Salmon Salad with Phytichemicals Building lean mass Herbs. Phytochemicalsbluepurple pigments. You may have heard of beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. In two other multicenter, placebo -controlled trials in a total of preterm infants, a daily oral dose of 0.

Phytochemicals -

Vishwanathan R, Kuchan MJ, Sen S, Johnson EJ. Lutein and preterm infants with decreased concentrations of brain carotenoids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. Feeney J, Finucane C, Savva GM, et al. Low macular pigment optical density is associated with lower cognitive performance in a large, population-based sample of older adults.

Neurobiol Aging. Renzi LM, Dengler MJ, Puente A, Miller LS, Hammond BR, Jr. Relationships between macular pigment optical density and cognitive function in unimpaired and mildly cognitively impaired older adults.

Kelly D, Coen RF, Akuffo KO, et al. Cognitive function and its relationship with macular pigment optical density and serum concentrations of its constituent carotenoids.

J Alzheimers Dis. Johnson EJ, McDonald K, Caldarella SM, Chung HY, Troen AM, Snodderly DM. Cognitive findings of an exploratory trial of docosahexaenoic acid and lutein supplementation in older women.

Renzi-Hammond LM, Bovier ER, Fletcher LM, et al. Effects of a lutein and zeaxanthin intervention on cognitive function: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of younger healthy adults.

Power R, Coen RF, Beatty S, et al. Supplemental retinal carotenoids enhance memory in healthy individuals with low levels of macular pigment in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Yeum KJ, Russell RM. Carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. Gartner C, Stahl W, Sies H. Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. Stahl W, Sies H. Uptake of lycopene and its geometrical isomers is greater from heat-processed than from unprocessed tomato juice in humans.

US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. Clinton SK. Lycopene: chemistry, biology, and implications for human health and disease. Hendler SS, Rorvik DM, eds. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Thomson Reuters; Tudor C, Pintea A.

A brief overview of dietary zeaxanthin occurrence and bioaccessibility. Tanvetyanon T, Bepler G. Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers: a meta-analysis and evaluation of national brands.

Bowen PE, Herbst-Espinosa SM, Hussain EA, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M. Esterification does not impair lutein bioavailability in humans. Solomons NW. Vitamin A and carotenoids. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition.

Shao A, Hathcock JN. Risk assessment for the carotenoids lutein and lycopene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. Choi RY, Chortkoff SC, Gorusupudi A, Bernstein PS. Crystalline maculopathy associated with high-dose lutein supplementation.

Tan KML, Chee J, Lim KLM, et al. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of beta-cryptoxanthin supplementation in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Ehrenfeld M, Levy M, Sharon P, Rachmilewitz D, Eliakim M. Gastrointestinal effects of long-term colchicine therapy in patients with recurrent polyserositis familial mediterranean fever. Dig Dis Sci. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al.

Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J. Int J Clin Pract. Koonsvitsky BP, Berry DA, Jones MB, et al. Olestra affects serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids but not vitamin D or vitamin K status in free-living subjects.

Thornquist MD, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, et al. Olestra consumption does not predict serum concentrations of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins in free-living humans: early results from the sentinel site of the olestra post-marketing surveillance study. Neuhouser ML, Rock CL, Kristal AR, et al.

Olestra is associated with slight reductions in serum carotenoids but does not markedly influence serum fat-soluble vitamin concentrations. Katan MB, Grundy SM, Jones P, Law M, Miettinen T, Paoletti R. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels.

Mayo Clin Proc. Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects.

Noakes M, Clifton P, Ntanios F, Shrapnel W, Record I, McInerney J. An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations.

Leo MA, Lieber CS. Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene: adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance.

van den Berg H. Carotenoid interactions. Micozzi MS, Brown ED, Edwards BK, et al. Plasma carotenoid response to chronic intake of selected foods and beta-carotene supplements in men. Kostic D, White WS, Olson JA. Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses.

Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Rautalahti M, Pietinen P, Heinonen OP. Effects of supplemental beta-carotene, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption on serum carotenoids in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study.

Nierenberg DW, Dain BJ, Mott LA, Baron JA, Greenberg ER. Effects of 4 y of oral supplementation with beta-carotene on serum concentrations of retinol, tocopherol, and five carotenoids. Wahlqvist ML, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Macrae FA, Lambert JR, MacLennan R, Hsu-Hage BH. Changes in serum carotenoids in subjects with colorectal adenomas after 24 mo of beta-carotene supplementation.

Australian Polyp Prevention Project Investigators. Chlorophyll is the pigment that gives plants and algae their green color. Plants use chlorophyll to trap light needed for photosynthesis 1. The basic structure of chlorophyll is a porphyrin ring similar to that of heme in hemoglobin , although the central atom in chlorophyll is magnesium instead of iron.

The long hydrocarbon phytol tail attached to the porphyrin ring makes chlorophyll fat-soluble and insoluble in water. Chlorophyll a and b only have a small difference in one of the side chains but an intact phytol tail, while the common characteristic of chlorophyll c isoforms is the absence of a phytol tail.

These structural differences cause each type of chlorophyll to absorb light at slightly different wavelengths. Metallo-chlorophyll derivatives, including chlorophyllins, can be chemically synthesized or produced in industrial food processing; these compounds contain zinc , iron, or copper in place of the central magnesium atom 2.

The most studied chlorophyllin, sodium copper chlorophyllin SCC , is a semi-synthetic mixture of sodium copper salts derived from chlorophyll 4, 5. During its synthesis, the magnesium atom at the center of the ring is replaced with copper or other metals , and the phytol tail is lost.

Unlike natural chlorophyll, chlorophyllins regardless of the metal used are water-soluble. Although the content of different SCC mixtures may vary, two compounds commonly found in commercial SCC are trisodium copper chlorin e 6 and disodium copper chlorin e 4 Figure 2.

Little is known about the bioavailability and metabolism of chlorophyll in humans, although it is known that chlorophyll undergoes extensive metabolism once consumed. A recent study in eight healthy adults found pheophytin and pheophorbide derivatives in the blood of most subjects following consumption of 1.

Sodium copper chlorophyllin was originally thought to be poorly absorbed because of its lack of apparent toxicity. In vitro studies have found chlorin e 4 to have a higher stability than chlorin e 6 2. More research, however, is needed to understand the bioavailability and metabolism of natural chlorophylls and chlorin compounds in synthetic chlorophyllin.

Chlorophyll and sodium copper chlorophyllin are able to form tight molecular complexes with certain chemicals known or suspected to cause cancer , including polyaromatic hydrocarbons found in tobacco smoke 8 , some heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat 9 , and aflatoxin-B 1 The binding of chlorophyll or SCC to these potential carcinogens may interfere with gastrointestinal absorption of potential carcinogens, reducing the amount that reaches susceptible tissues This has been demonstrated in humans: a cross-over study in three volunteers that used accelerator mass spectrometry to study the pharmacokinetics of an ultra-low dose of aflatoxin-B 1 found a mg dose of either SCC or chlorophyll could decrease absorption of aflatoxin-B 1 SCC can neutralize several physically relevant oxidants in vitro , and limited data from animal studies suggest that SCC supplementation may decrease oxidative damage induced by chemical carcinogens and radiation 17, While chlorophyll and its derivatives have demonstrated antioxidant activity in in vitro assays 15 , 19 , the relevance of these findings to humans is not clear.

To initiate the development of cancer , some chemicals procarcinogens must first be metabolized to active carcinogens that are capable of damaging DNA or other critical molecules in susceptible tissues.

Since enzymes in the cytochrome P family are required for the activation of some procarcinogens, inhibition of cytochrome P enzymes may decrease the risk of some types of chemically induced cancers. In vitro studies indicate that SCC may decrease the activity of cytochrome P enzymes 8 , 20, Phase II biotransformation enzymes promote the elimination of potentially harmful toxins and carcinogens from the body.

Limited data from animal studies indicate that SCC may increase the activity of the phase II enzyme quinone reductase One in vitro study showed that human colon cancer cells undergo cell cycle arrest after treatment with SCC The mechanism involved inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity.

Ribonucleotide reductase plays a pivotal role in DNA synthesis and repair and is a target of currently used cancer therapeutic agents, such as hydroxyurea While this may provide a potential avenue for SCC in the clinical setting, sensitizing cancer cells to DNA damaging agents, in vivo studies are needed.

The porphyrin structure of chlorophyll is analogous to the heme structure found in blood and muscle tissue. Because heme-bound iron has higher bioavailability than nonheme iron the most common form of iron in plant-based sources, e. Toxicity studies in rats suggest iron chlorophyllin is generally safe for mammalian consumption In vitro studies demonstrate that iron chlorophyllin is as good as heme in delivering iron to intestinal cells, and significantly better than the most common supplemental form of iron i.

However, work in this area is nascent and has not yet been validated in humans. It is also not known if metallo-chlorophyll derivatives of copper or zinc increase absorption of these essential divalent metals. Aflatoxin-B 1 AFB 1 , a liver carcinogen produced by certain species of fungus, is found in moldy grains and legumes , including corn, peanuts, and soybeans 4 , In hot, humid regions of Africa and Asia with improper grain storage facilities, high levels of dietary AFB 1 are associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Moreover, the combination of hepatitis B infection and high dietary AFB 1 exposure increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma still further. In the liver, AFB 1 is metabolized to a carcinogen capable of binding DNA and causing mutations.

In animal models of AFB 1 -induced liver cancer , administration of SCC at the same time as dietary AFB 1 exposure significantly reduces AFB 1 -induced DNA damage in the livers of rainbow trout and rats and dose-dependently inhibits the development of liver cancer in trout Likewise, natural chlorophyll has also been found to inhibit AFB 1 -induced liver cancer in the rat In contrast, data suggest a limited role for SCC in influencing cancer progression.

For example, one rat study found that SCC did not protect against aflatoxin-induced liver damage when given after tumor initiation Because of the long time period between AFB 1 exposure and the development of cancer in humans, an intervention trial might require as long as 20 years to determine whether SCC supplementation can reduce the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in people exposed to high levels of dietary AFB 1.

However, a biomarker of AFB 1 -induced DNA damage AFB 1 -N 7 -guanine can be measured in the urine, and high urinary levels of AFB 1 -N 7 -guanine have been associated with significantly increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma In order to determine whether chlorophyllin could decrease AFB 1 -induced DNA damage in humans, a randomized , placebo -controlled intervention trial was conducted in adults residing in a region in China where the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma is very high due to unavoidable, dietary AFB 1 exposure and a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection Participants took either mg of SCC or a placebo before meals three times daily.

Although a reduction in hepatocellular carcinoma has not yet been demonstrated in humans taking SCC, scientists are hopeful that supplementation will provide some protection to high-risk populations with unavoidable, dietary AFB 1 exposure It is not known whether SCC will be useful in the prevention of cancers in people who are not exposed to significant levels of dietary AFB 1 , as is the case for most people living in the US.

Many questions remain to be answered regarding the exact mechanisms of cancer prevention by SCC, the implications for the prevention of other types of cancer, and the potential for natural chlorophylls in the diet to provide cancer protection. Observations in the s and s that topical SCC had deodorizing effects on foul-smelling wounds led clinicians to administer SCC orally to patients with colostomies and ileostomies in order to control fecal odor One study in a small number of Japanese patients with trimethylaminuria found that oral SCC 60 mg three times daily for three weeks significantly decreased urinary trimethylamine concentrations Research in the s indicated that chlorophyllin slowed the growth of certain anaerobic bacteria in the test tube and accelerated the healing of experimental wounds in animals.

These findings led to the use of topical SCC solutions and ointments in the treatment of persistent open wounds in humans During the late s and s, a series of largely uncontrolled studies in patients with slow-healing wounds, such as vascular ulcers and pressure decubitus ulcers, reported that the application of topical SCC promoted healing more effectively than other commonly used treatments 40, In the late s, SCC was added to papain and urea-containing ointments used for the chemical debridement of wounds in order to reduce local inflammation , promote healing, and control odor Several studies have reported that such ointments are effective in wound healing A few small studies have investigated SCC as a topical treatment for various skin conditions.

In a pilot study of 10 adults ages years who had mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris and enlarged facial pores, twice daily application of a 0. Additionally, a pilot study in 10 women ages 40 years or older with noticeable photodamage and solar lentigines found that twice daily topical application of a gel containing 0.

A few case reports have also observed some improvement in facial redness and rosacea with application of topical SCC While the reports from these studies are interesting, placebo -controlled clinical trials are needed to determine whether SCC may have utility in treating various skin conditions.

Chlorophylls are the most abundant pigments in plants, with chlorophyll a being two to four times as prevalent as chlorophyll b 6 , Dark-green leafy vegetables like spinach are rich sources of natural chlorophylls.

The chlorophyll content of selected vegetables are presented in Table 1 Green algae like chlorella are often marketed as supplemental sources of chlorophyll.

Because natural chlorophyll is not as stable as SCC and is much more expensive, most over-the-counter chlorophyll supplements actually contain sodium copper chlorophyllin. Oral preparations of sodium copper chlorophyllin also called chlorophyllin copper complex are available as a dietary supplement and as an over-the-counter drug Derifil used to reduce odor from colostomies and ileostomies , or to reduce fecal odor due to incontinence In the US, SCC is found in minor quantities in some types of green table olives It is also used as a green color additive in foods like chewing gum 52 , as well as in drugs and cosmetics In US supermarkets, canned green beans thermally processed in a zinc chloride solution to produce zinc chlorophyll derivatives within the green beans themselves are sold under the trademarked name "veri-green" Because zinc chlorophyll derivatives are more robust to heat and acid treatment, they better retain a bright green color as compared to native magnesium-bound chlorophyll Natural chlorophylls are not known to be toxic, and no toxic effects have been attributed to chlorophyllin despite more than 50 years of clinical use in humans 11 , 33 , When taken orally, supplemental chlorophyll or sodium copper chlorophyllin may cause green discoloration of urine or feces, or yellow or black discoloration of the tongue There have also been occasional reports of diarrhea related to oral SCC use.

When applied topically to wounds, SCC has been reported to cause mild burning or itching in some cases Oral chlorophyllin may result in false positive results on guaiac card tests for occult blood Since the safety of chlorophyll or chlorophyllin supplements has not been tested in pregnant or lactating women, they should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation.

Updated in June by: Victoria J. Reviewed in March by: Rachel E. Kopec, Ph. Assistant Professor of Human Nutrition The Ohio State University. Matthews CK, van Holde KE. Zhong S, Bird A, Kopec RE. The metabolism and potential bioactivity of chlorophyll and metallo-chlorophyll derivatives in the gastrointestinal tract.

Chen K, Rios JJ, Perez-Galvez A, Roca M. Comprehensive chlorophyll composition in the main edible seaweeds. Food Chem. Sudakin DL. Dietary aflatoxin exposure and chemoprevention of cancer: a clinical review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. Dashwood RH. The importance of using pure chemicals in anti mutagenicity studies: chlorophyllin as a case in point.

Mutat Res. Chao PY, Huang MY, Huang WD, Lin KH, Chen SY, Yang CM. Study of chlorophyll-related compounds from dietary spinach in human blood.

Not Bot Horti Agrobo. Egner PA, Stansbury KH, Snyder EP, Rogers ME, Hintz PA, Kensler TW. Identification and characterization of chlorin e 4 ethyl ester in sera of individuals participating in the chlorophyllin chemoprevention trial.

Chem Res Toxicol. Tachino N, Guo D, Dashwood WM, Yamane S, Larsen R, Dashwood R. Mechanisms of the in vitro antimutagenic action of chlorophyllin against benzo[a]pyrene: studies of enzyme inhibition, molecular complex formation and degradation of the ultimate carcinogen.

Dashwood R, Yamane S, Larsen R. Study of the forces of stabilizing complexes between chlorophylls and heterocyclic amine mutagens. Environ Mol Mutagen. Breinholt V, Schimerlik M, Dashwood R, Bailey G. Mechanisms of chlorophyllin anticarcinogenesis against aflatoxin B1: complex formation with the carcinogen.

Egner PA, Munoz A, Kensler TW. Chemoprevention with chlorophyllin in individuals exposed to dietary aflatoxin. Jubert C, Mata J, Bench G, et al. Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on low-dose aflatoxin B 1 pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Cancer Prev Res Phila.

Kumar SS, Devasagayam TP, Bhushan B, Verma NC. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by chlorophyllin: an ESR study. Free Radic Res. Kamat JP, Boloor KK, Devasagayam TP. Chlorophyllin as an effective antioxidant against membrane damage in vitro and ex vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta.

Vankova K, Markova I, Jasprova J, et al. Chlorophyll-mediated changes in the redox status of pancreatic cancer cells are associated with its anticancer effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev.

Domijan AM, Gajski G, Novak Jovanovic I, Geric M, Garaj-Vrhovac V. In vitro genotoxicity of mycotoxins ochratoxin A and fumonisin B 1 could be prevented by sodium copper chlorophyllin--implication to their genotoxic mechanism.

Park KK, Park JH, Jung YJ, Chung WY. Inhibitory effects of chlorophyllin, hemin and tetrakis 4-benzoic acid porphyrin on oxidative DNA damage and mouse skin inflammation induced by O-tetradecanoylphorbolacetate as a possible anti-tumor promoting mechanism.

Kumar SS, Shankar B, Sainis KB. Effect of chlorophyllin against oxidative stress in splenic lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.

Perez-Galvez A, Viera I, Roca M. Carotenoids and chlorophylls as antioxidants. Antioxidants Basel. Yun CH, Jeong HG, Jhoun JW, Guengerich FP. Non-specific inhibition of cytochrome P activities by chlorophyllin in human and rat liver microsomes. John K, Divi RL, Keshava C, et al.

CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression and DNA adduct formation in normal human mammary epithelial cells exposed to benzo[a]pyrene in the absence or presence of chlorophyllin. Cancer Lett. Dingley KH, Ubick EA, Chiarappa-Zucca ML, et al. Effect of dietary constituents with chemopreventive potential on adduct formation of a low dose of the heterocyclic amines PhIP and IQ and phase II hepatic enzymes.

Chimploy K, Diaz GD, Li Q, et al. E2F4 and ribonucleotide reductase mediate S-phase arrest in colon cancer cells treated with chlorophyllin. Toyoda T, Cho YM, Mizuta Y, Akagi J, Nishikawa A, Ogawa K. A week subchronic toxicity study of sodium iron chlorophyllin in F rats.

J Toxicol Sci. Miret S, Tascioglu S, van der Burg M, Frenken L, Klaffke W. In vitro bioavailability of iron from the heme analogue sodium iron chlorophyllin. Dashwood RH, Breinholt V, Bailey GS.

Chemopreventive properties of chlorophyllin: inhibition of aflatoxin B1 AFB1 -DNA binding in vivo and anti-mutagenic activity against AFB1 and two heterocyclic amines in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay.

Kensler TW, Groopman JD, Roebuck BD. Use of aflatoxin adducts as intermediate endpoints to assess the efficacy of chemopreventive interventions in animals and man.

Simonich MT, Egner PA, Roebuck BD, et al. Natural chlorophyll inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced multi-organ carcinogenesis in the rat. Breinholt V, Hendricks J, Pereira C, Arbogast D, Bailey G.

Dietary chlorophyllin is a potent inhibitor of aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis in rainbow trout. Cancer Res. Orner GA, Roebuck BD, Dashwood RH, Bailey GS. Post-initiation chlorophyllin exposure does not modulate aflatoxin-induced foci in the liver and colon of rats. J Carcinog. Qian GS, Ross RK, Yu MC, et al.

A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Egner PA, Wang JB, Zhu YR, et al. Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Chernomorsky SA, Segelman AB. Biological activities of chlorophyll derivatives. N J Med. Siegel LH. The control of ileostomy and colostomy odors.

Weingarten M, Payson B. Deodorization of colostomies with chlorophyll. Rev Gastroenterol. Christiansen SB, Byel SR, Stromsted H, Stenderup JK, Eickhoff JH. Ugeskr Laeger. Young RW, Beregi JS, Jr. Use of chlorophyllin in the care of geriatric patients.

J Am Geriatr Soc. Yamazaki H, Fujieda M, Togashi M, et al. Effects of the dietary supplements, activated charcoal and copper chlorophyllin, on urinary excretion of trimethylamine in Japanese trimethylaminuria patients. Kephart JC. Chlorophyll derivatives - their chemistry, commercial preparation and uses.

Econ Bot. Bowers WF. Chlorophyll in wound healing and suppurative disease. Am J Surg. Carpenter EB. Clinical experiences with chlorophyll preparations. Physicians' Desk Reference. Stamford: Thomson Health Care, Inc. Smith RG. Enzymatic debriding agents: an evaluation of the medical literature.

Ostomy Wound Manage. Weir D, Farley KL. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. Stephens TJ, McCook JP, Herndon JH, Jr. Pilot study of topical copper chlorophyllin complex in subjects with facial acne and large pores.

J Drugs Dermatol. Sigler ML, Stephens TJ. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of topical copper chlorophyllin in women with photodamaged facial skin. Vasily DB. Topical treatment with liposomal sodium copper chlorophyllin complex in subjects with facial redness and erythematotelangiectatic rosacea: case studies.

Hayes M, Ferruzzi MG. Update on the bioavailability and chemopreventative mechanisms of dietary chlorophyll derivatives. Bohn T, Walczyk S, Leisibach S, Hurrell RF. Chlorophyll-bound magnesium in commonly consumed vegetables and fruits: relevance to magnesium nutrition.

J Food Sci. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations: Miscellaneous Internal Drug Products for Over the Counter Use [Web page]. April 1, Aparicio-Ruiz R, Riedl KM, Schwartz SJ. Viera I, Perez-Galvez A, Roca M. Green natural colorants. US Food and Drug Administration.

CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title Von Elbe JH, Huang AS, Attoe EL, Nank WK. Pigment composition and color of conventional and Veri-Green canned beans. Hendler SS, Rorvik DR, eds. Montvale: Physicians' Desk Reference, Inc. Smith LW. The present status of topical chlorophyll therapy.

N Y State J Med. Gogel HK, Tandberg D, Strickland RG. Substances that interfere with guaiac card tests: implications for gastric aspirate testing. Am J Emerg Med. Turmeric is a spice derived from the rhizomes of the tropical plant Curcuma longa Linn, which is a member of the ginger family Zingiberaceae.

Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems that send out shoots, as well as roots. The bright yellow-orange color of turmeric comes mainly from fat-soluble, polyphenolic pigments known as curcuminoids.

Curcumin, the principal curcuminoid found in turmeric, is generally considered its most active constituent 1. Other curcuminoids found in turmeric include demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin Figure 1.

In addition to its use as a spice and pigment, turmeric has been used in India for medicinal purposes for centuries 2. More recently, evidence that curcumin may have anti- inflammatory and anticancer activities has renewed scientific interest in its potential to prevent and treat disease.

Clinical trials in humans indicate that the systemic bioavailability of orally administered curcumin is relatively low and that mostly metabolites of curcumin, instead of curcumin itself, are detected in plasma or serum following oral consumption 6, 7. In the intestine and liver, curcumin is readily conjugated to form curcumin glucuronide and curcumin sulfate or, alternately, reduced to tetrahydrocurcumin, hexahydrocurcumin, and octahydrocurcumin Figure 2 4.

An early clinical trial conducted in Taiwan indicated that serum curcumin concentrations peaked at 0. Another clinical trial conducted in the UK found that plasma concentrations of curcumin, curcumin sulfate, and curcumin glucuronide were in the range of 0.

Curcumin and its metabolites could not be detected in plasma at doses lower than 3. There is some evidence that orally administered curcumin accumulates in gastrointestinal tissues.

For instance, when colorectal cancer patients took 3. In contrast, curcumin was not detected in the liver tissue of patients with liver metastases of colorectal cancer after the same oral dose of curcumin 11 , suggesting that oral curcumin administration may not effectively deliver curcumin to tissues outside the gastrointestinal tract.

The safety and efficacy of several curcumin formulations are currently being explored in pre clinical settings with the aim of increasing the absorption, bioavailability, and tissue-targeted delivery of curcumin Examples of approaches include conjugation to peptide carriers e.

Curcumin is an effective scavenger of reactive oxygen species ROS and reactive nitrogen species in the test tube 18, However, it is not clear whether curcumin acts as a direct antioxidant in vivo.

Due to its limited oral bioavailability in humans see Metabolism and Bioavailability , plasma and tissue curcumin concentrations are likely to be much lower than those of other fat-soluble antioxidants like α-tocopherol vitamin E.

Yet, curcumin taken orally may reach sufficient concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract and protect the intestinal mucosa against oxidative DNA damage In addition to a potentially direct antioxidant activity, curcumin can induce the expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes , including glutamate-cysteine ligase GCL , the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis.

Glutathione GSH is an important intracellular antioxidant that plays a critical role in cellular adaptation to stress Curcumin was found to upregulate the expression of GCL through the activation of different signaling pathways In particular, curcumin increases the expression of GCL and other detoxifying enzymes via the activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 Nrf2 -dependent pathway.

Nrf2-dependent upregulation of HO-1 in curcumin-treated renal tubular epithelial cells challenged with high glucose concentrations was shown to prevent phenotype changes resembling fibrosis and known to occur at an early stage of diabetic renal injury Curcumin also inhibited the progression of fibrosis in liver and lung in animal models of chronic inflammatory diseases 24, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

S2CID International Journal of Cancer. Health claims: fruits and vegetables and cancer". US Government Printing Office.

Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. The Journal of Nutrition. Rome: FAO. Chapter 7: Cassava toxicity.

Types of phytochemicals. Types of terpenes and terpenoids of isoprene units. Acyclic linear, cis and trans forms Monocyclic single ring Bicyclic 2 rings Iridoids cyclopentane ring Iridoid glycosides iridoids bound to a sugar Steroids 4 rings. Isoprene C 5 H 8 Prenol Isovaleric acid.

Ocimene Myrcenes. Limonene Terpinene Phellandrene. Pinene α and β Camphene Thujene Sabinene Carene. Citronellal Citral Citronellol Geraniol Geranyl pyrophosphate Halomon Linalool. Grapefruit mercaptan Menthol p-Cymene Thujaplicins Hinokitiol Thymol Perillyl alcohol Carvacrol. Camphor Borneol Bornyl acetate Eucalyptol Ascaridole Umbellulone.

Artemisinin Bisabolol Cadinene Cadinol Cedrene Chanootin Farnesyl pyrophosphate Juniperol Longifolene Muurolene Nootkatin. Phytol Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate Geranyl-linalool. Retinol Retinal. cis -Abienol Epimanool Salvinorin A. Cembrene Forskolin Manoyl oxide Pimaral Pimarol.

Aphidicolin Gibberellin Paclitaxel. Abietic acid Communic acid Dehydroabietic acid Isopimaric acid Lambertianic acid Levopimaric acid Mercusic acid Neoabietic acid Pimaric acid Sandaracopimaric acid Secodehydroabietic acid Palustric acid.

Phytosterols Campesterol Citrostadienol Cycloartenol Sitostanol Sitosterol Stigmasterol Tocopherols Cholesterol Testosterone Cholecalciferol Ecdysones. Betulin Lanosterol Saponins Serratenediol Squalane Acids Oleanolic acid Ursolic acid Betulinic acid Moronic acid.

Alpha-Carotene Beta-Carotene Gamma-Carotene Delta-Carotene Lycopene Neurosporene Phytofluene Phytoene. Canthaxanthin Cryptoxanthin Zeaxanthin Astaxanthin Lutein Rubixanthin.

Rubber Gutta percha Gutta-balatá. Terpene synthase enzymes many , having in common a terpene synthase N terminal domain protein domain. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate IPP Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate DMAPP. Types of phenolic compounds. Benzenediols Benzenetriols Apiole Carnosol Carvacrol Dillapiole Rosemarinol.

Types of polyphenols. Types of flavonoids. Apigenin , Chrysin , et. Quercetin , Kaempferol , et. Daidzein , Genistein , Orobol et. Catechin , Gallocatechol , et. Apiforol , Luteoforol , et. Leucocyanidin , Leucodelphinidin , et. Hesperidin Naringenin Eriodictyol. Taxifolin Aromadendrin , et.

Cyanidin , Delphinidin , et. Apigeninidin , Guibourtinidin , et. Aureusidin Leptosidin. Butein , Isoliquiritigenin , et. List of phytochemicals in food C-methylated flavonoids O-methylated flavonoids Furanoflavonoids Pyranoflavonoids Prenylflavonoids Methylenedioxy Castavinols.

Flavonoid biosynthesis. Chicken Chili. Chicken Enchilada Casserole. Cranberry Salmon. Cranberry-Turkey Salad Sandwiches. Crispy Parmesan Turkey Cutlets. Crunchy Veggie Wrap. Easy Spinach Lasagna. Eating Well Sloppy Joe. Egg, Spinach, and Bacon Sandwiches.

Fish Filet with Squash and Herbs. Greek-Style Scallops. Grilled Ginger Tuna. Grilled Halibut with a Tomato-Herb Sauce. Grilled Portobello Burgers. Grilled Vegetable Polenta with Pan Roasted Red Pepper and Tomato Sauce.

Halibut with Citrus and Garlic. Healthy Jambalaya. Hearty Beef Stew with Winter Vegetables. Hearty Mediterranean Stew. Herbed Polenta with Grilled Portobello Mushrooms. Indonesian Salmon. Lasagna Rolls.

Lemon Dijon Salmon. Mediterranean Grilled Veggie Pockets. Molasses-Cured Pork Loin with Apples. Mushroom Goulash. New American Plate "Tetrazzini" Casserole. New Tuna Salad. Peppers Stuffed with Barley, Parmesan and Onion. Pizza Meat Loaf. Pumpkin Gnocchi.

Quinoa and Mushroom Pilaf with Dill. Quinoa Stuffed Peppers. Roasted Pork Tenderloin with Maple Mustard Sauce. Scallion Crusted Arctic Char.

Seared Scallops with Beet Puree and Arugula Salad. Soft Tacos with Southwestern Vegetables. Spaghetti alla Carbonara. Speedy Summer Ratatouille.

Spicy Broccoli, Cauliflower and Tofu. Steamed Halibut on Spinach with Lemon Sauce. Stuffed Cornish Hens. Summer Tofu Kebab with Peanut Sauce. Sweet and Sour Chicken. Sweet and Sour Tofu.

Tofu Cutlets Marsala. Turkey Reuben Grilled Sandwiches. Udon Noodles with Spicy Peanut Ginger Sauce. Veggie Pita Pizzas. White Wine Coq au Vin. Whole Wheat Pasta with Fennel, Peas and Arugula. Zesty Roasted Chicken. Asian Green Bean Stir-Fry. Asian Pilaf. Avocado and Mango Salsa. Baked Sweet Potato Wedges.

Bok Choy with Sautéed Mushrooms and Shallots. Braised Kale with Black Beans and Tomatoes. Broccoli with Hazelnuts. Brussels Sprouts with Pecans and Dried Cranberries. Butternut Squash Pilaf. Garlicky Greens.

Honey-Roasted Parsnips, Sweet Potatoes and Apples. Lite Hummus Dip. Parmesan Orzo Primavera. Peas-Mushroom Pilaf. Quinoa Salad with Roasted Autumn Vegetables. Seasoned Spinach with Garlic. Simply Grilled Portobello Mushrooms. Spring Barley. Stir-Fried Kale with Slivered Carrots.

Summer Gazpacho. Sweet Potato Power. Tofu Fried Rice. Winter Caponata. Apple Cranberry Cobbler. Apple Crisp. Apple-Cranberry Crisp. Baked Summer Fruit.

Better Brownies. Blueberry Crumble Pie. Cranberry-Orange Fruit Bars. Crunchy Oat Apricot Bars. Fresh Berry Sundaes. Fudge Brownie Sundaes. Ginger Spice Biscotti. Grilled Fruit with Strawberry Dip. Grilled Peaches with Honey and Yogurt. Harvest Apples. Lemon Cake. Marbled Pumpkin Cheesecake.

Melon Sorbet. Pear Crisp. Pumpkin Bread. Pumpkin Mousse. Raspberry Cinnamon Sorbet. Rhubarb-Strawberry Parfaits. Sliced Oranges with Almonds and Ginger.

Summer Fruit Gratin. Warm Chocolate Fantasy. Yogurt Berry Brûlée with Maple Almond Brittle.

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: Phytochemicals

Phytochemicals and cancer: What you should know	In food science the term 'phytochemicals' includes a variety of plant ingredients with different structures that are capable of health-promoting effects. Phytonutrients are natural substances but are not called nutrients in the traditional sense, since they are synthesized by plants neither in energy metabolism nor in anabolic or catabolic metabolism, but only in specific cell types. They differ from primary plant compounds in that they are not essential to the plant. Phytonutrients perform important tasks in the secondary metabolism of plants as repellents to pests and sunlight as well as growth regulators. Following this advice and eating a variety of colorful plant-based foods is a great way to benefit from substances called phytochemicals, in addition to a variety of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and fiber. Phytochemicals are compounds in plants. These substances are found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds and legumes. They give plants their color, flavor and aroma. Much of the current evidence on the benefits of phytochemicals has come from observing people who eat mainly plant-based diets. These people have been shown to have significantly lower rates of certain types of cancers and heart disease. Eating a diet that is mostly plant-based is recommended by the American Institute for Cancer Research. Types of terpenes and terpenoids of isoprene units. Acyclic linear, cis and trans forms Monocyclic single ring Bicyclic 2 rings Iridoids cyclopentane ring Iridoid glycosides iridoids bound to a sugar Steroids 4 rings. Isoprene C 5 H 8 Prenol Isovaleric acid. Ocimene Myrcenes. Limonene Terpinene Phellandrene. Pinene α and β Camphene Thujene Sabinene Carene. Citronellal Citral Citronellol Geraniol Geranyl pyrophosphate Halomon Linalool. Grapefruit mercaptan Menthol p-Cymene Thujaplicins Hinokitiol Thymol Perillyl alcohol Carvacrol. Camphor Borneol Bornyl acetate Eucalyptol Ascaridole Umbellulone. Artemisinin Bisabolol Cadinene Cadinol Cedrene Chanootin Farnesyl pyrophosphate Juniperol Longifolene Muurolene Nootkatin. Phytol Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate Geranyl-linalool. Retinol Retinal. cis -Abienol Epimanool Salvinorin A. Cembrene Forskolin Manoyl oxide Pimaral Pimarol. Aphidicolin Gibberellin Paclitaxel. Abietic acid Communic acid Dehydroabietic acid Isopimaric acid Lambertianic acid Levopimaric acid Mercusic acid Neoabietic acid Pimaric acid Sandaracopimaric acid Secodehydroabietic acid Palustric acid. Phytosterols Campesterol Citrostadienol Cycloartenol Sitostanol Sitosterol Stigmasterol Tocopherols Cholesterol Testosterone Cholecalciferol Ecdysones. Betulin Lanosterol Saponins Serratenediol Squalane Acids Oleanolic acid Ursolic acid Betulinic acid Moronic acid. Alpha-Carotene Beta-Carotene Gamma-Carotene Delta-Carotene Lycopene Neurosporene Phytofluene Phytoene. Canthaxanthin Cryptoxanthin Zeaxanthin Astaxanthin Lutein Rubixanthin. Rubber Gutta percha Gutta-balatá. Terpene synthase enzymes many , having in common a terpene synthase N terminal domain protein domain. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate IPP Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate DMAPP. Types of phenolic compounds. Benzenediols Benzenetriols Apiole Carnosol Carvacrol Dillapiole Rosemarinol. Types of polyphenols. Types of flavonoids. Apigenin , Chrysin , et. Quercetin , Kaempferol , et. Daidzein , Genistein , Orobol et. Catechin , Gallocatechol , et. Apiforol , Luteoforol , et. Leucocyanidin , Leucodelphinidin , et. Hesperidin Naringenin Eriodictyol. Taxifolin Aromadendrin , et. Cyanidin , Delphinidin , et. Apigeninidin , Guibourtinidin , et. Aureusidin Leptosidin. Butein , Isoliquiritigenin , et. List of phytochemicals in food C-methylated flavonoids O-methylated flavonoids Furanoflavonoids Pyranoflavonoids Prenylflavonoids Methylenedioxy Castavinols. Flavonoid biosynthesis. Matairesinol Secoisolariciresinol Pinoresinol. Resveratrol Pterostilbene Piceatannol Pinosylvin. Types of natural tannins. Punicalagins Castalagins Vescalagins Castalins Casuarictins Grandinins Punicalins Roburin A Tellimagrandin IIs Terflavin B. Digalloyl glucose 1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose. Proanthocyanidins Polyflavonoid tannins Catechol-type tannins Pyrocatecollic type tannins Flavolans. Epicutissimin A Acutissimin A. Tannin sources Pseudo tannins Synthetic tannins Tannin uses Enological Drilling Ink Tanning. Diarylheptanoids C6-C7-C6 Anthraquinones Chalconoids C6-C3-C6 Kavalactones Naphthoquinones C6-C4 Phenylpropanoids C6-C3 Xanthonoids C6-C1-C6 Coumarins and isocoumarins. Aromatic acids. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside. Bergenin Chebulic acid Ethyl gallate Eudesmic acid Gallic acid Tannic acid Norbergenin Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid Syringic acid Theogallin.
Phytochemicals	Eating a diet Weight control supplements in fruits, vegetables, grains, Phyfochemicals and plant-based beverages has long-term Phytochemicalss benefits, [17] Phytochemicas Phytochemicals is no Phyytochemicals that Phytochemicals dietary Phytochemicals of non-nutrient phytochemicals extracted from plants similarly benefits health. There is some evidence that orally administered curcumin accumulates in gastrointestinal tissues. The contribution of beta-carotene to vitamin A supply of humans. The action of phytochemicals varies by color and type of the food. Plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables, and grains, contain several bioactive phytochemicals which may decrease the risk of chronic diseases.
Characteristics and Health Benefits of Phytochemicals	University policy Pnytochemicals prohibits Phytoche,icals or Building lean mass against any person in any of Habit-building techniques programs Phytochemicals activities for making a complaint of discrimination or sexual Phytochemocals or for using Phhytochemicals participating in the investigation Building lean mass resolution process Phytochemicals any such complaint. Tyrosol Hydroxytyrosol Oleocanthal Oleuropein. Christiansen SB, Byel SR, Stromsted H, Stenderup JK, Eickhoff JH. What are flavonoids and why are they of particular interest? v t e Types of natural tannins Hydrolysable tannins Ellagitannins Punicalagins Castalagins Vescalagins Castalins Casuarictins Grandinins Punicalins Roburin A Tellimagrandin IIs Terflavin B. Phytochemicals can be defined, in the strictest sense, as chemicals produced by plants. Defective cell-cycle regulation may result in the propagation of mutations that contribute to the development of cancer.
Characteristics and Health Benefits of Phytochemicals	Low-carb and diabetes management Peaches with Honey Phutochemicals Yogurt. Although Building lean mass and zeaxanthin are different compounds, they are Phyfochemicals classified Phytochemkcals xanthophylls and nonprovitamin A Phytochemicals see Figure 2 above. Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Phytochemical consumption is associated with a decrease in risk of several types of chronic diseases due to in part to their antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects 1. J Drugs Dermatol.

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What Are Phytochemicals? (700 Calorie Meals) DiTuro Productions