Sugar consumption and gut inflammation -
Moreover, close attention should also be paid to the combination of high glucose-mediated immune imbalance and tumor development, and strive to make substantial contributions to reverse tumor immune escape. It is well known that high-sugar consumption is a hallmark of the Western diet 1. Dietary sugars mainly refer to fructose and glucose which are naturally present in fruits and some vegetables 2 , 3.
Their molecular formula is C 6 H 12 O 6 and they are isomers of each other 4. Fructose and glucose are both considered to be sweet sugars, yet fructose is the sweeter of the two.
Since the s, the amount of HFCS has increased in foods that are common within the Western diet 5 , 6. The United States currently is the major user of HFCS, but HFCS is now produced throughout the world with factories on every continent except for Antarctica 5 , 7.
The consumption of these sugars, particularly in sugary soft beverages SSB , became a major contributor to sugar intake, and the relationship between SSB and cardiometabolic diseases reflects the potential effects of fructose and glucose 8 , 9.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the U. With the deepening of research on the relationship between high sugar diets and human health, the potential threat of high sugar diets to the incidence of noncommunicable diseases has become increasingly recognized A growing body of research suggests that excessive consumption of processed foods containing dietary sugars or HFCS is strongly linked to the development of obesity 14 , 15 , T2D 16 , 17 , metabolic syndrome 16 and cardiovascular disease In , Bray and his colleagues published a review article in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition that drew attention to the potential relationship between sugar and obesity This paper analyzed food consumption patterns using USDA food consumption tables from to , and found that consumption of HFCS significantly outperformed changes in intake of any other food over that time period, ultimately confirming that HFCS consumption in high-calorie sweet drinks played a role in the obesity epidemic As the study of sugar and obesity continues to deepen, researchers are looking at whether simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose, contribute to obesity.
Some comprehensive information suggests that while both fructose and glucose contribute to weight gain 21 , fructose intake is more likely to promote lipid deposition in visceral adipose tissue VAT , while glucose consumption appears to favor subcutaneous adipose tissue SAT deposition 3.
Other studies have shown that fructose intake appears to increase triglyceride concentrations in healthy male and decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese older adults, compared with an equal-calorie glucose diet 3 , However, both intracellular triglyceride levels and insulin metabolism are associated with diabetes.
Increased fructose or glucose intake is known to indicate a higher risk of T2D in adults, but the pathogenesis of the two is different Glucose mediates the development of T2D through its high glycemic index, leading to interruption of insulin secretion Fructose on the other hand is associated with a variety of factors, including weight gain, influence on insulin sensitivity, and fatty acid synthesis 23 , In addition, SSB made with HFCS can increase the risk of T2D by affecting blood sugar metabolism Another meta-analysis, which collected prospective cohort studies of 1 year or longer using a first-order linear mixed effects model, found a negative linear door-response relationship between SSBs and metabolic syndrome RR 1.
Similarly, higher sugar intake is associated with cardiovascular disease. Analysis of The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES III-related mortality cohort data shows that the intake of added sugar and SSB can lead to the occurrence of hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, and dyslipidemia, thereby increasing the risk of death 9 , In , Hwang et al.
studied Sprague-Dawley rats with fructose in their diet and found for the first time that a high-fructose diet was associated with hypertension Subsequent studies confirmed that the increase in blood pressure caused by a high-fructose diet was due to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system 29 , Several other statistical studies conducted follow-up surveys of different populations and concluded that SSB intake is positively correlated with coronary heart disease 31 — 34 , vascular events 35 , heart failure 36 , and stroke 37 , but has nothing to do with subclinical atherosclerosis Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the social supervision of sugary processed foods.
Despite this, it is difficult for many people of all ages to reduce,let alone eliminate, their intake of sugary drinks Although the research on the relationship between dietary sugars and the above diseases has been relatively thorough, the impact of these sugars on inflammation was previously unknown.
In recent years, as more researchers have explored the relationship between high-sugar diet and inflammation, people have found that excessive sugar intake is closely associated with the development of low-grade chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases Figure 1.
Low-grade chronic inflammation has long been linked to obesity and increased body fat, and excess dietary sugar intake is a key contributor to obesity and weight gain.
Autoimmune disease is a common disorder caused by the immune system attacking its own normal tissues. Although dietary structure is considered to be a key cause of autoimmune diseases, the impact and mechanism of dietary sugars on it has not been revealed until recently.
Based on this, this paper reviews the effects and related regulatory mechanisms of excessive consumption of dietary sugars on inflammatory diseases discovered in recent years. By summarizing the current research progress, it has been revealed that dietary sugar is a key factor in inducing low-grade chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and even neuroinflammation.
Figure 1 Excessive consumption of dietary sugars is closely related to the occurrence and development of inflammation.
It has been shown that excessive intake of dietary sugars can cause metabolic disorders and induce the increase of inflammatory mediators and certain pro-inflammatory cytokines in various tissues, which leads to insulin resistance and low-grade chronic inflammation 39 , Low-grade chronic inflammation could be caused by factors secreted by adipose tissue, inflammatory factors secreted by liver tissue, and increased intestinal permeability, which may eventually lead to the development of cardiometabolic diseases 39 , Therefore, the association between high sugar intake and increased risk of chronic disease may be mediated in part by low-grade chronic inflammation.
In low-grade chronic inflammation, the pro-inflammatory molecules mainly included Toll-like receptor 4 TLR-4 , plasma C-reactive protein CRP , interleukin-6 IL-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α TNF-α , and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 McP-1 , E-selectin E-selectin , plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 PAI-1 as well as others 40 , 42 , Several randomized trials have investigated the relationship between dietary sugars and systemic inflammation.
Faizan et al. distributed beverages containing 50 grams of fructose, glucose, and sucrose to healthy subjects and found that all three increased blood lipid and hs-CRP levels, but fructose and sucrose were significantly more effective than glucose A follow-up prospective trial of six 3-week dietary interventions in 29 healthy young men showed that low to moderate intake of SSBs containing HFCS had potentially harmful effects on low density lipoprotein LDL particles, fasting glucose, and hs-CRP However, Jessica and colleagues found that there was no significant change in hS-CRP and IL-6 levels, markers of low-grade chronic inflammation, at the end of the diet period in normal-weight and obese adults who consumed four servings of beverages containing fructose, glucose or HCFS in addition to a standard diet over three eight-day periods.
It was concluded that excessive consumption of fructose, HFCS, and glucose from SSBs over 8 days had no difference in low-grade chronic systemic inflammation in normal-weight and obese adults Nor and his team came to similar conclusions.
They found no significant differences in inflammatory biomarkers such as CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in all dietary groups after 12 weeks in parallel trials of several high-fructose beverages This contradiction may be caused by the age and physical condition of the subjects and the difference in sugar intake.
In addition, other studies showed that lipocalin-2, e-selectin, McP-1 and PAI-1, all markers of systemic inflammation, were also up-regulated in high-fructose fed rats 42 , Adipose tissue is one of the largest endocrine organs in the body and affects local and systemic immune function and metabolism by secreting inflammatory factors Glucocorticoids are the key to the pathogenesis of monosaccharide-induced metabolic syndrome In rats fed a high fructose diet, adipose tissue expressed more corticosterone CORT , which was then offset by increased levels of macrophage migration inhibitor MIF 43 , The activity of nuclear factor -κB NF-κB decreased in adipose tissue, and the expression of inflammatory factor TNF-α did not change.
In liver tissue, the level of 11β HSD1 protein was elevated, but did not affect intracellular CORT levels or downstream glucocorticoid signaling. Therefore, the activation of NF-κB was enhanced, and the level of pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α was increased This could be interpreted as a tissue-specific result of the regulation of metabolic inflammation by high fructose intake.
In another study in rats, fructose reduced fatty acid oxidation by decreasing liver peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α PPAR-α activity, ultimately leading to increased NF-κB activity Fructose consumption, on the other hand, can induce liver and systemic inflammation through intestinal changes.
At the same time, fructose intake can also increase intestinal permeability and promote the release of inflammatory factors to the liver, thereby increasing liver and systemic inflammation The researchers also found that fructokinase, a key enzyme in fructose metabolism, plays an important role in inflammation caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Fructokinase knockout mice fed a high-sugar or high-fat diet were protected from liver inflammation and fibrosis, and the expression of inflammatory factors CD68, TNF-α, McP-1, smooth muscle actin, type I collagen, and TIMP1 was reduced Similarly, liver inflammation and fibrosis also occurred in mouse models with low density lipoprotein LDL receptor defects that were fed the Western diet and liquid fructose Another study showed that high fructose consumption can also have damaging effects on the hippocampus, an area of the brain important for learning and memory The role of high fructose in hippocampal inflammation was confirmed by analysis of inhibition of phosphorylation of Ser by hippocampal insulin receptor substrate 1 IRS-1 , protein levels of NF-κB , and mRNA levels of related inflammatory factors Autoimmune diseases AID are T cell-mediated inflammatory pathologies The incidence of AID has increased in recent decades, but the reasons for this remain unclear.
Current research shows that individual genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are closely related to the disease 58 , Although dietary changes, such as high salt intake 60 , 61 , are thought to be closely associated with increased incidence of AID, the effects and mechanisms of high-sugar diets include rheumatoid arthritis RA , multiple sclerosis MS , psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease IBD have only been uncovered in recent years 13 , 57 , Rheumatoid arthritis RA is one of the most common systemic, chronic, autoimmune diseases caused by genetic, environmental, and endogenous factors It is characterized by systemic inflammation and persistent synovitis In recent years, numerous studies have shown that sugar-sweetened beverages play a key role in the pathogenesis of RA 63 , 65 , A subsequent study showed that the reason why sugar-sweetened beverages can cause RA, in addition to their important role in the autoimmune mosaic, is that it is more likely to alter the microbiome, thereby affecting downstream inflammatory pathways High consumption of glucose, fructose, and sugar-sweetened beverages is known to reduce the beneficial flora in the gut, especially Prevotella, which has been found to be associated with the pathogenesis of RA In addition, the Mediterranean diet has been shown to reduce the incidence of diseases such as RA compared to a high-sugar Western diet 66 , Multiple sclerosis MS is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with symptoms that affect multiple systems throughout the body, including visual impairment, movement disorders, fatigue, cognitive and emotional disturbances, pain, and more In MS, immune cells cross the blood-brain barrier BBB into the central nervous system to attack self-antigens, resulting in BBB disruption and loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin, leading to axonal degeneration and permanent neurological deficits 69 , Many studies have shown that lifestyle choices, including diet, can affect some of the symptoms of MS, and it seems that people with MS can relieve their symptoms by improving their eating habits For example, one study noted that subjects with multiple sclerosis ate more carbohydrates than the control group, but there was no difference in BMI between the two groups.
The researchers attributed this to the small sample size used in the study Although the effect of a high-sugar diet on MS has not been confirmed in clinical studies, it has been found that high-glucose and high-sucrose diets can aggravate the disease progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis EAE in a disease model of MS i.
On the other hand, a high-sugar diet stimulated Th17 cell differentiation and exacerbated EAE by altering the colony structure of the gut microbiome Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by abnormal proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes 72 , Previous studies have shown that inflammatory adipocytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α formed in visceral adipose tissue are key cytokines in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, so it is believed that psoriasis is related to obesity 57 , 74 , However, new research data suggests that dietary components simple sugars and fats , rather than obesity itself, exacerbate psoriasis The researchers found that the western diet activated the interleukin 23 IL signaling pathway compared with the normal diet before the mice gained weight, further increasing the production of ILA in γδT cells after IL stimulation The cytokine ILA is necessary for the comprehensive development of skin inflammation Meanwhile, IL overexpression resulted in decreased microbial diversity and pronounced dysbiosis in mice fed the Western diet Even more surprising, when the mice were switched from a western diet to a standard one after IL was released, skin inflammation was reduced and the gut microbiota partially reversed Therefore, based on the available data, we believe that the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota induced by short-term Western dietary intake contributes to the enhancement of psoriasis, and healthy eating pattern with less sugar should be considered for patients with psoriatic skin disease It occurs due to the interaction of multiple factors such as genetics, microbes, immune factors, modern lifestyle, and diet 81 , Existing research suggests that IBD affects disease severity by affecting changes in the microbial composition of the gut microbiota, while colitis microbiota shifts and alters colitis susceptibility in recipients The commensal gut flora and mucus layer in the gut are known to be critical for homeostasis, as it prevents the invasion and adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms and helps maintain the integrity of the gut barrier According to statistics, the incidence of IBD in Western countries is increasing, especially among children in the same period 85 , indicating that the occurrence of IBD is related to Western diet and lifestyle.
In recent years, IBD has also become a global health problem due to the simultaneous rise of Western diets ie, diets high in fat and refined sugar around the world.
Recent clinical and experimental studies suggest that a high-fat diet may be a trigger for IBD, but the role of high sugar in the pathogenesis of IBD remains controversial. A landmark study shows that type 2 diabetes can lead to intestinal barrier dysfunction through transcriptional reprogramming of intestinal epithelial cells and altered tight adhesion junction integrity; it can also increase disease by causing changes in gut microbial metabolism susceptibility In some prospective studies, consumption of HFCS and SSB have also been found to be positively associated with the risk of IBD 88 — Taken together, the researchers believe that sugar is closely related to the composition of the gut microbiome and the occurrence and development of IBD.
The high glucose environment is inextricably linked with the immune system, which plays an important role in immune signal and immune cell function Previous study has found that high levels of glucose may lead to impaired immune system function and pathological conditions.
Innate immune macrophages, dendritic cells, and specific immune cells T cells and B cells migrate to the site of infection to protect the immune system T cells are the key to cell-mediated immunity. In addition, hypertonic glucose in the peritoneal dialysis PD range has been reported to induce interleukin IL polarization in a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species mtROS -dependent manner Subsequently, Zhang et al.
demonstrated that high glucose can activate TGF-β through ROS, and subsequently promote Th17 cell differentiation with the participation of IL-6, thereby aggravating autoimmune disease, in T cell metastasis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis EAE induced colitis mouse models 13 , Therefore, high amounts of dietary sugars can lead to T cell-mediated inflammation Figure 2.
Recent studies have found that dietary components also have regulatory effects on B cells, but it is not clear which nutrients affect B cells. In order to solve this problem, Tan and his colleagues used statistical modeling to study the effects of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins on B cells, and found that carbohydrates have a great regulatory effect on B cell proliferation In addition, they showed that it is glucose, but not fructose, that supports B lymphocyte generation and development, while protecting B lymphocytes from early apoptosis through activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway mTOR Additionally, a recent study mentioned the effects of a high-fructose diet HF , high-fat diet HFD , or both HFHF on leptin and ROS, but it appears that only HFHF-fed mice developed hyperglycemic symptoms, oxidative stress, and steatosis inflammation and fibrosis , whereas HF caused only transient increases in leptin and C-peptide Figure 2 Dietary sugars-mediated T cell inflammation.
Excess dietary sugars may activate TGFβ through mtROS post entering T cells, and together with IL-6 in the immune microenvironment, the expression of transcription factor RORγt is induced to promote Th17 cell differentiation.
The gut microbiome has also been the focus of research into the effects of dietary sugars on inflammation. It mainly includes two aspects: 1 High consumption of sugars reduces microbial diversity and leads to depletion of luminal short-chain fatty acids SCFAs SCFAs can affect the recruitment of colonic regulatory T cells and the antibacterial activity of macrophages, thereby affecting the intestinal mucosal immune system The damaged intestinal barrier is unable to prevent the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms, enabling the transport of E.
coli-derived LPS , etc. In this study, Shahanshah found that mucolytic bacteria, such as Bacillus fragilis and Prevotella, were abundant in mice fed a high-glucose diet, while the relative abundance of the sugar-soluble bacteria Sutterellaceae, capable of transplanting to the epithelial barrier and inducing an inflammatory response was increased.
In contrast, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae belonging to Firmicutes decreased. Lachnospiraceae have been shown to suppress inflammation, while Lactobacillaceae are able to maintain intestinal homeostasis by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines and protecting the intestinal epithelium from pathogens.
Similarly, dietary fructose can induce intestinal inflammation by increasing intestinal cell permeability and promoting the growth of intestinal bacteria Figure 3. In addition, the effect of high fructose on the severity of IBD was abolished when gut bacteria were substantially reduced, suggesting that the changes in gut microbial composition and IBD effects of high glucose are transferable Figure 3 Regulation of the gut microbiome by dietary sugars.
Excessive consumption of dietary sugars reduces the production of short-chain fatty acids in the gut, which can lead to impaired gut barriers.
This results in a rapid increase in infiltration of neutrophils while accelerating the transfer of Parabacteroides, ie, lipopolysaccharide LPS.
The binding of LPS to TOLL-like receptor 4 TLR4 activates the nuclear factor-κB NF-κB signaling pathway, and finally induces the production of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. On the other hand, the excessive dietary sugar content makes Bacillus fragilis and Prevotella abundant, thereby destroying the intestinal mucosa.
In the meanwhile, the relative abundance of sugar-soluble bacteria Sutterellaceae increased while the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae, which belonged to Firmicutes, decreased, eventually increasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-a, Lcn2 and Cox2.
Increased neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory factor production aggravate the occurrence and development of IBD. Macrophages are one of the most specialized antigens presenting cells, whose main functions are to secrete cytokines, phagocytose, and present antigens to T cells High doses of glucose can induce superoxide anion production in macrophages or monocytes and promote the release of monocyte inflammatory cytokines, which up-regulate innate immune system receptors such as TLRs by activating NF-κB Complementary to this, high glucose conditions impair neutrophil mobilization which is due to elevated TLRs expression Figure 4 Dietary sugars-mediated inflammation in macrophages.
High levels of dietary sugars lead to increased TOLL-like receptor 4 TLR4 activity, which subsequently activates downstream the nuclear factor-κB NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, thereby promoting the upregulation of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α.
In addition, dietary sugars-mediated inflammation in dendritic cells and neutrophils is also accomplished by activating TLR4. The leading cause of death in patients with diabetes is related to its accompanying complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, obesity, and cardiovascular disease Inflammation and immune abnormalities are triggers for T1D and T2D and its associated complications , When the body is attacked by an antigen, innate immune macrophages and specific immune lymphocytes are triggered to migrate to the site of infection to function, however, large amounts of glucose may lead to impaired immune system function Therefore, high glucose induces a series of complications by suppressing the effective adaptive immune response generated by macrophages and T cells.
Studies have shown that dietary monosaccharide consumption is associated with T2D and cardiovascular disease, and obesity increases the risk of these diseases Meanwhile, low-grade chronic inflammation is also strongly associated with obesity Therefore, the association between dietary sugars and increased risk of chronic disease may be mediated by low-grade chronic inflammation.
Another randomized controlled trial showed no difference in the effects of fructose, glucose, or HFCS on obesity and systemic or adipose tissue inflammation in normal-weight adults With the increasing consumption of these dietary sugars and their beverage mixes, more people around the world are suffering from systemic inflammation.
A large number of studies have shown that natural small molecules widely present in plants have an inhibitory effect on systemic inflammation caused by excessive intake of dietary sugars. Studies have shown that curcumin inhibits inflammation caused by high fructose through multiple pathways. In addition, S-methylcysteine SMC , spinach nitrate and red ginseng mulberry leaf MPM can inhibit inflammation induced by dietary monosaccharide overdose by inhibiting the expression of low grade chronic inflammatory markers such as serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor A, and interleukin-6 e-selectin.
Consumption of glucose-rich foods and beverages is very common in the West and may also be a key cause of the breakdown of metabolic and immune self-tolerance In the new mouse model, autoimmune disease in mice can be largely alleviated if a Western diet is switched to a normal diet Therefore, a reasonable and balanced dietary recommendation low fat, low sugar is essential for patients with autoimmune diseases.
A Mediterranean diet has been proven to be more conducive to the recovery of patients with autoimmune diseases than the Western diet 63 , In addition to improving diet, it is hoped that dietary restrictions can improve the effects of autoimmune disease and inflammation.
Phospholipase PLA2G7 may play an important role in this mechanism The study suggests that maternal diet may alter peripheral inflammation in newborns, which in turn affects anxiety-like behavior and peripheral inflammation during adolescence.
Recently, it was demonstrated that excessive consumption of HFCS is associated with colon cancer development In the study, mice fed with HFCS had significantly increased tumor size. This means that excess dietary sugar might be closely related to the development of tumors.
However, whether immune regulation plays any key role in the tumor microenvironment remains to be explored. Overall, most of the studies were performed with mouse models, limiting the clinical applicability of these findings. Therefore, it is urgent to reveal the roles of excessive intake of hexose in the regulation of human inflammatory diseases in the future.
XM wrote the manuscript. FN, HL, PS, XF and XS edited the manuscript. YH and DZ supervised the work, and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved it for publication. This work was supported by the Key Project of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province NO.
ZYYC , the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities E , Special Fund for Flow Cytometry Lymphocyte Subgroups of Shandong Provincial Medical Association YXHZX , and Shandong Medical and Health Technology Development Funds WS DZ sincerely wants to commemorate Dr.
Sang-A Park, who passed away suddenly on January 22, The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Khan S, Waliullah S, Godfrey V, Khan MAW, Ramachandran RA, Cantarel BL, et al.
Dietary simple sugars alter microbial ecology in the gut and promote colitis in mice. Sci Trans Med 12 :eaay doi: CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Basaranoglu M, Basaranoglu G, Bugianesi E.
Carbohydrate intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: fructose as a weapon of mass destruction. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 4 2 — PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.
Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL, Griffen SC, Bremer AA, Graham JL, et al. J Clin Invest 5 — Kearney FM, Fagan XJ, Al-Qureshi S.
Review of the role of refined dietary sugars fructose and glucose in the genesis of retinal disease. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 42 6 — Ferder L, Ferder MD, Inserra F.
The role of high-fructose corn syrup in metabolic syndrome and hypertension. Insects including Butterflies. Food and Agriculture. Animal Learning and Intelligence.
Ice Ages. Air Pollution. Hazardous Waste. Ancient DNA. Early Climate. Desert Ants: The Magnetic Field Calibrates the Navigation System. Archaeologists Discover Oldest Known Bead in the Americas.
How Ancient Sea Creatures Can Inform Soft Robotics. Mystery of Moths' Warning Sound Production Explained in New Study. Animals 'Led by the Nose' to Leave Plants Alone. How Leafcutter Ants Cultivate a Fungal Garden to Degrade Plants and Provide Insights Into Future Biofuels.
The Hidden Rule for Flight Feathers--and How It Could Reveal Which Dinosaurs Could Fly. Surprisingly Vibrant Color of Million-Year-Old Snail Shells.
Scandinavia's First Farmers Slaughtered the Hunter-Gatherer Population, Study Finds. Toggle navigation Menu S D S D Home Page Top Science News Latest News. Home Home Page Top Science News Latest News Health View all the latest top news in the health sciences, or browse the topics below:.
Living Well. Fiber can offset bacterial imbalance from sugar, slow the absorption of sugar in the gut, and help improve blood sugar levels. A high-fiber diet may also decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes.
An apple, on the other hand, has both soluble and insoluble fiber and the presence of both slows the absorption of blood sugar. The fiber creates competition for digestion. So, fruits and vegetables — as well as no-added-sugar yogurt due to probiotics — are really the only foods with simple sugars that may benefit the gut.
Research backs up the benefits of fiber. While sugar comes in different forms such as sucrose and fructose , Kirkpatrick and other dietitians specifically warn against foods that have added sugar rather than natural sugar.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC says the leading sources of added sugars in the U. diet are sugar-sweetened beverages and desserts and sweet snacks such as cookies, brownies, cakes, pies, ice cream, frozen dairy desserts, doughnuts, sweet rolls, and pastries.
About a quarter of added sugars are found in sugary drinks such as soft drinks, fruit drinks, and sports and energy drinks.
Kirkpatrick says not necessarily. But each individual should evaluate their relationship with sugar.
Kirkpatrick adds that individuals need to consider their overall health as well: whether they are overweight, prediabetic, or have elevated liver enzymes indicative of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
High consumpption intake has long been recognized inflqmmation a potential environmental xnd factor Lowering cholesterol through exercise increased incidence consumptoon many Gut health and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and Refresh and purify body 2 diabetes T2D. Dietary sugars are mainly hexoses, an glucose, Subar, sucrose inflamkation High Fructose Corn Syrup HFCS. These sugars are invlammation absorbed in the gut as fructose and glucose. The consumption of high sugar beverages and processed foods has increased significantly over the past 30 years. Here, we summarize the effects of consuming high levels of dietary hexose on rheumatoid arthritis RAmultiple sclerosis MSpsoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease IBD and low-grade chronic inflammation. Based on these reported findings, we emphasize that dietary sugars and mixed processed foods may be a key factor leading to the occurrence and aggravation of inflammation. We concluded that by revealing the roles that excessive intake of hexose has on the regulation of human inflammatory diseases are fundamental questions that need to be solved urgently. Posted Inflammatioj Sugar consumption and gut inflammation, Reviewed by Jessica Schrader. I recently wrote Gut health and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) the coneumption between sleep and inflammation. Both sleep and inflammation are regulated by our circadian biorhythms. When one goes awry, the other is likely to suffer, also. Sleeping poorly, including getting too little or too much sleep—increases the chronic, low-grade inflammation that is a significant contributor to disease. Systemic inflammation, in turn, can also undermine healthy sleep.
But a diet Gut health and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in plant-based foods is linked Sugarr gut Diabetic retinopathy macular edema Lowering cholesterol through exercise have the opposite effect, the findings show, prompting the researchers to suggest that dietary modifications may consuption to ease snd in the body.
The variety and volume consumpton bacteria in consu,ption gut, known as the Gut health and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), directly affects ght balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in the gut. This ecosystem also affects nad immunity and an inflmmation is Sugar consumption and gut inflammation in a growing Mindful eating for better sleep of inflammatory conditions, ranging from diabetes to arthritis, heart disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, note the researchers.
Suar person provided a stool ihflammation for microbial analysis and conzumption in Quenching hydration needs naturally Food Frequency Questionnaire FFQ to quantify average daily nutrient intake.
Specific food items were aggregated into knflammation food groups measured in grams per day. Analysis of the data revealed 38 associations between dietary intake inflzmmation particular bacterial clusters.
Eating nuts, oily fish, fruit, vegetables and cereals was linked to a higher abundance of bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium sp which produce short chain fatty acids: these acids help control inflammation and protect the integrity of the cells lining the gut. Red wine was similarly associated with a higher abundance of several bacteria producing short chain fatty acids.
But total alcohol intake, spirits, and sugar were associated with friendly microbial species and functions. Coffee intake was also associated with a higher relative abundance of Oscillibacter sp, while fermented dairy products, such as buttermilk and yoghurt were strongly associated with anti-inflammatory bacteria, such as BifidobacteriumLactobacil lusand Enterococcus sp.
In the absence of fibre, these bacteria turn to the mucus layer of the gut to feed off, leading to an erosion of the integrity of the gut, note the researchers. These patterns were observed across all groups of study participants, suggesting overlaps in diet and gut microbiome signalling between healthy people and those with inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome, suggest the researchers.
pdf Externally peer reviewed? Yes Evidence type: Observational Subjects: People. If you are a journalist who would like to receive our press releases, please provide your details. BMJ Expert Media Panel If you are a journalist needing to speak to an expert, please click here.
Browse our Expert Media Panel. BMJ IN THE NEWS Latest coverage of BMJ in the national and international media SEE BMJ IN THE NEWS. JOIN OUR MEDIA LIST If you are a journalist who would like to receive our press releases, please provide your details.
GET THE LATEST PRESS RELEASES. CONTACT OUR MEDIA RELATIONS TEAM Email the UK media relations team for more information. CONTACT US TODAY.
: Sugar consumption and gut inflammation| Sugar: The Gut-Wrenching Truth | The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Therefore, a reasonable and balanced dietary recommendation low fat, low sugar is essential for patients with autoimmune diseases. Int J Clin Exp Med. For insulin tolerance tests ITT , mice were fasted for 3 h and then injected with human insulin 0. When you eat sugar, your body produces cytokines. SH performed bioinformatics and transcriptomic-related analyses. High fructose syrups - a review. |
| Diet rich in animal foods, alcohol and sugar linked to ‘inflammatory’ gut microbiome | BMJ | Heber noted Suggar the observed effects on Th17 cells may occur in humans, and that excess conaumption and fat cobsumption sedentary individuals account for the global cojsumption in overweight Conssumption obesity, which are associated Innflammation metabolic syndrome. Research backs up the benefits of Lowering cholesterol through exercise. Next, restore Sugar consumption and gut inflammation essential ingredients for proper digestion and Antidepressant for major depression that a poor diet, medications, chronic illness, or aging have depleted. The high levels of sugar that the researchers fed the mice may be closer to what people eat than one might think. UT Southwestern, one of the premier academic medical centers in the nation, integrates pioneering biomedical research with exceptional clinical care and education. Reintroducing beneficial bacteria to establish a healthy balance of good bacteria is critical. Coffee intake was also associated with a higher relative abundance of Oscillibacter sp, while fermented dairy products, such as buttermilk and yoghurt were strongly associated with anti-inflammatory bacteria, such as BifidobacteriumLactobacil lusand Enterococcus sp. |
| Frontiers | Excessive intake of sugar: An accomplice of inflammation | Pre-swim meal ideas Science Foundation MCB ; and the Irma T. Connsumption impact of diet on asthma and gtu diseases. Consunption to moderate sugar-sweetened beverage consumption Sugar consumption and gut inflammation glucose and lipid metabolism and ans inflammation consujption Sugar consumption and gut inflammation young inflammarion a randomized controlled trial. Disordered metabolism in diabetes - have we underemphasized the fat component. Coffee intake was also associated with a higher relative abundance of Oscillibacter sp, while fermented dairy products, such as buttermilk and yoghurt were strongly associated with anti-inflammatory bacteria, such as BifidobacteriumLactobacil lusand Enterococcus sp. Some people with IBD avoid added sugars in their diet and find that it helps to control their symptoms. Diabetes Metab. |
| New Study Says Sugar Can Increase Risk for Colitis and IBD | Sugar is a type of carbohydrate and when our body breaks it down it will either use it for energy, or if it already has enough for energy it will convert it to fat to store. Sugar is hidden in many foods we eat today and our bodies are not designed to deal with large amounts of sugar - especially the highly processed ones which are common in our diets today. Eating too much sugar has been linked with obesity and a number of health conditions - such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and liver disease, as well as tooth decay. Many of the sugars we eat are added sugars which have no nutritional value, unlike sugars which occur naturally in food such as fruit which provide other nutritional benefits. Some people with IBD avoid added sugars in their diet and find that it helps to control their symptoms. It is not known exactly why this may work for these people but some reasons include:. Why not sign up to our mailing list and receive regular articles and tips about IBD to your inbox. Why not sign up to our mailing list and receive regular articles and tips about IBD to your inbox? Home Diet Role of diet in inflammatory bowel disease Trigger foods Sugar and IBD. Sugar and inflammatory bowel disease IBD. Related links Role of diet in inflammatory bowel disease Gluten and IBD Dairy and IBD Nightshades and IBD How does sugar in our diet affect our health? Caffeine and IBD Processed foods and IBD Fatty foods and IBD Trigger foods. What is sugar? There are different types of sugar: Glucose - this is a simple sugar that naturally occurs in plants and fruits Fructose - this is a simple sugar found naturally in fruits Sucrose - this is a more complex sugar found in the sugar cane, roots of sugar beet and some fruits and plants Lactose - found in milk and dairy Sugar is a type of carbohydrate and when our body breaks it down it will either use it for energy, or if it already has enough for energy it will convert it to fat to store. How sugar affects us Sugar is hidden in many foods we eat today and our bodies are not designed to deal with large amounts of sugar - especially the highly processed ones which are common in our diets today. Sugar and IBD Some people with IBD avoid added sugars in their diet and find that it helps to control their symptoms. It is not known exactly why this may work for these people but some reasons include: Sugar can change the balance of bacteria in the gut. There is currently a lot of research being done into the link between gut bacteria and IBD. Next, restore the essential ingredients for proper digestion and absorption that a poor diet, medications, chronic illness, or aging have depleted. Add digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to support optimal digestion and nutrient absorption with each meal. Reintroducing beneficial bacteria to establish a healthy balance of good bacteria is critical. This is accomplished by taking a high-quality probiotic that contains beneficial bacteria such as the bifidobacteria and lactobacillus species. For daily maintenance, I recommend taking a daily probiotic with at least 30 billion units daily. To support maximum digestive health and immune function, I recommend taking billion unit per day. If you have SIBO, I recommend taking a soil-based probiotic. Providing the nutrients necessary to help the gut repair itself is essential. My most comprehensive weapon against leaky gut is Leaky Gut Revive®. This powerful gut-repairing formula contains ingredients such as l-glutamine, aloe, deglycyrrhizinated licorice, arabinogalactan, slippery elm and marshmallow root. It also comes in a delicious strawberry lemonade flavor. I drink a glass of Leaky Gut Revive® Strawberry Lemonade every day. Healing your gut is always the first step to reversing chronic illness and achieving optimal health. Once you complete my protocol to repair your gut , your symptoms or a lack thereof are the strongest indicators that your leaky gut is healing. Regularly assessing your symptoms is the best barometer for the health of your gut. If the following list below describes you, then you are on the right path. Remember, repair is a slow process. You may only begin to see a few symptoms subside, but do not get discouraged! Having a leaky gut does not always mean you have digestive issues. However, for many people, gas, bloating, heartburn or acid reflux, and constipation are some of the first signs of leaky gut. If a gut infection played a role in your leaky gut, then this may apply to you specifically. If your symptoms of leaky gut start to slow down or diminish completely, this is a good sign your dedication is finally paying off! With leaky gut, you likely also have multiple food sensitivities. If you find yourself suddenly able to enjoy the foods that once gave you symptoms, then you are on the right track. You are healing if you consume these foods and no longer experience digestive issues, fatigue, headaches, brain fog, or mood issues. You will continue to be able to reintroduce healthy foods and add more variety to your diet. Remember, gluten and dairy should never be reintroduced because the goal is to keep your gut healed. Most skin issues outward manifest an internal problem in the gut. If your skin issues subside, you are beginning to heal your leaky gut. This can include the remission of eczema, rosacea, dandruff, rashes, or even acne. Healing leaky gut often leads to improvement in your autoimmune lab markers. Some patients even see their antibodies go negative as one of the signs leaky gut is healing. A leaky gut negatively impacts your quality of life. The best way to tell if your leaky gut is healing is when your energy levels and vitality have returned. Essentially, you feel like your best self! Understanding the inflammatory connection between sugar and gut health is a great place to start. You will learn which foods to avoid, such as sugar. Avoiding sugar may seem nearly impossible, but plenty of alternatives have added nutritional benefits. You can support repairing your gut lining and banish those sugar cravings with a glass of refreshing and sweet Leaky Gut Revive® Strawberry Lemonade. Amy Myers, MD is a two-time New York Times bestselling author and an internationally acclaimed functional medicine physician. Myers specializes in empowering those with autoimmune, thyroid, and digestive issues to reverse their conditions and take back their health. In addition, she is a wife, mother, and the successful founder and CEO of Amy Myers MD ®. Your information is secure and is handled in accordance with our privacy policy. We and selected third parties collect personal information as specified in the privacy policy and use cookies or similar technologies for technical purposes and, with your consent, for other purposes as specified in the cookie policy. You can freely give, deny, or withdraw your consent at any time by accessing the preferences panel. If you give consent, it will be valid only in this domain. Denying consent may make related features unavailable. Skip to Content. Log In 0. Open main menu. Articles Recipes Books Community Newsletter Extra Savings. Science Based Written by Amy Myers, MD. Contents hide. The Connection Between Sugar and Inflammation. Understanding Leaky Gut Syndrome. Can Too Much Sugar Cause Stomach Issues? Health Implications of Leaky Gut. Natural Alternatives to Sugar. Repairing a Leaky Gut. How to Know When Your Leaky Gut is Repaired. The Final Word on Sugar and Gut Health. Article Sources. Infographic Dr. Article Sources Excessive intake of sugar: An accomplice of inflammation. Xioa Ma et al.. Cleveland Clinic. Front Immunol. Effect of high glucose on cytokine production. Ronghua Hu et al.. Clin Immonu. Excessive intake of sugar: An accomplice of inflammation. Rated 4. Amy Myers, MD Amy Myers, MD is a two-time New York Times bestselling author and an internationally acclaimed functional medicine physician. |
| The Connection Between Sugar and Your Gut | Who is Most at Risk for IBD? Similarly, liver inflammation and fibrosis also occurred in mouse models with low density lipoprotein LDL receptor defects that were fed the Western diet and liquid fructose Life Sci — But a diet rich in plant-based foods is linked to gut microbes that have the opposite effect, the findings show, prompting the researchers to suggest that dietary modifications may help to ease inflammation in the body. Explore More. It occurs due to the interaction of multiple factors such as genetics, microbes, immune factors, modern lifestyle, and diet 81 , |
Wacker, welche Wörter..., der prächtige Gedanke
sehr befriedigend topic
Welche Wörter... Toll, die bemerkenswerte Phrase
Meiner Meinung nach ist das Thema sehr interessant. Ich biete Ihnen es an, hier oder in PM zu besprechen.