The use of plants Nattural protect plants and food against fungal pathogens: a review. Bitter Melon P. Using anise Pimpinella anisum L.

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How to make herbal extracts

Natyral Dark chocolate revolution berry extract Exxtracts cherry extract Adenophora Naturall Root extract Agrimony extract Aiye Leaf extrscts Akebia exhracts Stem extract Alcea rosea Extratcs extract Alfalfa extract Alisma orientale Tuber extract Naturaal Vera extract American ginseng Root extract Anemarrhena asphodeloides root Diabetic retinopathy blood vessel damage Angelica dahurica Immune-boosting natural remedies extract Natyral Diabetic retinopathy blood vessel damage extract Apricot Seed Dark chocolate revolution Arctium lappa burdock Antioxidant vitamins and minerals extract Artichoke Leaf extract Antidepressant for major depression heterotropoides extract Asian Natural plant extracts Panax Natural plant extracts Asparagus Natjral Root Natural plant extracts Astragalus Root extract B Banaba lagerstroemia speciosa extract Bayberry extract Bearberry Leaf extract Bitter orange Plabt aurantium extract Natugal sophora Root extract Black Cohosh extract Exhracts bean Peel extract Blueberry extract Boswellia Serrata extract Bupleurum Chai Hu extrafts C Cactus extract Carrot extract Cascara Sagrada bark extract Cassia Nomame extract Cassia tora seed extract.

Flower extract Greater Naural Chelidonium extract Griffonia Seed Natuural 5-HTP Gymnema Sylvestre extract Gynostemma P.

Malva Naturwl Seed extract Mango leaves extract Mangosteen Peel extract Naatural Thistle Seed extract Momordica C. planh melon extfacts Morinda officinalis Root extract Motherwort leonurus japonicus extract Mucuna Pruriens Seed extract Mulberry Leaf extract Mustard Seed extract N Nardostachys Spikenard Root extract P Peanut Arachis hypogaea L.

Tsutsusi extract Rhus chinensis Chinese Gall extract Roselle Hibiscus Flower extract Rosemary Leaf extract S Salvia miltiorrhiza Root extract Schisandra extract Schizonepeta tenuifolia extract Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract Semen ziziphi spinosae extract Siberian ginseng Root extract Soybean extract Spatholobus suberectus Stem extract Spider lily lycoris radiata extract Stevia Leaf extract Stinging Nettle Root extract Sweet wormwood Artemisinin extract T Tetradium ruticarpum Fruit extract Tongkat Ali Eurycoma longifolia extract Tree Peony bark extract Tribulus Terrestris extract U Uncaria rhynchophylla extract Y Yohimbe Bark extract [Yohimbine].

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: Natural plant extracts

What Are Plant Extracts?	Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Illustration of the impact of salinity, in terms of morphological, biochemical, and genetic changes, on plants Left in comparison with the plants supplied with PEs Right. Ahmad, M. Ertani A, Schiavon M, Muscolo A, Nardi S, The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons. Andrographis paniculata extract.
${t('general:account-header', 'My account')}	Plant biostimulants: Innovative tool for enhancing plant nutrition in organic farming. Desoky ESM, Elrys AS, Mohamed GF, Rady MM, a. Exogenous application of moringa seed extract positively alters fruit yield and its contaminant contents of Capsicum annuum plants grown on a saline soil contaminated with heavy metals. Plants Agricult. Desoky ESM, Merwad ARM, Rady MM, b. Natural biostimulants improve saline soil characteristics and salt stressed-sorghum performance. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. Desoky ESM, Elrys AS, Rady MM, a. Licorice root extract boosts Capsicum annuum L. production and reduces fruit contamination on a heavy metals-contaminated saline soil. Desoky ESM, ElSayed AI, Merwad ARMA, Rady MM, b. Stimulating antioxidant defenses, antioxidant gene expression, and salt tolerance in Pisum sativum seedling by pretreatment using licorice root extract LRE as an organic biostimulant. Plant Physiol. Desoky ESM, EL-Maghraby LMM, Awad AE, Abdo AI, Rady MM, Semida WM, Fennel and ammi seed extracts modulate antioxidant defence system and alleviate salinity stress in cowpea Vigna unguiculata. Digilio MC, Mancini E, Voto E, De Feo V, Insecticide activity of Mediterranean essential oils. Plant Interacti. Di Mola I, Ottaiano L, Cozzolino E, Senatore M, Giordano M, El-nakhel C, Sacco A, Rouphael Y, Colla G, Plant-Based biostimulants influence the agronomical, physiological, and qualitative responses of baby rocket leaves under diverse nitrogen conditions. Plants Dipak Kumar H, Aloke P, Role of biostimulant formulations in crop production: An overview. Di Vittori L, Mazzoni L, Battino, M, Mezzetti B, Pre-harvest factors influencing the quality of berries. Donno D, Beccaro GL, Mellano MG, Canterino S, Cerutti AK, Bounous G, Improving the nutritional value of kiwifruit with the application of agroindustry waste extracts. Food Qual. Drobek M, FrÄ…c M, Cybulska J, Plant biostimulants: Importance of the quality and yield of horticultural crops and the improvement of plant tolerance to abiotic stress-a review. du Jardin P, Plant biostimulants: definition, concept, main categories and regulation. Ebadollahi A, Ziaee M, Palla F, Essential oils extracted from different species of the Lamiaceae plant family as prospective bioagents against several detrimental pests. El-Azim A, Khater WM, And Badawy RMR, Effect of bio-fertilization and different licorice extracts on growth and productivity of Foeniculum vulgare, Mill. Middle East J. EL Boukhari ME, Barakate M, Bouhia Y, Lyamlouli K, Trends in seaweed extract based biostimulants: manufacturing process and beneficial effect on soil-plant systems. El-rokiek KG, Ibrahim ME, El-din SAS, El-sawi SA, Using anise Pimpinella anisum L. essential oils as natural herbicide. Elzaawely AA, Ahmed ME, Maswada HF, Al-Araby AA, Xuan TD, Growth traits, physiological parameters and hormonal status of snap bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. sprayed with garlic cloves extract. Ertani A, Schiavon M, Muscolo A, Nardi S, Alfalfa plant-derived biostimulant stimulate short-term growth of salt stressed Zea mays L. Plant Soil. Ertani A, Sambo P, Nicoletto C, Santagata S, Schiavon M, Nardi S, The use of organic biostimulants in hot pepper plants to help low input sustainable agriculture. Ertani A, Pizzeghello D, Francioso O, Tinti A, Nardi S, Biological activity of vegetal extracts containing phenols on plant metabolism. Ertani A, Schiavon M, Nardi S, Transcriptome-wide identification of differentially expressed genes in Solanum lycopersicon L. in response to an alfalfa-protein hydrolysate using microarrays. EU, Farooq M, Rizwan M, Nawaz A, Rehman A, Ahmad R, Application of natural plant extracts improves the tolerance against combined terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat. Crop Sci. Fierascu RC, Fierascu IC, Dinu-Pirvu CE, Fierascu I, Paunescu A, The application of essential oils as a next-generation of pesticides: Recent developments and future perspectives. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforsch. Evaluation of the effects of allelopathic aqueous plant extracts, as potential preparations for seed dressing, on the modulation of cauliflower seed germination. Extracts from Artemisia vulgaris L. in potato cultivation - preliminary research on biostimulating effect. Fite T, Tefera T, Negeri M, Damte T, Effect of Azadirachta indica and Milletia ferruginea extracts against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner Lepidoptera: Noctuidae infestation management in chickpea. Cogent Food Agricult. Ganagi TI, Jagadeesh KS, Effect of spraying Lantana fermented extract on growth and yield of green gram Vigna radiata L. in pots. Godlewska K, Biesiada A, Michalak I, Pacyga P, The effect of plant-derived biostimulants on white head cabbage seedlings grown under controlled conditions. Godlewska K, Biesiada A, Michalak I, Pacyga P, a. The effect of botanical extracts obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction on white head cabbage Brassica oleracea L. capitata L. seedlings grown under controlled conditions. Godlewska K, Pacyga P, Michalak I, Biesiada A, Szumny A, Pachura N, Piszcz U, b. Field-scale evaluation of botanical extracts effect on the yield, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of celeriac Apium graveolens L. Green PWC, Belmain SR, Ndakidemi PA, Farrell IW, Stevenson PC, Insecticidal activity of Tithonia diversifolia and Vernonia amygdalina. Crops Prod. Gurjar MS, Ali S, Akhtar M, Singh KS, Efficacy of plant extracts in plant disease management. Hassanein RA, Abdelkader AF, Faramawy HM, Moringa leaf extracts as biostimulants-inducing salinity tolerance in the sweet basil plant. Hassauer C, Roosen J, Toward a conceptual framework for food safety criteria: Analyzing evidence practices using the case of plant protection products. Hayat S, Ahmad H, Ali M, Hayat K, Khan MA, Cheng Z, Aqueous garlic extract as a plant biostimulant enhances physiology, improves crop quality and metabolite abundance, and primes the defence responses of receiver plants. Hayat S, Cheng Z, Ahmad H, Ali M, Chen X, Wang M, Garlic, from remedy to stimulant: Evaluation of antifungal potential reveals diversity in phytoalexin allicin content among garlic cultivars; allicin containing aqueous garlic extracts trigger antioxidants in cucumber. Hussain M, Farooq M, Basra SMA, Lee DJ, Application of moringa allelopathy in crop production. In: Z. Cheema, M. Wahid Eds. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. Ibáñez MD, Blázquez MA, Herbicidal value of essential oils from oregano-like flavour species. Phytotoxicity of essential oils on selected weeds: Potential hazard on food crops. Isman MB, Leads and prospects for the development of new botanical insecticides. Jafarbeigi F, Samih MA, Zarabi M, Esmaeily S, The effect of some herbal extracts and pesticides on the biological parameters of Bemisia tabaci Genn. Plant Prot. Jang SJ, Kuk YI, Growth promotion effects of plant extracts on various leafy vegetable crops. Jabran K, Farooq M, Implications of potential allelopathic crops in agricultural systems. Jadeja GC, Maheshwari RC, Naik SN, Extraction of natural insecticide azadirachtin from neem Azadirahta indica A. Juss seed kernels using pressurized hot solvent. Fluids Jeyapandi R, Shunmugavelu M, Effect of the plant extract Pongamia pinnata against polyphagous pest Mylabris Indica. Jouini A, Verdeguer M, Pinton S, Araniti F, Palazzolo E, Badalucco L, Laudicina VA, Potential effects of essential oils extracted from Mediterranean aromatic plants on target weeds and soil microorganisms. Kaab SB, Rebey IB, Hanafi M, Hammi KM, Smaoui A, Fauconnier ML, De Clerck C, Jijakli MH, Ksouri R, Screening of Tunisian plant extracts for herbicidal activity and formulation of a bioherbicide based on Cynara cardunculus. South Afr. Phytotoxic potential of selected essential oils against Ailanthus altissima Mill. Swingle, an invasive tree. Kashkooli AB, Saharkhiz MJ, Essential oil compositions and natural herbicide activity of four Denaei Thyme Thymus daenensis Celak. Oil-Bearing Plants Kayange CDM, Njera D, Nyirenda SP, Mwamlima L, Effectiveness of Tephrosia vogelii and Tephrosia candida extracts against common bean aphid Aphis fabae in Malawi. Khan S, Basra SMA, Afzal I, Wahid A, Screening of moringa landraces for leaf extract as biostimulant in wheat. Khare P, Srivastava S, Nigam N, Singh AK, Singh S, Impact of essential oils of E. citriodora, O. basilicum and M. arvensis on three different weeds and soil microbial activities. Kim S-I, Roh J-Y, Lee H-S, Ahn Y-J, Kim S-I, Kim D-H, Insecticidal activities of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus chinensis. Stored Prod. Kole RK, Paul P, Saha S, Das S, Mukhopadhyay SK, Chemistry and bio-efficacy of teak leaf for weed control in wheat. Physical crop postharvest storage and protection methods. Kordali S, Cakir A, Ozer H, Cakmakci R, Kesdek M, Mete E, Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Kotzekidou P, Giannakidis P, Boulamatsis A, Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts and essential oils against foodborne pathogens in vitro and on the fate of inoculated pathogens in chocolate. LWT - Food Sci. Koul O, Walia S, Comparing impacts of plant extracts and pure allelochemicals and implications for pest control. CAB Rev. Koul P, Walia S, Dhaliwal GS, Essential oils as green pesticides: potential and constraints. Labite H, Butler F, Cummins E, A review and evaluation of plant protection product ranking tools used in agriculture. Risk Assess. Li S, Zhihui C, Allium sativum extract as a biopesticide affecting pepper blight. Lucini L, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Bonini P, Baffi C, Colla G, A vegetal biopolymer-based biostimulant promoted root growth in melon while triggering brassinosteroids and stress-related compounds. Garriga, M. Chlorophyll, anthocyanin, and gas exchange changes assessed by spectroradiometry in Fragaria chiloensis under salt stress. Ghaffari, M. Metabolic and transcriptional response of central metabolism affected by root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica under salinity in barley. Plant Mol. Ghezal, N. Improvement of Pisum sativum salt stress tolerance by bio-priming their seeds using Typha angustifolia leaves aqueous extract. Goldberg, S. Methods Mol. Gowdy, J. Our hunter-gatherer future: climate change, agriculture and uncivilization. Futures Guo, S. Transcriptome sequencing revealed molecular mechanisms underlying tolerance of Suaeda salsa to saline stress. Gupta, B. Mechanism of salinity tolerance in plants: physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. Genomics Gururani, M. Regulation of photosynthesis during abiotic stress-induced photoinhibition. Plant 8, — Habib, N. Response of salt stressed okra Abelmoschus esculentus Moench plants to foliar-applied glycine betaine and glycine betaine containing sugarbeet extract. Hasanuzzaman, M. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense in plants under abiotic stress: revisiting the crucial role of a universal defense regulator. Antioxidants Hassan, F. Mitigation of salt-stress effects by moringa leaf extract or salicylic acid through motivating antioxidant machinery in damask rose. Hassanein, R. Moringa leaf extracts as biostimulants-inducing salinity tolerance in the sweet basil plant. Hernández, J. Antioxidant systems and O2. Its relation with salt-induced necrotic lesions in minor veins. Hernandez, J. Salt-induced oxidative stress in chloroplasts of pea plants. Hörtensteiner, S. Chlorophyll degradation during senescence. Howladar, S. A novel Moringa oleifera leaf extract can mitigate the stress effects of salinity and cadmium in bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Huang, P. Seed priming with sorghum water extract improves the performance of camelina camelina sativa L. under salt stress. Plants Ikrina, M. Peptides as universal biological regulators. Iqbal, N. A new perspective of phytohormones in salinity tolerance: regulation of proline metabolism. Ismail, A. Genomics, physiology, and molecular breeding approaches for improving salt tolerance. Jithesh, M. Physiological and transcriptomics analyses reveal that Ascophyllum nodosum extracts induce salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis by regulating the expression of stress responsive genes. Kauffman, G. Effects of a biostimulant on the heat tolerance associated with photosynthetic capacity, membrane thermostability, and polyphenol production of perennial ryegrass. Crop Sci. Kaur, C. Methylglyoxal detoxification in plants: role of glyoxalase pathway. Khan, T. Proteomic and physiological assessment of stress sensitive and tolerant variety of tomato treated with brassinosteroids and hydrogen peroxide under low-temperature stress. Food Chem. La Torre, A. An overview of the current plant biostimulant legislations in different European Member States. Food Agric. Lamers, J. How plants sense and respond to stressful environments. Latef, A. Extracts from yeast and carrot roots enhance maize performance under seawater-induced salt stress by altering physio-biochemical characteristics of stressed plants. Foliar application of fresh moringa leaf extract overcomes salt stress in fenugreek Trigonellafoenum-graecum plants. Latif, H. Exogenous applications of moringa leaf extract effect on retrotransposon, ultrastructural and biochemical contents of common bean plants under environmental stresses. Li, H. Seed biostimulant Bacillus sp. MGW9 improves the salt tolerance of maize during seed germination. AMB Express 11, 1— Lim, S. Effect of germinated brown rice extracts on pancreatic lipase, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lipids Health Dis. Longstreth, D. Salinity effects on leaf anatomy: consequences for photosynthesis. Lorenzo, P. Influence of Acacia dealbata Link bark extracts on the growth of Allium cepa L. plants under high salinity conditions. Lötze, E. Nutrient composition and content of various biological active compounds of three South African-based commercial seaweed biostimulants. Mahmoudand, R. Response of Apple Seedlings Grown Under Saline Conditions to Natural Plant Extracts. Mangrauthia, S. Ahmad, M. Azooz, and M. Prasad New York, NY: Springer , 15— Mano, J. I, Biswas, M. Reactive carbonyl species: a missing link in ROS signaling. Reactive carbonyl species: their production from lipid peroxides, action in environmental stress, and the detoxification mechanism. Merwad, A. Effect of humic and fulvic substances and Moringa leaf extract on Sudan grass plants grown under saline conditions. Mitigation of salinity stress effects on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat by application of organic extracts. Plant Anal. Michler, C. Overexpression of AtSTO1 leads to improved salt tolerance in Populus tremula× P. Transgenic Res. Milić, B. Bioregulators can improve fruit size, yield and plant growth of northern highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L. Mittova, V. Up-regulation of the leaf mitochondrial and peroxisomal antioxidative systems in response to salt-induced oxidative stress in the wild salt-tolerant tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii. Mochida, K. Advances in omics and bioinformatics tools for systems analyses of plant functions. Plant Cell Physiol. Morales, M. Changes in the growth, leaf water relations and cell ultrastructure in Argyranthemum coronopifolium plants under saline conditions. Mostofa, M. Methylglyoxal—a signaling molecule in plant abiotic stress responses. Free Radic. Munns, R. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Mutlu-Durak, H. Seed Treatment with Biostimulants Extracted from Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Enhances Early Maize Growth. Nahar, K. Nazar and R. Khan Berlin: Springer , 37— Nareshkumar, A. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic detoxification of reactive carbonyl compounds improves the oxidative stress tolerance in cucumber, tobacco and rice seedlings. Nasir, M. Nessim, A. Physiological impact of seed priming with CaCl2 or Carrot root extract on Lupinus termis plants fully grown under salinity stress. Nolan, T. Brassinosteroids: multidimensional regulators of plant growth, development, and stress responses. Plant Cell 32, — Panuccio, M. Bio-priming mitigates detrimental effects of salinity on maize improving antioxidant defense and preserving photosynthetic efficiency. Parađiković, N. Effect of natural biostimulants on yield and nutritional quality: an example of sweet yellow pepper Capsicum annuum L. Pehlivan, N. Salt stress relief potency of whortleberry extract biopriming in maize. Peleg, Z. Engineering salinity and water-stress tolerance in crop plants: getting closer to the field. Plaut, Z. Overcoming salinity barriers to crop production using traditional methods. Quan, R. Plant Cell 19, — Rady, M. Modulation of salt stress effects on the growth, physio-chemical attributes and yields of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants by the combined application of salicylic acid and Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Integrated application of salicylic acid and Moringa oleifera leaf extract alleviates the salt-induced adverse effects in common bean plants. Maize Zea mays L. grains extract mitigates the deleterious effects of salt stress on common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. growth and physiology. M, Desoky, E. Can licorice root extract be used as an effective natural biostimulant for salt-stressed common bean plants? Common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings overcome NaCl stress as a result of presoaking in Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Ramadoss, D. Mitigation of salt stress in wheat seedlings by halotolerant bacteria isolated from saline habitats. SpringerPlus 2, 1—7. Rao, A. Genomics of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Genomics , — Rodrıguez, P. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Romero-Aranda, R. Rouphael, Y. Sahab, S. Potential risk assessment of soil salinity to agroecosystem sustainability: current status and management strategies. Total Environ. Salama, Z. Mitigation of the adverse effect of salinity through stimulation some secondary metabolites and antioxidant enzymes of methanolic extract of maize cultivars by exogenous ascorbic acid. Sánchez-Gómez, R. Vine-shoot waste aqueous extract applied as foliar fertilizer to grapevines: effect on amino acids and fermentative volatile content. Semida, W. Presoaking application of propolis and maize grain extracts alleviates salinity stress in common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Shukla, P. Ascophyllum nodosum-based biostimulants: sustainable applications in agriculture for the stimulation of plant growth, stress tolerance, and disease management. Sottosanto, J. Sun, L. Electrochemical mapping of indoleacetic acid and salicylic acid in whole pea seedlings under normal conditions and salinity. Actuators B Chem. Suryaman, M. Effect of salinity stress on the growth and yield of mungbean Vigna radiata L. Wilczek treated with mangosteen pericarp extract. Taha, R. Improving salt tolerance of Helianthus annuus L. plants by Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Tang, X. Global plant-responding mechanisms to salt stress: physiological and molecular levels and implications in biotechnology. Tesfay, S. Evaluating the efficacy of moringa leaf extract, chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose as edible coatings for enhancing quality and extending postharvest life of avocado Persea americana Mill. Food Packag. Shelf Life 11, 40— Ur Rehman, H. Moringa leaf extract improves wheat growth and productivity by affecting senescence and source-sink relationship. ur Rehman, H. Sequenced application of glutathione as an antioxidant with an organic biostimulant improves physiological and metabolic adaptation to salinity in wheat. Velmurugan, A. eds M. Farahani, V. Vatanpour, and A. Taheri London: IntechOpen. Yakhin, O. Biostimulants in plant science: a global perspective. Younis, A. Improved cut flower and corm production by exogenous moringa leaf extract application on gladiolus cultivars. Acta Sci. Hortorum Cultus 17, 25— Yousefirad, S. The RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis reveals genes mediating salt tolerance through rapid triggering of ion transporters in a mutant barley. Zörb, C. Salinity and crop yield. Zou, J. Expression analysis of nine rice heat shock protein genes under abiotic stresses and ABA treatment. Zulfiqar, F. An overview of plant-based natural biostimulants for sustainable horticulture with a particular focus on moringa leaf extracts. Comparison of soaking corms with moringa leaf extract alone or in combination with synthetic plant growth regulators on the growth, physiology and vase life of sword lily. Osmoprotection in plants under abiotic stresses: new insights into a classical phenomenon. Planta Bioregulators: unlocking their potential role in regulation of the plant oxidative defense system. Nanoparticles potentially mediate salt stress tolerance in plants. Keywords : salt stress, stress perception, signaling signatures, NaCl, bioactive compounds, climate change, antioxidants, osmoprotectants. Citation: Ahmad A, Blasco B and Martos V Combating Salinity Through Natural Plant Extracts Based Biostimulants: A Review. Received: 25 January ; Accepted: 02 May ; Published: 20 May Copyright © Ahmad, Blasco and Martos. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY. 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Natural plant extracts -

The samples were injected in split mode with a ratio of The injection port temperature was °C, and the MS interface temperature was °C. The solvent delay time was 7 min, in order to get rid of the gigantic solvent peak. The mass spectra obtained were preliminarily interpreted by comparing them with data in the Mass Spectral Library of the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, Gaithersburg, USA.

Chromatographic conditions were used to separate and quantify the Sesamin in C. Crude samples were run on a reversed-phase ODS column by Waters XBridge, 4. The mobile phase consisted of binary solvent mixture of 0. All of the samples were filtered with a 0.

The Sesamin was eluted with a retention time of Sesamin stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of Sesamin reference standard purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Israel in 40 mL ethanol, which produced a concentration of ppm. The solution was filtered using a 0.

Fig 1 displays a typical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin that was used in the current study. In examining the phytochemical composition, GC-MS methodology identified 18 components in the methanol extract of the natural C. palaestina plant for the first time.

Understandably, fewer compounds were identified in the hexane extract. Figs 2 and 3 show the entire ion chromatograms of the methanol and hexane extract injections, respectively. Good resolution was obtained in both chromatograms, since a min analysis scan run was performed, ending with a high temperature of °C, to facilitate the elution of high molecular weight compounds out of the capillary GC HP-5 column.

Dodecanoic acid isooctyl ester The major chemicals in the hexane extract are 8-hexylpentadecane The main components, along with their retention times RTs and peak area percentages, are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

Figs 4 and 5 show the chemical structures of the major components in the methanolic and hexane extracts, respectively. Sesamin see Fig 6 , which exists in the oil of sesame seeds and some other plants, was one of the major components, as shown in Table 1.

It exhibits a variety of biological activities, such as lipid-lowering [ 13 ], antihypertensive [ 14 ], antioxidant [ 15 ], and anticancer effects.

Other phytochemicals see Fig 7 , which belong to the phytosterols—namely Campesterol 1. For example, Campesterol has been shown to act as biomarker for cancer prevention and is reported to have potential antiangiogenic action via an inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and capillary differentiation.

The hexane extract, on the other hand, was tested for the sake of comparison with the polar methanol extract. It identified fewer compounds, mainly hydrocarbons, among which 8-hexylpentadecane was the principal compound Sesamin was present, but in lower concentrations than in the methanol extract.

The other two phytosterols Campesterol and Stigmasterol were not found in the hexane extract. Sesamin was extracted from C. palaestina with the use of different solvents under identical experimental conditions, followed by injection into the HPLC.

Retention times and the Sesamin stored standard UV-Vis spectrum were used to confirm the identity and specificity of the extracted Sesamin. Aqueous extract showed a negligible amount of Sesamin. Fig 8 portrays the chromatographic profile and the corresponding UV-Vis spectra of the Sesamin extracted from hexane, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform.

Although all the chromatograms were recorded at the maximum wavelength nm to quantify Sesamin, many other peaks were seen preceding and succeeding Sesamin in the extracts. In the PDA stored UV-Vis spectra, the matching of the peaks in the A, B, C, and D extracts with the standard Sesamin peak indicates high purity and specificity, and, therefore, the feasibility of utilizing preparative HPLC for scaling-up purposes in future investigations.

Methanol contained the greatest amount of Sesamin Typical analytical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin peak and its relevant UV-Vis spectrum in extracts of A hexane, B methanol, C ethanol, and D chloroform. To verify whether the Sesamin is endogenous secondary metabolite to C.

palaestina or originates merely from the host plant, different samples from the host plants alone, along with C. palaestina alone, were extracted, and the Sesamin concentration was calculated shown in Fig 9.

The five host plants were Malva sylvestris , Cichorium intybus , Prosopis farcta , Portulaca oleracea , and Corchorus olitorius.

Table 4 shows the Sesamin concentrations in methanolic extracts of C. palaestina that were parasitic to the aforementioned plants.

Since the Sesamin peaks were not seen in the chromatograms of the host plants, it was concluded that Sesamin is endogenous to C. A Chromatogram and UV-Vis spectra of extracted C. palaestina that is grown on Malva sylvestris , B chromatogram Malva sylvestris , C chromatogram and spectrum of C.

palaestina that is grown on Cichorium intybus , D chromatogram of Cichorium intybus , E chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Prosopis farcta , F chromatogram of Prosopis farcta , G chromatogram and spectrum of C.

palaestina that is grown on Portulaca oleracea , H chromatogram of Portulaca oleracea , I chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Corchorus olitorius , J chromatogram of Corchorus olitorius. Sesamin is well documented in the scientific literature as a lipid-lowering agent, an antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-cancer drug candidate.

It is one of the principal lignan secondary metabolites that are commonly isolated from sesame seeds. However, the results of the current study show that natural C. palaestina contains a sufficient amount of Sesamin, about 0.

Following the determination of the Sesamin content in C. palaestina , we raised the question: Is Sesamin produced in C. palaestina or acquired from the host plant?

The quantitation of the Sesamin content in five host plants and a comparison to the content in C. palaestina revealed that Sesamin is an endogenous metabolite in C.

Further study is required to verify whether C. palaestina could be a valuable source for the production of Sesamin or other anti-cancer phytochemicals, such as campesterol and stigmasterol. palaestina and other Cuscuta species. A big question is raised of whether inferring Sesamin production in C.

This study was supported by unrestricted grants from Al-Qasemi Academic College and the Institute of Applied Research—Galilee Society. We acknowledge the Ministry of Science, Space and Technology.

We declare that the funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures. Abstract The aim of this study is to disclose the potential bioactive components of Cuscuta palaestina , a native parasitic natural plant of flora palaestina and to open direction towards new prospective application.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Introduction Recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in plants as an alternative avenue to the discovery of new pharmaceuticals. Material and methods Plant collection and extract preparation Samples of entire C.

GC-MS analysis condition Components of C. Method for the quantitative analysis of the Sesamin content of C. palaestina by analytical HPLC-PDA Chromatographic conditions were used to separate and quantify the Sesamin in C.

Calibration curve of the standards Sesamin stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of Sesamin reference standard purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Israel in 40 mL ethanol, which produced a concentration of ppm.

Download: PPT. Fig 1. Typical analytical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of standard Sesamin at concentration of ppm; the UV-Vis spectrum maxima is at a λ of Results and discussion In examining the phytochemical composition, GC-MS methodology identified 18 components in the methanol extract of the natural C.

Fig 2. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of C. Fig 3. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract of C. Fig 4. Chemical structures of the major components in the methanolic C.

palaestina extract. Fig 5. Chemical structures of the major components in the n -hexane C. Table 1. palaestina methanolic extract verified by GC-MS. Table 2. palaestina hexane extract as determined by GC-MS. Fig 6.

Chemical structure of Sesamin, the phytochemical potentially responsible for anticancer activity in the C. palaestina hexane extract and the major source of the methanolic extract activity.

Fig 7. Chemical structures of Campesterol and Stigmasterol, phytochemicals found in the methanolic extract of C. Quantitation of extracted Sesamin using different solvents by HPLC-PDA Sesamin was extracted from C. Table 3. Sesamin concentrations and percentages in different solvents.

Is Sesamin produced in C. palaestina or acquired from host plants? Table 4. Sesamin concentrations in C. palaestina CP that are parasitic on other plants termed host plants.

Conclusion Sesamin is well documented in the scientific literature as a lipid-lowering agent, an antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-cancer drug candidate. Acknowledgments This study was supported by unrestricted grants from Al-Qasemi Academic College and the Institute of Applied Research—Galilee Society.

References 1. Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, Soejarto DD, Guo Z. Medicinal plants in therapy. Salinity tolerance in plants is achieved through a series of complex signaling and biosynthetic responses. However, the commonly known mechanisms of salinity tolerance include morphological roots and aerial parts , metabolic osmotic regulation, ionic and molecular homeostasis, and hormonal homeostasis , and genetic responses.

Comprehensive reports of salinity tolerance mechanisms have been reported previously Munns and Tester, ; Gupta and Huang, ; Tang et al.

Here, a description of these mechanisms is presented to elaborate the use of PEs, as they reinforce these salinity tolerance mechanisms. Plants can adapt their morphological features to sustain the normal functioning and cellular homeostasis in case of any unfavorable stimulus.

This is characterized as phenotypic plasticity. This also occurs in case of salinity. Although, it varies among salt tolerant and salt sensitive species. Generally, the productivity or yield of an agricultural crop can be assessed by analyzing its above-and below-ground parts.

Therefore, few of the growth indices, as per Beadle , taken into consideration for salt stress studies in plants are listed below:. Where W represents the total dry weight, WL is the total dry weight of leaves, A is the total leaf area, t is the time, 1 and 2 represents the start and end of a period, respectively.

Considering these growth indices as standard, various studies have demonstrated relative effects of salinity on plant morphology as a decrease in RGR in five ornamental plants Cassaniti et al. coronopifolium Morales et al. Most of these changes suggest that plants under salt stress intend to increase the CO 2 diffusion so that the energy production should not be disrupted along with an increased water use efficiency through higher photosynthetic performance.

Similarly, leaf senescence and leaf color change are also salinity mitigation mechanisms, in which chlorophyll is gradually degraded resulting in the accumulation of carotenoids and anthocyanins that provide protection against oxidative stress Hörtensteiner, ; Garriga et al.

Plant roots experience some morphological changes in their size, diameter, and number so as to maximize the nutrients and water uptake. Increased root to shoot ratio helps plants in compartmentalization and ions retention.

Likewise, root proliferation helps plant to curb toxic ions accumulations. Also, root density and electrical conductivity increases under saline environment Acosta-Motos et al. The other anatomical and ultra-structural change under salinity is the development of casparian strip and suberin lamella serving as apoplastic barrier.

Salinity creates an ionic imbalance in plants that may result in denaturation or damage to subcellular organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria. Therefore, plants compartmentalize the excessive ions into their vacuoles, and usually put into play their inclusion and exclusion mechanisms.

This is generally regulated by a sequestration of excessive salt into vacuole with the help of various pumps e. Osmotic potential ψ s of plant cell is critical for its growth, development, and yield.

That is why its proper regulation is important. Plants generally produce osmoprotectants to keep in check their ψ s. These compounds are also described as compatible solutes. Unlike ions they neither paralyze the metabolic functions of enzymes, nor they destabilize the cellular membranes.

In comparison to inorganic compounds, higher concentrations of these compounds are non-toxic to cellular metabolism Nahar et al.

Additionally, osmoprotectants play a diverse role in plant physiology under harsh conditions. Some of their prominent roles regarding metabolic adjustments in plants under stress include stabilization of proteins structures, regulation of protein folding, detoxification of ROS, stabilization of thylakoid membranes, protection of antioxidant enzymes, regulation of redox balance, and activation of stress responsive genes that result in redox homeostasis, stress signaling, upregulation of photosynthesis, and scavenging of toxic radicals Zulfiqar et al.

These compatible solutes include betaines [proline betaine, hydroxyproline betaine, glycine betaine GB , and pipecolate betaine], proline, sugars fructose, glucose, sucrose, and fructans , and sugar alcohols mannitol, sorbitol, and inositol.

It is also reported to safeguard PSII under salt stress. Also, proline acts as an osmoprotectant as well as a molecular chaperone sustaining the structural integrity of macromolecules.

Similarly, higher amounts of reduced sugars, i. One of the most common abiotic stress indicators in plants is the induction of oxidative stress.

Salt stress also results in oxidative stress that comprises of ROS, reactive carbonyl species RCS , and reactive nitrogen species RNS Mano, ; Corpas, ; Fancy et al. However, these indicators of stress are also found in plant cells under normal conditions and a proper regulation of their intrinsic cellular concentration exists because they are also involved in plant growth and development, and signaling at subcellular and intercellular level Corpas, ; Fancy et al.

Under any unfavorable condition, homeostatic balance of these reactive species disrupts resulting in altered cellular redox potential that results in the denaturation of various vital compounds including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, etc. and disruption of cellular structures Mano, ; Hasanuzzaman et al.

Nitric oxide NO and derived molecules altogether constitute RNS, whereas methylglyoxal MG and other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds constitute RCS that are more stable than ROS Mano et al. Mitigation of these radicals protect plant organelles in a number of ways.

For example, the photoproduction and removal of ROS not only protects the chloroplast from the damaging effects of ROS but also acts as an escape valve for excess photons Hasanuzzaman et al. Similarly, MG detoxification may result in improved cell proliferation, miotic index, seed germination, photosynthesis, stress-related gene expression, etc.

Mostofa et al. Preferred sites of ROS generation have been identified as chloroplast, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, whereas for NO as peroxisomes—although this remains a subject of further research Hernandez et al.

Similarly, RCS are generated as a by-product in various metabolic pathways, i. Ascorbate—glutathione AsA—GSH is a key metabolic pathway that keeps the oxidative stress of plants in check through enzymatic [catalase CAT EC 1.

Similarly, RCS scavenging system also comprises of enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds Mano et al. A rise in MG levels is usually observed under salt stress that triggers the synthesis of glyoxalase: enzyme responsible for the detoxification of MG Kaur et al.

Under salt stress, mitochondria and chloroplast are specifically found to be affected. Consequently, electron transport chain is disrupted due to stomatal closure.

This O 2 — is further converted to hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 and superoxide O 2 — by superoxide dismutase SOD.

Similarly, O 2 — generation in peroxisomes is modulated by APX and CAT activities. Protein denaturation and other structural damages have been reported previously in salt stressed cells, affecting particularly chloroplast and mitochondria due to the accumulation of H 2 O 2 and O 2 — radicals.

This cycle helps in excessive energy dissipation in the form of heat, constituting the main mechanism of excessive energy dissipation, from PSII through non-photochemical quenching NPQ. Zeaxanthin serves as an antioxidant for photoinhibition and photo-oxidation by scavenging ROS in thylakoid membranes.

Similarly, salinity also results in the decrease in chlorophyl content that causes an increase in the anthocyanin and carotenoid accumulation, which help in toxic radicals scavenging and chloroplasts protection from photoinhibition and photooxidation.

In the same way, another adapted mechanism for salinity tolerance is photorespiration that constantly recycles carbon dioxide from the decarboxylation of glycine in the mitochondria, so that the Calvin cycle is kept operational.

Consequently, it diminishes ROS generation in electron transport chain. In addition, plants also use the water-water cycle to scavenge the ROS and dissipate excessive energy. In this cycle, water generated electrons in PSII are used to; a photo-reduce the dioxygen to superoxide in PSI, and b recycle ascorbate; thereby sustaining a linear electron flow for ATP generation.

Furthermore, NO is involved in the glutathione metabolism by regulating GSH-dependent enzymes, i. Also, it is reported that NO is a multifunctional molecule that regulates salt stress through genetic and molecular level regulations.

Besides the aforementioned mechanisms, plants can also mitigate the oxidative stress through selective up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, as found in Lycopersicon pennellii Hernandez et al.

Phytohormones modulate salinity by participating in signaling pathways and gene regulation. Abscisic acid ABA is known to regulate genes responsible for stomatal closure and osmoprotectant biosynthesis.

It also helps in plant acclimation and inhibition of lateral root growth Arif et al. Likewise, brassinosteroids BRs help plant to cope up with salinity by playing their role in the pollen tube growth, reproduction, proton pump activation, vascular differentiation, photosynthesis, and by improving antioxidant and osmoprotectant contents Nolan et al.

Also, cytokinins CKs are involved in salinity mitigation by increasing shoot to root ratio and antioxidants gene expression Arif et al. Furthermore, ethylene is involved in salinity signaling perception and upregulating the expression of osmoprotectant genes, e.

As well, gibberellins GAs are increased under salinity and modulate it by improving redox metabolism, sugar signaling, and osmolyte production Fahad et al. Additionally, jasmonic acid JA reinforces the expression of arginine decarboxylase, invertase, and Rubisco genes to mitigate salinity.

It is also involved in the metabolism of fatty acid along with methyl jasmonate MeJA. The upregulation of arginine decarboxylase genes results in the modulation of polyamines biosynthesis that serve as osmolytes.

Furthermore, it facilitates protein synthesis and CO 2 fixation under saline conditions Arif et al. Additionally, higher amounts of polyamines PAs , nitrogen-containing aliphatic compounds, are accumulated in salt stressed cells to modulate signaling, cell proliferation, genetic expression, cell turgidity, and senescence Ismail and Horie, In addition, salicylic acid SA modulates plant salinity to a great deal by participating in signaling pathways and regulating various genes expression.

It also modulates ion homeostasis, i. Plants affected by salinity undertake various genomic adjustments in which various genes are up- and down-regulated.

Currently, several advanced genomic techniques have made it possible to assess the molecular changes going-on in a plant under salt stress. Although, this is a set of complex mechanisms that range from transcription to post-translational modifications. Such genetic variation of expression results in the higher production of RNAs and proteins necessary to mitigate salinity.

For instance, an upregulation of genes responsible for osmoprotectants biosynthesis is certainly a desired behavior for combating salinity Amirbakhtiar et al. Nevertheless, an upregulation of genes is not always the case, rather the genomic behavior of plants may result in down-regulation, moderate expression, or even no expression.

Similarly, gene expression can also be altered by the involvement of transcription factors or interfering RNAs. It has been discovered that the endogenous small interfering RNAs siRNAs and microRNAs miRNAs e. Following four functional categories of stress-responsive genes of plants have been established by Rao et al.

a Molecular chaperones e. b Ion transport or homeostasis e. c Dehydration-related transcription factors e. d Senescence-associated genes e. Some representative and differentially expressed genes DEGs are presented in Table 1 , where genes or their families are grouped based on their function and involvement in signaling transduction, stress ionic, osmotic, and oxidative , and metabolites biosynthesis.

Generally, all these sets of genes are upregulated under saline environment with few exceptions Arif et al. In a recent study, around DEGs for Triticum aestivum , treated with mM NaCl, have been reported Amirbakhtiar et al.

This huge number of transcripts indicate the level of complexity involved in the regulation of salt stress, although it varies from species to species.

Moreover, this study also underlined the upregulation of a set of genes involved particularly in signaling pathways, ion transporters, and oxidative stress. Table 1. Representative salt stress regulating genes and their respective functions in plants. Likewise, genes encoding for proteins of photosynthetic machinery, ROS scavenging activity, SOD, cytochrome production, and isoflavone reductase production have also been found to be upregulated Fahad et al.

Briefly, all of the enzymes, proteins, osmoprotectants, co-factors, transporters, metabolites, etc. involved in ionic, oxidative, and osmotic stress as described above: in morphological adjustments and metabolic adjustments get their respective genes upregulated under the salt stress.

For example, calcium pathways and SOS signaling genes have been reported to play their role in cell homeostasis and salt acclimation Fahad et al. Although, several transcription factors play their intermediate role in these processes and post-translational modifications, but a comprehensive elucidation of their role remains ambiguous.

Salts accumulation around the plants root cause salinity in plants. In order to remove these toxic concentrations of salts so as to gain maximum plant yield, commonly implied strategies include flushing, scraping, and leaching. Of these leaching is most widely used strategy, in which irrigation is sustained over the evapotranspiration rates.

The excessive amount of water retains the concentrations of salts below their critical limits. Various irrigation models e. based on the leaching principle have also been suggested as salinity mitigation approach and to improve crop yield Plaut et al.

But these models either considered the salt concentration as constant for any given time or were limited in their performance under various environmental factors; thereby constraining crop yield. Soil mulching is another conventional approach for salinity mitigation.

For this, soil surface is covered with mulch or plastic sheet to enhance water availability by limiting water evaporation. However, this approach has short term effects and is only efficient to affect the upper soil layer. Nevertheless, this is not widely adopted technique due to associated costs and intricacy of process.

Another conventional approach is the cultivation of halophytes in saline soils for eliminating or reducing the accumulated salts to the threshold levels for glycophytes. Some halophytes are reported to have salt glands for this purpose that possess the ability to exclude salts, whereas others are reported to have salt hairs that serve to accumulate salts.

Additionally, better agronomic and farm management practices can also improve salinity. For instance, with the drip irrigation a controlled amount of water can be applied to the soil, whereby limiting the soil salination. Also, surface and sprinkler irrigations might prove effective to leach down the excessive salts from root zone.

Similarly, crop rotation with perennial crops can be practiced particularly in rain-fed areas. Deep roots of perennial crops might help restore the salt-water equilibrium in the soil Plaut et al.

In this regard, halophytes or salinity tolerant genotypes could be bred with desired salinity susceptible crop plants to get salt tolerant progeny. Equally, elicitation of plant bioregulators, osmolytes, antioxidants, or other metabolites biosynthesis has also been regarded as a valuable approach Ashraf and Akram, ; Zulfiqar and Ashraf, a.

However, despite of the remarkable potential, these strategies are rather limited due to huge amounts of time required and the associated costs. Equally, salinity tolerance is a complex process that is regulated by a large number of genes that obscures the crop breeding and genetic transformation processes.

Therefore, attaining a salt resistant transgenic line with its subsequent adoption in field conditions still remains a challenge. In the same way, use of microbial inoculants, chemical and organic soil amendments, and electro remediation are other promising salinity mitigation strategies that are gaining increased scientific attention lately Sahab et al.

As chemical soil amendments pose threats to soil microbiota and indirectly to human life, therefore this cannot be regarded as a sustainable approach. Use of natural PEs, in this regard, can be associated with this strategy of salinity mitigation, although PEs do not only have phytonutrients but also other stress relieving metabolites, e.

Use of PEs to mitigate salinity can be regarded as an environment friendly and sustainable way of fighting abiotic stress, as it contains no synthetic chemicals.

Depending upon the parts of plants used to prepare PE, it may contain various amounts of bioactive compounds flavonols, phenolics, betaines, amino-polysaccharides, sterols, glucosinolates, terpenoids, furostanol glycosides, etc.

Due to the associated detoxifying and ROS quenching capabilities of these compounds, PEs are frequently used in pharmacological industry for providing protection against neurodegeneration, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and cancer like chronic diseases Pehlivan, Since these natural compounds are also effective in preventing macromolecules like lipids, proteins, and DNA from damage in animal cells Pehlivan, , therefore it can be deduced that they might also be effective in plants against salinity as it disrupts redox balance in plants.

This has been demonstrated in previous studies that PEs contribute to a better growth, development, yield, disease-, and stress-resistance in plants given the presence of aforementioned compounds Howladar, ; Drobek et al.

Nevertheless, further scientific evidences are yet to be excavated to ensure that such a wide variety of molecules in PEs is functional or not. Similarly, viability and quality of PEs is also an aspiring research area. Sources of PEs, methods of application, and their implications against salinity are discussed below.

Plant extracts or botanicals are prepared from natural resources like higher plants. They can be prepared either from a whole plant or from any specific part of the plant, i. Whereas plant derived products like protein hydrolyzates, polyamines, polyols, amides, etc. fall under the category of plant derived biostimulants PDBs , as PEs are multicomponent mixtures.

However, the extraction of a particular compound or a mixture of compounds can be reinforced by selecting an appropriate method of extract preparation. Conventionally PEs are prepared by maceration.

The extraction is done in some solvent either hydrous or organic. For aqueous extraction, desired plant part is macerated or processed mechanically in deionized H 2 O, followed by its purification and centrifugation. The resultant analyte is diluted as per requirement and applied to plant Rady and Mohamed, ; Abd El-Mageed et al.

In organic solvent extraction, the desired plant part is homogenized in an organic solvent, e. Further, the resultant extractants are purified by removing organic solvents through evaporation Salama et al.

Aqueous extraction is considered relatively easier, faster, and economical as compared to the organic solvent-based extraction. Goldberg, Besides, these basic methods can be further modified based on the desired extractant, i. However, an appropriate method of PE preparation is important as it affects the stability characteristics of the formulation Lötze and Hoffman, In addition, the extractions carried out using organic solvent, like ethanol, may vary in triggering the physiological response as compared to the extracts prepared through aqueous extraction.

The possible reason of such difference could be the variation in physiochemical properties, i. For instance, a subsequent increase in the extract viscosity was observed when pH and temperature were increased Briceño-Domínguez et al. Similarly, penetration and assimilation of applied extract may vary depending upon its hydrophilic nature, mode of application, environmental conditions light, temperature, relative humidity, etc.

A turgid cell might not absorb more water resulting in no absorption of aqueous extract. Likewise, a PE prepared through organic solvent-based extraction might also not get absorbed due to the hydrophilic nature of plant cuticle. All these variable factors greatly influence plant physiological response to PEs.

A stepwise illustration of the preparation of PEs is presented in Figure 3. Usually, PEs are applied to plants through following three methods;. a Foliar spray Habib et al. b Soil based application Pehlivan, ; Hassanein et al.

c Biopriming seed priming Panuccio et al. For a good penetration and assimilation of ingredients, PEs should be water soluble or in any other suitable solvent. To overcome the lipophilicity and molecular size like uptake problems might be solved by mixing PEs with surfactants or other additives Yakhin et al.

Similarly, the absorbability of PEs also depends upon the molecular structure of cuticle of the plant under study, environmental conditions, and other extrinsic factors Bulgari et al. The basic aim of the use of PEs is reinforcing the plant responses to salinity so as to sustain the cellular homeostasis.

Exogenous application of PEs is found to take part in the signaling, primary and secondary metabolic pathways, and other physiological processes of plant Table 2. Similarly, morphological, and anatomical adjustments are important mechanisms for stress regulation in plants.

These altered characteristics might help glycophytes in better acclimation and tolerance, presumably, by enhanced robustness, a higher accumulation of reserves, photosynthetic pigments, gaseous exchange, and ionic compartmentalization.

Nevertheless, nutrients are the fundamental players for such alterations providing energy and substrates. Nutrient uptake is greatly challenged under salinity conditions Munns and Tester, ; Zörb et al.

Several studies have reported an improvement in nutrient particularly NPK, Fe, Zn, and Mn uptake and assimilation in salt stressed plant upon the application of PEs Bulgari et al. Table 2.

Use of different plant extracts PEs against salinity in various plant species. The PEs rich in antioxidants can be associated to facilitate the stress mitigation processes through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. These perturbations could be mitigated by the enhanced content of GSH and AsA that improve the tolerance by decreasing electrolyte leakage and stabilizing membrane integrity.

could be attributed to enhanced ionic, hormonal, and osmotic adjustments that result in improved acclimation, photosynthetic efficiency, growth, and yield Bulgari et al.

Overall, lower concentrations of PEs have been found to induce these positive results as higher concentrations might produce harmful results.

Similarly, PEs are efficient sources of ROS and RNS scavengers that are needed to mitigate toxic radicals and stabilize cell homeostasis. Desoky et al. Analogous results have been reported in case of Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia faba, Triticum aestivum, Lupinus termis , and Zea mays plants subjected to varying degree of salt concentrations Rady and Mohamed, ; Latif and Mohamed, ; Latef et al.

In another study, presence of phenols, flavonoids, and AsA in Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts was associated to salinity alleviation in apple seedlings Mahmoudand and Dahab, Each plant responds differently as per PEs used and therefore various oxidative stress mitigation strategies can be observed.

A demonstration of negative effects of salinity on plant and its mitigation by PEs is illustrated in Figure 4. Figure 4. Illustration of the impact of salinity, in terms of morphological, biochemical, and genetic changes, on plants Left in comparison with the plants supplied with PEs Right.

In the same way, PEs carried phytohormones, particularly ABA, JA, ethylene, and SA, stimulate the signaling pathway; whereby triggering various transcription factors and stress related genes. Equally, phytohormones might also be associated to bolster the photosynthetic machinery and overall ionic balance in the cell.

In a recent study, Cupressus macrocarpa foliar extract primed seed were found to have upregulated various stress related genes CuZnSOD2 , CAT1 , DHAR, APX , P rx Q , and GR in Cucurbita pepo ElSayed et al.

Upregulation of P rx Q -, APX -, SOD -, DHAR -, GR -, and CAT -encoding genes have also reported in Pisum sativum when its seeds were primed with Glycyrrhiza glabra root extracts and subjected to mM NaCl stress Desoky et al. Another evidence of the possible role of PEs in signaling was backed in a study on Arabidopsis , where moringa leaf extracts facilitated salinity mitigation by transcriptionally activating ABA-, SA-, AUX-, and ET-related signaling pathways Brazales-Cevallos et al.

ABA is also reported to regulate the transcription factor ABI5 ABSCISIC ACID INSENSIVE 1 that is required by plants to activate ABI5 expression and salt acclimation Zörb et al.

However, comprehensive studies to establish the molecular basis of PEs phytohormones in signaling are either in dearth or non-existent.

Plant extracts being amalgams of various biological compounds make it difficult to map out their exact mode of action. Studies undertaken to compare the individual effects of various osmolytes e. Similarly, the role of PEs in signal transduction remains ambiguous as exogenous application of relevant compounds i.

can also elicit the plant response. Either PEs work as elicitors of natural compounds or PEs carried molecule assimilation results in the desired results, needs further investigation.

Similarly, the involvement of protein kinases has already been documented in saline environments Zörb et al. Likewise, elucidation of the potential role of reactive sulfur species RSS Corpas and Barroso, and RCS with respect to salinity and its subsequent mitigation through PEs might open new avenues of research.

In addition, application of nanoparticles NPs coated PEs might improve their efficiency exponentially as various NPs have been documented effective against salinity Zulfiqar and Ashraf, b.

Nevertheless, intensive research is needed for the application of PEs coated with NPs because of the reported toxicities of NPs based on their physiochemical properties and plant species Ahmad et al.

The role of PEs in morphological and anatomical traits like shape and size of palisade and mesophyll cells, integrity of grana and thylakoids, integrity of cristae, the number and size of plastoglobuli, number and diameter of xylem and phloem tissues, width of cortex, suberin and casparian strips development, root-, shoot-apex, endodermis, and exodermis etc.

needs more scientific attention, as these factors play crucial role in gaseous exchanges, ions permeability, ψ w , ψ s , and energy generation processes Acosta-Motos et al. Analogously, comprehensive studies using omics approaches genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics can further shed lights on positive or negative regulators of morphological-, metabolic-, and genomic-adjustments, target molecules, and the potential receptors activated by the use of PEs.

The already identified signaling signatures, genes, and other key metabolites can be used to investigate such processes on the use of PEs. The influence of PEs on interference RNA mechanism to combat salinity also remains an enticing research area.

Use of PEs to combat salinity is a green, ecofriendly, and sustainable approach. This also opens further doors of investigation on the use of invasive plant species to be used as salinity moderator.

Another important aspect is that plant response owing to PEs varies greatly from species to species and even within the same species. This might be answered by undertaking further comparative studies.

Furthermore, use of salinity to trigger the production of various osmolytes and antioxidants can be utilized as an elicitation approach. Plants subjected to salinity can be used to prepare PEs that might prove more promising against salinity than conventional ones.

Salt stress has become a consistent problem in agriculture over the past few years, and was reported to culminate around million ha in Plants perceive salinity by sensors, e. Salinity results in ionic, osmotic, and oxidative stress, which further disrupts various physiological and metabolic processes in plants.

Use of PEs to combat salinity is an efficient, economical, and sustainable approach. Whole plants or parts of plants, i. can be used to prepare PEs through aqueous or organic-solvent extraction techniques.

PEs are multicomponent organic mixtures, containing vitamins, carotenoids, amino acids, phytohormones, mineral nutrients, phenolics, and antioxidants, etc. The degree of impact of PEs depends on various factors like plant species, age of plant, application method, etc. Molecular characterization of the PEs produced effects can pave the way for elucidating their comprehensive mechanism of action.

AA, BB, and VM: conceptualization. AA: study design, data collection and analysis, draft writing and editing, and Illustrations. VM and BB: critical analysis, revision, and supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The funding organizations had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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For more information about Plajt Subject Areas, click here. The aim Hydrating skin care this study is to Nqtural the potential bioactive Natural plant extracts of Cuscuta plznta native parasitic natural plant of flora palaestina and to open direction towards new prospective application. GC-MS analysis identified 18 components in the methanolic extract of C. palaestina for the first time. The most appealing among them are Sesamin and two other phytosterols Campesterol and Stigmasterolall of which are documented in the scientific literature for their anticancer activity.