Abdominal obesityalso known as cirucmference obesity and meadurement obesityis the human condition of an excessive concentration of visceral fat around the stomach and abdomen to measuremeny an extent that it is likely to harm its Waist circumference and abdominal obesity measurement obwsity.
Abdominal obesity has been strongly linked to cardiovascular disease[1] Alzheimer's meaasurementand other metabolic and circumferencee diseases. Visceral and central abdominal fat and circumferdnce circumference measuurement a strong association with type 2 diabetes.
Visceral fat, also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal measureementis located inside the peritoneal cavitypacked in measuremenh internal organs and torsoas ogesity to subcutaneous fatwhich is found underneath the skinand intramuscular fatwhich abd found interspersed in measuremdnt muscle.
Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots including mesentericepididymal measrement adipose tissue EWATand perirenal fat. An excess of adipose visceral fat is abdominaal as measurementt obesity, the "pot Waist circumference and abdominal obesity measurement or "beer belly" effect, in circufmerence the abdomen protrudes excessively.
This body type is also known as "apple shaped", as obesit to "pear shaped" in circumferwnce fat abdomijal deposited on the hips and buttocks.
Researchers first abdomjnal to focus on ibesity obesity in the s when they Waost it had an important connection Healthy fat sources cardiovascular disease, diabetesand dyslipidemia. Abdominal Herbal tea for respiratory health was more closely Waist circumference and abdominal obesity measurement with metabolic dysfunctions connected with cardiovascular disease than was general obesity.
In the late s and early s insightful and powerful imaging techniques were abdomnal that would further help advance the understanding of the health risks associated Waish body fat accumulation. Techniques such as computed tomography abdomibal magnetic resonance imaging made it possible measugement categorize abdoninal of adipose tissue located at the abdominal level into intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat.
Abdominal obesity is linked obfsity higher cardiovascular circu,ference among South Asian ethnic population. Abdominal obesity is typically associated Wajst a statistically higher risk of heart diseasehypertensionmdasurement resistanceand Natural remedies to boost energy and focus 2 diabetes see below.
Recent validation has concluded that total and regional body volume estimates correlate positively and significantly with biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and that Measuurement calculations Muscle building leg exercises significantly with all biomarkers Waist circumference and abdominal obesity measurement cardiovascular risk.
There citcumference numerous theories as measuurement the exact cause and circumefrence in type 2 obeskty. Central obesity is known to predispose individuals for insulin resistance.
Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called obwsity that may possibly impair glucose tolerance. But adiponectinan anti-inflammatory abbdominal, which is obesitg in Happy and healthy living concentration in obese and Wqist individuals has shown to be Waist circumference and abdominal obesity measurement and protective in type Weight control meal plans diabetes mellitus T2DM.
Insulin ajd Waist circumference and abdominal obesity measurement a major obdsity of diabetes mellitus type 2, and central Wxist is correlated with citcumference insulin resistance obesityy T2DM itself. Developing obesityy due to Waist circumference and abdominal obesity measurement obesity is also a main Low glycemic meals. As a ahdominal of breathing at low lung volume, the muscles are circumrerence and the mesurement is narrower.
Obesity causes decreased tidal volumes due to a reduction in chest expansion that is circumgerence both by the measuerment on the chest circumfference and the effect of abdominal obesity on flattening the diaphragm.
Based on circumfreence, it is evident that obesity Low-carb recipes a strong association with vascular and metabolic Collagen for Sports Injuries Waist circumference and abdominal obesity measurement could potentially be linked to Alzheimer's disease.
Recent studies have also shown Heightened Mental Alertness association Waidt mid-life obesity and dementia, but the relationship abdomiinal later life obesity and dementia is less clear.
Based on logistic regression analyses, abdomianl was found that obesity was associated with an almost fold Wais risk of Alzheimer's Sciatica pain relief. Central obesity can be a feature of lipodystrophiesa group of citcumference that is either inheritedor due to secondary causes often protease inhibitorsa group of medications against AIDS.
Central obesity is a symptom of Cushing's meaeurement [38] and is also common in patients oobesity polycystic ovary syndrome Muscle growth tips. Central obesity Wajst associated with glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia.
Once dyslipidemia becomes adominal severe measufement, an individual's abdominal cavity would generate obbesity free fatty acid flux to the Energy drinks with no crash. The effect of abdominal adiposity abdomina, not just in those who measureemnt obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity.
Lifestyle habits for digestion et al. Research published in The Lancet found that high levels of visceral fat were related to poorer cognitive performance.
The findings suggest that maintaining measruement healthy weight and metabolic health may be important for preserving cognitive function. The currently prevalent belief is that the immediate cause of obesity is net energy imbalance—the organism consumes more usable calories than it expends, wastes, or discards through elimination.
Some studies indicate that visceral adiposity, together with lipid dysregulation and decreased insulin sensitivity[42] is related to the excessive consumption of fructose. It also caused both visceral fat and subcutaneous fat to be less sensitive to insulin.
These effects were not attenuated when compared to similar glucose consumption. Intake of trans fat from industrial oils has been associated with increased abdominal obesity in men [47] and increased weight and waist circumference in women.
Numerous large studies have demonstrated that ultra-processed foods have a positive dose-dependent relationship with both abdominal obesity and general obesity in both men and women.
These findings are consistent among American, [58] Canadian, [59] Latin American, [60] Australian, [61] British, [62] French, [63] Spaniard, [64] Swedish, [65] South Korean, [66] Chinese [67] and Sub-Saharan African [68] populations.
Obesity plays an important role in the impairment of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism shown in high- carbohydrate diets. Quality protein uptake is defined as the ratio of essential amino acids to daily dietary protein.
Visceral fat cells will release their metabolic by-products in the portal circulationwhere the blood leads straight to the liver. Thus, the excess of triglycerides and fatty acids created by the visceral fat cells will go into the liver and accumulate there. In the liver, most of it will be stored as fat.
This concept is known as ' lipotoxicity '. A study has shown that alcohol consumption is directly associated with waist circumference and with a higher risk of abdominal obesity in men, but not in women.
After controlling for energy under-reporting, which have slightly attenuated these associations, it was observed that increasing alcohol consumption significantly increased the risk of exceeding recommended energy intakes in male participants — but not in the small number of female participants 2.
Further research is needed to determine whether a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and abdominal obesity exists among women who consume higher amounts of alcohol. The prevalence of abdominal obesity is increasing in Western populations, possibly due to a combination of low physical activity and high-calorie diets, and also in developing countries, where it is associated with the urbanization of populations.
Other environmental factors, such as maternal smokingestrogenic compounds in the diet, and endocrine -disrupting chemicals may be important also. Hypercortisolismsuch as in Cushing's syndromealso leads to central obesity. Many prescription drugssuch as dexamethasone and other steroidscan also have side effects resulting in central obesity, [38] especially in the presence of elevated insulin levels.
In those with a body mass index BMI under 35, intra-abdominal body fat is related to negative health outcomes independent of total body fat. BMI and waist measurements are well recognized ways to characterize obesity. However, waist measurements are not as accurate as BMI measurements. Waist measurement e.
BMI will illustrate the best estimate of one's total body fatness, while waist measurement gives an estimate of visceral fat and risk of obesity-related disease. While central obesity can be obvious just by looking at the naked body see the picturethe severity of central obesity is determined by taking waist and hip measurements.
A differential diagnosis includes distinguishing central obesity from ascites and intestinal bloating. In the cohort of 15, people participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES IIIwaist circumference explained obesity-related health risk better than BMI when metabolic syndrome was taken as an outcome measure and this difference was statistically significant.
In other words, excessive waist circumference appears to be more of a risk factor for metabolic syndrome than BMI. a waist circumference at least half of the individual's height is predictive of increased risk.
The increased amount of fat in this region relates to the higher levels of plasma lipid and lipoproteins as per studies mentioned by Eric Poehlman review. Index of Central Obesity ICO is the ratio of waist circumference and height first proposed by a Parikh et al.
in [85] as a better substitute to the widely used waist circumference in defining metabolic syndrome. suggested that these cutoffs are not applicable among Indians and the cutoffs be lowered to 90 cm 35 in and 80 cm 31 in for males and females.
Parikh et al. looked at the average heights of various races and suggested that by using ICO various race- and gender-specific cutoffs of waist circumference can be discarded. further tested a modified definition of metabolic syndrome in which waist circumference was replaced with ICO in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES database and found the modified definition to be more specific and sensitive.
This parameter has been used in the study of metabolic syndrome [92] [93] and cardiovascular disease. Central obesity in individuals with normal BMI is referred to as normal weight obesity. Males are more susceptible to upper-body fat accumulation, most likely in the belly, due to sex hormone differences.
In women, estrogen is believed to cause fat to be stored in the buttocksthighsand hips. Central obesity is positively associated with coronary heart disease risk in women and men. It has been hypothesized that the sex differences in fat distribution may explain the sex difference in coronary heart disease risk.
A permanent routine of exercise, eating healthily, and, during periods of being overweight, consuming the same number or fewer calories than used will prevent and help fight obesity. Adjunctive therapies which may be prescribed by a physician are orlistat or sibutraminealthough the latter has been associated with increased cardiovascular events and strokes and has been withdrawn from the market in the US[] the UK[] the EU[] Australia[] Canada[] Hong Kong[] and Thailand.
A study published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism[] suggests that combining cardiovascular aerobic exercise with resistance training is more effective than cardiovascular training alone in getting rid of abdominal fat. An additional benefit to exercising is that it reduces stress and insulin levels, which reduce the presence of cortisola hormone that leads to more belly fat deposits and leptin resistance.
Self-motivation by understanding the risks associated with abdominal obesity is widely regarded as being far more important than worries about cosmetics. In addition, understanding the health issues linked with abdominal obesity can help in the self-motivation process of losing the abdominal fat.
As mentioned above, abdominal fat is linked with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Specifically it is the deepest layer of belly fat the fat that cannot be seen or grabbed that poses health risks, as these "visceral" fat cells produce hormones that can affect health e.
The risk increases considering the fact that they are located in the proximity or in between organs in the abdominal cavity. For example, fat next to the liver drains into it, causing a fatty liverwhich is a risk factor for insulin resistance, setting the stage for type 2 diabetes.
However, visceral fat is more responsive to the circulation of catecholamines. In the presence of type 2 diabetesthe physician might instead prescribe metformin and thiazolidinediones rosiglitazone or pioglitazone as antidiabetic drugs rather than sulfonylurea derivatives.
Thiazolidinediones may cause slight weight gain but decrease "pathologic" abdominal fat visceral fatand therefore may be prescribed for diabetics with central obesity.
Low-fat diets may not be an effective long-term intervention for obesity: as Bacon and Aphramor wrote, "The majority of individuals regain virtually all of the weight that was lost during treatment.
The conclusion was that mean weight decreased significantly in the intervention group from baseline to year 1 by 2. This difference from baseline between control and intervention groups diminished over time, but a significant difference in weight was maintained through year 9, the end of the study.
There is a common misconception that spot exercise that is, exercising a specific muscle or location of the body most effectively burns fat at the desired location, but this is not the case. Spot exercise is beneficial for building specific muscles, but it has little effect, if any, on fat in that area of the body, or on the body's distribution of body fat.
The same logic applies to sit-ups and belly fat. Sit-upscrunches and other abdominal exercises are useful in building the abdominal musclesbut they have little effect, if any, on the adipose tissue located there. A large central adiposity deposit has been assigned many common use names, including "spare tire", "love handle", "paunch", and "potbelly".
However, there is little scientific evidence that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity, despite its being known colloquially as "beer belly", "beer gut", or "beer pot". One of the few studies conducted on the subject did not find that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity than nondrinkers or drinkers of wine or spirits.
: Waist circumference and abdominal obesity measurement| Trends in Mean Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2012 | Measurements of Adiposity and Body Composition. In: Hu F, ed. Obesity Epidemiology. New York City: Oxford University Press, ; 53— Skip to content Obesity Prevention Source. Obesity Prevention Source Menu. Search for:. Home Obesity Definition Why Use BMI? Waist Size Matters Measuring Obesity Obesity Trends Child Obesity Adult Obesity Obesity Consequences Health Risks Economic Costs Obesity Causes Genes Are Not Destiny Prenatal and Early Life Influences Food and Diet Physical Activity Sleep Toxic Food Environment Environmental Barriers to Activity Globalization Obesity Prevention Strategies Families Early Child Care Schools Health Care Worksites Healthy Food Environment Healthy Activity Environment Healthy Weight Checklist Resources and Links About Us Contact Us. The most basic method, and the most common, is the body mass index BMI. Doctors can easily calculate BMI from the heights and weights they gather at each checkup; BMI tables and online calculators also make it easy for individuals to determine their own BMIs. Spot exercise is beneficial for building specific muscles, but it has little effect, if any, on fat in that area of the body, or on the body's distribution of body fat. The same logic applies to sit-ups and belly fat. Sit-ups , crunches and other abdominal exercises are useful in building the abdominal muscles , but they have little effect, if any, on the adipose tissue located there. A large central adiposity deposit has been assigned many common use names, including "spare tire", "love handle", "paunch", and "potbelly". However, there is little scientific evidence that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity, despite its being known colloquially as "beer belly", "beer gut", or "beer pot". One of the few studies conducted on the subject did not find that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity than nondrinkers or drinkers of wine or spirits. These symptoms can suggest the appearance of central obesity. Deposits of excess fat at the sides of one's waistline or obliques are commonly referred to as "love handles". Researchers in Copenhagen examined the relationship between waist circumferences and costs among 31, subjects aged 50—64 years of age with different waist circumferences. Their study showed that an increase in just an additional centimetre above normal waistline caused a 1. To put this in perspective, a woman with a waistline of 95 cm approx Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Excess fat around the stomach and abdomen. Medical condition. See also: Diet and obesity. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. January doi : PMID S2CID Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. Diabetes Care. Coronary Heart Disease. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. S2CID — via PubMed. Clinical Cornerstone. Bibcode : Natur. Retrieved European Journal of Epidemiology. PMC Somers, V. Lopez-Jimenez, F. Korenfeld, Y. Palin, S. Boelaert, K. Boarin, S. Sierra-Johnson, J. Rahim, A. World Journal of Diabetes. August Diabetes Butr Metab. October November The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. June Obesity Research. July European Journal of Endocrinology. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. December May April Experimental Biology and Medicine. Annals of Neurology. BBC News. NBC News. BMC Public Health. ISSN Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Bibcode : NYASA The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. International Journal of Obesity. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. Scientific Reports. Bibcode : NatSR Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Fertility and Sterility. Iranian Journal of Public Health. Public Health Nutrition. Canadian Journal of Public Health. Ultra-processed food and drink products in Latin America: Sales, sources, nutrient profiles, and policy implications. Sign In. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 36, Issue 6. Previous Article Next Article. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS. Article Navigation. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk May 15 Measurement of Waist Circumference : Midabdominal or iliac crest? Wen-Ya Ma, MD ; Wen-Ya Ma, MD. This Site. Google Scholar. Chung-Yi Yang, MD ; Chung-Yi Yang, MD. Shyang-Rong Shih, MD ; Shyang-Rong Shih, MD. Hong-Jen Hsieh, MD ; Hong-Jen Hsieh, MD. Chi Sheng Hung, MD ; Chi Sheng Hung, MD. Fu-Chun Chiu, MD ; Fu-Chun Chiu, MD. Mao-Shin Lin, MD ; Mao-Shin Lin, MD. Pi-Hua Liu, PHD ; Pi-Hua Liu, PHD. Cyue-Huei Hua, BS ; Cyue-Huei Hua, BS. Yenh-Chen Hsein, BS ; Yenh-Chen Hsein, BS. Lee-Ming Chuang, MD ; Lee-Ming Chuang, MD. Jou-Wei Lin, MD ; Jou-Wei Lin, MD. Jung-Nan Wei, PHD ; Jung-Nan Wei, PHD. Corresponding authors: Jung-Nan Wei, wei. j msa. net , and Hung-Yuan Li, larsli ntuh. Hung-Yuan Li, MD Hung-Yuan Li, MD. contributed equally to this study. and H. Diabetes Care ;36 6 — Article history Received:. Get Permissions. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study subjects. View large. View Large. Table 2 Associations between WC-IC and WC-mid, BMI, and abdominal fat areas. Table 3 Different definitions of central obesity to identify or predict hypertension, diabetes, or MS. Figure 1. View large Download slide. No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported. Search ADS. Assessing adiposity: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. The prediction of abdominal visceral fat level from body composition and anthropometry: ROC analysis. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: A marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL in men? World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Metabolic syndrome—a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. Optimal waist circumference cutoff value reflecting insulin resistance as a diagnostic criterion of metabolic syndrome in a nondiabetic Korean population aged 40 years and over: the Chungju Metabolic Disease Cohort CMC study. Optimal cut-off values for obesity: using simple anthropometric indices to predict cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan. Waist circumference criteria for the diagnosis of abdominal obesity are not applicable uniformly to all populations and ethnic groups. Obesity, coronary heart disease risk factors and diabetes in Chinese: an approach to the criteria of obesity in the Chinese population. Prediction of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia or albuminuria using simple anthropometric indexes in Hong Kong Chinese. Can we apply the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel definition of the metabolic syndrome to Asians? Identification of waist circumference cutoffs for abdominal obesity in the Chinese population: a 7. Change of serum vascular adhesion protein-1 after glucose loading correlates to carotid intima-medial thickness in non-diabetic subjects. Serum vascular adhesion protein-1 is increased in acute and chronic hyperglycemia. Haemoglobin A1c is associated with carotid intima-media thickness in a Chinese population. The performance of risk scores and hemoglobin A1c to find undiagnosed diabetes with isolated postload hyperglycemia. The national glycohemoglobin standardization program: a five-year progress report. American Diabetes Association. Adjusting for covariates in studies of diagnostic, screening, or prognostic markers: an old concept in a new setting. Variability in waist circumference measurements according to anatomic measurement site. Measurement site for waist circumference affects its accuracy as an index of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous fat in a Caucasian population. Waist circumference thresholds for the prediction of cardiometabolic risk: is measurement site important? Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Biology of regional body fat distribution: relationship to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue insulin action is directly related to intrahepatic triglyceride content in obese subjects. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are cross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: the Framingham Heart Study. Sex differences in inflammatory markers: what is the contribution of visceral adiposity? Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Does the relationship between waist circumference, morbidity and mortality depend on measurement protocol for waist circumference? 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| Healthy weight and waist | The best way to find out if your waistline is increasing your risk of heart disease is to measure it. Where you carry your weight is just as important as how much weight you carry when it comes to your health. This two-minute video will help you determine if you're at risk for overweight-related diseases such as high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, type-2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke by providing the proper steps to assess your waistline size with a measuring tape. Having a waistline that is below the cut-off does not mean you are completely free of risk. Your individual risk can be influenced by your health, medical history and family history, so the universal cut-points in the chart can be misleading. If you have other risk factors, like diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol, you might need to lower your waist circumference to minimize your risk. Reducing your waist circumference by 4 cm can have massive benefits to your risk profile and reduce your chances of developing diabetes, heart disease and stroke. Knowing your waist circumference and your Body Mass Index BMI will help you have a good conversation with your healthcare provider about how your body is changing as you age. The BMI is a ratio of your height and weight. It applies to people between the ages of 18 through 65, except if they are pregnant, breastfeeding or very muscular. Tracking your waist circumference with body weight BMI over time, is an excellent way for you and your healthcare provider to understand how your body is changing as you age and to monitor your risk of heart disease and stroke. Speak to your doctor about different lifestyle options to help you maintain or achieve a healthy waistline and weight that is right for you. Managing your weight doesn't have to mean altering your life dramatically. Take small steps, aim modestly and realistically, and then build from there. Learn more at Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. Donate now. Home Healthy living Healthy weight Healthy weight and waist. Health seekers. Healthy waists Measuring waist circumference can help to assess obesity-related health risk. Are you an apple or a pear? Here's how to take a proper waist measurement Clear your abdominal area of any clothing, belts or accessories. Stand upright facing a mirror with your feet shoulder-width apart and your stomach relaxed. Wrap the measuring tape around your waist. Use the borders of your hands and index fingers — not your fingertips — to find the uppermost edge of your hipbones by pressing upwards and inwards along your hip bones. As your baby grows, you will gain weight. How much you gain depends on your weight before pregnancy. Lean more about healthy weight gain in pregnancy. Overweight and obesity is a public health issue and major risk factor for ill-health, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. Fat is stored throughout the body and that it produces chemicals and hormones which can be toxic to the body. View our facts on toxic fate to find out more. Read more on LiveLighter website. Being a healthy weight is important to prevent liver disease and, if you already have disease, to prevent it getting worse. If you have fatty liver disease, one of the best things you can do is lose weight. Read more on Liver Foundation website. Read more on Ausmed Education website. Read more on Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute website. Read more on RACGP - The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners website. Reproduced with permission from The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Diabetes is a group of disorders and the 10th leading cause of deaths in Australia.. Authors' conclusions: There is moderate quality evidence that aquatic exercise may have small, short-term, and clinically relevant effects on patient-reported pain, disability, and QoL in people with knee and hip OA. Read more on Cochrane Australia website. Every woman of reproductive age should be considered for preconception care C. Unplanned weight loss occurs when a client experiences an unintentional reduction in body mass. According to the National Aged Care Mandatory Quality Indicator Program, there are two categories of unplanned weight loss: significant unplanned weight loss and consecutive unplanned weight loss. Authors' conclusions: The evidence suggests that KDs could demonstrate effectiveness in children with drug-resistant epilepsy, however, the evidence for the use of KDs in adults remains uncertain. Read more on Cancer Council Australia website. Healthdirect Australia is not responsible for the content and advertising on the external website you are now entering. 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Your email: is required Error: This is required Error: Not a valid value. Send to: is required Error: This is required Error: Not a valid value. Error: This is required I have read and agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy is required. Body mass index and waist circumference can be used to assess your risk of developing some health issues. In some populations, body mass index is less accurate. Back To Top. General search results. BMI calculator. Overweight and obesity are essentially preventable diseases. How to Calculate a BMI. Healthdirect 24hr 7 days a week hotline 24 hour health advice you can count on Support for this browser is being discontinued for this site Internet Explorer 11 and lower We currently support Microsoft Edge, Chrome, Firefox and Safari. |
| Measuring Obesity | Age-Adjusted Waist Circumference Among Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey a. View Large Download. Table 2. Age-Adjusted Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity Among Adults Using National Institutes of Health Criteria and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey a. Lean MJ, Han TS. Waist worries. Am J Clin Nutr. PubMed Google Scholar. NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Indentification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Obesity in Adults. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, Tsai J. Trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States from Int J Obes Lond. PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 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Akbaraly TN, Kivimaki M, Brunner EJ, Chandola T, Marmot MG, Singh-Manoux A, Ferrie JE: Association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms in middle-aged adults: results from the Whitehall II study. Dunbar JA, Reddy P, vis-Lameloise N, Philpot B, Laatikainen T, Kilkkinen A, Bunker SJ, Best JD, Vartiainen E, Kai Lo S, Janus ED: Depression: an important comorbidity with metabolic syndrome in a general population. Herva A, Rasanen P, Miettunen J, Timonen M, Laksy K, Veijola J, Laitinen J, Ruokonen A, Joukamaa M: Co-occurrence of metabolic syndrome with depression and anxiety in young adults: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort Study. Koponen H, Jokelainen J, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Kumpusalo E, Vanhala M: Metabolic syndrome predisposes to depressive symptoms: a population-based 7-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. Takeuchi T, Nakao M, Nomura K, Yano E: Association of metabolic syndrome with depression and anxiety in Japanese men. Diabetes Metab. Lee ES, Kim YH, Beck SH, Lee S, Oh SW: Depressive mood and abdominal fat distribution in overweight premenopausal women. Obes Res. Ma J, Xiao L: Obesity and Depression in US Women: Results From the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Flegal KM, Shepherd JA, Looker AC, Graubard BI, Borrud LG, Ogden CL, Harris TB, Everhart JE, Schenker N: Comparisons of percentage body fat, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-stature ratio in adults. Am J Clin Nutr. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH: Trends in waist circumference among U. Blaine B: Does depression cause obesity? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of depression and weight control. J Health Psychol. Ludescher B, Najib A, Baar S, Machann J, Schick F, Buchkremer G, Claussen CD, Eschweiler GW: Increase of visceral fat and adrenal gland volume in women with depression: preliminary results of a morphometric MRI study. Int J Psychiatry Med. Vogelzangs N, Kritchevsky SB, Beekman AT, Newman AB, Satterfield S, Simonsick EM, Yaffe K, Harris TB, Penninx BW: Depressive symptoms and change in abdominal obesity in older persons. Bjorntorp P: Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities?. Obes Rev. Rosmond R, Dallman MF, Bjorntorp P: Stress-related cortisol secretion in men: relationships with abdominal obesity and endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Laimer M, Kramer-Reinstadler K, Rauchenzauner M, Lechner-Schoner T, Strauss R, Engl J, Deisenhammer EA, Hinterhuber H, Patsch JR, Ebenbichler CF: Effect of mirtazapine treatment on body composition and metabolism. Beydoun MA, Wang Y: Gender-ethnic disparity in BMI and waist circumference distribution shifts in US adults. Li C, Ford ES, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH: Increasing trends in waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults. Wang Y, Beydoun MA, Liang L, Caballero B, Kumanyika SK: Will all Americans become overweight or obese? estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic. Download references. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, GA, , USA. Division of Behavioral Surveillance, Public Health Surveillance Program Office, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, , USA. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Guixiang Zhao. GZ obtained the data from NHANES web, conducted the data analyses, interpreted the data, and prepared the manuscript. ESF supervised the data analyses and contributed to the manuscript writing. CL, JT, SD, and LSB participated in the revisions and made critical revisions of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors contributed to and have approved the final manuscript. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Zhao, G. et al. Waist circumference, abdominal obesity, and depression among overweight and obese U. adults: national health and nutrition examination survey BMC Psychiatry 11 , Download citation. Received : 20 October Accepted : 11 August Published : 11 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. In , the American Heart Association published a scientific statement on the required criteria for the evaluation of novel risk markers of CVD 57 , followed by recommendations for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults in ref. Novel biomarkers must at the very least have an independent statistical association with health risk, after accounting for established risk markers in the context of a multivariable epidemiological model. This characteristic alone is insufficient, however, as many novel biomarkers meet this minimum standard yet do not meaningfully improve risk prediction beyond traditional markers. More stringent benchmarks have therefore been developed to assess biomarker utility, which include calibration , discrimination 58 and net reclassification improvement Therefore, to critically evaluate waist circumference as a novel biomarker for use in risk prediction algorithms, these stringent criteria need to be applied. Numerous studies demonstrate a statistical association between waist circumference and mortality and morbidity in epidemiological cohorts. Notably, increased waist circumference above these thresholds was associated with increased relative risk of all-cause death, even among those with normal BMI In the USA, prospective follow-up over 9 years of 14, black, white and mixed ethnicity participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study showed that waist circumference was associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease events; RR 1. Despite the existence of a robust statistical association with all-cause death independent of BMI, there is no solid evidence that addition of waist circumference to standard cardiovascular risk models such as FRS 62 or PCE 63 improves risk prediction using more stringent statistical benchmarks. For example, a study evaluating the utility of the PCE across WHO-defined classes of obesity 42 in five large epidemiological cohorts comprised of ~25, individuals assessed whether risk discrimination of the PCE would be improved by including the obesity-specific measures BMI and waist circumference The researchers found that although each measure was individually associated BMI: HR 1. On the basis of these observations alone, one might conclude that the measure of waist circumference in clinical settings is not supported as risk prediction is not improved. However, Nancy Cook and others have demonstrated how difficult it is for the addition of any biomarker to substantially improve prognostic performance 59 , 66 , 67 , Furthermore, any additive value of waist circumference to risk prediction algorithms could be overwhelmed by more proximate, downstream causative risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and abnormal plasma concentrations of glucose. In other words, waist circumference might not improve prognostic performance as, independent of BMI, waist circumference is a principal driver of alterations in downstream cardiometabolic risk factors. A detailed discussion of the merits of different approaches for example, c-statistic, net reclassification index and discrimination index to determine the utility of novel biomarkers to improve risk prediction is beyond the scope of this article and the reader is encouraged to review recent critiques to gain insight on this important issue 66 , Whether the addition of waist circumference improves the prognostic performance of established risk algorithms is a clinically relevant question that remains to be answered; however, the effect of targeting waist circumference on morbidity and mortality is an entirely different issue of equal or greater clinical relevance. Several examples exist in the literature where a risk marker might improve risk prediction but modifying the marker clinically does not impact risk reduction. For example, a low level of HDL cholesterol is a central risk factor associated with the risk of coronary artery disease in multiple risk prediction algorithms, yet raising plasma levels of HDL cholesterol pharmacologically has not improved CVD outcomes Conversely, a risk factor might not meaningfully improve statistical risk prediction but can be an important modifiable target for risk reduction. Indeed, we argue that, at any BMI value, waist circumference is a major driver of the deterioration in cardiometabolic risk markers or factors and, consequently, that reducing waist circumference is a critical step towards reducing cardiometabolic disease risk. As we described earlier, waist circumference is well established as an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality, and the full strength of waist circumference is realized after controlling for BMI. We suggest that the association between waist circumference and hard clinical end points is explained in large measure by the association between changes in waist circumference and corresponding cardiometabolic risk factors. For example, evidence from randomized controlled trials RCTs has consistently revealed that, independent of sex and age, lifestyle-induced reductions in waist circumference are associated with improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors with or without corresponding weight loss 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , These observations remain consistent regardless of whether the reduction in waist circumference is induced by energy restriction that is, caloric restriction 73 , 75 , 77 or an increase in energy expenditure that is, exercise 71 , 73 , 74 , We have previously argued that the conduit between change in waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk is visceral adiposity, which is a strong marker of cardiometabolic risk Taken together, these observations highlight the critical role of waist circumference reduction through lifestyle behaviours in downstream reduction in morbidity and mortality Fig. An illustration of the important role that decreases in waist circumference have for linking improvements in lifestyle behaviours with downstream reductions in the risk of morbidity and mortality. The benefits associated with reductions in waist circumference might be observed with or without a change in BMI. In summary, whether waist circumference adds to the prognostic performance of cardiovascular risk models awaits definitive evidence. However, waist circumference is now clearly established as a key driver of altered levels of cardiometabolic risk factors and markers. Consequently, reducing waist circumference is a critical step in cardiometabolic risk reduction, as it offers a pragmatic and simple target for managing patient risk. The combination of BMI and waist circumference identifies a high-risk obesity phenotype better than either measure alone. We recommend that waist circumference should be measured in clinical practice as it is a key driver of risk; for example, many patients have altered CVD risk factors because they have abdominal obesity. Waist circumference is a critical factor that can be used to measure the reduction in CVD risk after the adoption of healthy behaviours. Evidence from several reviews and meta-analyses confirm that, regardless of age and sex, a decrease in energy intake through diet or an increase in energy expenditure through exercise is associated with a substantial reduction in waist circumference 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , For studies wherein the negative energy balance is induced by diet alone, evidence from RCTs suggest that waist circumference is reduced independent of diet composition and duration of treatment Whether a dose—response relationship exists between a negative energy balance induced by diet and waist circumference is unclear. Although it is intuitive to suggest that increased amounts of exercise would be positively associated with corresponding reductions in waist circumference, to date this notion is not supported by evidence from RCTs 71 , 74 , 89 , 90 , A doubling of the energy expenditure induced by exercise did not result in a difference in waist circumference reduction between the exercise groups. A significant reduction was observed in waist circumference across all exercise groups compared with the no-exercise controls, with no difference between the different prescribed levels Few RCTs have examined the effects of exercise intensity on waist circumference 74 , 90 , 91 , However, no significant differences were observed in VAT reduction by single slice CT between high-intensity and low-intensity groups. However, the researchers did not fix the level of exercise between the intensity groups, which might explain their observations. Their observations are consistent with those of Slentz and colleagues, whereby differences in exercise intensity did not affect waist circumference reductions. These findings are consistent with a meta-analysis carried out in wherein no difference in waist circumference reduction was observed between high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity exercise In summary, current evidence suggests that increasing the intensity of exercise interventions is not associated with a further decrease in waist circumference. VAT mass is not routinely measured in clinical settings, so it is of interest whether reductions in waist circumference are associated with corresponding reductions in VAT. Of note, to our knowledge every study that has reported a reduction in waist circumference has also reported a corresponding reduction in VAT. Thus, although it is reasonable to suggest that a reduction in waist circumference is associated with a reduction in VAT mass, a precise estimation of individual VAT reduction from waist circumference is not possible. Nonetheless, the corresponding reduction of VAT with waist circumference in a dose-dependent manner highlights the importance of routine measurement of waist circumference in clinical practice. Of particular interest to practitioners, several reviews have observed significant VAT reduction in response to exercise in the absence of weight loss 80 , Available evidence from RCTs suggests that exercise is associated with substantial reductions in waist circumference, independent of the quantity or intensity of exercise. Exercise-induced or diet-induced reductions in waist circumference are observed with or without weight loss. We recommend that practitioners routinely measure waist circumference as it provides them with a simple anthropometric measure to determine the efficacy of lifestyle-based strategies designed to reduce abdominal obesity. The emergence of waist circumference as a strong independent marker of morbidity and mortality is striking given that there is no consensus regarding the optimal protocol for measurement of waist circumference. Moreover, the waist circumference protocols recommended by leading health authorities have no scientific rationale. In , a panel of experts performed a systematic review of studies to determine whether measurement protocol influenced the relationship between waist circumference, morbidity and mortality, and observed similar patterns of association between the outcomes and all waist circumference protocols across sample size, sex, age and ethnicity Upon careful review of the various protocols described within the literature, the panel recommended that the waist circumference protocol described by the WHO guidelines 98 the midpoint between the lower border of the rib cage and the iliac crest and the NIH guidelines 99 the superior border of the iliac crest are probably more reliable and feasible measures for both the practitioner and the general public. This conclusion was made as both waist circumference measurement protocols use bony landmarks to identify the proper waist circumference measurement location. The expert panel recognized that differences might exist in absolute waist circumference measures due to the difference in protocols between the WHO and NIH methods. However, few studies have compared measures at the sites recommended by the WHO and NIH. Jack Wang and colleagues reported no difference between the iliac crest and midpoint protocols for men and an absolute difference of 1. Consequently, although adopting a standard approach to waist circumference measurement would add to the utility of waist circumference measures for obesity-related risk stratification, the prevalence estimates of abdominal obesity in predominantly white populations using the iliac crest or midpoint protocols do not seem to be materially different. However, the waist circumference measurements assessed at the two sites had a similar ability to screen for the metabolic syndrome, as defined by National Cholesterol Education Program, in a cohort of 1, Japanese adults Several investigations have evaluated the relationship between self-measured and technician-measured waist circumference , , , , Instructions for self-measurement of waist circumference are often provided in point form through simple surveys Good agreement between self-measured and technician-measured waist circumference is observed, with strong correlation coefficients ranging between 0. Moreover, high BMI and large baseline waist circumference are associated with a larger degree of under-reporting , Overall these observations are encouraging and suggest that self-measures of waist circumference can be obtained in a straightforward manner and are in good agreement with technician-measured values. Currently, no consensus exists on the optimal protocol for measurement of waist circumference and little scientific rationale is provided for any of the waist circumference protocols recommended by leading health authorities. The waist circumference measurement protocol has no substantial influence on the association between waist circumference, all-cause mortality and CVD-related mortality, CVD and T2DM. Absolute differences in waist circumference obtained by the two most often used protocols, iliac crest NIH and midpoint between the last rib and iliac crest WHO , are generally small for adult men but are much larger for women. The classification of abdominal obesity might differ depending on the waist circumference protocol. We recommend that waist circumference measurements are obtained at the level of the iliac crest or the midpoint between the last rib and iliac crest. The protocol selected to measure waist circumference should be used consistently. Self-measures of waist circumference can be obtained in a straightforward manner and are in good agreement with technician-measured values. Current guidelines for identifying obesity indicate that adverse health risk increases when moving from normal weight to obese BMI categories. Moreover, within each BMI category, individuals with high waist circumference values are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes compared with those with normal waist circumference values Thus, these waist circumference threshold values were designed to be used in place of BMI as an alternative way to identify obesity and consequently were not developed based on the relationship between waist circumference and adverse health risk. In order to address this limitation, Christopher Ardern and colleagues developed and cross-validated waist circumference thresholds within BMI categories in relation to estimated risk of future CVD using FRS The results of their study revealed that the current recommendations that use a single waist circumference threshold across all BMI categories are insufficient to identify those at increased health risk. In both sexes, the use of BMI category-specific waist circumference thresholds improved the identification of individuals at a high risk of future coronary events, leading the authors to propose BMI-specific waist circumference values Table 1. For both men and women, the Ardern waist circumference values substantially improved predictions of mortality compared with the traditional values. These observations are promising and support, at least for white adults, the clinical utility of the BMI category-specific waist circumference thresholds given in Table 1. Of note, BMI-specific waist circumference thresholds have been developed in African American and white men and women Similar to previous research, the optimal waist circumference thresholds increased across BMI categories in both ethnic groups and were higher in men than in women. However, no evidence of differences in waist circumference occurred between ethnicities within each sex Pischon and colleagues investigated the associations between BMI, waist circumference and risk of death among , adults from nine countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort Although the waist circumference values that optimized prediction of the risk of death for any given BMI value were not reported, the findings reinforce the notion that waist circumference thresholds increase across BMI categories and that the combination of waist circumference and BMI provide improved predictions of health risk than either anthropometric measure alone. Ethnicity-specific values for waist circumference that have been optimized for the identification of adults with elevated CVD risk have been developed Table 2. With few exceptions, the values presented in Table 2 were derived using cross-sectional data and were not considered in association with BMI. Prospective studies using representative populations are required to firmly establish ethnicity-specific and BMI category-specific waist circumference threshold values that distinguish adults at increased health risk. As noted above, the ethnicity-specific waist circumference values in Table 2 were optimized for the identification of adults with elevated CVD risk. The rationale for using VAT as the outcome was that cardiometabolic risk was found to increase substantially at this VAT level for adult Japanese men and women We recommend that prospective studies using representative populations are carried out to address the need for BMI category-specific waist circumference thresholds across different ethnicities such as those proposed in Table 1 for white adults. This recommendation does not, however, diminish the importance of measuring waist circumference to follow changes over time and, hence, the utility of strategies designed to reduce abdominal obesity and associated health risk. The main recommendation of this Consensus Statement is that waist circumference should be routinely measured in clinical practice, as it can provide additional information for guiding patient management. Indeed, decades of research have produced unequivocal evidence that waist circumference provides both independent and additive information to BMI for morbidity and mortality prediction. On the basis of these observations, not including waist circumference measurement in routine clinical practice fails to provide an optimal approach for stratifying patients according to risk. The measurement of waist circumference in clinical settings is both important and feasible. Self-measurement of waist circumference is easily obtained and in good agreement with technician-measured waist circumference. Gaps in our knowledge still remain, and refinement of waist circumference threshold values for a given BMI category across different ages, by sex and by ethnicity will require further investigation. To address this need, we recommend that prospective studies be carried out in the relevant populations. Despite these gaps in our knowledge, overwhelming evidence presented here suggests that the measurement of waist circumference improves patient management and that its omission from routine clinical practice for the majority of patients is no longer acceptable. Accordingly, the inclusion of waist circumference measurement in routine practice affords practitioners with an important opportunity to improve the care and health of patients. Health professionals should be trained to properly perform this simple measurement and should consider it as an important vital sign to assess and identify, as an important treatment target in clinical practice. Ng, M. et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during — a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Lancet , — PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Afshin, A. Health effects of overweight and obesity in countries over 25 years. PubMed Google Scholar. Phillips, C. 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| Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference | healthdirect | No funding body had any role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Zhang C, Rexrode KM, van Dam RM, Li TY, Hu FB: Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Find out how here. Create a personal account or sign in to:. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The optimal cutoff values for WC-IC and WC-mid to predict different diseases varied, and WC-IC was more sensitive, whereas WC-mid was more specific. |
| Assessing Your Weight | June Obesity Research. July European Journal of Endocrinology. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. December May April Experimental Biology and Medicine. Annals of Neurology. BBC News. NBC News. BMC Public Health. ISSN Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Bibcode : NYASA The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. International Journal of Obesity. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. Scientific Reports. Bibcode : NatSR Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Fertility and Sterility. Iranian Journal of Public Health. Public Health Nutrition. Canadian Journal of Public Health. Ultra-processed food and drink products in Latin America: Sales, sources, nutrient profiles, and policy implications. ISBN Retrieved 15 March PLOS ONE. Bibcode : PLoSO.. PLOS Medicine. Global Food Security. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. March FASEB Journal. Abnormal obesity and your health. European Journal of Nutrition. A systematic review and meta-analysis". Nutrition Reviews. Abdominal Obesity. Current Opinion in Lipidology. Retrieved on April 9, European Heart Journal. Obesity Before Birth. Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults ATP III Final Report. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on American Journal of Epidemiology. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses HSTAT: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 3rd Edition: Recommendations and Systematic Evidence Reviews, Guide to Community Preventive Services. Current Medical Research and Opinion. International Journal of Hypertension. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. Obesity Prevention Source. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. The American Journal of Physiology. Journal of Sex Research. Visceral fat more of a health concern than subcutaneous fat". Harvard Health Publications. Increasing trends in waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults. A case of comparing apples and pears? Why are women so superior? The Ancel Keys Lecture". Archived from the original on February 9, The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 October Retrieved 8 October Archived from the original on 25 January Abbott Laboratories in Germany. Press release Abbott Laboratories. Archived from the original on 14 October gov in Hong Kong. November 2, Food and Drug Administration of Thailand. October 20, Archived from the original PDF on May 11, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Height and weight must be measured to calculate BMI. It is most accurate to measure height in meters and weight in kilograms. However, the BMI formula has been adapted for height measured in inches and weight measured in pounds. For more, see About Adult BMI. Another way to estimate your potential disease risk is to measure your waist circumference. Excessive abdominal fat may be serious because it places you at greater risk for developing obesity-related conditions, such as Type 2 Diabetes, high blood pressure, and coronary artery disease. Your waistline may be telling you that you have a higher risk of developing obesity-related conditions if you are 1 :. Waist circumference can be used as a screening tool but is not diagnostic of the body fatness or health of an individual. Note : The information on these pages is intended for adult men and non-pregnant women only. To assess the weight of children or teenagers, see the Child and Teen BMI Calculator. Preventing Weight Gain Choosing a lifestyle that includes good eating habits and daily physical activity can help you maintain a healthy weight and prevent weight gain. The Possible Health Effects from Having Obesity Having obesity can increase your chances of developing certain diseases and health conditions. Losing Weight Losing Weight If you are overweight or have obesity and have decided to lose weight, even modest weight loss can mean big health benefits. Underweight If you are concerned about being underweight, please seek a trained healthcare provider. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Healthy Weight Gain webpage provides some information and advice on how to gain weight and remain healthy. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search. Español Other Languages. This part of the bone is in fact not the top of the hip bones, but by following this spot upward and back toward the sides of your body, you should be able to locate the true top of your hipbones. Using the mirror, align the bottom edge of the measuring tape with the top of the hip bones on both sides of your body. Tip: Once located, it may help to mark the top of your hipbones with a pen or felt-tip marker in order to aid you in correctly placing the tape. Make sure the tape is parallel to the floor and is not twisted. Relax and take two normal breaths. After the second breath out, tighten the tape around your waist. The tape should fit comfortably snug around the waist without depressing the skin. Tip: Remember to keep your stomach relaxed at this point. Still breathing normally, take the reading on the tape. Are you at risk? Calculate your BMI yourself. Divide your weight in kilograms by the square of your height in metres. Or, using pounds and inches, multiply your weight by , divide by your height, then divide by your height again. If your BMI is between between 25 and Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight Managing your weight doesn't have to mean altering your life dramatically. |
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