In the CERAD-DR trial, participants were asked to recall as many words as possible after the AF and DSST tests Dong et al. Animal Fluency Test was a part of executive function, and participants were asked to name as many animals as possible within a minute to examine categorical verbal fluency.

The score is the sum of the number of correct answers ranging from 3 to 39 Dong et al. The DSST test was performed to evaluate processing speed, sustained attention, and working memory, which is a performance module of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

The score for DSST ranged from 0 to Dong et al. The higher the score, the better the cognitive function on all the above tests. Furthermore, there is no gold standard for the CERAD Word List Learning, CERAD Word List Recall, Animal Fluency, and DSST tests to determine low cognitive performance.

Therefore, according to the published research, the 25th percentile of the score, the lowest quartile was used as the cutoff point to determine low cognitive performance in the current study Chen et al. In this study, a total of three groups of participants were obtained, including the total participants, participants whose daily fasting duration was fewer than 16 h, and participants whose daily fasting duration was more than 16 h.

For the CERAD Word List Learning test, the cutoff point values of 16, 15, and 16 were used to determine the low cognitive function of the three groups of participants, respectively. For the CERAD Word List Recall, the cutoff point values of 5, 4, and 5 were used to determine the low cognitive function of the three groups of participants, respectively.

For the Animal Fluency Test, the cutoff point values of 13, 12, and 13 were used to determine the low cognitive function of the three groups of participants, respectively. For the DSST test, the cutoff point values of 34, 29, and 36 were used to determine the low cognitive function of the three groups of participants, respectively.

All statistical analyses were performed by R 3. The new sample weight was calculated according to the NHANES analytical guidelines the 2-year sample weight divided by 2 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Multiple logistic regression models were developed to examine the association of dietary carbohydrates with poor cognitive performance among total participants, participants whose daily fasting duration was more than 16 h, and participants whose daily fasting duration was fewer than 16 h, respectively.

Categorical variables were modeled as continuous variables through the assignment of the median value to each quartile to test linear trends. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity; Model 2 was additionally adjusted for income, education, exercise, current smoker, current drinker, supplement use, BMI, total intake of energy, AHEI, and dietary fiber intake; Model 3 was additionally adjusted for self-reported of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack, and stroke , cancer, and sleep disorders.

Linear regression models were performed to examine the association of dietary carbohydrates with the score of cognitive tests among the three groups of participants. All analyses excluding restricted cubic splines in the current study incorporated sample weights, stratification, and clustering of the complex sampling design to ensure the nationally representative estimates according to NHANES analytic guidelines.

We also performed 3 sensitive analyses among participants 1 male and female; 2 Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic White, and other; 3 regular exercise and non-regular exercise. Compared with participants in quartile 1, there were more older participants in quartile 4.

Compared with participants in quartile 1, participants in quartile 4 were more likely to have less annual household income, and lower education levels.

The association of dietary carbohydrates with poor cognitive performance among total participants is shown in Table 1. When further adjusted for other demographic, dietary, and disease information, participants in quartile 4 of percentage energy from carbohydrates were still associated with the CERAD-WL test in Model 2 and Model 3 ORModel2 1.

Similarly, participants in the highest quartile of percentage energy from carbohydrates were associated with the CERAD-DR test in all Models ORModel1 1. Further, participants in quartile 4 of percentage energy from carbohydrates were associated with the AF test ORModel1 1.

No association was observed when additionally adjusted for other demographic, dietary, and disease information in Model 2 and Model 3. Table 1. Association of dietary carbohydrates with poor cognitive performance among total participants.

Similar to the association among all participants, participants in the highest quartile of percentage energy from carbohydrates were significantly associated with the CERAD-WL test OR Model1 2.

For the AF test, participants in the highest quartile of percentage energy from carbohydrates have a higher OR OR 1. No association was observed when further adjusted for other demographic, dietary, and disease information in Model 2 and Model 3.

For the DSST test, participants in quartile 4 of percentage energy from carbohydrates had higher ORs OR Model1 1. Table 2. Association of dietary carbohydrates with poor cognitive performance among participants whose daily fasting duration was fewer than 16 h.

Table 3. Association of dietary carbohydrates with poor cognitive performance among participants whose daily fasting duration was more than 16 h. Supplementary Table 2 shows the association of percentage energy from carbohydrates with cognitive scores among total participants.

Compared with participants in quartile 1, participants in quartile 4 of percentage energy from carbohydrates were negatively associated with CERAD-WL score βModel1 —1.

Further, the highest quartile of percentage energy from carbohydrates was negatively associated with the CERAD-DR score βModel1 —0. The association disappeared when additionally adjusted for other variables in Model 2 and Model 3.

Moreover, participants in the highest quartile of percentage energy from carbohydrates was negatively associated with the DSST score βModel3 —2. The association of percentage energy from carbohydrates with cognitive score among participants whose daily fasting duration was fewer than 16 h is present in Supplementary Table 3.

As shown in the table, participants in the highest quartile of percentage energy from carbohydrates were negatively associated with the CERAD-WL score βModel1 —1. After adjusting for age, gender, and ethnicity, there were negative associations between the highest quartile of percentage energy from carbohydrates and CERAD-DR score βModel1 —0.

No association was observed in Model 2 and Model 3. The association of dietary carbohydrates consumption with cognitive scores among participants whose daily fasting duration was more than 16 h is shown in Supplementary Table 4. As shown in the table, no significant association was observed.

Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. When excluding participants with sleep disorders, the association was consistent with the results of the total sample Supplementary Tables 5 — 7.

Meanwhile, the above association remained robust when additional adjustment was made for the timing of breakfast and dinner Supplementary Tables 8 — Finally, the association was remained robust between dietary carbohydrates and poor cognitive performance defined by total score of CERAD-WL, CERAD-DR, DSST, and AF test Supplementary Tables 14 — In addition, we found that consuming more carbohydrates were associated with cognitive performance among male, Non-Hispanic Black participants, and participants with or without regular exercise Supplementary Tables 17 — This study investigates the association of dietary carbohydrates consumption with cognitive function among participants with different daily fasting duration among U.

S older adults. In this nationally representative data, we found that higher percentage energy from carbohydrates was associated with poor cognitive performance, but not in participants whose daily fasting duration was more than 16 h.

Further, the negative associations between dietary carbohydrates consumption and cognitive score were still significant among total participant and participants with a daily fasting duration of less than 16 h.

Whereas, no association was observed among participants with a daily fasting duration of more than 16 h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to illustrate that daily fasting duration could improve the cognitive impairment caused by dietary carbohydrates consumption.

Previous studies have revealed that dietary carbohydrate consumption has been related to cognitive impairment, which was consistent with the current study among total participants Bachlechner et al.

A growing body of evidence showed that time-restricted feeding TRF; limiting the time of food consumption to 8—10 h throughout a day , a popular form of intermittent fasting, can improve cognitive function, aging, and extend healthy lifespan Anton et al.

Compared with the long-time diet control, there has been increased interest and acceptance of TRF, which may be easier to adhere to and maintain as time goes by Rynders et al. The direct effect of dietary carbohydrates and daily fasting duration on cognitive function has been widely documented respectively in previous studies Benau et al.

In the current study, we found that the association between dietary carbohydrates consumption and cognitive impairment could be improved by daily fasting duration among U. When participants were stratified by daily fasting duration, the above association remained robust among participants with a daily fasting duration of fewer than 16 h, but not in participants with a daily fasting duration of more than 16 h.

This observation illustrated that participants could attenuate the harmful effect of dietary carbohydrates on cognitive function by extending their daily fasting duration to 16 h.

Similar associations were also observed when excluding participants with sleep disorders, which was a traditional risk factor for cognitive function Irwin and Vitiello, Additionally, this study also observed that the percentage energy from carbohydrates was negatively associated with CERAD-WL and DSST scores among total participants and participants with a daily fasting duration of fewer than 16 h, but not in participants with a daily fasting duration of more than 16 h, which further supports our point of view.

The above association could be partially supported by the previous research. It appears that dietary carbohydrates on cognitive function include inflammatory, dysregulation in metabolic, and vascular factors Hawkins et al. It has been one of the major public health concerns for establishing effective manners to prevent cognitive decline in older adults.

To date, intermittent fasting has received increasing interest, which may produce biological changes similar to caloric restriction Anton and Leeuwenburgh, , as a useful manner to slow down the aging process and extend lifespan Weindruch, Human studies showed the benefits of TRF meals on cognitive function and dementia in older adults Anton et al.

Compared with traditional dietary restrictions, participants showed that this manner of eating was more acceptable and they would be willing to maintain this manner of eating pattern, suggesting intermittent fasting is a sustainable and useful strategy for older adults Anton et al.

A previous study suggested that intermittent fasting may counteract aging, which has been considered a major risk factor for cognitive impairment, dementia, and neurological disease Longo and Mattson, Further, intermittent fasting has beneficial effects in increasing circulation, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and inflammation through increasing autophagy and mitochondrial respiratory efficiency Lee and Longo, Animal studies also indicated that intermittent fasting was an effective mechanism for improving cognition impairment and hippocampal function in mice Hamezah et al.

A potential mechanism between intermittent fasting and cognitive function was that intermittent fasting was proved to reduce levels of inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 , ROS production, and improve the function of endothelial Arumugam et al. Moreover, intermittent fasting was reported to modulate the composition of microbial and increase its abundance, which had an influence on metabolism and nutritional status Zeb et al.

Therefore, the imbalance of the gut microbiome has been related to a series of immune, inflammatory, and nervous system-related diseases by the microbiome-brain axis Salvucci, , as well as the development and function of the brain Ceppa et al. In summary, this study illustrates that dietary carbohydrate consumption was associated with poor cognitive performance, while longer daily fasting duration could improve cognitive impairment.

This study provides new perspectives and knowledge in the field of nutrition to prevent poor cognitive performance in the US elderly. This study has several strengths. Firstly, this study firstly demonstrated the association between dietary carbohydrate consumption and cognitive impairment by simultaneously considering daily fasting duration based on the well-designed study NHANES.

Secondly, this study involved quite a large number of US older adults from the nationally representative data in the United States.

Thirdly, a series of potential confounders were included in the current study to better examine the above association. Fourthly, this study also examined the dose-response association between percentage energy from carbohydrates and cognitive impairment among participants with different daily fasting duration.

Finally, both quartiles and continuous forms of percentage energy from carbohydrates were considered in the current study. However, limitations still exist in this study.

First of all, dietary information was adopted and measured by two h dietary recalls, which cannot reflect the real consumption as usual. Secondly, causality could not be established due to the cross-sectional study design.

Thirdly, residual confounders may still exist even if a large number of confounders were adjusted. Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.

Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements. CS and WH designed the work and were responsible for the overall manuscript. SZ wrote the manuscript. TH conducted the statistical analysis.

XP, YS, YZ, LL, and XW participated in data preparation. All authors made a significant contribution to this study, critically reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final published version. This study was supported by funds from National Natural Science Foundation of China to CS.

We thank the participants and staff of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey — for their valuable contributions. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Anton, S. The effects of time restricted feeding on overweight, older adults: A pilot study.

Nutrients Google Scholar. Fasting or caloric restriction for healthy aging. Arumugam, T. Age and energy intake interact to modify cell stress pathways and stroke outcome. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.

Bachlechner, S. The Effects of Different Isocaloric Oral Nutrient Solutions on Psychophysical, Metabolic, Cognitive, and Olfactory Function in Young Male Subjects. Balasubramanian, P. Time-restricted feeding TRF for prevention of age-related vascular cognitive impairment and dementia.

Ageing Res. Benau, E. systematic review of the effects of experimental fasting on cognition. Appetite 77, 52— Canning, S. Diagnostic utility of abbreviated fluency measures in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurology 62, — Ceppa, F. Current evidence linking diet to gut microbiota and brain development and function.

Food Sci. Chen, S. Association of Vision Loss With Cognition in Older Adults. JAMA Ophthalmol. Clark, L. Other Dement. Currenti, W. Association between Time Restricted Feeding and Cognitive Status in Older Italian Adults.

Davis, J. Time-restricted feeding rescues high-fat-diet-induced hippocampal impairment. iScience Dong, X. Association of coffee, decaffeinated coffee and caffeine intake from coffee with cognitive performance in older adults: National health and nutrition examination survey NHANES Dye, L.

Simple swaps like honey instead of sugar can be a good start. There are two main culprits that accelerate the aging process of our skin: sun exposure and advanced glycation end products AGEs. AGEs form when protein or fat combine with sugar. And although minding your diet is easier said than done, it always helps to have a little reminder of how certain foods can affect your skin health.

Our list can help with that. But remember, every person is unique. Not everyone will benefit from eating raw, clean, or whole only. So, go through this list with a grain of salt pun not intended. Foods fried in oil at high temperatures release free radicals that can cause cellular damage to the skin.

Exposure to free radicals accelerates the aging process due to an action called cross-linking. That may make your skin more prone to wrinkling.

If you want: Swap french fries for baked sweet potato fries or fried sweet potato. Sweet potatoes are rich in anti-aging copper , which aids in collagen production. When refined carbs integrate with protein, it causes the formation of AGEs.

AGEs have a direct effect on chronic diseases as well as the aging process. Foods with a high glycemic index , like white bread, can cause inflammation in the body, which is directly linked to the aging process.

If you want: Try an alternative to traditional bread, such as sprouted grain breads that contain no added sugar. Sprouted breads also contain antioxidants that are beneficial to the skin.

Sugar is one of the infamous contenders to unwanted skin concerns like acne. As mentioned above, sugar contributes to the formation of collagen-damaging AGEs. When our sugar levels are elevated, this AGE process is stimulated.

So, instead of eating ice cream on the beach, opt for refreshing frozen fruit or a popsicle with no sugar added. If you want: Reach for fruit or dark chocolate when craving something sweet. Blueberries, specifically, prevent loss of collagen as shown in animal studies.

Take it easy with that butter knife. If you want: Swap butter for olive oil or smear avocados, rich in anti-aging antioxidants, on toast instead. Hot dogs, pepperoni, bacon, and sausage are all examples of processed meats that can be harmful to the skin.

These meats are high in sodium, saturated fats, and sulfite, which can all dehydrate the skin and weaken collagen by causing inflammation. For inexpensive protein options, swap processed meats for eggs or beans.

If you want: Opt for leaner meats like turkey and chicken. These meats are packed with protein and amino acids that are essential in the natural formation of collagen.

Some have seen positive skin changes from dropping dairy. Others have seen no significant difference at all. It all depends on the person. For some, dairy may increase inflammation in the body, which leads to oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of premature aging. Diets low in dairy products may protect sun-exposed skin from wrinkling. If you want: Dairy is a great source of calcium, which is essential to overall skin health.

For other sources of calcium , eat seeds, beans, almonds, leafy greens, and figs. What soda and coffee do to your health have more to do with sleep than skin. First, both are high in caffeine, which, if you drink frequently throughout the day to night, may affect your sleep.

Poor sleep has been linked to increased signs of aging and more dark eye circles, wrinkles , and fine lines. See if you can decrease the amount or make swaps, like having golden milk instead of coffee.

Turmeric, the main ingredient in golden milk, is rich in antioxidants and one of the most powerful anti-aging compounds around. Alcohol can cause a host of problems when it comes to the skin, including redness, puffiness, loss of collagen, and wrinkles.

Alcohol depletes your nutrients, hydration, and vitamin A levels , all of which have a direct impact on wrinkles. Vitamin A is especially important in regards to new cell growth and the production of collagen , ensuring that skin is elastic and wrinkle-free.

If you want: Drink in moderation. Try experimenting with some fun and creative mocktail recipes as well. Some polyunsaturated oils high in omega-6 fatty acids, like corn or sunflower oil, can cause harmful free radicals and can increase inflammation levels.

When it comes to oils and wrinkle prevention, opt for monounsaturated fats to help keep the skin hydrated. If you want: Swap vegetable oils for olive oil. Rice cakes have a high glycemic index and can cause spikes in blood sugar levels.

If you want: For an anti-aging snack, try hummus with red bell pepper strips. Red bell peppers are high in vitamin C, making them great at producing collagen. Chickpeas are chock-full of skin-healthy antioxidants, too.

Many people are surprised to hear that agave can contain more fructose than high fructose corn syrup. As we know from above, fructose breaks down collagen much quicker than regular sugar, which can speed up wrinkle formation. If you want: Since lipoic acid may prevent the collagen-damaging effects from fructose, if agave is the only sweetener you can have, remember to include lots of Brussels sprouts which are high in lipoic acid in your diet.

It is quite the contrary of current popular diet plans, beliefs, and recommendations that generally advocate a high protein, and always a low carb diet. Despite the popularity of the tailored Keto, Atkins, and Paleo diets, however, there is very minimal evidence in reality that high-protein really bring about long-term benefits.

According to these data studies, a low protein, high carbohydrate diet surely sets off various physiological immunity responses that help to protect us from various age-related illnesses. And that this golden ratio may achieve the optimal dietary balance to achieve those immunity effects.

These elders appear to significantly have delayed many of the usual effects of aging , with almost two-thirds living alone and independently until the age of This remarkable immunity, healthspan, and lifespan are evidently found across many age-related diseases.

The typical studied elder appeared to be completely free of the typical signs of cardiovascular disease. The oldest residents also reported to have far lower rates of cancer, diabetes, and dementia than other ageing populations.

Genetic good inheritance can be one important factor. Amazingly, they may also be more likely to carry a protective immunity, regulating metabolism and cellular growth. It appears to reduce the risk of various age-related diseases, including cancer.

Even so, it seems still unlikely that only good genes would or can fully explain the miracle longevity, other lifestyle factors will also be important to be looked into.

Less likelihood to smoke, active engagement in farming or outdoor activities, and hobbies like fishing alongside, tight-knit communities also help to maintain an active social life into old age.

Loneliness, in contrast, on the other hand, has been shown to be as harmful as smoking 15 cigarettes a day. It is the magic diet , we are talking about, that may potentially change our views on healthy aging.

The staple carbohydrate suggested is sweet potato alongside an abundance of green and yellow vegetables — such as the bitter melon — and various vegan gluten free soy products.

The traditional plant based diet is therefore dense in the essential vitamins and minerals — including anti-oxidants — yet low in calories. The US National Institute on Aging is highly suggestive: that the participants on a calorie restricted diet showed significantly better cardiovascular health — including lower blood pressure and low cholesterol.

A series of studies examining the influence of dietary composition rather than just sheer quantity on aging has consistently found interestingly that a high-carb, low-protein diet extends the lifespan of various species, whoah!

This build-up of damaged proteins may be usually responsible for many diseases and the regular clean up when eating a low-protein diet could well prevent it.

She is a professional, through and through, but with a sense of humor that will keep you in stitches for your entire appointment. She is always coming up with new techniques to apply to her customers, which I am very appreciative of. Laura is so amazing that I wont let anyone else give me a facial!

Alicia Wallace. Her facials are cleansing, relaxing and enjoyable. Her product knowledge is extensive and her waxing is top notch. I travel all the way from San Jose to see her.

Suzanne Cunha. I started going to Laura a couple of years ago and have to say that my skin has never looked better! She has a soothing delicate touch-using top of the line products that have really made a difference in the appearance of my skin.

I leave with a wonderful sense of calmness and a luminous glow. She makes every visit soothing and comfortable and I reap the benefits for weeks.

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Globally, the World Health Organization estimates that chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes account for about 70 percent of deaths. The research findings paint a clearer picture of the role of a little-known hormone called Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 FGF21 — a hormone produced primarily in the liver.

The research shows that diets high in carbohydrate and low in protein are the best for boosting levels of FGF21 in mice. The high-carb element does not mean gorging processed cakes and cookies, however. Dr Solon-Biet and Professor Simpson rely on the expertise of University mathematicians to crunch the numbers that support this geometric approach, and interrogate research from every possible angle.

On any given day she collaborates with researchers across biochemistry, microbiology, public health, medicine, business and pharmacology. Her manipulation of macronutrients presents an exciting opportunity to strike back against lifestyle diseases and offer a diet solution that may be more feasible and sustainable for healthy ageing, for the long-term.