Herbal Anti-cancer Strategies -
Practice safe sex. Limit the number of sexual partners and use a condom. The greater the number of sexual partners in a lifetime, the greater the chances of getting a sexually transmitted infection, such as HIV or HPV.
People who have HIV or AIDS have a higher risk of cancer of the anus, liver and lung. HPV is most often associated with cervical cancer, but it might also increase the risk of cancer of the anus, penis, throat, vulva and vagina. Doing regular self-exams and having screenings for cancers — such as cancer of the skin, colon, cervix and breast — can raise the chances of finding cancer early.
That's when treatment is most likely to succeed. Ask a health care provider about the best cancer screening schedule for you. There is a problem with information submitted for this request.
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Aboriginal communities Charity ABN: Cancer Council Victoria would like to acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land on which we live and work. We would also like to pay respect to the elders past and present and extend that respect to all other Aboriginal people.
What is cancer? Where cancer starts, how it spreads, common risk factors and symptoms. Types of cancer. Types of cancer Explore our A-Z list of cancer types, with information on diagnosis and treatment. Treatments Learn about cancer treatments and find your local treatment centre.
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Discover simple lifestyle changes that can help reduce your risk. Limit alcohol. Be a healthy weight. Eat a healthy diet. Be SunSmart. Quit smoking. Be physically active. Food Fight! Rare and less common cancers A cancer is rare or less common when it only affects a small number of people.
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Colorectal cancer CRC is the second most Ani-cancer cancer worldwide. CRC management is challenging Anti-cnacer Optimal nutrition for athletes late detection, Herbl recurrence rate, and multi-drug resistance. Herbs and spices used in cooking, practised for Strqtegies, have been shown Herbal Anti-cancer Strategies contain CRC Spicy vegetable dishes effect Stratefies even be useful as an anti-CRC adjuvant therapy when used in high doses. Herbs and spices contain many bioactive compounds and possess many beneficial health effects. The chemopreventive properties of these herbs and spices are mainly mediated by the BCL-2, K-ras, and MMP pathways, caspase activation, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and the regulation of ER-stress-induced apoptosis. As a safer natural alternative, these herbs and spices could be good candidates for chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents for CRC management because of their antiproliferative action on colorectal carcinoma cells and inhibitory activity on angiogenesis. Therefore, in this narrative review, six different spices and herbs: ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoeturmeric Curcuma longa L.Herbal Anti-cancer Strategies -
Other herbal preparations have been found to contain pesticides and prescription medicines. This popular herb for mild to moderate depression has been shown to stop some chemotherapy drugs and other medicines from working properly.
It may also increase skin reactions to radiation therapy. If you are feeling depressed, ask your doctor about other treatments. Herbalists often prescribe this herb to menopausal women who are experiencing hot flushes. While clinical trials show that black cohosh is relatively safe, it should not be used by people with liver damage.
There is not enough scientific evidence to support the use of black cohosh in people with cancer. Studies have shown that these may have a bloodthinning effect, which can cause bleeding. This could be harmful in people with low platelet levels e.
from chemotherapy or who are having surgery. This has been shown to stop the cancer drug bortezomib brand name Velcade from working properly. Keep your complementary therapists and other health professionals informed about any herbal remedies you use before, during or after cancer treatment.
This information will help them give you the best possible care. Also known as flower essences, these are highly diluted extracts from the flowers of wild plants. There are many types of flower remedies from around the world. The most well known in Australia are the Original Bach Flower Remedies, developed in the s in England, and Australian Bush Flower Essences, developed in Australia in the s.
Flower remedies are used to balance the mind, body and spirit, and help you cope with emotional problems, which can sometimes contribute to poor health.
Much like a counselling session, the therapist will ask questions and listen to you talk about yourself, the problems you are experiencing and how you feel about or approach certain situations.
This enables the therapist to prepare a remedy — usually a blend of essences — tailored specifically for you, which is taken in water several times a day. Scientific evidence does not support the use of flower remedies for treating diseases. However, anecdotal evidence suggests they may be helpful for reducing fear, anxiety or depression.
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Aboriginal communities Charity ABN: Cancer Council Victoria would like to acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land on which we live and work. We would also like to pay respect to the elders past and present and extend that respect to all other Aboriginal people.
What is cancer? Where cancer starts, how it spreads, common risk factors and symptoms. Types of cancer. Types of cancer Explore our A-Z list of cancer types, with information on diagnosis and treatment. Treatments Learn about cancer treatments and find your local treatment centre.
Treatment types. Treatment centres. Clinical trials. Cancer care and your rights. Common side effects. Cancer statistics. Cancer statistics Cancer statistics by cancer type, age and stage, and as represented in the Victorian community. Cancer Screening and Early Detection. Cancer Screening and Early Detection Early detection offers one of the best chances of cure.
Bowel screening. Breast health. Cervical screening. Prostate health. Early detection. Prevention One third of cancers can be prevented. Discover simple lifestyle changes that can help reduce your risk.
Limit alcohol. Be a healthy weight. Eat a healthy diet. Be SunSmart. Quit smoking. Be physically active. Food Fight! Rare and less common cancers A cancer is rare or less common when it only affects a small number of people.
Advanced cancer. What is advanced cancer? Managing symptoms. Planning ahead. Caring for someone with advanced cancer. Genetics and risk. Genetics and risk For some families, an inherited faulty gene means their risk of cancer is much higher.
Family history and cancer. Genetic testing and counselling. Familial cancer centres. Lynch syndrome. Children, teens and young adults No matter what age a child is, a cancer diagnosis will have a big effect on them.
Reactions and emotions. During and after cancer. Cancer and school. Facts and figures. Aboriginal communities Cancer information and support services for Victorian Aboriginal communities.
Easy English resources. Easy English resources Every Victorian should have equal access to cancer information and support that they understand. Contact cancer support. Contact cancer support Speak to our trusted and compassionate cancer nurses on 13 11 20 or via email.
Cancer counselling services. Cancer counselling services Free, short term phone counselling services to help you work through any cancer related concerns. Managing daily life. Managing daily life Finding ways to manage the impact of cancer on daily life is important.
Cancer and pregnancy. zeyheri, D. capensis and D. schinzii have been utilized for their medicinal properties and were duly classified based on their phytochemical composition. Some of these phytochemicals are acetylenic compounds, flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, sesquiterpenes and triterpenes.
They are non-toxic to normal non-cancerous cells. These compounds occur primarily in the leaves and roots and have been used to treat various cancers such as prostate, kidney, ovarian and breast cancers Greenwell and Rahman, ; Maroyi, anomala Sond roots have shown antiproliferative effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells wherein sesquiterpene conjugated to silver nanoparticles demonstrated anticancer properties by causing oxidative damage in the cancerous cells Shafiq et al.
Dicoma capensis aqueous extracts have also shown anticancer properties against breast cancer cell lines such as MCFA, MDA-MB and MCF-7 Asita et al. The genus Fagaropsis belongs to the family Rutaceae and is widely distributed in Africa. Fagaropsis are mostly shrubs or deciduous trees with buttress roots.
The plant species Fagaropsis angolensis is found in Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe; F.
hildebrandtii is primarily found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania while F. velutina and F. glabra occur endemically in Madagascar Sun et al. angolensis whole root methanol extracts have been shown to exhibit antitumor activity against throat cancer cells Hep2 at an IC 50 value of Whole root and root-stem methanol extracts showed high degrees of anticancer effects against CT26 colon cancer cells with IC 50 values of 8.
angolensis stem bark methanolic extracts demonstrated significant activity against DU prostate cancer cells and HCC breast cancer cells at IC 50 values of Anticancer effects of methanol extracts of the bark of F.
angolensis against HCC cells were also reported by Onyancha et al. Despite its anticancer activities, F. angolensis has shown high levels of toxicity on Vero cells. Therefore, more research is needed to evaluate the precise dosages of the active anticancer ingredients in this plant to mitigate toxicity issues and validate them for their use in folklore medicine.
Tribulus terrestris is a small, silky and hairy herb which is indigenous to tropical regions, including Africa, and is a member of the Zygophyllaceae family Hashim et al.
Methanol extracts of T. terrestris showed strong inhibition against SK-OV-3 ovarian carcinoma cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC 50 values of Tribulus terrestris occurs as a perennial herb and is known for its antineoplastic effects against a wide range of human cancers.
The high anticancer potential of T. terrestris has been attributed to its high content of steroidal saponins which have been shown to induce programmed cell death in MCF-7s by eliciting both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways Osbourn, ; Sun et al.
Patel et al. terrestris fruit extracts are capable of inhibiting autophagy in TW2. Portulaca oleracea is a common succulent plant that is often referred to as Purslane. It belongs to the genus Portulaca in the family Portulacaceae and is abundant in most regions of Africa such as Botswana Uddin et al.
The polysaccharides of P. oleracea L. Jia et al. Therefore, POL-P3b serves as an adjuvant that stimulates maturation and augment the antigen presentation capability of the Dendritic Cell DC vaccine. Additionally, POL-P3b upregulated the expression levels of MyD88, NF-κB and TLR4 in the DC vaccine and promoted Th1 cytokine secretion.
The Ki 67 index is closely associated with the degree of tumor malignancy Bleckmann et al. Also, this combination triggered more significant apoptotic characteristics such as nuclear fragmentation, massive shrinkage of cells and high numbers of TUNEL-positive cells when compared to either the DC vaccine alone or POL-P3b alone.
Additionally, higher immunomodulatory properties were observed in immune mice when administered with POL-P3b Jia et al. CD31, CD34 and VEGF expressions were more pronouncedly diminished when a combination of POL-P3b and the DC vaccine was administered and there was a synergistic suppression of angiogenesis.
POL-P3b as an adjuvant for the DC vaccine also demonstrated diminished mortality and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice, showing the anti-tumor effect of POL-P3b. Therefore, POL-P3b functions as a highly propitious dietary adjuvant for the DC vaccine, inducing DC maturation.
POL-P3b, in addition to inhibiting tumor growth by increasing tumor apoptosis, also inhibited lung metastasis, and induced non-toxic side effects in mouse models Jia et al.
Therefore, POL-P3b holds great promise as an efficient and safe immunomodulatory agent capable of regulating DC maturation and enhancing immune responses of the DC vaccine against breast cancer Liu et al. isolated two novel amide glycosides, oleraciamide E and oleraciamide F, containing similar molecular structures from P.
wherein oleraciamide E demonstrated anticholinesterase activity with an IC 50 value of Withania somnifera is a small, bushy, evergreen shrub widely distributed across the world and abundant in South Africa and Botswana.
It is a member of the Solanaceae family Gaurav et al. It has been shown that W. somnifera root extracts can inhibit vimentin, a protein normally found in regions of metastasis, thus suggesting its counteracting effects on tumour formation in breast cancer Yang et al.
The anticancer potential of W. somnifera has been mainly attributed to Withanolide and Withaferin A, which are two principal phytochemicals from this plant. In vivo , in mice, it was reported that W.
somnifera , through the activities of Withanolide and Withaferin-A, modulate different signalling pathways such as apoptosis, autophagy and reactive oxygen species ROS pathways Shikder et al. In male Swiss albino mice, extracts from W.
somnifera were shown to inhibit lung adenoma Senthilnathan et al. Ethanol extracts of the roots of W. somnifera were shown to inhibit the proliferation of A lung cancer cells through the downregulation of PI3K, which reduced metastasis Vamsi et al.
In vitro , Withaferin-A has been shown to reduce the proliferation of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB by inhibiting the two-pore domain potassium K2P9 channel TASK-3 Zúñiga et al. Withaferin-A has also been shown to inhibit the proliferation of other cancer cell lines such as the cervical cancer cell lines HeLa, SKGII, ME and ovarian cancer cell lines OKV and SKOV3 Sari et al.
The activity of Withaferin-A against these cells is said to be brought about by the upregulation of the tumour suppressor p53 coupled with cell growth arrest and DNA damage signalling Sari et al.
Withanolides have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7s by inducing apoptosis, inducing the overexpression of Hsp70 and reducing the expression of ER in MCF-7s Chen et al. Withanolides were also found to suppress TGF-b1 and TNF-a induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition EMT in the lung cancer cell lines H and A Yang et al.
Table 1 shows bioactive compounds of Withania , the plant parts they are derived from, the different types of cancer that they target, and their mechanisms of action during cancer alleviation. TABLE 1. Withania bioactive compounds, plant parts they are derived from, their target cancers, and their mechanisms of action.
Azanza garckeana is a semi-deciduous tree and a member of the Malvaceae family that is commonly found in East and Southern Africa.
According to Michael et al. The benzopyrone ring structure, known for its antioxidant properties, is integral to flavonoids, making flavonoids to have antioxidant behaviour.
This antioxidant activity is able to fight and remove free radicals in biological systems and inhibit the development of tumors Michael et al.
The seeds of A. garckeana are said to be able to reduce cancer development due to their possession flavonoids, which are able to interfere with oestrogen synthase, an enzyme that produces oestrogen Okwu, A complex formed between Mansone G and β-Cyclodextrin, which are some of the phytochemicals extracted from A.
garckeana , was found to exhibit high levels of cytotoxicity towards A lung cancer cells Bioltif et al. Figure 1 shows the leaves of Portulaca oleracea, Tribulus terrestris , A. garckeana and Withania somnifera.
FIGURE 1. A Images of a selected African Medicinal Plants species used for Cancer management. WIT [accessed 27 October ].
B Structures of some Phytochemicals derived from African Medicinal Plants. Ovarian cancer is the second most prevalent gynecological malignancy and one of the most lethal cancers.
The major challenge in the treatment of ovarian cancer is the emergence of multi-drug resistance during chemotherapy. Cajanol is derived from Cajanol cajan roots and has a multitude of pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor properties. Cajanol inhibits NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear ectopia by interfering with PI3K expression and the phosphorylation of Akt.
This diminishes the transcription and translation of the permeability glycoprotein and eventually decreases cancer related multi-drug resistance that is induced by the efflux of paclitaxel Sui et al.
Cajanus cajan is a medicinal plant that is native to the Southwest of Nigeria. It is grown for food in Nigeria Ashidi et al. cajan synthesizes cajanin stilbene acid CSA which shares structural analogies with estrogen. CSA exerts antiestrogenic and anticancer activities towards estrogen receptor ERα -positive breast cancer cells.
Particularly, it shows cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells resistant to tamoxifen while exhibiting low cytotoxicity towards ERα-negative breast tumor cells Fu et al.
This cytotoxicity is independent of the cellular p53 status. CSA binds to the same site as tamoxifen and 17β-estradiol on ERα.
Thus, CSA displays its anticancer properties against ERα-positive breast cancer cells by interacting with and inhibiting ERα. The cytotoxicity of CSA towards MCF-7s resistant to tamoxifen indicates its promise as a tamoxifen alternative for treatment of breast cancer.
When combined with tamoxifen, CSA enables synergistic cytotoxicity and promotes p53 protein expression. Cajanol, scientifically known as 5-hydroxy 4-hydroxymethoxyphenyl methoxychromanone, is an isoflavone isolated from the roots of C.
This leads to the disintegration of the outer membrane of the mitochondria and the release of cytochrome C followed by the elicitation of the caspase-3 and caspase-9 cascade which causes apoptosis.
In COR-L23 lung cancer cells, C. It was reported that stilbenes longistylins A and C present in the leaf extracts of the plant were responsible for this anticancer property Ashidi et al.
The bark of Combretum caffrum , the African bush willow tree, is a source of natural phenolic stilbene compounds called combrestatins Pettit et al. Among these combrestatins, combrestatin A-4 CA4 is the most efficient as an antitumor agent.
CA4 inhibits tubulin polymerization, augments vascular permeability, and abrogates blood flow into tumors Simoni et al. A drug candidate, Ecust, has been developed as an optimized agent derived from the structure-activity investigations of the sulfamate derivatives of CA4 and Erianin.
This is a strong inhibitor of steroid sulfatase and tubulin in addition to exhibiting antiproliferative activity against tumor cells at low concentrations. This sulfate modification augments the pharmacokinetic profiles and bioavailability of the parental CA4 and Erianin natural compounds Raobaikady et al.
Ecust inhibits tumor proliferation in vivo and in vitro in addition to diminishing cell viability, migration, and invasion of MCF-7 and MDA-MB cells at low dosages. Combrestatins comprise a category of closely analogous stilbenes including combretastatins A, dihydrostilbenes or combretastatins B, phenanthrenes or combretastatins C and macrocyclic lactones or combretastatins D which are all derived from the bark of C.
Some of these compounds are the strongest antitubulin agents ever known. Owing to the structural simplicity of these substances, several analogs have been synthesized. Amongst these, Combrestatin A4 phosphate is the most tested substance in preclinical and clinical trials Karatoprak et al.
This water-soluble prodrug is rapidly metabolized in the body to combrestatin A4 that displays antitumor, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Nano-formulations of CA4 phosphate have important advantages such as increased water solubility, drug targeting capabilities, improved efficiency, protracted half-lives in circulation and lesser side effects.
Therefore, combrestatins are favorable candidates for novel tumor therapeutics. Combrestatins have been shown to be active against many human cancer cell lines and combrestatin A-4 is the strongest in terms of potency. Their principal action is their interaction with the colchicine binding site of the tubulin b subunit and the disruption of tubulin polymerization into microtubules Izuegbuna, CA4 has been shown to be cytotoxic towards some cancer cell lines such as the leukemia cell line, P, which is resistant to daunorubicin McGown and Fox, It acts by disrupting cell signaling pathways involved in the maintenance and regulation of the cytoskeleton of the endothelial cells occurring in the tumor vasculature, thus causing the selective disruption of blood flow through the tumors.
Thereupon, these tumor cells undergo necrosis. Intriguingly, while enabling disruption of blood supply into the tumor cells, CA4 maintains normal blood flow into adjacent normal tissues Nihei et al.
CA4 activity is not dependent on temperature. This contrasts with colchicine, which interacts with a similar binding site on the tubulin molecule. The complexation of CA4 tubulin occurs easily even on ice Nam, Another CA4 sodium phosphate CA4P pro-drug has also been synthesized.
The action of CA4P is like that of CA4. It leads to microtubule depolymerization and represses tumor cell angiogenesis Tozer et al.
CA4P eventually induces apoptosis in tumor cells Iyer et al. These pathways, which lead to cell death, make combrestatin a powerful anticancer compound of high efficacy Jaroch et al. Prunus avium Sweet cherry is a plant that is widely distributed in the north of Africa Osafo et al.
Dark sweet cherry is a rich source of phenolics and is characterized by its anti-invasive and anticancer activities. Prunus avium phenolics inhibit MDA-MB breast cancer cells by triggering cell signaling pathways that elicit apoptosis and disrupt cell invasion.
Amongst these phenolics, anthocyanins have shown augmented chemopreventative properties Layosa et al. Polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, are well known for their anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and antioxidant properties Tsuda et al.
Table 2 shows examples of anticancer bioactive compounds found in P. avium and outcomes of their experimental uses. TABLE 2. Biological properties of Prunus avium extracts and their bioactive compounds that target hallmarks of cancer.
Prunus africana is a widely distributed tree of African origin which is primarily found in Southern and Central Africa Komakech et al. In previous ethnomedical studies, the bark decoction of P.
Africana was used to treat prostate cancers Grace et al. In vivo studies, mice with transgenic adenocarcinoma in their prostate were fed with P. africana and demonstrated a significant decrease in the incidence of prostate cancer when compared to control mice fed with casein Shenouda et al.
Likewise, in human in vivo studies, P. It also elicited notable apoptosis in vitro in the PC-3 cell line Shenouda et al. The anticancer property of the P. africana stem bark is attributed to several novel bioactive compounds such as β-amyrin, N-butylbenzene-sulfonamide, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterolO-glucoside, ferulic acid, tartaric acid, oleanolic acid, lauric acid and ursolic acid Komakech and Kang, However, P.
africana is an endangered species and the supply of the P. africana stem bark does not meet global demand Cunningham et al. A micropropagation protocol has been developed for P. africana towards enabling drug development in the future for the treatment of prostate cancer Komakech et al.
The presence of β-Sitosterol in P. Africana has been attributed to its anti-prostate cancer properties wherein it induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells during the development of carcinoma in prostate lymph-nodes von Holtz et al.
Also, the 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxymethyl-4H-pyran-one in extracts of P. africana is capable of inactivating NF-kB which could account for its proapoptotic and antiproliferative activities on PC-3 cancer cells.
Additionally, the occurrence of benzoic acid in these extracts could be responsible for its activity against cancer as earlier studies showed that derivatives of benzoic acid hinder growth of prostate cancer cells thus precluding oncogene expression by the inhibition of histone deacetylases Anantharaju et al.
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen violet tree belongs to the family Polygalaceae, which is called the mother of all medicines in Northern Nigeria.
Traditional medical practitioners use extracts of Securidaca longipedunculata to manage cancer in Africa Saidu et al. The antiproliferative effects of S. longipedunculata on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo and in vitro are due to the downregulation of angiogenesis and the elicitation DNA fragmentation Lawal et al.
Root bark extracts of S. longipedunculata have been reported to repress proliferation and stimulate apoptosis in U87 brain tumor cells through the cleavage of Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerase Ngulde et al. Ethanolic extracts of the plant hindered the proliferation of the U87 cells.
The most polar fraction of these extracts accounted for this activity with an IC 50 value of Several active compounds have been identified in Securidaca longipendunculata including xanthones muchimangins , methyl-salicylate, benzyl benzoates, bisdesmosidic saponins and triterpene saponins, of which xanthones have been implicated in antitumor and cytotoxic activities Mitaine-Offer et al.
Saponins in Securidaca longepedunculata induced apoptosis and inhibited the migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells Obasi et al.
Xanthones of in S. longipedunculata impeded the proliferation of lung cancer cells and functioned as an elicitor of apoptosis Zuo et al. Annona senegalensis , which is often called wild soursop, is a 2 to 5-m-tall shrub with alternate, oblong, simple, blue to greenish leaves.
It is an important plant in Northern Nigeria and all its parts have been found to be useful in medicine. It contains a plethora of phytochemicals including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, anthocyanins, tannins, and steroids Potchoo et al.
Extracts from this plant have been shown to have antitumor activity in hepatocellular carcinoma induced by N-diethylnitrosamine in male Wistar rats.
senegelensis n-hexane extracts have shown anticancer effects by augmenting liver architecture, enhancing antioxidant defense systems, downregulating anti-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, angiogenic, farnesyl transferase and alpha-fetoprotein mRNA expression and upregulating P21 and P53 tumor suppressor mRNAs Yakubu et al.
Annona muricata is a tropical fruit tree that belongs to the family Annonaceae. This plant is widely cultivated in African countries such as Angola and some West African countries where its products such as fruits are consumed as food.
Annona muricata is a plant of great applicability in traditional medicine. Ethanol extracts from the leaves of this plant contain several phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, triterpenoids and saponins Gavamukulya et al.
Aqueous extracts of the leaves contain terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarin, flavonoids, fatty acids, steroids, phenols, saponins and tannins while ethyl acetate fractions contain saponins, phenols, flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins Agu and Okolie, Annona muricata expresses over 45 acetogenins in its leaves and seeds Gleye et al.
The ethyl acetate fraction of A. muricata leaves induced cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells by significantly decreasing mitochondrial membrane integrity, leading to the elicitation of apoptosis in the cells Hadisaputri et al.
This apoptotic mechanism was identified by alterations in cell morphology and the expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bcl-2 mRNAs that were involved in the cytotoxic activity induced by the ethyl acetate fractions on MCF-7 cells Jabir et al. prepared silver nanoparticles AgNPs by using A.
muricata as a reducing agent and studying its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer. Specifically, the ability of these nanoparticles to decrease NLRP3 inflammasome activity by inducing autophagy was examined.
The AgNPs showed antiproliferative effects against AMJ and THP-1 cells through the stimulation of apoptosis by damaging the mitochondria and inducing the p53 protein pathway Jabir et al. This AgNP-elicited autophagy decreased the levels of IL-1β and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
This study showed that A. muricata AgNPs could serve as a robust anticancer agent by inducing apoptosis and autophagy and causing inhibition of tumorigenesis Eritja et al. Annona muricata contains two important phytochemicals; acetogenins and flavonoids which have both been implicated in several pharmacological activities Fang et al.
Annonacin, the main acetogenin in A. muricata , has anticancer activities against skin, breast and endometrial cancers mediated by cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of other cellular signaling pathways Yap et al. There is growing evidence that this antitumor activity is enabled by the induction of apoptosis in several breast and colon cancer cell lines Rady et al.
Additionally, the G1 phase cell cycle arrest has been reported to be involved in the antitumor activity of A. muricata leaf extracts. Both annonacin and ethyl acetate A. muricata bark extracts showed selective and robust cytotoxicity against DU prostate carcinoma cells with respective IC 50 values of 0.
Normal RWPE-1 prostate cells were not affected. The chemotherapeutic agent, docetaxel, was, however, devoid of such selectivity. Moreover, when docetaxel was administered in combination with A.
This was attributed to a non-apoptotic mechanism mediating cell death. Annonacin and bark extracts of A. muricata acted as selective cytotoxic compounds with antiangiogenic and antimetastatic potential. Leaf methanolic extracts of A. muricata LMAM showed inhibitory effects on the growth of MCF-7s Naik and Sellappan, in a dose-dependent fashion and without causing cytotoxic effects against normal breast cancer cells.
This was achieved through an apoptotic pathway Pieme et al. Caspase-3 was found to be upregulated, serving as a determinant of apoptosis. LMAM displayed major inhibitory activity against MCF-7 cancer cells with an IC 50 value of Aerva javanica is a shrub that belongs to the Amaranthaceae family of plants.
This plant is native to tropical African countries and has been reported to have anticancer properties in Ethiopia Ayele, During its use in the treatment of breast cancer, the roots of A.
javanica are ground into powder and mixed with blood from bats. This mixture is then consumed by the cancer patient early in the morning before breakfast Teklehaymanot, The callus and leaf methanol extracts of A. javanica were tested against MCF-7s Teklehaymanot, ; Abate et al.
Abelmoschus esculentus , also known as Okra, is a native African plant of the family Malvaceae. It has been historically been used to treat different ailments such as constipation, hypoglycaemia, inflammation and microbial infections de Sousa Ferreira Soares et al. esculentus contain flavonoids such as isoquercitrin which have shown cytotoxicity towards carcinoma cell lines; MCF-7 breast cancer , HepG2 liver cancer and HeLa cervical cancer Agregán et al.
Okra flower extracts, which are rich in flavonoids, are capable of inhibiting cell proliferation in colorectal tumors and this inhibitory activity has been found to be due to the dysfunction of the mitochondria which is caused by the activation of p53 and the elicitation of apoptosis and senescence.
In mice models, flavonoids in A. esculentus have shown cancer preventative activities which precluded tumor appearance. Okra flower phytochemicals positively impacted liver cancer prognosis while Okra ethyl acetate extracts showed inhibitory activity against HepG2 cells at concentration ranges between Therefore, Okra flowers were shown to be a valuable source of anticancer molecules which could augment the health of cancer patients.
A novel lectin has been found in Okra seeds and it promotes antitumor effects in MCF-7s wherein it inhibits cell growth. It also enhances p21, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression in the carcinogenic cells Monte et al.
Cerium oxide CeO 2 nanoparticles were generated using A. esculentus as a stabilizing and reducing agent. Abelmoschus esculentus has been shown to exhibit anticancer effects due to its high antioxidant activity against free radicals Arapitsas, ; Ahmed and Kumar, It is a source of polysaccharides, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, enzymes, proteins, and vitamins Musthafa et al.
esculentus lectins against human glioblastoma cells by the modulation of the caspase-3 and caspase-7 gene expression and the downregulation of CLOCK and Bma1 circadian genes, implicating a correlation between these circadian genes and apoptotic cell death. Increased cytotoxicity, morphological changes, increased intracellular ROS generation and anti-migratory activity were also observed.
Due to these effects, A. esculentus extracts can be considered as adjunct therapy in alleviating human glioblastoma. Furthermore, pulp extracts of A. esculentus were used to synthesize gold nanoparticles which showed enhanced anticancer effects Devanesan and AlSalhi, Silver nanoparticles made using A.
esculentus flower extracts showed antiproliferative, apoptotic and cytotoxic effects against A and TERT-4 cancer cell lines. Quercetin diglucoside and isoquercitrin identified in A. esculentus were shown to be potently anti-ROS and thus could be used in cancer treatment Taiwo et al.
Flueggea virosa is widely distributed is the Southern Africa. Flueggea virosa leaves and twigs were used to isolate flueggines A 1 and B 2 indolizidine alkaloids, the latter of which showed notable inhibitory activities against the growth of breast cancer cells MDA-MBs estrogen-independent and MCF-7s estrogen-dependent with IC 50 values of ± 3 and ± 5 nM respectively.
This suggested that cell proliferation was inhibited irrespective of estrogen receptor status Zhao et al. Lagenaria siceraria is a native African climbing plant that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family Abebe, Mondal and Swamy, identified BGL24, a novel PP2-type lectin in the phloem exudate of this plant, which is also called Bottle gourd.
This lectin displayed high specificity for chito-oligosaccharides. BGL24 showed moderate cytotoxicity towards MDA-Mb breast cancer cells but did not impact normal splenocytes. The latex sap of L.
siceraria LSL markedly elicited lymphocyte proliferation and demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against cancer both in vivo and in vitro Vigneshwaran et al. LSL caused tumor regression and drastically impacted tumoral neovasculature.
Additionally, LSL stimulated the apoptotic signaling cascade in tumor cells through the activation of caspase-3 and the induction of apoptotic cellular events.
Therefore, LSL possesses immunopotentiating properties which negatively impact tumor progression by attacking angiogenesis and inducing programmed cell death, which are major hallmarks of cancer.
Bottle gourd juice BGJ was examined for its chemopreventive properties against croton oil and 7,dimethylbenz a anthracene DMBA and was found to elicit skin papillomagenesis in murine models Kumar et al. BGJ caused drastic reductions in the incidence, latency, number, multiplicity, size, and volume of the papillomas.
This chemopreventive effect was mediated by reducing loss of stratification, decreasing the number of epithelial layers, diminishing dermal infiltration and protection from several cytoplasmic changes.
Therefore, BGJ consumption could help in the inhibition of skin cancer. Cytotoxic metabolites have been identified in methanol extracts of X.
aethiopica and were found to inhibit the growth of multidrug resistant and drug-sensitive cancer cell lines Kuete et al. Among these metabolites, flavone elicited apoptosis in CCRF-CEM leukemia cells through the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and isoquinoline triggered apoptosis via the production of ROS, implicating these compounds as antiproliferative agents against drug-resistant cancers.
Essential oils obtained from Xylopia aethiopica sourced from Cameroon and Chad were found to be abundant in monoterpene hydrocarbons such as β-phellandrene, β-pinene, γterpinene and sabinene. Oxygenated monoterpenes were highly prevalent, amongst which terpinenol was most significant Bakarnga-Via et al.
Hydroethanolic extracts of X. aethiopica showed antiproliferative activity against HCT colon cancer cells as well as KG1a and U leukemia cell lines. Xylopia ethiopica extracts also demonstrated antiproliferative effects on human cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, α-cadinol and terpinenol in essential oils isolated from X.
ethiopica were found to be active against laryngeal, lung, ovarian, breast, gastric and colon cancer cell lines Bakarnga-Via et al.
Additionally, βpinene, a monoterpene found in this oil, showed notable cytotoxic activity against epidermal skin and breast cancer cell lines. Fruit extracts of X. aethiopica caused the activation of caspase-3 and led to the cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins and the elicitation of DNA fragmentation factors, condensation of chromatin, formation of apoptotic bodies and eventually apoptosis as observed through morphological analysis Fulda and Debatin, ; Ribeiro et al.
Adaramoye et al. aethiopica caused antiproliferative activity against human cervical carcinoma cells causing cell cycle arrest and elevated levels of p53 and p21 gene transcripts. Caspase-3 activation and apoptotic cell death have been demonstrated in MBA-MD breast cancer cells upon exposure to hydroethanol extracts sourced from the Cameroonian varieties of X.
aethiopica fruits Choumessi et al. Nymphaea lotus belongs to the family Nymphaeaceae and is a perennial aquatic flowering plant that is native to Egypt and grown in several regions in Madagascar, West Africa, and Central Africa Slocum, Hydroethanolic leaf extracts of N.
lotus contain saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics and triterpenoids but are lacking in alkaloids. These properties may account for the use of the leaves of Nymphaea lotus in traditional anticancer treatments.
Zanthoxylum chalybeum is a deciduous shrub with a rounded but open crown. It can grow between 1. It is a widely used traditional medicine in East Africa and can be harvested from the wild for local use as tea, medicine, toothbrush, and timber. Zanthoxylum chalybeum is reported to exhibit anti-cervical cancer properties, where part of the plant used is pound before adding water to drink Tugume et al.
Significant antiproliferative effects of crude extracts of alkaloids from Zanthoxylum species were observed against human cervical cancer cells HeLa , human gastric cancer cells SGC , human hepatocyte carcinoma cells Hep G2 and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells HT29 , ranging from Zanthoxylum contains quaternary alkaloids which have been shown to be potential anti-cancer candidates that can penetrate through the cell membranes of carcinomas Yung et al.
Based on their structural skeleton, these quaternary alkaloids have been shown to belong to the berberine type, tetrahydroproberberine type, benzophenanthridine type, benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline type and aporphine type Tian et al. chalybeum , the amount of quaternary alkaloids account for Bioactivity tests on Zanthoxylum showed both high inhibitory rates against cancer cells and high quaternary alkaloid content, therefore justifying its use in traditional anticancer medications.
The active ingredients responsible for the anticancer activity of this plant include skimmianine, furoquinoline, benzophenanthridine, alkaloids, chelerythrine and nitidine, aporphine alkaloids, tembetarine, N-methylisocorydine, N- methylisocorydine menisperine and bernerine, phenylethylamine, candicine, alkamide, fagaramide, dihydrochelerythrine, lupeol and sesamin Omara et al.
Ceratonia siliqua is a Mediterranean evergreen plant that is abundantly distributed in North African countries such as Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt Kaderi et al.
Common ethnomedicinal uses of Ceratonia siliqua include treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, diarrhea, constipation and colon cancer Benarba and Pandiella, These medicinal properties may chiefly be due to the presence of fibers and phenolic compounds Rtibi et al.
Ghanemi et al. siliqua leaf phenolic extracts inhibited the growth of HTC and CT cell lines, in a dose dependent manner, confirming earlier similar findings by Custódio et al.
Moringa oleifera , a member of the Moringaceae family, is a drumstick tree which was first used medically by the ancient Egyptians before its cultivation around the globe which spread its medicinal benefits Abd-Rabou et al.
Moringa oleifera was found to be effective in treating colon cancer Al-Asmari et al. The plant owes its anticancer properties to the presence of quercetin, kaempferol, β—D-glucopyranoside, tetracanoate, β—sitosterol glucoside, isothiocyanate Kaur, , hexadecenoic acid and eugenol Al-Asmari et al. Recently, in vitro in vivo anticancer activities of M.
oleifera have been reported. In their study Barhoi et al. oleifera on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma EAC and Hep2 Human laryngeal carcinoma cells. They reported that, in vivo , aqueous extracts of M. oleifera led to a reduction in tumor weight and tumor volume in tumor bearing mice, consequently elongating the life span of the mice.
Additionally, in vitro , the extracts of M. oleifera were toxic to both Hep2 and EAC cancer cell lines. Apoptosis was also induced through the alteration of the mitochondrial membrane potential in the EAC cells Barhoi et al.
It has also been recently shown that methanolic extracts of M. oleifera leaves led to a reduction in cell growth in cervical cancer cells Pandey and Khan, The cervical cancer cells were reported to have undergone apoptosis.
The anticancer potential of the M. oleifera leaf extracts was due to the inhibitory activity of the extracts on Jab-1, which is an important biomarker associated with the development of different cancers Pandey and Khan, The inhibition of M.
oleifera on Jab-1 led to its downregulation. Methanol extracts of M. oleifera leaves have also been reported to have apoptotic effects on PC-3 prostate cancer cells Khan et al. The anticancer activity of M. oleifera leaf methanolic extracts was due to the induction of ROS-mediated apoptosis and the activation of caspase-3 activity in the prostate cancer cells.
Moringa oleifera leaf extracts have been shown to have anticancer activity on the human squamous cell carcinoma 15 cell line SCC In their study Luetragoon et al. oleifera leaf extracts was inhibited. Cell migration and colony formation were also inhibited in the cells. Furthermore, there was a downregulation of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 and an upregulation of both Bax and caspase-3 Luetragoon et al.
Through the activity of its bioactive compound 4-[ α-L-Rhamnosyloxy benzyl] isothiocyanate MIC-1 , which is found in the seeds, M. oleifera has been reported to inhibit the migration and proliferation of renal cancer cells Xie et al.
MCI-1 from M. oleifera seeds also induced cell cycle arrest and caused the downregulation of the expression of cell cycle-related proteins in the O cells Xie et al. Peganum harmala is a perennial herbaceous plant with a woody underground root stalk.
It is a member of the Nitriaceae family and mostly grows in temperate deserts and Mediterranean regions Alves-Silva et al. reported the ethnomedicinal uses of P. harmala as a remedy for the treatment of breast, liver, and bone cancer.
It is also considered as a treatment for other different types of cancer Kabbaj et al. Peganum harmala seeds from Morocco are ground with honey during cancer treatment.
Despite the ethnomedicinal uses of P. harmala , the plant is also toxic and may cause hallucinogenic effects because of the presence of β-carbolines such as harmaline, harmine, harmalol, harmol, tetrahydroharmine, and the quinazoline derivatives vasicinone and deoxyvasicinone Passos and Mironidou-Tzouveleki, Table 3 gives a summary of some of the in vivo and in vitro studies that has been carried out on plants that have been discussed in the manuscript as well as the identified bioactive compounds in these plants and the effects of these compounds on cancer progression.
TABLE 3. Chewing tobacco has been linked to cancer of the mouth, throat and pancreas. Staying away from tobacco — or deciding to stop using it — is an important way to help prevent cancer. For help quitting tobacco, ask a health care provider about stop-smoking products and other ways of quitting.
Although eating healthy foods can't ensure cancer prevention, it might reduce the risk. Consider the following:. People who eat a Mediterranean diet that includes extra-virgin olive oil and mixed nuts might have a reduced risk of breast cancer.
The Mediterranean diet focuses mostly on plant-based foods, such as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes and nuts. People who follow the Mediterranean diet choose healthy fats, such as olive oil, over butter. They eat fish instead of red meat.
Being at a healthy weight might lower the risk of some types of cancer. These include cancer of the breast, prostate, lung, colon and kidney.
Physical activity counts too. Besides helping control weight, physical activity on its own might lower the risk of breast cancer and colon cancer. Doing any amount of physical activity benefits health.
But for the most benefit, strive for at least minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes a week of hard aerobic activity.
You can combine moderate and hard activity. As a general goal, include at least 30 minutes of physical activity in your daily routine. More is better. Skin cancer is one of the most common kinds of cancer and one of the most preventable. Try these tips:. Protecting against certain viral infections can help protect against cancer.
Talk to a health care provider about getting vaccinated against:. Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B can increase the risk of developing liver cancer. Adults at high risk of getting hepatitis B are people who have sex with more than one partner, people who have one sexual partner who has sex with others, and people with sexually transmitted infections.
Others at high risk are people who inject illegal drugs, men who have sex with men, and health care or public safety workers who might have contact with infected blood or body fluids.
Another effective cancer prevention tactic is to avoid risky behaviors that can lead to infections that, in turn, might increase the risk of cancer. For example:. Practice safe sex. Limit the number of sexual partners and use a condom.
The greater the number of sexual partners in a lifetime, the greater the chances of getting a sexually transmitted infection, such as HIV or HPV.
People who have HIV or AIDS have a higher risk of cancer of the anus, liver and lung. HPV is most often associated with cervical cancer, but it might also increase the risk of cancer of the anus, penis, throat, vulva and vagina. Doing regular self-exams and having screenings for cancers — such as cancer of the skin, colon, cervix and breast — can raise the chances of finding cancer early.
That's when treatment is most likely to succeed. Ask a health care provider about the best cancer screening schedule for you. There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health.
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Donate Fundraise Shop. Find Gluten-free breakfast options edge cancer clinical trials Optimal nutrition for athletes you Anti-camcer the new Victorian Cancer Trials Link. Search now. Herbal remedies, also known as Herbal Anti-cancer Strategies medicine, Straegies been used in many traditional medicine systems. They are produced from all parts of a plant including the roots, leaves, berries and flowers. These may contain active ingredients that can cause chemical changes in the body. Herbal remedies can be taken by mouth or applied to the skin to treat disease and promote health.
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