Chitosan for muscle recovery -
One recent study from Bangladesh found that rats given varying amounts of chitosan gained less weight and had lower cholesterol levels with increasing dosages. In addition, researchers found that chitosan reduced only the levels of the LDL bad cholesterol without affecting the levels of HDL good cholesterol.
And chitosan appears to be useful for helping not only rats but humans lose fat. Another recent study found that overweight subjects who took chitosan without dieting lost about 2 pounds more bodyweight and 3 pounds more bodyfat than subjects taking a placebo.
The answer is that the supplement helped subjects maintain a greater amount of muscle mass. To use chitosan for dropping more fat and keeping more muscle, take about 2 grams before higher-fat meals. Any less may not be as effective, as studies show that doses of 1 gram or less taken before meals were less efficient at blocking fat absorption and aiding fat loss.
We suggest using chitosan only before meals that are higher in saturated fat, such as from fatty meats, dairy and typical vegetable oils such as those used in deep-frying and cooking. Avoid using chitosan around meals rich in healthy fats, such as salmon, olive oil, nuts and avocado, as well as when you take fish oil supplements.
Taking chitosan around these times will block the absorption of these healthy fats that actually enhance your health and fat loss. Close Ad ×. I want content for: Both Men Women. Facebook Twitter Youtube Pinterest.
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Girls The 50 Best Fitness Influencers on Instagram Follow these fit women we're crushing on for inspiration, workout ideas, and motivation. Since TEM resolution may approach 0. DLS is an appropriate approach for measuring nanoparticles dispersed in solvents since it provides information on aggregation and agglomeration presence in addition to particle size [ 87 ].
It is a cheap, non-destructive, and non-invasive procedure, and it operates rather quickly. Each method has unique benefits, including the following: TEM provides direct pictures that can be used to determine the size and shape of NPs.
While DLS measures the hydrodynamic size, which includes the core and any molecules adhering to or adsorbed on the surface, TEM measures the size of nanoparticles in dry form. However, to examine the stability of prepared NPs, the size and zeta potenitial were measured on 0, 10, 30, 50 and 90 days after preparation.
It was abvious that loading of SE on CS NPs increased the NPs size and changed the zeta potential from 25 to Moreover, the CS NPs and SE-CS NPs size and zeta potential did not change after 50 and 90 days of NPs preparation indicating the stabililty of prepared NPs.
In contrast to ascorbic acid, SE-CS NPs showed a significant antioxidant activity. SE-CS NPs has a moderate anti-coagulant effect, antimicrobial activity and a negligible cytotoxic impact on cells, according to the MTT experiment. The impact of various SE-CS NPs concentrations on cell viability, with In this work, the nanoscale and the high surface charge of SE-CS NPs were the dominant mechanisms for the antibacterial effect.
In addition, nanoscale particles can contribute in damaging the cell wall membrane of the bacteria, as another mechanism. The electrostatic interaction between the positively charged amino groups of glucosamine and the negatively charged bacterial cell membranes is the most well-known CS NPs model of antimicrobial activity [ 97 ].
According to Raafat et al. When CS is dissolved in acidic liquids, the amino group became protonated and became positively charged, producing soluble CS. However, amino groups lose charge and became insoluble as the pH increases to 6 or above [ 99 ].
Although NPs need to be hydrophilic to properly disperse in water or serum and avoid aggregation, NPs also need to be hydrophobic to improve their interactions with cell membranes. A precise balance between these two characters enables NPs dispersibility in water, in addition to, cellular membrane permeability, immunological responses, and localisation in vivo.
Hydrophilic NPs are more likely to float in the water and may be more mobile, whereas hydrophobic NPs are more likely to adhere to organic materials. Evidence showed that hydrophobic NPs are more readily absorbed than hydrophilic NPs because they connect with the lipid bilayer of living organisms [ ].
in vivo, drug-loaded CS NPs break down into free CS and the drug. To produce therapeutic effects, drugs penetrate specific tissues and cells. Lysozyme and bacterial enzymes in the colon primarily catalyze the breakdown of CS in this process. The kidneys eliminate CS that has been absorbed into the blood, and the remaining amount is expelled through faeces.
Degradation rate and amount of CS, in vivo, are also influenced by the degree of deacetylation and molecular weight [ ].
These remarkable in vitro characters proofed the safety of SE-CS NPs to be examined, in vivo, as a wound healing drug. Where, full-thickness skin wound was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats.
The wounds were treated with SE, CS NPs or SE-CS NPs according to the experimental design; and observed daily for fourteen days PT.
On the 7th and 14th day PT following wound induction, MDA level was significantly increased while the antioxidant enzyme levels SOD and GSH were significantly decreased. The highest peak of MDA level elevation and antioxidant enzymes levels reduction were observed on the 7th day PT.
The level of MDA in GVIII on the 14th day PI 2. In contrast to NC GI, all wounded groups showed a considerable rise in the cytokines levels on the 1st day PT. This rise continued to increase until it reached its maximum point on the 7th day PT, then began to decline until the 14th day PT.
Moreover, SE-CS NPs administration helped in keeping the skin moisturized which accelerated wound healing. Where, wet and moist environment led to reduced necrosis, accelerated healing, and improved excellence of healing than dry environment [ ].
Analysis of oxidative stress and cytokines in skin tissue homogenates showed a reduction in MDA and cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IL levels and an elevation in the antioxidant enzymes levels SOD and GSH in GVIII.
The histopathological examination confirmed the wound healing activity of SE-CS NPs in treated rats. Where, complete re-epithelization, epidermis appearance, well developed granulation tissue were observed in skin sections of GVIII.
On the other hand, SE or CS NPs did not aid in the wound healing process when compared to SE-CS NPs; where, inflammatory edema, scab formation, poorly developed granulation tissue and hemorrhage were observed in skin sections of their groups on the 7th and 14th day PT.
Moreover, the loading of SE on CS NPs enhanced the biological activity of different chemical components in SE. A novel wound treatment termed Vulnamin, which combines sodium ialuronate Na-Ial and four amino acids required for the production of collagen and elastin, was the subject of research by Corsetti et al.
The researchers compared its effects to Na-Ial alone in the healing of experimental cutaneous wounds on elderly rats. They demonstrated that the use of Vulnamin dressings modulated the inflammatory response by lowering the number of inflammatory cells and immunolocalizing inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS , while increasing immunolocalization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase eNOS and TGF-β1.
Additionally, the dressing accelerated the manufacture of fine collagen fibres and enhanced the distribution density of fibroblasts, which sped up the healing process. de Aquino et al. The findings indicated that NMP speeded up the healing of wounds by raising iNOS and COX-2 activity, decreasing lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase MPO activity, and boosting GSH levels.
According to our results, SE and SE-CS NPs contained high level of EFAs that can explain the rapid wound healing in treated groups. By consuming diets completely devoid of fat, Burr and Burr [ , ] were able to assess the essentiality of particular fatty acids.
Rats that were deprived of fat experienced observable skin defects, increased transepidermal water loss, reduced development, and poor reproductive. Oils rich in specific PUFA, such as corn oil and linseed oil, were found to be completely able to correct the skin anomalies in the deficient animals, while oils containing only SFA such as butter, were ineffective.
Similar to this, dermatitis and increased transepidermal water loss were the clinical manifestations of deficiency in EFAs in humans [ ]. Due to the skin abnormalities linked to deficiency in EFAs, researchers are examining the impact of EFAs supplementation on the skin health, both topically and dietarily [ ].
EFAs may be divided into two groups: omega-6 n-6 and omega-3 n-3 fatty acids. The parent compound of n-3 PUFAs is α-linolenic acid, while linoleic acid is the parent compound of n-6 PUFAs.
The body creates longer chain derivatives from these two parent chemicals that play crucial roles in maintaining skin integrity. An effective method of delivering EFAs to the skin is topical administration [ ]. Oils high in linoleic acid can be used topically or consumed to treat the symptoms of EFA insufficiency in both human [ ] and animals [ ].
EFAs can be effectively delivered to the skin and subsequently the rest of the body by applying oil topically. EFAs deficient premature newborns, patients receiving complete nutritional therapy, cases of fatty acids malabsorption, and at-risk people in underdeveloped countries can all benefit from topical administration of linoleic acid-rich oils [ ].
Prottey et al. After topical administration for 14 days, sunflower seed oil mg raised the linoleic acid content of the epidermis, regulated, and decreased skin scaling.
Sunflower seed oil topical administration was similarly successful in correcting the biochemical anomalies of EFA deficiency [ ], demonstrating that topically administrated EFAs eventually reach the systemic circulation.
According to Bohles et al. Linolenic n-3 , linoleic n-6 , and oleic n-9 fatty acids have been shown to regulate the healing of surgically caused skin lesions according to Cardoso et al. In contrast to n-3, n-6, and control, they discovered that n-9 fatty acids produced quicker wound closure.
N-9 fatty acids also severely reduced the amount of nitric oxide that was produced at the location of the lesion. Plasma membranes are made up mostly of phospholipids, which are fatty acids in their natural state.
These elements have a significant role in the immunological response and are particularly crucial for leukocyte membranes [ ]. N-3 and n-6 PUFA play a crucial role in wound healing by being able to stimulate epithelial cell proliferation in vitro [ ].
The basic precursor of numerous lipoic mediators, such as those involved in vascular contraction, chemotaxis, adhesion, transmigration, and cellular activation [ ], are likewise PUFAs [ ]. An n-6 PUFA called arachidonic acid and its byproducts are mediators of a number of wound healing processes, including cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and the production of extracellular matrix [ ].
According to Pazyar et al. In diabetic conditions, which are known to cause a delay in wound healing, the use of tocopherol cream accelerates the healing process [ ]. Topical vitamin C solution was successful in hastening wound healing; it has beneficial effects on the amount of necrotic tissue, epithelization, and granulation tissues and produces better improvement in intervention regions [ ].
Numerous minerals, including calcium [ ], potassium [ ], zinc [ ], magnesium [ ], and iron [ ], have been shown to accelerate the healing of wounds. All these evidences on the benefits of topical administration of fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins revealed the benefits of SE-CS NPs topical administration.
SE is a collection of several wound healing bioactive components that is loaded on CS NPs. Some bioactive components cannot cross the lipid membranes, have large molecular sizes, and exhibit poor absorption, which reduces their bioavailability and effectiveness.
The nature of CS NPs enabled the bioactive components of SE to penetrate the cell membrane and exerted their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects leading to an accelerated wound healing.
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Int Wound J. Download references. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. AF, MB, MR, YI and MN: Conceptualization, Methodology and Writing the manuscript. AO, MS, AN, EA, FA and AN: Data curation, Visualization and Investigation.
VR, FM, HF, MA and MI: Software and Validation. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. Correspondence to Alyaa Farid.
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