studies adopting music therapy for subjects undergoing colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy have found in comparison with the control group, those who listened to music reported a significant lower pain scores, less sedation and shorter examination times [ 50 , 51 , 52 ].
During labor, music has been shown to reduce women perceptions of and responses to pain. The same findings have been reported in premature infants as well as other categories of individuals living with chronic pain [ 53 , 54 ].
Women during labor who enjoyed listening to slow soft music experienced less distress attributed to pain and repotted music as a helpful and effective tool in pain control [ 54 ]. Elderly patients with chronic osteoarthritis who listened to music daily for twenty minutes for couple of weeks reported decreased pain levels as compared to a control group [ 55 ].
Cancer survivors reported moderate pain relief upon listening to music, and in many cancer centers, music is offered as an adjunctive therapy [ 56 , 57 ]. One study has been designed to evaluate the effects of including music therapy on pain report, nausea, in addition to the time to engraftment for patients undergoing bone marrow transplant.
Among such extremely ill individuals, those who received music therapy alongside with relaxation imagery experienced lower pain scales and less nausea. Moreover, they had faster engraftment [ 58 ].
The role of non-pharmacological approaches to pain management is evolving, and some non-pharmacological and complementary therapies have an increasingly important contribution to make to holistic patient care alongside analgesics.
Generally, these approaches are relatively inexpensive with high safety profile and low side effects. There is evidence to support the use of patient education, cognitive behavioral therapy CBT , relaxation, music, and other modalities.
These therapies should be taken into consideration to help and support the standard pharmacological treatment in pain management. While medical drugs are essentially being used for treating the somatic physiological and emotional dimension of the pain, non-pharmacological therapies aim to treat the cognitive, affective, behavioral and socio-cultural dimensions of the pain.
These therapies can treat the pain as adjuvant or complementary at middle level and severe pain experiences. Non-pharmacological approaches help to Increase the individual ability to control feeling.
Decrease the dosage of analgesic drugs, subsequently decreasing the well-known side effects of these drugs. For this reason, research on non-pharmacological approaches to pain management is very important, so that patients are provided with information that ensures them the most effective options for treating their pain.
Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Nabil A. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Non-Pharmacological Pain Management Written By Ahmed El Geziry, Yasser Toble, Fathi Al Kadhi, Muhammad Pervaiz and Mohammad Al Nobani.
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Chapter metrics overview 3, Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract Non-pharmacological pain therapy refers to interventions that do not involve the use of medications to treat pain.
Keywords pain non-pharmacological physical psychological spiritual. Introduction Non-pharmacological therapies are typically categorized into Physical sensory interventions Physical sensory interventions typically are patient-specific and inhibit nociceptive input and pain perception.
Psychological interventions Continuous pain may lead to development of maladaptive status and behavior that worsen day to day function, increase distress, or enhancing the experience of pain. Others Spirituality and religion in pain management and music therapy. Positioning Positioning is a physical intervention that includes maintaining a proper body alignment to reduce stress and anxiety, especially in children.
Hot and cold Several studies have shown reduction in pain, anxiety, nausea and heart rate in patients treated with active warming for pain related to mild trauma, cystitis, urolithiasis, cholelithiasis, appendicitis, colitis, and rectal trauma. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation TENS is an electrical device used to treat pain.
The larger impulses are postulated to activate large myelinated fibers. Progressive muscle relaxation Progressive muscle relaxation is a technique where the participant involved tightens and relaxes different muscle groups throughout the body in a progressive manner that would provoke a sense of relaxation and comfort.
Cognitive behavioral therapy Incorporating the biopsychosocial BPS model to pain management by targeting cognitive responses to pain and maladaptive behavioral in addition to social and environmental factors that may play an important role in modifying reactions to pain [ 23 ].
Mindfulness-based stress reduction This approach aims to disconnect the link between the sensory elements of pain from the emotional and evaluative elements and enhances uncoupled awareness of both somatic and psychological sensations [ 26 ]. Acceptance and commitment therapy This approach implies that thoughts do not basically have to be changed or targeted but the responses to these thoughts may be altered in a way that the resulting negative consequences are ameliorated [ 28 ].
Guided imagery It is a technique in which an experienced practitioner helps a patient provoke a state of mind or mental images in the absence of that stimuli, defined by Bresler and Rossman as a range of techniques from simple visualization and direct imagery-based suggestions through metaphor and storytelling [ 36 ].
Spirituality and religion In the middle ages, pain was considered a religious matter. Music therapy Music has been used since ancient times to enhance wellbeing and reduce pain and suffering. References 1. Thompson DL. Kutner JS, Smith MC, Corbin L, Hemphill L, Benton K, Mellis BK, et al.
Massage therapy versus simple touch to improve pain and mood in patients with advanced cancer: A randomized trial.
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Open access peer-reviewed chapter. Submitted: 22 Non-pharmaceutical emotional support Reviewed: 21 June Non-pharmaveutical Caffeine and mental performance November Non-pharmaceutcial com customercare cbspd. Non-pharmacological pain therapy refers to interventions that do not involve the use of medications to treat pain. The goals of non-pharmacological interventions are to decrease fear, distress and anxiety, and to reduce pain and provide patients with a sense of control.BMC Palliative Care volume 22Article number: 88 Cite this article. Metrics details. Psychological Non-pharmaceutcial is common suppott patients with cancer; interfering with Skin rejuvenation secrets and psychological wellbeing, Non-pyarmaceutical hindering management of physical symptoms.
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Mindfulness—including brief, Belly fat reduction tips interventions—merits further investigation, using adequately powered, high-quality studies. Peer Review reports. Psychological distress is highly prevalent in patients living with cancer.
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The supporg of screening for distress is increasingly recognised as important in cancer care [ 19 ]. However, as Non-pharmaceuhical by Deshields, et al. A systematic review published in by McCarter, et al. The review also identified a lack of training in distress screening amongst clinical staff.
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More recently a new clinical pathway has been developed and tested for the screening, assessment and management of anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients ADAPT CPand this might also provide a useful tool for identifying psychological distress at key disease stages [ 2324 ].
It has been suggested that patients with cancer might benefit physically, as well as psychologically, from appropriate interventions for distress. Improvements in psychological and physical symptoms and in overall well-being were achieved in patients who were routinely screened for distress and received appropriate interventions [ 25 ].
Distress and physical symptoms, particularly fatigue and pain, have been shown to be interrelated in patients with malignant myelodysplastic syndromes [ 26 ]. A great deal of literature on the alleviation of distress, anxiety and depression in cancer has focused on the use of cognitive behavioural therapy CBT or combinations of therapies including CBT techniques, such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy MBCT or acceptance and commitment therapy ACT [ 27 ].
However, systematic reviews often reveal small effect sizes and methodological shortcomings [ 28 ] and a review of reviews of psychological interventions for distress stated that there was a lack of systematically reviewed evidence of good quality [ 29 ]. A systematic review by Warth, et al.
Patients reported that these were effective in improving quality of life and in reducing emotional distress and existential suffering [ 30 ].
The most commonly reported techniques in this review were life review techniques and music therapy. Although the study was in patients nearing end of life, it is likely that such interventions will be relevant for cancer patients at earlier stages of the disease too.
Another systematic review by Xunlin, et al. Other reviews have focussed on mindfulness interventions alone and found some evidence of efficacy but clinical evidence was lacking [ 3233 ]. The available evidence suggests that there are many potential benefits in providing effective screening for cancer-related distress and implementing interventions to alleviate it.
However, the systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted to date have not considered distress in all types of cancer and at all stages of the disease and their inclusion criteria has been relatively narrow.
Therefore, the research question, which provided the basis for our methodology, was to investigate what interventions were specifically used to manage cancer-related distress at all stages of active disease.
The primary aim of our systematic review was to identify and synthesise randomised controlled trials RCTs and non-randomised controlled clinical trials CCTs investigating interventions specifically targeting cancer-related psychological distress in patients with any type or stage of the disease.
For the purposes of this review, the definition of psychological distress is taken from the NCCN Guidelines [ 2 ]. The following electronic databases were searched for articles published from to the present :.
Additional references were included from an initial scoping review if not identified during the main searches. All online search strategies are included in Appendix A Supplementary information.
The results of searches and screening were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA guidelines [ 3435 ] PRISMA checklist: Appendix B Supplementary information.
Management of data was achieved using the Covidence systematic review software [ 36 ]. Two independent reviewers CP and EC screened studies which met the eligibility criteria by title and abstract. Full-text review was carried out if studies were deemed eligible or where eligibility was unclear.
Data collection was completed using a template created which was specifically designed for this review Appendix C Supplementary information.
A narrative synthesis was planned. Clinically and statistically significant differences in distress due to the intervention would be reported for included studies. Where effect sizes and confidence intervals were not included in the study reports, these were calculated provided the necessary data were available.
If data allowed, meta-analysis would be utilised to examine change in distress outcomes effect size Standard Mean Difference for different interventions. Further subgroup analysis was not planned. Quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool MMAT [ 37 ] Appendix D a Supplementary information.
Three additional questions were added to enable further appraisal of overall methodological quality and risk of bias. in the Cochrane Handbook [ 38 ]. One thousand one hundred sixteen records were screened and fifty-nine studies with 17, participants were included. The literature screening process was recorded and illustrated according to PRISMA guidelines in the flow diagram below Fig.
PRISMA flow diagram [ 34 ]. Table 1 summarises study characteristics, interventions and comparators, measures of distress used and whether the results were statistically significant.
Effect sizes are included where these were given or could be calculated from the available data. None of the trials were described as mixed-methodology studies although some did contain minimal qualitative data. Participant characteristics between studies were variable by gender, type and stage of cancer, including patients in the early stages of cancer through to those in palliative care.
Across all included studies the total number of participants randomised in RCTs or consented in CCTs was 17, The number of participants per study ranged from 30 to including cluster studies and dyads and the mean number of participants per study was A high degree of heterogeneity was evident across the included studies in relation to the interventions, dose, the outcome measures used and follow-up times.
Seventeen different measures of distress were used in the included studies. Not all these measures have been specifically validated for cancer populations.
Criteria suggested by Borenstein, et al. These criteria include a subjective assessment of the similarity of studies in terms of patients, inclusion criteria and baseline characteristics, and comparing studies with the same interventions, comparators and outcomes. Only three RCTs met the criteria for similarity of patients, inclusion criteria, baseline characteristics and outcome measures [ 434447 ] and all were higher quality studies as evaluated by MMAT [ 37 ].
However, Liu, et al. These 3 studies also looked at different cancer types and stages. Patients were recruited in different ways with notable differences in gender proportions.
Heterogeneity and small numbers of studies therefore precluded meta-analysis. The MMAT tool for quality assessment was used independently by two authors EC and CP. Any disparities were discussed and agreed Appendix D b Supplementary information. Of the 59 included studies, 35 An important finding was that 33 Also, 53 Failure to record and report adverse events is an important omission, especially in advanced cancer, because some interventions may result in greater distress due to an increased focus and attention of the patient on their disease and its associated problems Paley CA: Investigations into the use of acupuncture for treating cancer-induced bone pain in adults, unpublished.
Other study design and quality issues included a lack of explanation regarding randomisation methods and some did not report whether study arms had comparable demographics and baseline measurements. In terms of methodological quality, only three studies, Araújo, et al. did calculate sample size, this study was not an RCT and patients self-selected their study arm, thus introducing bias.
: Non-pharmaceutical emotional support| Support Groups: Types, Benefits, and What to Expect | Other meta-analyses have specifically examined Caffeine and mental performance effects of mindfulness-based emotipnal reduction techniques, and these show significant effects on distress [ 28 Caffeine and mental performance, Non-pharmaceuticql]. Non-hparmaceutical harmful effects Caffeine and mental performance been identified. Speak to a Licensed Therapist BetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Relationships among pain, anxiety, and depression in primary care. You will get the most out of therapy if you are open and honest with your therapist about your feelings. |
| Support Groups: Types, Benefits, and What to Expect | Article Caffeine and mental performance Google Scholar Non-pharmacdutical JC, Alici Non-pharmaceutical emotional support. Our partners provide free mental health supports to diverse communities across Toronto. Help us advance cardiovascular medicine. BMC Med Res Methodol. It's okay to shop around and ask questions when interviewing potential therapists. Myth: I don't need a therapist. |
| Non-pharmaceutical Medical Therapies for Major Depression | Article PubMed Google Scholar Oerlemans S, Arts LPJ, Kieffer JM, et al. BetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Psychosocial Practices. He or she will give you an experienced outside perspective and help you gain insight into yourself so you can make better choices. International Psychogeriatrics , 22 , — Moreover, there are some studies suggest that massage had been found to decrease pain and anxiety in many of the surgical and nonsurgical patients [ 3 ]. |
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Feasibility study of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation TENS for cancer bone pain. J Pain. Download references. The review is part of the RESOLVE study NIHR CPMS IDs: and The sponsor had no role in study design or the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. University of Leeds, Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds, UK. Carole A. Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK. Jason W. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. CP and EC were responsible for writing the protocol. LZ, FM and JB assisted with the initial planning. EC and MS were responsible for the initial scoping review. EC and CP conducted the screening and analysis. CP and EC prepared Fig. All authors contributed to drafting and re-drafting the final publication. All authors approved the final submitted version of the publication. Correspondence to Carole A. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Search strategies. Appendix B. PRISMA Checklist. Appendix C. Covidence Data Extraction Template QR Code. Appendix D a. MMAT Criteria. Appendix D b. MMAT Scores. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Paley, C. et al. Non-pharmacological interventions to manage psychological distress in patients living with cancer: a systematic review. BMC Palliat Care 22 , 88 Download citation. Received : 14 February Accepted : 20 June Published : 06 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research Open access Published: 06 July Non-pharmacological interventions to manage psychological distress in patients living with cancer: a systematic review Carole A. Paley ORCID: orcid. Boland ORCID: orcid. Murtagh ORCID: orcid. Chapman ORCID: orcid. Abstract Background Psychological distress is common in patients with cancer; interfering with physical and psychological wellbeing, and hindering management of physical symptoms. Methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA guidelines. Results Fifty-nine studies with 17, participants were included. Conclusions The majority of studies using a mindfulness intervention in this review are efficacious at alleviating distress. Systematic review registration This systematic review is registered on PROSPERO, number CRD Background Psychological distress is highly prevalent in patients living with cancer. Methods This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO, number CRD Criteria for considering studies for this review For the purposes of this review, the definition of psychological distress is taken from the NCCN Guidelines [ 2 ]. Inclusion criteria Using the PICOS framework, the following criteria were used: Population i. non-pharmacological interventions aimed at alleviating psychological distress Comparators i. no treatment, usual care, treatment-as-usual, waiting list or active comparators Outcome Measures i. psychological distress as a primary outcome Study design i. RCTs and CCTs ii. Studies with primarily quantitative data, or studies with mixed-methodologies. Exclusion criteria Types of studies i. Qualitative studies with no quantitative data ii. Case studies, surveys, audits, and uncontrolled studies iii. Protocols iv. Systematic reviews or narrative reviews v. Grey literature vi. Letters, editorials, and conference abstracts. Study populations i. Animal studies ii. We also excluded any studies not written in, or translated into English. Data sources The following electronic databases were searched for articles published from to the present : a MEDLINE via OVID b Web of Science c Scopus d CINAHL via EBSCO e PubMed f APA PsycINFO OVID g AMED OVID h CENTRAL Cochrane Additional references were included from an initial scoping review if not identified during the main searches. Search strategy All online search strategies are included in Appendix A Supplementary information. Reference lists of other systematic reviews were also screened against inclusion criteria. Data management and synthesis Management of data was achieved using the Covidence systematic review software [ 36 ]. Quality and risk of bias assessment Quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool MMAT [ 37 ] Appendix D a Supplementary information. Results One thousand one hundred sixteen records were screened and fifty-nine studies with 17, participants were included. Full size image. Table 1 General characteristics of included studies Full size table. Discussion Summary of main findings This systematic review has shown a wide variation in approaches to alleviating distress in patients with cancer. Implications of this review Only three studies from the 26 showing statistically significant intervention-related reductions in distress were rated positive on all MMAT quality standards, and of these, the largest study Compen, et al. Comparison with other systematic reviews Other meta-analyses have specifically examined the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction techniques, and these show significant effects on distress [ 28 , 33 , ]. Limitations of this review This review had a number of limitations. Implications for clinical practice Mindfulness interventions appear to be effective and appropriate for people with cancer, particularly those with advanced disease. Implications for research Further and more robust evidence is required to support the findings of this review. Conclusions The majority of studies using mindfulness interventions in this review are efficacious at alleviating distress. Availability of data and materials Review data are available from corresponding author; C. Paley c. paley leeds. Abbreviations ACT: Acceptance and commitment therapy AMA: American Medical Association CBT: Cognitive behavioural therapy CCT: Controlled Clinical Trial DT: Distress thermometer eMBCT: Online electronic mindfulness-based cognitive therapy GRADE: Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale MBCT: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy MBSR: Mindfulness-based stress reduction MMAT: Mixed methods appraisal tool NCCN: National Comprehensive Cancer Network PST: Problem-solving therapy with a significant other PST-SO: Problem-solving therapy without a significant other POMS: Profile of mood states PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses RCT: Randomised controlled trial RoB2: Cochrane risk of bias tool TAU: Treatment as usual UC: Usual care. References Huda N, Shaw MK, Chang HJ. 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There are free online mental health programs and interactive tools that can support healthy coping. This list of mental health apps is for information only and should not be considered a recommendation or endorsement by the City of Toronto. These apps are not intended to be a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your mental health professional or other qualified health provider. Call a distress service if you are in crisis or in cases of emergency. Self-Help This app will assist you in managing symptoms of panic, and will help you develop skills to challenge fearful thinking. Stress Chat Get free anonymous emotional support and counseling on-demand from trained active listeners and therapists. Apple MindShift CBT. Anxiety Canada MindShift uses scientifically proven strategies based on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy CBT to help you learn to relax and be mindful, develop more effective ways of thinking, and use active steps to take charge of your anxiety. Android Apple MindDoc. Android Apple Headspace This app will review meditation and mindfulness exercises that will help reduce feelings of stress. Android Apple Calm App Calm is an app to assist with Sleep, Meditation and Relaxation. Provides support and guidance to experience better sleep, lower stress, and less anxiety. Android Apple MoodTools. Depression Aid This app uses the concept of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy to help you challenge the inaccurate thoughts which may be playing a role in your depression. The app also suggests helpful behaviours that may work to reduce the intensity of your distressing emotions. Android Apple Depression CBT. Self-Help Guide This app uses the concept of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy to help you challenge the inaccurate thoughts which may be playing a role in your depression. Android Sleep Support. CBT-I Coach This app uses the theory behind Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia. It teaches users to develop positive sleep routines, and to improve sleep environments. It also reviews strategies proven to improve sleep and reduce symptoms of insomnia. Android Apple PTSD Coach Canada This app provides information about PTSD, allows you to track symptoms, and suggests easy-to-use tools to help you handle stress symptoms. The centerpiece of cognitive-behavioral therapy is changing your emotions by identifying negative and distorted thinking patterns. With a thought diary, you can document your negative emotions, analyze flaws in your thinking, and re-evaluate your thoughts. It may even help you recognize ways to deal with your negative behaviors and emotions. Android Apple Breethe:. Apple Download information about mental health support during COVID as a PDF also available in Amharic Arabic Bengali Farsi Gujarati French Pashto Portuguese Punjabi Simplified Chinese Somali Spanish Tamil Urdu Vietnamese or watch an American Sign Language ASL translation. Mental Health Resources Share This Page Share to Facebook opens in a new window Share to Twitter opens in a new window Share to Pinterest opens in a new window Share to LinkedIn opens in a new window. Call if you are in an emergency, immediate danger, or medical distress. If you or someone you know is thinking about suicide, call or text For other needs, call to be connected to mental health and other social services. Across Boundaries Barbra Schlifer Clinic Black Coalition for AIDS Prevention BlackCAP Breakaway Caribbean African Canadian Social Services Centre for Young Black Professionals CEE Crisis Text Line Distress Centre of Greater Toronto Family Services Toronto Generation Chosen Gerstein Crisis Centre Harriet Tubman Community Organization Hong Fook Kids Help Phone La Passerelle I. LGBT Youthline LOFT Community Services Native Child and Family Services of Toronto Ontario Psychological Association Stolen from Africa Strides Toronto TAIBU Community Health Centre The Access Point The Canadian Mental Health Association Toronto Rape Crisis Centre Toronto Seniors Helpline WoodGreen Wanasah Regent Park Warm Line Progress Place WoodGreen Community Services. I Need Support Now. Sometimes sadness, worry and stress can get overwhelming. Call: , ext. org Toronto Seniors Helpline WoodGreen A single point of access for seniors and caregivers to receive information, supportive phone counseling, crisis assessment and system navigation by registered professionals. Call: language interpretation available , long distance: Monday to Friday: 9 a. Saturday, Sunday and holidays: 9 a. Call: 3 p. to midnight Text: 3 p. to midnight Online chat noon to midnight Caribbean African Canadian Social Services Culturally safe mental health services for Black children, youth, adults and families. Call: Monday to Friday: 9 a. Hospice Palliative Hotline Responds to the emotional needs of people who are facing serious illness, including COVID, and end of life. Call: Monday to Friday: a. After hours support available in cases of emergency Crisis Services Canada Support for people who are thinking about suicide. to midnight Distress Centre of Greater Toronto Emotional and crisis support including help for people who are thinking about suicide. and midnight Family Services Toronto Counselling and group sessions available by phone and video for anyone living or working in the City of Toronto. Services include case management, psychotherapy, psychiatry, peer support, virtual group activities and virtual mental health workshops Call: ext 0 Monday to Friday: 9 a. Call: Monday to Thursday: 9 a. Friday 9 a. Call: or toll free Monday to Friday: 9 a. Call: Leap of Faith Together LOFT Provides support to people facing complex mental and physical health challenges, addictions, dementia, homelessness or risk of homelessness. Call: Generation Chosen Provides mental health supports, including individual and group counselling, and safety-planning to racialized, marginalized, and disenfranchised young adults from underserved communities. Call: Barbra Schlifer Clinic The Schlifer Clinic offers individual and group counselling, legal and interpretation services to marginalized populations of women who have survived violence. Call: I Need Support Now — Frontline Service Providers. CAMH CAMH provides a resource page for healthcare workers who have been impacted by COVID, as well as a self referral form for support. How to Help Someone Experiencing a Crisis. Call: Text: CONNEX to Visit: ConnexOntario. Text: HOME to Visit: CrisisTextLine. Call: language interpretation available Visit: GersteinCentre. Call: Text: CONNECT to Visit: KidsHelpPhone. ca Toronto Community Crisis Service TCCS Community-based service with multidisciplinary teams of crisis workers who will respond to non-emergency calls from people in crisis and requests for wellbeing checks. Call: Visit: Toronto. Call: Text: 4 p. to midnight Visit: TorontoDistressCentre. com Toronto Seniors Helpline Single point of access for seniors and caregivers to receive information and access to community, home, and crisis services. Call: language interpretation available Visit: TorontoSeniorsHelpline. ca Talk Suicide Canada hour, bilingual support to anyone who is facing suicide. Call: Text: START to 4 p. to midnight Visit: TalkSuicide. Call: Text: Wednesday to Friday from 7 p. to 12 a. Visit: trccmwar. ca The Works by Toronto Public Health Programs and services to reduce drug-related harm for people who use drugs, including preventing the spread of communicable diseases: Harm reduction supplies and counselling Opioid substitution clinic Injectable opioid agonist treatment program iOAT Program Naloxone kits and overdose response training POINT Program Supervised injection services Nursing services Drug checking service Resources and more Call: Visit: Toronto. ca — The Works. Things I'm Worried About. I Need Support Specific to My Community. I Am Supporting Others. Difficult times call for all of us to take care of one another whether you are a concerned friend, a caregiver or a healthcare worker. Checking-in On Someone Who is Struggling The last few years has changed all of our lives in significant ways. Step 1 — Ask: Tell the person what you have noticed about them that has been concerning. Just say what you see without making judgements or assumptions. Ask the person whether they want to talk about their situation. Would you like to talk to me about anything? Just know that you can talk to me if you ever need to. Use open-ended questions. Show that you are listening not only to their words but their feeling as well. Step 3 — Support: Ask the person if there is anything you can do to support them. Be realistic. Help the person access any needed resources and services. Keep what they tell you private if they are at risk of hurting themselves or others then call a crisis line or in an emergency Other resources: Caregiver mental health during COVID outbreak Caring for someone with mental health issues: What to expect and how to cope Virtual caregiver support groups COVID caregiver tips from the Ontario Caregiver Organization Healthcare Workers Over the last few years, there have been increased demands on our healthcare system which has put healthcare workers under more intense pressure. There are a variety of supports for healthcare workers in Toronto: ECHO Coping with COVID : Virtual sessions to share and learn about ways to build resilience and overall wellness through lectures and case-based discussions. Workplace Strategies for Mental Health : Offers a virtual wellness program which includes videos to support stress reduction and deep relaxation. Designed by the University Health Networks for healthcare workers. The Hospice Palliative Hotline : Provides consultation, education and resources to frontline workers supporting those who are palliative or diagnosed with COVID Tips to Cope with Stress. Have a routine. Structure your day and maintain positive habits. Take deep breaths. Simple breathing exercises can help ease stress. Try breathing in deeply, counting to three, hold for a count of three, and then slowly breathe out, counting to three. Call or connect with loved ones. Lean on each other for support. Exercise, dance and have fun. Blow off steam and boost endorphins. Let in the sun. Open windows. Sunlight can improve your mood. Help others. Volunteer to pick up groceries or walk the dog for a neighbour who is self-isolating. Helping someone else can make you feel good. Stay informed. Check credible sources of information for updates but take breaks when needed. Taking in the news all day can be draining. Unplug for a bit and recharge — listen to music, meditate, read or listen to a podcast instead. Look for the positives. Share inspirational stories of people helping one another. Engage your brain. Do a word search, Sudoku, jigsaw or crossword puzzle. Seek help. If you are feeling overwhelmed, reach out. Community help is available. Resources: Coping with feelings of stress and anxiety during COVID infographic also available in Amharic Arabic Simplified Chinese Dari Farsi French Gujarati Hungarian Pashto Portuguese Punjabi Somali Spanish Tamil Urdu Vietnamese Taking care of your mental health and well-being infographic also available in French Box Breathing poster also available in French Self-Care Tips for Managing Stress and Anxiety poster also available in French What is Resiliency? poster also available in French. Mind Your Mind : Mental health website with interactive tools and resources to build capacity and resilience for youth and young adults. There are tens of thousands of support groups nationally and globally, in-person and online. In most groups, you can choose to speak or not as you feel comfortable. A well-run support group sets boundaries and requires participants to show empathy and respect to each other. The simple act of sharing your problems can be extremely cathartic. So, most people feel uplifted and encouraged after attending a support group. Depending on your needs, you may decide to join one of three types of support groups—a mutual support group, a step help group, or a therapy group. Mutual support groups are peer-led groups. Other support groups are designed to provide support for family members or friends of someone who is living with a difficult situation. During group meetings, participants work through the 12 steps to recovery created by Alcoholics Anonymous. Like mutual support groups, step self-help groups are peer-led, free, and frequently offer separate groups for the loved ones of those with the addiction. Unlike mutual support groups and step programs, mental health providers lead therapy groups. A professional therapist brings several people together who are living with similar conditions and provides treatment to them as a group. Therapy groups are available for a wide variety of mental health conditions. There may be a cost for a therapy group, although it may be covered by health insurance. Like online therapy , online support groups can be a useful and convenient option to in-person meetings. Online support groups can also work well for those who are dealing with a rare condition where your peers are spread out across a wide area. Of course, the online support group format has some disadvantages. It can be more difficult for participants to interpret the facial expressions and body language of other participants. An online forum may also limit the extent that participants are able to express warmth to others in the group. BetterHelp is an online therapy service that matches you to licensed, accredited therapists who can help with depression, anxiety, relationships, and more. Take the assessment and get matched with a therapist in as little as 48 hours. It can also help you to:. Learn better coping strategies. As you go through challenging circumstances, you may need to learn new ways to cope. You might also pick up new ways to set healthy boundaries and function better. Grow through shared experiences. A support group gives you opportunities to get things off your chest. Sharing your own experiences with the group can help ease your emotional burden and feelings of isolation. As others in the group share their stories, you can gain valuable insight about how others deal with similar situations. Focus on self-care. Support group participants may offer up innovative ideas for how to care for yourself, manage stress , combat fatigue, and feel mentally and physically stronger. Maintain a sense of hope. Being around your fellow support group members can help boost your mood and sense of optimism, giving you the emotional reserves to realistically envision a better future. But there are some things to look for when evaluating your choices:. The support group has clear rules about who can attend. Depending on the group, it could be limited only to a specific gender, adults over 18, people dealing with a specific challenge, or the friends and family members of those living with a certain condition. Relatively few support groups are open to just anyone. The facilitator puts you at ease. Experienced facilitators expect newcomers to be nervous about attending a group. The support group has some kind of structure. Typically, the group should have a clear agenda with four basic elements: the facilitator welcoming everyone, each participant given the opportunity to introduce themselves, a group discussion, and the facilitator formally announcing the end of the group meeting. There are clear guidelines. Rules and expectations are important to help everyone feel safe in the group. Group members should be reminded to be respectful, empathetic, and to maintain complete confidentiality. The facilitator helps the group stay on track. Whether the facilitator is a professional or a layperson, you should expect them to be trained and capable. |
| Finding a Therapist Who Can Help You Heal | The effect of 5 minutes of mindful breathing to the perception of distress and physiological responses in palliative care cancer patients: a randomized controlled study. Let in the sun. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association , 16 , — The inclusion criteria were very broad across study methodologies and populations to enable identification of as many relevant studies as possible. About Oxford Academic Publish journals with us University press partners What we publish New features. |
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