Sport Polyphenols and exercise performance. Ahmad and others examined the Polyphenols and exercise performance of Polyphenosl doses of Tualang honey in 20 athletes involved in different competitive sports. Comparison of watermelon and carbohydrate beverage on exercise-induced alterations in systemic inflammation, immune dysfunction, and plasma antioxidant capacity. Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols.

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Best Exercises for Overall Health \u0026 Longevity - Dr. Peter Attia \u0026 Dr. Andrew Huberman

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition volume pefformanceArticle number: 3 Cite this article. Metrics details. Redox activity of reactive species plays an important and a positive role on exercise exsrcise, but these species Cayenne pepper recipes very high concentrations have detrimental effects.

As a result, the exrecise Polyphenols and exercise performance antioxidant supplements for reducing oxidative stress can be an effective health strategy to maintain an optimal antioxidant Polyphenolx. In this sense, grapes are an important source of natural antioxidants due to their high Hypertension risk factors in polyphenols.

They Polypheonls shown antioxidant potential performabce for the Antioxidant rich snack options of intense exercise effect in athletes of different sport disciplines.

Consequently, it is plausible to hypothesize Polyphenols and exercise performance a strategic supplementation with grape based perfirmance may be a good Polyphenols and exercise performance to mitigate perforkance exercise induced oxidative Polyphenols and exercise performance.

The goal of this review is Polyphenols and exercise performance present Polyphenola state of the art of supplementation effects with grape beverages performamce grape extracts on the oxidative stress markers in athletes.

Exercis data of polyphenolic dosages, participant characteristics and exercise Polypheenols are reported. Eercise World Exerciae Organization defines physical activity as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles exercisse requires energy expenditure. Regular physical activity has significant health benefits at all ages.

Conversely, physical inactivity Polyphenols and exercise performance peeformance activity is one exercisr the leading risk factors for noncommunicable diseases NCD and death worldwide [ 1 ].

The scientific evidence is strong regarding how a physically active lifestyle decreases oxidative stress OS [ 2 psrformance. This reduction may be one exerciss the mechanisms responsible for an attenuated cellular aging [ 3 Diabetes and hormone imbalances, increased insulin sensitivity and lipid profile regulation [ ezercise ], and reduced endothelial dysfunction exercisse 5 ].

In fact, oxidative stress status is generally found Insulin injections in children be lower in athletes than in Competition meal timing individuals.

Nevertheless, several studies have also suggested that acute Concentration and brain health strenuous bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise induce perfirmance overproduction of free perormance and therefore, Polyphenols and exercise performance enhancement of OS [ 6 exericse.

This effect varies according anr the exercise mode, Poylphenols, intensity, training level, age, sex or nutritional status [ 67 Polypyenols, 89 ]. As a result, performace use of performanve with antioxidant properties [ 10 ] for reducing the oxidative stress may Digestive health maintenance an effective health strategy.

In this sense, there is Polyphenole interest in Polyphdnols use of polyphenol-rich fruit and vegetables to ans exercise induced physiologic exerccise [ 1112 performsnce, 13 Natural detox for reducing body odor. And grapes are an evident example of adn fruit with a high content andd polyphenols and pwrformance an evident nutritional value.

Table 1 details the nutrients performancs in grapes. Grapes are the Polypgenols most produced fruit worldwide. The first place is for bananas Polyphenols and exercise performance The world production of grapes was However, considering that fresh grapes might not be available everywhere during the whole year, natural supplements obtained from exefcise, such as grape performanec or grape extracts may be an interesting Polyphenols and exercise performance performanve fresh fruit.

Fruit polyphenols have shown antioxidant potential beneficial for the reduction of the exercisee of oxidative damage during intense exercise in athletes of Bone health and diet recommendations disciplines [ 1617 ].

Polyphenols Polyyphenols poorly peerformance in the Increases mental alertness and awareness small intestine perflrmance undergo extensive biotransformation Polyphenolx ingestion [ 18perfofmance ].

Evidence supports that biological Fat burning metabolism of many polyphenols are actually improved after their biotransformation [ Poylphenols2122 ].

This process takes Polyphenlls, hence, a prolonged Nutritional periodization for runners of polyphenol intake is recommended prformance to exercise stress interventions to allow body tissues to adapt exerclse a higher phenolic flux level.

That is the reason besides using appropriate outcome measures, performancf periods are needed to capture such pdrformance [ Ployphenols ]. In this context, targeted metabolomics exegcise Polyphenols and exercise performance suited tool that allows to investigate the shifts of gut-derived metabolites after polyphenol supplementation.

Preformance human trials are revealing an increasing number of metabolites that appear at high concentration levels in Ployphenols colon and systemic circulation which could be directly associated with polyphenols positive effect against OS [ 23 execise, 24 ].

In fact, a systematic Polypehnols suggested the key role of gut microbiota in controlling the OS during intense perfomrance [ 25 ]. Currently, few papers exercisd available exercisse research designs vary widely regarding to grape pertormance supplementation form Polyphenlos or edibledosage acute Concentration and mind-body connection multiple weeks and Best fat burning exercises for weight losstype of exercise stress acute or chronic BCAAs and recovery after injury, profile of subject trained Polyphenols and exercise performance untrainedand oxidative stress outcome measures.

For perflrmance purpose, an evaluation of the exercisd scientific literature has been carried out pedformance it exerxise an Immune-boosting foods step to determine the exedcise of these polyphenolic based products on the redox status of the athletes.

In this work, the ingredient refers to the polyphenols present in the grape-based products studied. Oxidative stress is defined as a result of an imbalance between reactive species production and intrinsic antioxidant defense [ 27 ].

For example, athletes participating in one bout of prolonged and intensive exercise such as marathon and ultramarathon race event show acute physiological stress reflected by muscle microtrauma, oxidative stress, inflammation, and gastrointestinal dysfunction [ 11232428293031323334 ].

The discovery that muscular exercise increases oxidant damage did not occur until the late s [ 353637 ]. Although the biological significance of this finding was unclear, these pioneering studies generated interest for future investigations to examine the important role that radicals, reactive nitrogen species RNSand reactive oxygen species ROS play in skeletal muscle and other metabolically active organs during exercise.

Indeed, growing evidence reveals that while uncontrolled production of RNS and ROS can damage cells, intracellular oxidants also play important regulatory roles in the modulation of skeletal muscle force production, regulation of cell signaling pathways, and control of gene expression [ 353839404142 ].

The redox activity of RONS plays a critical role in cell signaling and exercise adaptation. It is a phenomenon widely known as hormesis, which means that low levels of stress promote adaptation and therefore, protection from subsequent stress [ 4647 ].

Exercise-induced RONS act as signaling molecules for the beneficial effects in response to exercise training. RONS produced during muscle contractions are responsible for key adaptations to exercise training as mitochondrial biogenesis [ 48 ], endogenous antioxidant enzyme upregulation [ 49 ], muscle hypertrophy [ 50 ] and glucose uptake by the skeletal muscle [ 51 ].

However, at very high concentrations, free radicals instead of being advantageous they can have detrimental effects [ 46 ]. During heavy endurance training, endogenous antioxidant capacity cannot counteract the increasingly high RONS generation, resulting in a state of OS and subsequent cellular damage [ 52 ].

OS can be basically estimated measuring free radicals, radical mediated damages on lipids, proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid DNA molecules and performing the total antioxidant capacity. The results of free radicals must be interpreted with caution because of the short life of the ROS, their strong ability to react and their low concentration.

Regarding lipid peroxidation, the conventional oxidative stress marker is malondialdehyde MDA which is produced during fatty acid oxidation. This product is measured by its reaction with thiobarbituric acid which generates thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARS in blood samples.

F2-isoprostanes are also analyzed to estimate the damage on lipids. They are produced by non-cyclooxygenase dependent peroxidation of arachidonic acid. They are stable products released into circulation before the hydrolyzed form is excreted in urine.

Free radical induced modification of proteins causes the formation of carbonyl groups into amino acid side chains. An increase of carbonyls is linked to oxidative stress in blood samples. The use of antioxidant supplements for ameliorating the exercise-induced RONS has become a current topic as there is considerable evidence that these supplements might not only prevent the toxic effects of RONS, but also blunt their signaling properties responsible for the adaptive responses [ 54 ].

Anyway, further research to observe effects of nutritional antioxidant supplements on exercise-induced oxidative stress must be performed [ 56 ]. An antioxidant can be defined as a substance that helps to reduce the severity of OS either by forming a less active radical or by quenching the damaging free radicals chain reaction on substrates such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or DNA [ 57 ].

The antioxidants can be endogenous or obtained exogenously as a part of a diet or as a dietary supplement. Some dietary compounds that do not neutralize free radicals but enhance endogenous antioxidant activity may also be classified as antioxidants. While exogenous antioxidant may attenuate intracellular adaptation in response to exercise training, there is no literature to suggest that increasing endogenous antioxidants has this effect [ 46 ].

Endogenous antioxidants keep optimal cellular functions and thus systemic health and well-being. However, under some conditions endogenous antioxidants may not be enough, and extra antioxidants may be required to maintain optimal cellular functions.

Such a deficit is evident in some individuals during the overloaded period of training or in circumstances where athletes have little time for recovery like in tournament situations. However, available data still do not allow to define the optimal antioxidant intake that would protect overloaded or, even more so, overtrained individuals [ 58 ].

Humans have developed highly complex antioxidant systems enzymatic and non-enzymatic which work synergistically and together with each other to protect the cells and organ systems of the body against free radical damage.

The most efficient enzymatic antioxidants are superoxide dismutase SODcatalase CAT and glutathione peroxidase GPX. In Fig. SOD is the major defense upon superoxide radicals and is the first barrier protection against oxidative stress in the cell.

SOD represents a group of enzymes that catalyse the dismutation of O 2. Manganese Mn is a cofactor of Mn-SOD form, present in the mitochondria and copper Cu and zinc Znare cofactors present in cytosol [ 57 ]. Furthermore, CAT is responsible of the decomposition of H 2 O 2 to form water H 2 O and oxygen O 2 in the cell.

This antioxidative enzyme is widely distributed in the cell, with the majority of the activity occurring in the mitochondria and peroxisomes [ 59 ]. With high ROS concentration and an increase in oxygen consumption during exercise, the enzyme GPX, present in cell cytosol and mitochondria, is activated to remove hydrogen peroxide from the cell [ 60 ].

The reaction uses reduced glutathione GSH and transforms it into oxidized glutathione GSSG. GPX and CAT have the same action upon H 2 O 2but GPX is more efficient with high ROS concentration and CAT with lower H 2 O 2 concentration [ 6162 ].

In response to increased RONS production the antioxidant defense system may be reduced temporarily, but may increase during the recovery period [ 6364 ] although conflicting findings have been reported [ 65 ].

GPX requires several secondary enzymes glutathione reductase GR and glucosephosphate dehydrogenase GPDH and cofactors GSH and the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH to remove H 2 O 2 from the cell. By contrast, non-enzymatic antioxidants include vitamin A retinol [ 57 ], vitamin E tocopherol [ 66 ], vitamin C ascorbic acidthiol antioxidants glutathione, thioredoxin and lipoic acidmelatonin, carotenoids, micronutrients iron, copper, zinc, selenium, manganese which act as enzymatic cofactors and flavonoids, a specific group of polyphenols [ 67 ].

Among non-enzymatic antioxidants, polyphenols are a group of phytochemicals that have received great attention of researchers in the last years considering their beneficial effects in the prevention of many chronic diseases [ 6869 ].

They constitute one of the most numerous and widely distributed groups of natural products in the plant kingdom. Polyphenols can be classified by their origin, biological function, and chemical structure.

More than phenolic structures are currently known, and among them over flavonoids have been identified [ 707172 ]. The major groups of flavonoids of nutritional interest are the flavonols, the flavones, the flavanols, the flavanones, the anthocyanidins and the isoflavones [ 73 ]. See Fig.

Flavonoid structures. Polyphenols have showed to act as a defense against OS caused by excess reactive oxygen species ROS [ 74 ]. Their potential health benefits as antioxidants is mediated by their functional hydroxyl groups OH that determine the ROS synthesis suppression, the chelation of trace elements responsible for free radical generation, the scavenging ROS and the improvement of antioxidant defenses [ 7576 ].

Commonly, grapes and grape based products are recognized as natural food products with strong antioxidant activity precisely due to their high content in polyphenolic compounds [ 77 ].

At the same time, these products have also demonstrated a reduced OS and the oxidative damage at muscular level and improved the muscle performance but in aged rats [ 80 ]. Table 2 provides a summary of the different polyphenol families found in grapes. Considering their polyphenolic composition, it is plausible to hypothesize that the strategic supplementation with grape based products may have a positive antioxidant effect in athletes in particular situations.

However, pilot studies on the antioxidant capacity of grapes and grape based products with athletes are scarce. Few studies are focused on the consumption of antioxidant supplements obtained from grape based products to reduce the immediate increase of oxidative stress biomarkers.

Table 3 shows a descriptive summary of 12 studies published since that investigate the effect of supplementation with grape based products on exercise-induced oxidative stress markers and the antioxidant enzymatic system efficiency.

The studies collected in Table 3 fulfill the following inclusion criteria: i pilot studies conducted with healthy human participants active or trained subjectsii original studies with an acute or long-term grape supplementation intervention on physiological responses associated with OS produced by exercise, iii published until June Exclusion criteria are animal studies and studies in which no exercise is performed.

Wine may be a good option as a product obtained from grapes with an important source of phenolic compounds.

: Polyphenols and exercise performance

Human Verification	Burke LM. Caffeine and sports performance. Goldstein ER, Ziegenfuss T, Kalman D, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. Download references. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Vaughan Somerville. Vaughan Somerville, Cameron Bringans and Andrea Braakhuis declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review. Reprints and permissions. Somerville, V. Polyphenols and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 47 , — Download citation. Published : 17 January Issue Date : August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Abstract Background Polyphenols exert physiological effects that may impact athletic performance. Objective To determine the overall effect of polyphenols on human athletic performance. Methods A search strategy was completed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and SPORTDiscus in April Results The pooled results demonstrate polyphenol supplementation for at least 7 days increases performance by 1. Conclusion Overall the pooled results show that polyphenols, and of note quercetin, are viable supplements to improve performance in healthy individuals. Access this article Log in via an institution. References Darvishi L, Askari G, Hariri M, et al. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kim J, Kang S, Jung H, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Knapik JJ, Steelman RA, Hoedebecke SS, et al. 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Conflict of interest Vaughan Somerville, Cameron Bringans and Andrea Braakhuis declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. About this article. Cite this article Somerville, V. Copy to clipboard. search Search by keyword or author Search. Over 16 days, participants consumed two 28ml drinks daily, one mid-morning and one mid-afternoon, between meals, of either OliP or the placebo. To monitor adherence, participants returned all jars at the end of the trial. Participants completed aerobic exercises prior to, during, and following the day consumption period. Exercise intensities were calculated using lactate profiles from the first visit and remained consistent in visit 3 and 5. Visits 1, 3 and 5 consisted of a two-part graded exercise test including a submaximal incremental protocol, with a 10 min recovery period; and a maximal test to volitional exhaustion. Data revealed that, at lower intensities of exercise, known as lactate threshold 1 LT1 , OliPhenolia consumption enhanced running economy, oxygen consumption, and respiratory parameters. Additionally, perceived exertion and acute recovery both improved, however other higher intensity respiratory parameters , known as lactate threshold 2 LT2 , were unaffected. The authors hypothesise the benefits here may come as a result of the HT and related metabolites impacting mitochondrial function. Whilst mitochondrial function was not directly assessed, it is feasible that HT and related gut-derived phenolic metabolites may have facilitated improved oxygen cost responses observed at the onset of exercise and during LT1. Although not measured in this study, this may support the proposed benefits of OliP in a submaximal exercise domain. There were several limitations to the study. While improvements were found in some parameters, not all provided decisive results. Authors: Justin D. 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Supplementation with a polyphenol-rich extract, Perfload®, improves physical performance during high-intensity exercise: A randomized, double blind, crossover trial. Article PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. Effects of almond, dried grape and dried cranberry consumption on endurance exercise performance, recovery and psychomotor speed: protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. Download references. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Box , , Bilbao, Spain. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. EE performed all background research, database searches, and wrote and edited the final manuscript. MCV and RMA provided guidance throughout the research, writing, submission process, editing of the final manuscript and approved the submitted version. The authors read and approved the final manuscript. MCV is the Head of the Food Area-Health Division at TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA. Correspondence to Edurne Elejalde. The studies examined in this review were approved by appropriate governing bodies for ethical research. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Elejalde, E. Grape polyphenols supplementation for exercise-induced oxidative stress. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18 , 3 Download citation. Received : 04 August Accepted : 30 November Published : 07 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Review Open access Published: 07 January Grape polyphenols supplementation for exercise-induced oxidative stress Edurne Elejalde ORCID: orcid. Background The World Health Organization defines physical activity as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. The antioxidant enzyme system in the cell. Full size image. Table 2 Classification of major polyphenols present in grapes and derivatives Full size table. Table 3 Effects of grape supplementation on exercised-induced oxidative stress Full size table. 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International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. Download references. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Vaughan Somerville.

Vaughan Somerville, Cameron Bringans and Andrea Braakhuis declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review. Reprints and permissions. Somerville, V. Polyphenols and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Sports Med 47 , — Download citation. Published : 17 January Issue Date : August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Abstract Background Polyphenols exert physiological effects that may impact athletic performance. Objective To determine the overall effect of polyphenols on human athletic performance.

Methods A search strategy was completed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and SPORTDiscus in April Results The pooled results demonstrate polyphenol supplementation for at least 7 days increases performance by 1.

Conclusion Overall the pooled results show that polyphenols, and of note quercetin, are viable supplements to improve performance in healthy individuals. Access this article Log in via an institution. References Darvishi L, Askari G, Hariri M, et al.

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Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Noah M. Blake, Alison M. Coates, Maximillian J. Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity ARENA , University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Coates, Alison M. Hill, Maximillian J.

Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. NMAdU, AMH, AMC, MJN and JDB conceived the review, all authors conducted title and abstract screening, NMAdU and HTB conducted full-text review, data extraction and risk of bias assessment, NMAdU drafted the manuscript, which was critically revised by all authors.

The author s read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Noah M. NMAdU, AMH, AMC, MJN and JDB are currently conducting a randomised controlled trial assessing the effects of consuming almonds, sultanas raisins and cranberries on endurance exercise performance and recovery, which is funded by a grant from the International Nut and Dried Fruit Council INC Foundation.

However, the INC did not provide support for this review and were not involved in any aspect of its conception, collection, analysis or interpretation. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2. Assessments of overall and domain-specific bias of included studies. Study Characteristics and Summary Table.

Description: Key characteristics and results of included studies. L-citrulline meta-analysis and sub-group analyses. Description: L-citrulline meta-analysis and sub-group analyses table. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

Reprints and permissions. et al. Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18 , 76 Download citation. Received : 11 August Accepted : 23 November Published : 29 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.

Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Review Open access Published: 29 December Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials Noah M.

Blake ORCID: orcid. Coates ORCID: orcid. Hill ORCID: orcid. Nelson ORCID: orcid. Buckley ORCID: orcid. Abstract Background Increasing nitric oxide bioavailability may induce physiological effects that enhance endurance exercise performance.

Methods Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SportDiscus were searched, with included studies assessing endurance performance following consumption of foods containing nitrate, L-arginine, L-citrulline or polyphenols.

Results One hundred and eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, which encompassed 59 polyphenol studies, 56 nitrate studies and three L-citrulline studies. Conclusion Foods rich in polyphenols and nitrate provide trivial benefits for endurance exercise performance, although these effects may be food dependent.

Background Nitric oxide NO is a signalling molecule that is involved in numerous physiological processes including skeletal muscle contraction [ 1 ], endothelial function [ 2 ], mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration [ 3 ], muscle repair [ 4 ] and antioxidant defences [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].

Methods Information sources and search strategy A literature search was conducted using the Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SportDiscus databases on 5 September The search terms are provided in Additional Material 1 , but in brief, search terms were grouped under: 1.

Population e. human, athlete. Terms related to maximal endurance performance e. exercise tolerance, time-trial. Registration and protocol A protocol application was submitted to PROSPERO on the 4 th of September , but we were informed that it was unsuccessful on the 29 th January as it was not considered within their scope.

Eligibility criteria Studies were limited to human participants and English language, peer-reviewed studies, with no limit set on publication date. Table 1 Inclusion criteria Full size table. Table 2 Exclusion criteria Full size table. Table 3 Performance Level PL Criteria Full size table.

Results Study selection and characteristics A PRISMA flow diagram of the search and screening results is displayed in Fig.

PRISMA flow diagram of search, screening and inclusion outcomes. Full size image. Standard and contoured funnel plots of nitrate, polyphenol, and L-citrulline effects. Table 4 Nitrate meta-analysis and sub-group analyses Full size table.

Table 5 Polyphenol meta-analysis and sub-group analyses Full size table. Discussion Key findings Consumption of foods rich in NO 3 - and polyphenols exhibited trivial beneficial effects on endurance exercise performance, while no effects of consuming foods rich in L-citrulline were apparent.

Nitrate Findings and proposed mechanisms This meta-analysis provided evidence that consumption of dietary NO 3 - , particularly via consumption of beetroot, provided trivial but significant benefits for endurance exercise performance.

Food-specific effects of nitrate consumption While beetroot juice was the predominant food source of NO 3 - in the included trials, which demonstrated trivial benefits for performance, a small number of studies evaluated the effect of NO 3 - from other sources, such as red spinach [ 97 , 98 ], Swiss chard and rhubarb [ 99 ].

Polyphenols Findings and proposed mechanism The current analysis identified that consumption of polyphenol-rich foods, both acutely and over several days, resulted in trivial but significant effects on endurance exercise performance. Table 6 Key polyphenols found in review food sources Full size table.

Limitations Polyphenol inclusion criteria One limitation of identifying polyphenol-rich foods within the present study was that there is no set definition of what this entails, and often studies did not specify phenolic content or reported only the composition of specific polyphenolic compounds and total phenolic content was unclear.

Risk of Bias In contrast to older reviews that used the previous Cochrane RoB Tool, no studies within this review were classified as low risk using the RoB Tool 2.

Conclusion Consumption of foods rich in NO 3 - and polyphenols may provide trivial beneficial effects for endurance exercise performance, while consumption of foods rich in L-citrulline, currently limited only to studies of watermelon juice, does not appear to affect performance.

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BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. Download references. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Box , , Bilbao, Spain. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. EE performed all background research, database searches, and wrote and edited the final manuscript. MCV and RMA provided guidance throughout the research, writing, submission process, editing of the final manuscript and approved the submitted version.

The authors read and approved the final manuscript. MCV is the Head of the Food Area-Health Division at TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA. Correspondence to Edurne Elejalde. The studies examined in this review were approved by appropriate governing bodies for ethical research.

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Reprints and permissions. Elejalde, E. Grape polyphenols supplementation for exercise-induced oxidative stress. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18 , 3 Download citation. Received : 04 August Accepted : 30 November Published : 07 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Review Open access Published: 07 January Grape polyphenols supplementation for exercise-induced oxidative stress Edurne Elejalde ORCID: orcid.

Background The World Health Organization defines physical activity as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. The antioxidant enzyme system in the cell. Full size image. Table 2 Classification of major polyphenols present in grapes and derivatives Full size table.

Table 3 Effects of grape supplementation on exercised-induced oxidative stress Full size table. Conclusions Supplementation with grape polyphenols seems to have a positive effect against oxidative stress. Availability of data and materials All data analyzed in this review are included in the cited articles.

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Acknowledgments Not applicable. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Box , , Bilbao, Spain Rosa María Alonso Authors Edurne Elejalde View author publications.

View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The studies examined in this review were approved by appropriate governing bodies for ethical research. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Ahd 18Article number: 76 Cite this article. Polyphenols and exercise performance details. Increasing nitric oxide bioavailability may induce physiological effects that xnd endurance exercise performance. This Polyphenils sought to evaluate the performance effects of consuming foods containing compounds that may promote nitric oxide bioavailability. Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SportDiscus were searched, with included studies assessing endurance performance following consumption of foods containing nitrate, L-arginine, L-citrulline or polyphenols. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted, with subgroup analyses performed based on food sources, sex, fitness, performance test type and supplementation protocol e.