Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica vholesterol oxide nanocomposite for lfvels EGCG and cholesterol levels Te EGCG and cholesterol levels Tl in natural water systems. Various concentrations of EGCG, EGC, or GCG in deionized water µL stored at 37°C were added to the 3-mL micellar solutions. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.

EGCG and cholesterol levels -

The results are consistent with the adsorption site of the most stable catechin—cholesterol complexes obtained previously, indicating that the aromatic ring plays a dominant role and enhances the adjacent hydrogen bonding through charge transfer. Statistical analyses of PDOS were performed to analyze the interaction mechanisms.

The PDOS of the four catechins, cholesterol and catechin—cholesterol complexes are shown in Figures S3 and S4. The energy gaps of EC, EGC, ECG and EGCG are narrower than that of cholesterol as well as the narrower energy gaps of complexes, which indicates that the chemical activity of catechin is higher than that of cholesterol during adsorption.

The HOMO of catechins are mainly composed of C atoms, while the HOMO of complexes are mainly composed of C atoms as well. The narrower energy gaps and PDOS of HOMO show strong interaction of catechins in which C atoms on aromatic rings play a dominant role. To clearly show the interaction between cholesterol and catechin, the PDOS of some atoms at the active site before and after adsorption corresponding to groups in charge transfer statistics was analyzed, as shown in Figure 7.

It can be noted that the distribution of the PDOS of the atoms at the action sites on cholesterol and catechins changed significantly compared with those before adsorption. The PDOS of the electron in the hydroxyl group on cholesterols reduce and shift to low energy after adsorption as compared to those before adsorption Figure 7a, c, e, and g , and the PDOS of the electron in the atoms of adsorption sites on catechins increase and shift to high energy after adsorption as compared to those before adsorption Figure 7b, d, f, and h.

The changes in the PDOS of electrons of the cholesterol and catechins as compared to those before adsorption show the corresponding charge transfer between the cholesterol and the catechins.

The result is consistent with the charge transfer and charge data described earlier. In short, the HOMO of the four catechins and their complexes are mainly determined by aromatic rings. Catechins are more active and play a major role in the adsorption process.

Moreover, the changes in the PDOS of the active atoms indicate the phenomenon of charge transfer between them as well as the direction of transfer. This result is in good agreement with our results of adsorption structures, adsorption energy and charge transfer, which proves that the molecular interactions of the complexes are mainly due to charge transfer of the aromatic rings of the catechins as well as the interactions of the hydrogen bonds between catechins and cholesterol.

Upon comparing the IR spectra of EC and cholesterol, it is found that a new peak appeared at The yellow shading in Figure 8 corresponds to the characteristic peak of the A-ring at The intensity of the As shown in Figure 8b , the IR spectrum of the EGC—Chol complex shows a new peak at The intensities of Similarly, for ECG—Chol in Figure 8c , new peaks appeared at It could be known that the peak at The peak at The intensity of peaks at In Figure 8d , the IR spectra of the EGCG—Chol complex show new peaks at The new peak at After adsorption, the peak intensity at The results suggest that the adsorption of catechin and cholesterol mainly depends on hydrogen bonds and aromatic rings.

For example, the main action rings of EC—Chol and EGC—Chol are the A-ring, while the main action rings of ECG—Chol and EGCG—Chol are the B-ring.

In this work, the interaction and mechanism of the catechins and cholesterol have been investigated using the DFT. By simulating the adsorption of catechins and cholesterol, it is found that the adsorption energy produced by catechin on cholesterol is greater than that produced by cholesterol itself, indicating that catechin has more advantages in reducing the formation of cholesterol micelle, which is consistent with the experimental results [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].

Since the molecular structures are similar, EC and EGC have similar adsorption capacity, and the binding sites of the molecular structures with the largest adsorption energy are the same. Similarly, ECG and EGCG have similar adsorption capacity and the binding sites because of their alike molecular structures.

Compared with EC and EGC, ECG and EGCG have larger adsorption energy and greater adsorption advantages, which is in line with the result that EGCG is more effective than ECG in cholesterol deposition in mice and that EC and EGC are equally effective but weaker than their gallate esters [ 39 ].

In addition, charge, PDOS, electron orbital data and IR spectrum show that the adsorption of cholesterol by EC and EGC mainly depends on the transfer of electrons from the partially delocalized orbitals on the A-ring to enhance the strength of the hydrogen bonds produced.

The adsorption of cholesterol by ECG and EGCG depends largely on the transfer of electrons from the partially delocalized orbitals on the B-ring to enhance the strength of the hydrogen bonds generated on aromatic rings, which is accompanied by the effect of the hydrogen bond formed by carbonyl oxygen on the ester bond.

It shows the active reaction sites of different kinds of catechins, which help to infer the reaction of catechins with other substances.

Besides, unlike intuitive understanding of a complex formed by interaction of hydrogen bonds, which is positively correlated with the number of hydrogen bonds, the strength of hydrogen bond is mainly determined by the distribution of active sites and the intermolecular and intramolecular charge transfer of catechin aromatic rings, thus affecting the stability of the complex.

These aforementioned results suggest a strong possibility that catechins and cholesterol interact through hydrogen bonds. To some extent, it suggests that catechins may influence cholesterol micelles by forming insoluble substances with cholesterol, so as to reduce the absorption of cholesterol by the intestine.

This helps us to understand the mechanism by which catechins weaken cholesterol absorption in the intestine by reducing the solubility of cholesterol micelles, so that we can better understand the whole complex mechanism of catechins lowering cholesterol.

This can also provide theoretical basis for the development of catechin drugs. Cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and functional foods. J Agric Food Chem.

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Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access May 28, From the journal Open Chemistry. Download article PDF. Supplementary Materials Cite this Share this. Keywords: catechin ; cholesterol-lowering ; density functional theory ; micelle. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3.

Schematic diagram of adsorption sites. Figure 4. Adsorption energy of complexes Chol represents cholesterol. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8.

IR spectra of catechin, cholesterol and catechin—cholesterol complex. Received: Revised: Accepted: Published Online: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Cite this article. MLA APA Harvard Chicago Vancouver. Zheng, Kaiwen, Guo, Kai, Xu, Jing, Liu, Wei, Chen, Junlang, Xu, Can and Chen, Liang.

Zheng, K. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory. Open Chemistry , 18 1 , and Chen, L. Open Chemistry, Vol. Zheng K, Guo K, Xu J, Liu W, Chen J, Xu C, Chen L. Open Chemistry.

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Funnel plot of green tea supplementation and total cholesterol. Funnel plot of green tea supplementation and LDL cholesterol. Funnel plot of green tea supplementation and HDL cholesterol. funnel plot of green tea supplementation and triglyceride.

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Catechins, compounds derived cholesrerol Protein intake for women techniques to reduce stress, have been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol lecels and the rate of cholesterol absorption. We investigated cholesteerol dose response cholesteeol the Protein intake for women of action of epigallocatechin gallate EGCG on these parameters in rats. Wistar rats were fed a diet high in cholesterol and fat containing either none, 0. Plasma triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein levels did not change significantly. Following a single oral application of a liquid test-meal, intestinal cholesterol absorption in Wistar rats was In the group treated with 0. Nutrition Journal volume 19Cholesterlo number: EGCG and cholesterol levels Cite this article. Metrics details. Strong ECGG evidence EGCG and cholesterol levels levsls green wnd intake is protective against hyperlipidemia; however, randomized controlled studies have presented varying results. In the present study, we aimed to conduct a literature review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of green tea on blood lipids. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were electronically explored from inception to September for all relevant studies. The risk of bias for study was assessed using the Cochrane tool.

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