Some herbs, like parsley prevenfion turmeric, prevenntion common food ingredients Herbal treatments for cancer prevention spices. False Claims. However, it is essential to consult with a qualified Snakebite treatment advancements professional before using any Hetbal remedies, Traetments if undergoing conventional Meal planning app treatment. Garlic has a strong flavor, meaning a small addition to vegetables or meat can make a delicious difference. It had diverse impacts on the invasive activities of these cell lines, and AGE showed a significant reduction in invasive activity on SW and SW cells; however, it did not affect the invasive activity of HT29 cells Matsuura et al. Still, studies show some herbs may offer benefits to some cancer patients.

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Common Herbs May Hold Key To Tumor-Killing Cancer Treatment

Herbal treatments for cancer prevention -

Like any other tumour or cancer, CRC is classified into stages: Stage 0 carcinoma in situ to stage IV. Standard treatment options for the stages 0 —II CRC are surgery, whereas stage III requires surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, and stage IV and recurrence CRC involve surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy PDQ, Regular screening can prevent CRC.

As a polyp takes 10—15 years to be cancerous, detecting and removing polyps at an early stage is critical. For CRC treatment strategy, Food and Drug Administration FDA approved at least 30 different drugs Supplementary Table S1 , and either singly or in combination with other drugs Supplementary Table S2 are used for CRC treatment.

These chemotherapeutic drugs are exposed to the cancer cells and simultaneously damage healthy cells. Consequently, these drugs manifest several adverse effects, including fatigue, headache, muscle pain, stomach pain, diarrhoea and vomiting, sore throat, blood abnormalities, constipation, neuronal damage, skin changes, memory problems, loss of appetite, and hair loss ACS, Even though the overall survival of individuals with advanced CRC has increased in recent decades due to new chemotherapy regimens Supplementary Tables S1, S2 ; however, in nearly all patients with CRC, current systemic chemotherapies developed resistance Cho and Hu, , limiting the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer medicines and ultimately leading to chemotherapy failure.

Chemotherapeutic drug resistance is a major issue in CRC treatment in the current clinical practice. et al. On the contrary, for being comparatively safe, natural products have gained tremendous importance as sources of polypharmacological drugs for infectious diseases, cancers, and neurological disorders Hossain S.

Moreover, indications of the importance of plants for diverse ailments in religious scripts attracted more researchers focusing on evaluating the scientific validity of traditional claims Hossain et al. So, finding safer alternatives to systematic chemotherapeutic drugs from natural sources are an important and worthy study.

Herbs and spices have been commonly used as condiments to enrich aroma, taste, and colour for thousands of years. Even though they are consumed in small amounts, these herbs and spices contain many bioactive compounds and beneficial health effects.

The role of spices and herbs in the inhibition of CRC cells growth has been reported in many recent studies Zheng et al. There is increasing evidence of preventing CRC by consuming fruits and vegetables, while red meat enhances the risk factors Hallajzadeh et al.

Similarly, dietary fibre was contradictory until recent findings showed that high dietary fibre could prevent cancers, including CRC DeLuca et al.

Since many disease conditions, including CRC, commonly treated with culinary herbs and spices in traditional medical systems, are considered self-limiting, their purported benefits need critical evaluation intended for CRC management.

This would be a worthy study for the community, particularly clinical practitioners and CRC patients. Therefore, in this study, six commonly used herbs and spices: ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe , turmeric Curcuma longa L. were chosen to evaluate their chemoprotective chemotherapeutic roles in CRC management critically and explored the possibility of developing these agents as anti-CRC pharmaceuticals.

Scientific evaluation of these plants against cancers, particularly CRC, is increased over the last few years, and turmeric is the most extensively used spice evaluated for CRC Figure 1. FIGURE 1. Scientific evaluation of culinary spices and herbs for the different research, including cancers and colorectal cancer.

The data were retrieved from the Scopus database on 15 August using the search keywords: Ginger OR Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Turmeric OR Curcuma longa L. CRC: Colorectal cancer. Initially, this study comprehensively discussed the molecular basis of CRC development, followed by culinary and traditional uses, current scientific research, and publications of selected herbs and spices on cancers and their role in CRC management with underlying molecular mechanisms of action.

Cancer is a genetic illness caused by oncogene activation, tumour suppressor gene dysfunction, or environmental mutagenesis Imran et al. The effective control of cancer solely lies in a better understanding of its pathophysiology, and significant progress has been achieved in comprehending the molecular basis of cancer.

Genetic and epigenetic changes play a role in the onset of neoplastic transformation of the healthy epithelium into malignant phases Gorga, Progression of CRC is mainly involved with the silencing of tumour suppressor genes and activation of an oncogene Malki et al.

As mentioned earlier, both genetic and epigenetic changes in the key genes are responsible for CRC development. This alteration is involved with three major pathways: CIN, MSI, and CIMP pathways Pino and Chung, The CIN route is responsible for most CRC cases.

This pathway is characterized by widespread abnormalities in chromosomal number aneuploidy and loss of heterozygosity. It can be caused by errors in chromosome segregation, telomere stability, or the DNA damage response, though the genes involved are currently unknown Pino and Chung, Fearon and Vogelstein described the first multistep genetic model of colorectal tumorigenesis in Fearon and Vogelstein, Later in , Pino and Chung Pino and Chung, critically evaluated the CIN pathway of CRC and discussed the role of each gene involved with CRC progression.

According to the model proposed, the formation of aberrant crypt foci ACF is the initial step of CRC progression. Inactivating the adenomatous polyposis coli APC tumour suppression gene through the mutations can activate the Wnt signalling pathway at this stage.

Subsequently, activating mutations in the proto-oncogene KRAS , mutations in the tumour suppressor gene TP53 , as well as loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 18q are required for progression to larger adenomas and early carcinomas.

In a tiny fraction of colorectal tumours, mutational activation of the PIK3CA gene occurs late in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Consistent with the evolution of adenomas that are not malignant, CIN is detected in benign adenomas and increases in tandem with tumour progression Figure 2.

FIGURE 2. A multistep genetic model of colorectal carcinogenesis sequence. ACF, Aberrant crypt foci; APC, Adenomatous polyposis coli, CIN, Chromosomal instability, COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor; FAP, Familial adenomatous polyposis. Nuclear Factor-kappa B NF-κB is a ubiquitous transcription factor regulating gene expression of inflammatory and immunological cytokines, cytokine receptors, and adhesion molecules in various cell signalling pathways.

NF-κB binds to an inhibitor, I-kappa B IκB , present in the cytoplasm of most the quiescent cells and inactivates NF-κB by covering the nuclear localization sequence, blocking DNA binding and nuclear uptake of NF-κB Baeuerle and Henkel, In addition, active NF-κB in tumours with wild type Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Virus KRAS and KRAS mutations increased the activity of NF-κB signalling in patients with KRAS mutations, and patients exhibited a lower survival and weaker response to first-line treatment compared to other cases Lin et al.

Therefore, the NF-κB signalling pathway plays a vital role in accelerating cell proliferation, cell survival, and inhibition of apoptosis.

The well-established molecular basis of cancer helps determine confirmatory biomarkers that can improve clinical outcomes in patients with CRC and increase the survival of patients with metastatic cancer.

Chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents target those biomarkers for the best outcomes to control CRC. In other words, identified biomarkers, such as KRAS and TP53 genes, can be targeted to prevent or control CRC as inhibition of the KRAS gene or activation of the TP53 gene modulate the normal function of cells; thus, cancerous cells cannot sustain growth.

Additionally, inhibition of the NF-κB signalling cascade limits cell proliferation; therefore, targeting this cascade may lead to preventive measures, and novel treatment approaches against CRC. In our current review, we have annexed six culinary herbs that have strong vigour to inhibit the adenomas cell, carcinomas cell, and even several cancerous cell lines such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer Matsuura et al.

Ginger and its components may operate as chemopreventive agents by lowering COX-2 expression, according to in vitro and animal studies Kim et al. Turmeric extract suppresses metastasis by regulating several targets, including molecules involved in the Wnt and Src pathways, EMT, and EGFR-related pathways.

Flaxseed meal elevates the mitochondrial apoptosis genes such as p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A p21 as well as cell cycle arrest genes Hernández-Salazar et al. Furthermore, the COX-1 and COX-2 protein level in the colonic tissue is considerably reduced Bommareddy et al.

Reactive oxygen species ROS are produced after exposure to different physical agents, including ultraviolet rays and heat, as well as after chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer treatment. Over the past few decades, researchers have realized that ROS plays a significant role in the aetiology of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation injury.

Excessive production of ROS in cellular life needs to be regulated tightly. Because ROS have the potential to initiate the degenerative process in cells; however, living organisms have several antioxidant systems that scavenge the adverse effects of ROS on cells Karker et al.

These drastic impacts on cells include oxidative stress, damaging biomolecules, including DNA, lipid oxidation, protein degradation, and cellular apoptosis Figure 3 Valko et al. FIGURE 3. Schematic mechanism of oxidative stress and inflammation-induced cancer development.

Oxidative stress: regenerated ROS can be detoxified with the presence of balanced detoxifying agents, such as antioxidants. However, excessive ROS induces apoptotic signalling pathways and promotes carcinogenesis in cells with faulty signalling by deregulating biomolecules.

Hence, it targets Nrf2 and its regulator Keap1 and downregulates antioxidant enzymes that result in high intracellular ROS levels, which induce cell proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance by rescuing Nrf2 transcription. Inflammation: various diseases and stress conditions causes inflammatory cell infiltration that induces ROS and different cytokines.

It also activated tyrosine kinase that allowed NF-κB active form to enter the nucleus, further activating target genes for chemokines, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and receptors to cause cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. Akt, protein kinase B; Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IL, interleukin; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Keap1, kelch-like ECH enoyl-CoA hydratase -associated protein 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Nrf2, nuclear-related factor 2; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; Pi3K, Pi3 kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; SUZ12, suppressor of zeste 12; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.

ROS are by-products of regular cellular metabolism that play crucial roles in activating signalling pathways in cellular life Perillo et al.

When cells or tissues are exposed to prolonged environmental stress, ROS are created over an extended period, resulting in irreversible damage to cell structure and function, as well as the induction of somatic mutations and neoplastic transformation Khandrika et al.

Indeed, oxidative stress is associated with cancer onset and development, either by increasing DNA mutations or generating DNA damage, genome instability, and cell proliferation Figure 3 Fang et al. Additionally, proteins and lipids are also key oxidative targets, and altering these molecules increases the risk of mutagenesis Schraufstätter et al.

The adverse effects of ROS can be tightly controlled through a sophisticated enzymatic antioxidant system [e. Chronic inflammation is caused by various biological, pharmacological, and physical factors, and it has been linked to an elevated risk of numerous types of cancer in humans, including CRC.

Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that oncological illnesses like cancer have been linked to this inflammation Reuter et al.

An elevated ROS is produced in the inflammatory cells due to increased oxygen absorption in the damaged area. Coussens and Werb, In addition, inflammatory cells also generate soluble mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, which persuade changes in transcription factors and can trigger different signal transduction cascades, including NF-κB, STAT3, and activator protein-1 AP-1 , Nrf2 Figure 3.

The aberrant expression of inflammatory cytokines like TNF, different interleukins i. Food is consumed either raw or cooked to provide energy and nutritional support for an organism.

In addition to enhancing taste, aroma, and colour, herbs and spices also provide nutritional value. Apart from their culinary uses, ginger, turmeric, garlic, fenugreek, sesame, and flaxseeds are traditionally used for different ailments, including cancers Table 1. TABLE 1. Traditional uses of herb and spice along with their scientific name, family, culinary uses, part used, and lead compounds.

These plants are widely investigated for the scientific validity of health benefits or traditional uses, particularly their anti-cancerous role. The extracts or compounds that possess antioxidants showed potential anti-cancerous effects. Antioxidants are substances that, when present in low concentrations compared to the substrate, prevent or delay the oxidation of the substrate.

On the other hand, the substrate would otherwise be oxidized by the pro-oxidants. Different parts, plant extracts, and isolated compounds of the selected herbs and spices have potential antioxidant properties that show anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. An overview of their chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic role in CRC management by targeting diverse mechanisms of action is shown in Figure 4.

FIGURE 4. Chemopreventive effects of selected herbs and spices against colorectal cancer by targeting diverse mechanisms of action. The red arrow up denotes stimulation or up-regulation, the red arrow down denotes down-regulation, and a bar perpendicular to the end of the line blue denotes inhibition.

AP-1, activator protein 1; ATF3, activating transcription factor 3; Bax, Bcl-2 associated X protein; BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; cdk1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1; BMI1, B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LOX, lipoxygenase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; p53, tumor protein p53; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SUZ12, suppressor of zeste 12; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

The botanical name of ginger is Zingiber officinale Roscoe, which belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant that originated in Southeast Asia. It is one of the most consumed dietary condiments globally and is now produced worldwide, including in Bangladesh, India, China, Nigeria, Nepal, Indonesia, and Japan Surh, The rhizome, the horizontal stem from which the roots grow, is the central portion of ginger that is widely used and consumed in numerous forms, such as fresh, dried, pickled, preserved, crystallized, candied, powdered or ground Bode and Dong, Ginger is an excellent source of antioxidants used to treat ailments from colds to cancer Bode and Dong, The popularity of ginger for scientific research has surged in recent years.

As of 15 August Scopus database , approximately 12, papers with a focus on the beneficial effects of ginger have been published between and This plant has many other health benefits related to cancers Figure 5. Ginger has at least compounds volatile and non-volatile in fresh and dried rhizomes identified in different extracts.

Among these, gingerols, parasols, shogaols, and quercetin are the most common constituents and exert various powerful therapeutic and preventive effects Bode and Dong, Examples of volatile components are hydrocarbons, zingiberene, sequiphellandrene, α-curcumin, and other sesquiterpenes, while non-volatile pungent phenolic compounds are used 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 6-paradol, quercetin, and quercetin zingerone Figure 6 Vedashree et al.

The non-volatile compounds exert chemopreventive and therapeutic efficacy Figure 4 and Table 2 Fu et al. FIGURE 6. Chemical structure of main non-volatile bioactive compounds of ginger. TABLE 2.

An overview of cytotoxic effects of culinary herbs and spices on colorectal cancer. Ginger extracts, powder, and constituents have shown potential antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo models Kikuzaki and Nakatani, ; Stoilova et al. These studies showed that solvent has significant effects on the effectiveness of antioxidant properties.

Aqueous ethanolic solution 0. The solution was prepared from different extracts of ginger like dichloromethane, methanol, and α-tocopherol.

The dichloromethane extract exhibited higher activity than α-tocopherol and methanol extract. The ginger extract inhibited the hydroxyl radicals Gingerol related compounds substituted with an alkyl group bearing , or carbon chain length might contribute to both radical scavenging effect and inhibitory effect of autoxidation of oils; however, there was no significant difference in the activity among the compounds with different alkyl chain length Masuda et al.

These results suggested that the antioxidant action may be attributed to radical scavenging and substrate affinity. Ginger bioactive compounds can also stimulate a plethora of enzymes, such as glutathione reductase, glutathione S—transferase, and glutathione peroxidase, that help mitigate free radicals that induce oxidative stress startlingly suppress colon carcinogenesis Manju and Nalini, Consumption of ginger extracts may reduce or delay the progression of diseases that oxidative stress occurs due to a lack of antioxidant supplementation Tohma et al.

Therefore, it can assume that ginger-based bakeries or beverages would be effective functional dietary products in managing and preventing cancers. Phytocompounds isolated from ginger, such as gingerol and shogaol, can suppress the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-8, and TNF- α.

Tjendraputra et al. An NF-κB signalling pathway is linked with chronic inflammatory diseases like cancer, allergy, myocardial infarction, asthma, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis.

Habib et al. Cyclooxygenases i. Gingerol impedes COX-2 expression induced by lipopolysaccharides LPS Lantz et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized experiment reported that daily consumption of raw and heat-treated ginger 2 g for 11 consecutive days resulted in moderate-to-large reductions in muscle pain compared to the placebo Black et al.

In LPS induced inflammation, one of the lead compounds of ginger, [6]-shogaol reduced the levels of nitric oxide synthases iNOS , COX-2, and phospho-NF-kB, suppressed histone deacetylase-1 HDAC-1 expression, and increased histone H3 acetylation expression.

This result indicates that a ginger supplement rich with [6]-shogaol could significantly attenuate various inflammatory responses. Ginger leaves extract induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells, HCT, SW human colon adenocarcinoma cells , and LoVo by activating transcription factor 3 ATF3.

Another investigation reported that ginger extract inhibited CRC cell growth HCT by down-regulating the K-ras and MMP-2 marker gene expressions.

K-ras is crucial in colorectal metastasis by regulating VGEF, protease expression, apoptosis, adhesion, and motility Lavrado et al. Turmeric Curcuma longa L. is also derived from the Zingiberaceae family. In addition to improving taste, turmeric was one of the spices used to preserve food.

Yellow turmeric rhizomes give an aromatic flavor and slightly bitter taste. Dhakal et al. Turmeric rhizomes are an excellent antioxidant source, and it has free-radical scavenging properties Restrepo-Osorio et al. It is also mixed with other compounds, including annatto, seasonal sauces, mayonnaise, and butter Sharifi-Rad et al.

Currently, the major focus has been given by scientists on cancer. The wide application of curcumin in diverse fields had caused its global market to expand exponentially.

The pharmaceutical industry, particularly those focused on anti-cancer medication formulations, is the most significant application category, accounting for more than half of the global market, followed by the food and cosmetic industries Sharifi-Rad et al.

Turmeric powder contains various bioactive components. Dry turmeric contains Curcumin and calebin A are lead compounds Figure 7 with a magnificent biological role in CRC patient management Figure 4 and Table 2. Turmeric can mitigate the rise of free radical formation in the living cells responsible for damaging the biomolecules, such as lipid, protein, and DNA Goud et al.

A study reported by Tilak et al. This study prepared six different types of standardized aqueous and ethanol extracts using the processed powder or raw turmeric rhizome as per the cooking mood.

The ethanol contains more phenolic and flavonoid content than aqueous extracts. In all antioxidant tests using raw and processed turmeric, ethanol extracts were performed over the aqueous extracts. Boiled ethanol extract 10 min had the strongest activity in two chemical assays - ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP and 1,1-diphenylpicryl hydroxyl DPPH radical scavenging test.

However, in the ferryl myoglobin assay, ethanol extracts raw turmeric stirring in ethanol for 1 h exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity TAA. Boiling the aqueous extracts increased their potency compared to the aqueous extracts.

Turmeric boiling extracts were more efficient at scavenging 2,2-azobisethylbenzthiazolinesulfonic acid ABTS radicals than aqueous turmeric extracts. There is no doubt numerous studies reported on the antioxidant activity of turmeric extracts and their different isolated compounds. At the same time, the in vitro antioxidant activities of turmeric extracts have been supported by the in vivo studies to support its pharmacological applications Sreekanth et al.

A proprietory formulation containing extract of turmeric obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide gas extraction and post-supercritical hydroethanolic extraction is known as Smoke Shield.

Administration of Smoke Shield to mice increased antioxidant enzymes in blood, liver, and kidney Sreekanth et al. Smoke Shield increased glutathione-S-transferase activities in the liver and kidney. Smoke Shield contains significant antioxidant action, inhibits phase I enzymes, and increases detoxification enzymes, making it a chemoprotective herbal preparation Sreekanth et al.

This finding supports the in vivo antioxidant effect of turmeric Dall'Acqua et al. Another recent in vivo antioxidant study of methanol extract of turmeric showed a significant decrease in SOD, catalase CAT and GPx levels in both liver and kidney of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats Mohammed et al.

These findings suggested that turmeric supplements could potentially neutralize the ROS level in cells even if used in cooking, either stirring on oil for 10 min or 30 min in aqueous; however, further investigation on the complex role of antioxidant curcumin effects is required before making a precise conclusion.

It has three methionine residues that are responsible for its antioxidant properties. Additionally, it is noncytotoxic up to milligrams doses in human lymphocytes Srinivas et al.

Curcumin and turmeric controlled oxidative stress by reducing the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances TBARS and protein carbonyls and repealing altered antioxidant enzyme activities in rat models Suryanarayana et al.

Many other studies also reported that turmeric extracts and their constituents have potential free radical scavenging activity, and ethanol extracts are more efficient than aqueous extracts Cousins et al. The formulation of turmeric extracts using modern technology like spray-dried microparticles Martins et al.

Traditionally, as an anti-inflammatory antidote in ayurvedic medicine, Turmeric powder is implicated as an anti-inflammatory antidote. In a rat model, the production of these enzymes was elevated by curcumin treatment Tvrdá et al. In the in-vitro experiment, the macrophage-mediated inflammation due to ROS production has reduced by giving 10 μM curcumin Amano et al.

The increasing detrimental bacterial population in the colon so prompts to produce of carcinogenic chemicals, toxins that are responsible for the development of colon cancer; for instance, Bacteroides fragilis produces Bacteroides fragilis toxins BFTs that subsequently activate the STAT3 signalling pathway and stimulate IL cytokines production that subsequently promotes NF- κB and Wnt signalling pathway activation leading to abnormal cell division Chung et al.

Caleb in A is a potent anti-inflammatory component of turmeric responsible for inhibiting cancer formation through this NF-κB signalling pathway Buhrmann et al.

Another investigation has demonstrated that the inflammation mediated by NF-κB activation is suppressed by averting IκBα kinase and AKT signalling pathway because of using curcumin Aggarwal et al.

The administration of curcumin is also thought to have reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as C-reactive protein, cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2 , TNF-, CXCR-4, MIP-1, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 Gonzales and Orlando, ; Wang and Dubois, ; Kim et al.

Calebin A suppressed the expression of Nuclear Factor-kappa B NF-κB , which promotes the anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma extra-large BCL-xL , B-cell lymphoma BCL-2 , surviving, proliferation Cyclin D1 , invasion MMP-9 , metastasis CXCR4 biomarkers, as well as down-regulated apoptosis Caspase-3 gene biomarkers, ultimately leading to apoptosis in human colorectal adenocarcinoma HCT cells Buhrmann et al.

Rajitha et al. The western blotting analysis further revealed that curcumin significantly decreased the levels of cyclin D1, CDK4, and pRb and increased p16 and p21 in both cell lines compared to controls Figure 8 Rajitha et al. It has also been shown to emerge with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties by the induction of apoptosis and modulating different signalling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK , extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK , p38, Jun N-terminal kinase JNK in gastric cancer, and neurofibroma Li et al.

Curcumin and its analogues have been an effective chemotherapeutic agent and chemosensitizer by regulating specific microRNAs, signalling pathways, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition Cai et al.

FIGURE 8. The mechanisms of curcumin and aged garlic extracts, including its active compounds, inhibit the cell cycle in cancer cells. The dotted rectangle indicates the curcumin lead compound of turmeric functions. AGE, Aged garlic extract; CDK1, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1; CDK4, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4; Rb, Rb Protein.

Another commonly consumed spice is garlic Allium sativum L. Garlic can be consumed raw or cooked and in powder or oil form. Garlic as traditional medicine has been documented in ancient writings of Egypt, Greece, China, and India as early as 3, years ago Rivlin, ; Omar and Al-Wabel, Garlic has been shown to reduce the incidence of heart disease and cancer in epidemiologic and preclinical investigations, and it has also been claimed to be an anti-cancer dietary component Bayan et al.

There are around 33 sulfur compounds, including alliin, allicin, ajoene, allyl propyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, S-allyl cysteine, vinyldithiines, S-allyl mercapto cysteine, and others, several enzymes i.

As of 15 August Scopus database , 19, papers related to the merits of garlic consumption have been documented between and There is compelling evidence that garlic and related sulfur components can reduce cancer risk and affect the biological behaviour of tumours.

A high intake of garlic is associated with decreased risks for stomach and CRC Omar and Al-Wabel, Prominent medicinal values and uses of garlic have been seen since ancient times. Garlic has more than chemicals. The leading bioactive molecules among these compounds are diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, diallyl tetrasulfide, S-allyl mercaptocysteine, allicin, selenomethionine, and se-methyl-L-selenocysteine Figure 9 Czepukojc et al.

The potential chemotherapeutic activities of the aforementioned compounds in colorectal cell lines are listed in Figure 4 and Table 2. Aged garlic extract AGE and its bioactive compounds are good chemopreventive agents for CRC because of their antiproliferative action on colorectal carcinoma cells and inhibitory activity on angiogenesis.

AGE suppressed the proliferation of different CRC cell lines, namely DLD1, COLO, HT29, SW, and SW Matsuura et al. It had diverse impacts on the invasive activities of these cell lines, and AGE showed a significant reduction in invasive activity on SW and SW cells; however, it did not affect the invasive activity of HT29 cells Matsuura et al.

There appears to be a relationship between the effect of AGE and the type of cancer cells being treated. In addition, AGE had a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation and tube formation of endothelial cells Matsuura et al.

SW is a metastasized SW, and both cell lines have been documented to have increased p53 levels, while HT cells consist of mutated p53 Eng et al.

Thus, it is plausible that the bioactive compounds interact with the molecules such as p53 that ensure cell cycle checkpoints are conducted rigorously. AGE decreased the number of ACF but did not affect gross tumour pathology in the DLD1 human CRC cell line. AGE inhibited the proliferation of adenoma and adenocarcinoma lesions but did not affect normal colon mucosa.

It delayed cell cycle progression by inhibiting cyclin B1 and Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 cdk1 expression but did not trigger apoptosis in DLD1 Jikihara et al. Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine increased Fas and FasL expression, followed by the caspase-3, caspase-8, DNA fragmentation factor, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage.

Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine also increased Bax protein levels while decreasing Bid and BCL-2 protein levels. However, this compound caused apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress rather than reactive oxygen species stress. The cleavage of caspase and caspase-9 increases growth arrest and protein levels of GADD and Therefore, they could be good chemopreventive agents for CRC because of their antiproliferative action on colorectal carcinoma cells and inhibitory activity on angiogenesis.

Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum L. belongs to the family Leguminosae. It has long been used as a spice to improve the sensory quality of cuisines across the world, including in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan Wani and Kumar, ; Singh et al. Its seeds and green leaves, commonly used as leafy vegetables and seasonings, are now widely cultivated for medicinal purposes.

They also enhance flavour, colour, and texture in foods Tewari et al. Although modern medicine has made incredible advances, the usage of herbal plants for treating or preventing diseases is still widely used due to their diverse nutraceutical capabilities and safety.

Among many spice crop plants that are nutritious, functional, and therapeutic, fenugreek is popular with all these characteristics. Recently, it has gained tremendous scientific attention for further evaluation and validation of nutraceutical and health benefits, especially lifestyle-related diseases and cancer.

Our systematic investigation in the Scopus database revealed that scientists published around 3, papers between and The health benefits of fenugreek that lead to anti-cancer effects are summarised in Figure Since antiquity, fenugreek has been a member of the Fabaceae family and has been extensively utilized as Ayurveda in traditional and alternative medicine systems Aasim et al.

It is rich in several phytochemicals, of which diosgenin a saponin Figure 11 has anticarcinogenic properties Table 2 Raju et al. FIGURE Chemical structure of the chemopreventive bioactive compound of fenugreek. Multiple functional and molecular targets are involved in the anti-cancer effects of fenugreek or its bioactive compounds, such as apoptosis in tumour cell lines, especially in human CRC Table 2 Raju et al.

In 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-treated mice, a diet rich in fenugreek seed powder reduced colon tumour incidence and lipid peroxidation LPO while simultaneously increasing GPx, glutathione S-transferase GST , SOD, and catalase activity in the liver Sushma and Devasena, Another study demonstrated that diosgenin inhibited the production of azoxymethane AOM -induced aberrant crypt foci, a preneoplastic colonic lesion in F rats.

This compound induced apoptosis in HT human colon cancer cells by suppressing BCL-2 and activating caspase-3 protein expression, implying its potential as a colon cancer preventive agent Raju et al. Sesame Sesamum indicum from the Pedaliaceae family is one of the earliest domesticated oilseed crops known to humankind with its multifarious uses.

It is mainly consumed in various cuisines and preferably used with bread, biscuits, crackers, and so forth and as a seasoning in food worldwide Namiki, Sesame seeds have multiple potential bioactive compounds that are beneficial components in food and are accountable for disease-preventing properties.

These chemical compounds include phenolics, carotenoids, phytosterols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, often utilized as antioxidants and for other purposes Pathak et al. Recent studies demonstrated that the leaves and shoots of sesame plants are used as vegetables, and the leaves contain valuable nutrients such as amino acids responsible for various traditional uses, including pain relief, catarrh, eye pain, bruises, and erupted skin lesions.

In Japan, young sesame leaves 30—70 cm tall, 40—60 days after planting are dried and sold as a health food supplement Fuji et al. The seeds contain lignans such as sesamin and sesaminol and are highly valued as traditional health and nutraceutical food.

Young sesame leaves contain three iridoids lamalbid, sesamoside and shanzhiside methyl ester and seven polyphenols cistanoside F, chlorogenic acid, pedalitinO-laminaribioside, pedaliin, isoacteoside, pedalitin and martynoside , and acteoside.

These compounds show potential radical scavenging effects in assays like the DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion radicals test Matsufuji et al.

However, sesamin, a major lignan in sesame oil did not show antioxidant in vitro activity Nakai et al. Interestingly, on the other hand, this compound showed protective effects against oxidative damage in rat liver. Therefore, sesamin is considered as a prodrug. This finding suggested that sesamin may enhance liver LPO degradation, resulting in strong protective effects against exercise-induced plasma lipid peroxidation.

Sesamin in vivo metabolites with the catechol group is the most efficient antioxidants Papadopoulos et al. The highly antioxidative action of sesame oil has been clarified, and it has been determined that recently discovered lignans mediate with tocopherols.

A novel synergistic effect of sesame lignans with tocopherols has been found, and it is believed to be responsible for the antiaging effect of sesame. Sesame lignans inhibit metabolic decomposition of tocopherols, which results in the antiaging effect of sesame being attributed to strong vitamin E activity Namiki, A systematic search in the Scopus database showed that around 11, articles were published between and Sesame from the Pedaliaceae family generally refers to sesame seeds.

Sesamol is one of the prominent biomolecules of sesame seeds that confers chemopreventive properties and analgesic effects Table 2. It has a wide range of biological functions, including inhibition of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of radical scavenging, upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, suppression of TNFα and IL-1β expression, inhibition of NF-κB signalling, suppression of LOX-1 and 5-LOX activity, induction of apoptosis, arresting cell growth at different phases of the cell cycle and modulation of caspase-3, p53, BAX, and BCL-2 expression Gupta et al.

Flaxseed Linum usitatissimum L. It is still widely grown for its oil, fibre, and nutritional value. Additionally, flaxseeds are used in animal feed to boost reproductive health Oomah, ; Turner et al.

The flaxseed products include whole seed ground , flaxseed oil partially defatted , fully defatted solvent extraction , mucilage extract, flaxseed hull, oleosomes, and alcohol extract. Each of these products has particular health benefits.

Reports typically neglect the presence of many bioactive chemicals in flaxseed fractions or attribute the impact to a single component.

However, whole flaxseed is widely accepted as a healthy food with anti-cancer activity Shim et al. In female rat mammary glands, flaxseed flour reduces epithelial cell proliferation and nuclear abnormalities that indicate the reduction of mammary tumour growth in the later stages of carcinogenesis Serraino and Thompson, ; Thompson et al.

Recently the growth of cancer research using flaxseeds has increased significantly. Flaxseed treated various ailments in India, Sri Lanka, Greece, Rome, Egypt, and many other countries and enriched the Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine system Goyal et al.

Due to its high fibre level, omega-3 fatty acids, flavonoids, and phytoestrogens, flaxseed usage in reducing human CRC risk are gaining attention Calviello et al. Chemical structure of main bioactive compounds of flaxseed. α-Linolenic acid n-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid n-3 belong to the omega-3 fatty acids group.

In vitro studies and animal models suggest that diets high in 3-PUFA may protect against malignancies, such as colon cancer, whereas treatment with 6-PUFA may inhibit cancer cells proliferation. For example, mice fed diets enriched in α-linolenic acid, which enhanced plasma levels of α-linolenic acid ALA and its metabolites eicosatetraenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA , showed a reduction in the growth of transplanted colon cancer cells Danbara et al.

In case-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cells, ALA has been demonstrated to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis Bommareddy et al.

Similar results were observed in a study using Colo cells treated with EL, where apoptosis was modulated.

Cell proliferation was decreased by the up-regulation of an apoptosis-inducing protein a cleaved form of Caspase-3 and the down-regulation of both an apoptosis-inhibiting protein BCL-2 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen PCNA protein Danbara et al.

Regulation of transcription in apoptotic genes BCL-2, CCND1, and c-Myb and cell cycle regulation were reported using Young Adult Mouse Colonocytes treated with low levels of EL 1 M and ED 5 M DeLuca et al. Significant ground-breaking knowledge of molecular mechanisms behind CRC development revealed that dietary factors might be associated with CRC development at an increasing rate.

However, the evidence to date is regrettably inadequate due to its highly complex mechanisms. Another significant association of intestinal microbiota with CRC has been predicted.

Again, intestinal microbiota balance depends on the dietary habits and alterations of balanced intestinal microbiota involved with CRC development and progression Leeming et al.

However, modulation of the gut microbiota is a promising strategy to enhance treatment efficacy and reduce the adverse effects of CRC therapies Wong and Yu, Many challenging issues, including aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, and management, need to be addressed to properly manage CRC and identify the key concerns for a long-term solution.

For appropriate management of CRC, several steps are required to follow for this global issue. Besides early identification and screening of high-risk communities and individuals, taking preventive measurements through consuming high dietary foods and maintaining a normal lifestyle is essential.

This study revealed that consuming culinary herbs and spices might help prevent and cure CRC. They showed potential growth inhibition of human colorectal cancer cells by regulating relevant molecular signalling pathways. The bioactive compounds from these herbs and spices can be isolated and purified through several techniques, including convention extraction or green techniques like supercritical or subcritical fluid extraction.

Some sophisticated analytical tools can be applied to purify and identify pure compounds, such as the High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography HPLC technique, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LC-MS analysis, LC-MS-mass spectrometry LC-MS-MS , and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS Hossain et al.

To develop stable drugs, isolated compounds can be formulated in different drug forms like tablets, suspension or emulsion Hua, They also might be incorporated with nanoparticles and encapsulated in the biodegradable polymer for target-specific drug delivery Begines et al.

Some additional measurements are highly recommended as follows: 1 public cancer registration for tracking CRC incidence and survival, 2 government should provide quality medical care for timely diagnosis and treatment, 3 ensure better-personalized therapy and easy access to clinical trials for CRC patients, and 4 increased awareness of CRC as well as about other comorbidities to improving cancer care and research for proper management of this global issue.

For example, Asian ginseng and bilberry can increase the risk of bleeding after surgery. Some herbal remedies may make your skin more sensitive to light. Do not take them while having radiotherapy.

Each type of herbal remedy might have side effects. Some are safe to use and do not have any noticeable side effects. But some plants are poisonous to humans and can have serious and severe side effects. Always tell your doctor if you are using any type of herbal remedy. It might be helpful to ask your herbalist for a list of all the ingredients in your herbal remedy.

Then if you do have any side effects, your doctor will know what you have taken. You, your doctor or herbalist can report side effects. You can report it to the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Authority MHRA. The MHRA is the UK regulatory body.

It collects information about the side effects of drugs, including herbal medicines. Let both your herbalist and doctor know immediately if you feel worse or ill while you are taking herbal medicine.

There is no reliable evidence from human studies that herbal remedies can treat, prevent or cure any type of cancer.

Some clinical trials seem to show that certain Chinese herbs may help people to live longer, might reduce side effects, and help to prevent cancer from coming back.

This is especially when combined with conventional treatment. But many of the studies are published in Chinese, and some of them don't list the specific herbs used. Some journal articles don't give enough detail on how the researchers did the studies.

It is difficult to know how reliable the research is and which herbs may be helpful. But there are trials looking into this. Chinese researchers did a cohort study in A cohort is a group of people, so cohort studies look at groups of people.

The researchers follow the group over a period of time. The researchers in this study looked at people with oesophageal food pipe cancer.

And who might develop a second primary new cancer of the head and neck. The researchers followed the group over 10 years. One part of the group received Chinese Herbal Medicine CHM and the other part did not.

The results showed that the group of people who took CHM had fewer cases of a second primary cancer of the head and neck. This was when the researchers compared them to the group that did not take CHM.

The researchers suggested that CHM might prevent a second primary cancer of the head and neck in people with oesophageal cancer. The results looked promising. But the people in the study received different types of CHM. This might make the results of the study less accurate.

There is evidence that some herbal remedies might prevent or relieve cancer symptoms. And that it might help with treatment side effects. But we need results from large clinical trials.

This way we can know which herbs are safe to use alongside conventional cancer treatment. A Cochrane review of studies in looking at preventing a dry mouth in people having radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. They found that there was not enough evidence to say that Chinese Herbal Medicine CHM can prevent the feeling of dry mouth.

This was in people who had radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy to the head and neck. Another Cochrane review of studies in found that there was not enough evidence to use CHM as a treatment for oesophageal cancer. But they said that it might help with quality of life.

And that it might relieve some side effects caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A third Cochrane review of studies in looked at moxibustion. Moxibustion involves the burning of herbs above the skin at acupuncture pressure points.

The researchers found little evidence to say that it helped with side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Or that it helped with quality of life in people with cancer. But the researchers felt that the evidence was not clear enough to rule out some benefits or risks of this treatment.

They suggested better quality studies. Another review in looked at whether acupuncture and moxibustion could help with cancer related fatigue tiredness. Some of the studies suggested that these types of Chinese medicine might help with fatigue. They say more research is needed with better quality studies.

Chinese researchers did a review study in The researchers looked at studies that used different types of CHM. The studies looked at how to relieve perimenopausal symptoms in women who had surgery, chemoradiotherapy or hormone treatment for breast cancer. Perimenopausal means the transition time to full menopause.

The researchers found that CHM might improve perimenopausal symptoms. But suggested better quality, precise and in-depth studies.

Some laboratory tests have found certain plants or plant extracts have anti-cancer qualities. Manufacturers made these into cancer drugs such as Taxol from the Pacific yew tree.

But, there is no scientific evidence from human trials that herbal medicine can treat or cure cancer. We need large trials to prove this. Researchers did a laboratory study in They looked at the use of Chang-wei-qing CWQ as a treatment to prevent a certain type of bowel cancer.

The researchers found that CWQ showed an anti-cancer anti-tumour effect. But this was a laboratory study, and we need more research.

Chinese researchers did a case study of patients with pancreatic cancer. All of the patients received Chinese Herbal Medicine CHM. It showed that people having herbal medicine might survive longer. But as a relatively safe herb, it warrants more research.

In general, black cohosh is very well-tolerated and rarely causes serious side effects. Serious side effects likely result from product quality issues, not the herb itself. But black cohosh may interfere with statins for cholesterol management. This is a good example of why patients should speak with their doctors before taking any herbal products.

The dried leaves and flowers of Cannabis plants, also called marijuana, contain cannabinoids. These are popular for a variety of recreational and medicinal uses. Evidence suggests marijuana may:. Reported side effects of marijuana use include bloodshot eyes, dizziness, increased heart rate and sleepiness.

Some evidence suggests cannabis use may limit the efficacy of immunotherapy. This may be a serious risk for mesothelioma patients receiving this cutting-edge treatment. Doctors can explain if marijuana is a safe addition to their treatment plans.

Other herbs have some studies and evidence of their use against cancer. These have less evidence than others but may still offer some benefit.

Other herbs with potential benefits include:. Other studies have found clear evidence of harm when using certain herbs. These concerns may be both general and cancer-specific. Herbs that may harm cancer patients include:. Regardless of how promising an herb seems, there may be risks.

It is best to speak with healthcare teams before beginning any herbal supplementation. Questions About Alternative Mesothelioma Treatments? Ask experienced mesothelioma advocate Jennifer Lucarelli Ask a Question.

Side effects vary by the type of herb. These effects may be more common with some herbs than others. Mesothelioma specialists can explain which herbs may have negative side effects. Common herbal side effects include chills, diarrhea, insomnia, nausea and skin irritation.

Doctors can also determine if any herbs may interact negatively with other treatments. There are other serious risks with some herbs that may impact patients. For example, some herbs may increase the effects of anticoagulant drugs blood thinners.

Herbs that sometimes cause this effect include dang gui, curcumin, ginger and reishi. Cancer patients who take blood thinners may face this risk.

Herbs may seem like a natural and safe way to improve health. But herb and drug interactions are complex and varied. Some herbs have both potential benefits and risks to cancer patients.

But other herbs may be dangerous or offer little to no proven benefits. It may be safest for some cancer patients to avoid these herbs altogether. Other herbal medicines have limited research.

These herbs include cafestol, kahweol, hesperidin and licorice root. Until there is more research, their potential risks and side effects remain unknown. As a rare disease, existing mesothelioma research has not involved patients taking herbal medicine.

Some mesothelioma patients may be interested in joining clinical trials for herbalism. Their doctors can explain if any options are available and may be a good fit. Some cancer centers may also have information on their websites about clinical trials.

Researchers in other countries often run reputable clinical trials, too. Interested patients can find a clinical trial database online at ClinicalTrials.

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Linda Molinari has more than 15 years of experience as a writer and advocate for mesothelioma patients and a ban on asbestos. Written by Katy Moncivais, Ph. Reviewed by Linda Molinari Editor in Chief. Speak With a Mesothelioma Survivor Connect With Heather.

Home Treatment Alternative Treatments Herbal Medicine. Herbal Medicine Overview What Is Herbal Medicine for Cancer?

What Is the Difference Between Herbal Medicine and Healthy Foods? Some herbs, like parsley or turmeric, are common food ingredients or spices.

These herbs may also come in supplement form. They are usually more concentrated and potent. When used in smaller quantities for cooking, herbs may not carry the same risks as herbal medicines. Connect With a Top Mesothelioma Doctor. Get help identifying and contacting a top mesothelioma doctor near you.

Herbal Medicines Tested in Mesothelioma Cells or Animals. Arabica coffee molecules cafestol and kahweol Artichoke leaf extract Ashwagandha Cameroonian medicinal plant extracts Capsaicin Cottonseed oil extract Curcumin Dropwort Evening primrose Grape seed extract Green tea extract Hesperidin Kenyan flora quinone extracts Lichen-derived compounds Licorice root Quercetin Resveratrol Rice bran extract.

Resources for Mesothelioma Patients. Speak With a Mesothelioma Survivor. Financial Assistance to Help With Treatment. Free Mesothelioma Awareness Wristbands. Ask experienced mesothelioma advocate Jennifer Lucarelli. Ask a Question.

Potential Side Effects of Herbal Medicines.

At some point during treayments cancer journey, you treatemnts wonder if natural Diabetic nephropathy diet can help. To be clear, natural remedies should never replace your cancer Herbal treatments for cancer prevention, but vor may help you to feel better. Herbal treatments for cancer prevention is camcer recommended that all patients or their physicians consult with an oncologic pharmacist for potential drug interactions before taking them. Natural cancer treatments are becoming increasingly popular, but knowing the potential risks and benefits is critical to making informed decisions about your care. We spoke with experts to learn more about natural remedies for cancer, including herbs, supplementsand other alternatives. Herbs are considered a natural remedy for acute and chronic health issues, including cancer. It has long been Herbal treatments for cancer prevention that herbs and spices pregention far more than Herbal treatments for cancer prevention flavor. Ideal body composition around Ribose in nucleotide synthesis world have used herbs vancer spices for a large array of activities, from cancfr treatment to religious Herbal treatments for cancer prevention. In treatmentz, it teatments spices that inspired Spanish explorers to travel west and accidentally discover what is now known as America. These everyday ingredients have an aura of magic and mystery surrounding them, leaving many people to wonder what kinds of healing properties lie within. While many herbs and spices have positive health associations some have particular associations with cancer. While a great start to a healthy diet, it is important to remember that herbs and spices are not suitable to replace regular screenings or prevention measures such as reducing tobacco usage.