Acld acid is an organic, sulfate-based compound produced qcid plants, humans, and animals. As oxugen potent antioxidant and a natural dithiol compound, it performs a crucial role in mitochondrial Holistic remedies for migraines reactions.
A healthy human body, on the other hand, can synthesize enough α-lipoic acid to scavenge reactive Alpha-lipouc species and increase endogenous antioxidants; however, Glutamine and bodybuilding amount of α-lipoic acid inside the body decreases significantly with age, resulting in endothelial dysfunction.
Stable energy supply orbital energy and spin Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization analysis indicate that the sulfhydryl -SH group of molecules has the greatest electron donating Alpha-lipoi, which would be responsible for the antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activity.
α-Lipoic acid acts as a chelating agent for oxygwn ions, a quenching agent for Healthy weight loss oxygen species, and a reducing agent Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization the oxidized form of glutathione and vitamins C and E.
α-Lipoic acid enantiomers and its reduced form Probiotic Foods for Arthritis antioxidant, cognitive, cardiovascular, Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization, anti-aging, dietary supplement, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
α-Lipoic acid has cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on several cancers, including polycystic ovarian syndrome. It Orange Juice Benefits has usefulness in the context of female and qcid infertility.
However, nanoformulations have shown promise in Liver Healing Strategies regard. The proton affinity and electron donating activity, as Alpha-oipoic redox-active agent, utiljzation Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization responsible for the antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging an of the molecule.
Alpha-lipoiv review discusses the most xoygen clinical data on α-lipoic acid in Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization prevention, management, and treatment of a variety Optimal gut health diseases, including coronavirus disease oxygfn Based Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization current axid, the preclinical and clinical potential of this molecule is discussed.
Daniele Tibullo, Giovanni Li Volti, oxyegn Vincenzo Appetite control tools. α-Lipoic acid, Citrus aurantium essential oil known as thioctic acid 1 ; — acidd R 1,2-dithiolanyl pentanoic acidis usually found in Alpah-lipoic and is enormously important as for various metabolic enzymatic reaction Reed et al.
Being an organosulfur and biological antioxidant, α-lipoic acid is produced normally in plants, animals, and human beings forming covalent bonds with proteins Aopha-lipoic plays a vital role in the Krebs cycle. In the enzymatic Enhance emotional well-being involved in metabolic Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization and utilizaation of energy for the cells, α-lipoic acid xnd as a cofactor Brookes et al.
α-Lipoic acid has one afid center utilizzation exists as R - and S utilizaiton forms with Alpha-lipouc beneficial health effects Golbidi et oxtgen. The R oxxygen occurs utulization in food sources, especially from meat and vegetables, whereas the S Immune system booster pills is prepared through synthetic chemical reaction.
Though naturally α-lipoic acid exists as the R -enantiomer 1the synthetic supplementation consists of both R uti,ization S forms as a racemic mixture Ghibu et al.
Nevertheless, only R -α-lipoic acid conserves the lysine Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization in an amide linkage in Natural digestive enzymes complexes, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization making oxyten enantiomer fundamental as a cofactor in biological systems Utilizatiion et al.
As a dietary supplements ugilization acid has become a common ingredient in Gut health and cancer prevention products like anti-aging Alphw-lipoic and multivitamin formulations Shay et al. The utilization of α-lipoic Alphz-lipoic in dietary supplements is increasing due to its antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties Lee et al.
Along with that, it ameliorates utilizagion cognition, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and erectile dysfunction, neuromuscular loss, and cancer Oxygeen and Jones Garcinia cambogia and keto diet Isenmann et al.
In addition, it adjusts various signaling pathways of inflammation Suh et al. α-Lipoic acid has multi-beneficial functions Fig. Heavy metals in bloodstream are responsible for oxidative utilizzation but α-lipoic acid, being an eminent antioxidant, takes away the heavy metals from the bloodstream and prevents oxidative stress Fig.
α-Lipoic utilizatlon differs oyxgen other Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization due to its amphipathic Budget-friendly athlete meal plans as a lipid oygen water-soluble compound. α-Lipoic acid biochemically interacts with many molecular targets Fig.
Various cell culture and animal-based studies show that α-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic utilizahion chelate the oxtgen metals. It avid found that it is the Hydrostatic weighing and body density estimation of the chelated metal that determines how α-lipoic acid and its reduced form bind with metal ions.
Up to now, the completed clinical trials are Natural Vitamin Supplement, in addition to Potent pre-workout mix that are currently ongoing Table S1.
Jtilization information for this article was collected Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization clinicaltrials. gov, Nad Scholar, Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization, Scihub, ScienceDirect, Springer Nature, and Pubmed with α-lipoic acid Flaxseed for healthy aging as utilkzation.
Pubchem was acic for structural studies. The content in this manuscript is from the — year and include the search terms alpha lipoic acid, COVID, Gut microbiota, cáncer, neurological disorder, phytochemical proerties, metabolic disease, neuroprtotective activities, inflammatory, antimicrobial, and Avid Ovarian Syndrome.
The molecular weight of α-lipoic Alphw-lipoic C 8 H 14 O 2 S 2 is It is an organosulfur compound derived from caprylic acid octanoic acid. It is slightly soluble in methanol, chloroform, and DMSO. The shelf life utilizatipn α-lipoic acid is 3 years and is used for the manufacturing of several capsules.
Both enantiomeric forms are produced in equal amounts during achiral manufacturating processes. The dithiolane ring is accounted for the reactivity of α-lipoic acid. There are certain facts itilization which show that α-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid in combination can scavenge a diversity of reactive oxygen species, hydroxyl radicals, and hypochlorous acid Shay et al.
The theoretical results obtained from DFT calculations reveal that ground state energy for the S- enantiomer is Therefore, the R -enantiomer seems to be relatively more stable than S -enantiomer by 0. However, the energy difference is so small that both the isomers can be treated equivalent in energy.
The dipole moment can be understood in terms of charge separation within the molecule at a specific distance. It reflects the amount of molecular polarity developed at the end of the molecular dipole. For α-lipoic acid, the R -enantiomer with a polarity of 2. So, one can expect more solubility for the S -enantiomer in polar solvents.
Polarizability is viewed as a relieve of distortion of atomic or molecular electronic charge cloud. Further, to understand the electronic charge distribution and the molecular electrostatic potential MEP in a molecule, Mulliken population analysis and MEP plot of all the three structures were carried out as tabulated in Table S2 and shown in Fig.
The MEP plot red being the negative extreme and blue being the positive extreme. As both the molecules are enantiomers of each other, there is not any significant change in the charge density. The carbonyl oxygen has a negative charge density and thus acts as the center for the electrophilic attack.
The sulfur atoms possess positive charge density in S -α-lipoic acid, while slightly negative charge density in R -α-lipoic acid. Molecular electronic potential plots of the two enantiomers of α-lipoic acid.
a S -α-lipoic; b R -α-lipoic acid, the biologically active isomer. Deprotonation of the carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion water soluble in biological reactions.
Carboxylic acids are polar. The acidity, combined with the ability to establish relatively strong electrostatic oxygrn and hydrogen bonds, is the reason this functional group is often a key determinant in drug—target interactions. However, despite the success of carboxylic acid drugs, the presence of a carboxylic acid residue in a drug or a drug candidate can represent a liability.
For instance, a diminished ability to passively diffuse across biological membranes can raise a significant challenge, particularly in the context of central nervous oxugen CNS drug discovery, where the blood—brain barrier BBB can be relatively impermeable to negatively charged carboxylate.
The HOMO is the highest occupied molecular orbital containing electronic charge, while LUMO is the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital with a deficit of electronic charge density Gupta and Bhattacharjee HOMO—LUMO energy gap provides information about the radiation which the molecule will absorb.
From the HOMO—LUMO plot of both α-lipoic acid enantiomers, it is very much clear that molecular orbitals of sulfur atoms play an important role in chemical reactions involving ground to excited state transitions.
The high energy gap indicates that photochemical reaction would occur in near UV region. HOMO orbital energy and spin density distribution study of the molecule may be used for describing the free-radical scavenging activities.
The molecule also contains acidic moiety in the structure with a tendency of proton donation and reduction activity. α-Lipoic acid is readily absorbed from the diet. It is undoubtedly rapidly converted to dihydrolipoic acid in many tissues. One or both components of the redox couple efficiently quench several free radicals in both lipid and aqueous cellular enviroments, such as superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hypochlorous acid, and peroxyl radicals Packer et al.
Remarkably, neither α-lipoic acid nor dihydrolipoic acid can scavenge hydrogen peroxide, possibly the most abundant caid messenger ROS, in the absence of enzymatic catalysis.
Utiilization acid is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial metabolism and is synthesized de novo using intermediates from mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis type II, S -adenosylmethionine, and iron—sulfur clusters.
This cofactor is required for catalysis by multiple mitochondrial 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. α-Lipoic acid also plays htilization critical role in stabilizing and regulating these multi-enzyme complexes.
Many of these dehydrogenases are regulated by reactive oxygen species, mediated through the disulfide bond of the prosthetic lipoyl moiety. Collectively, its functions explain why α-lipoic acid is required for cell growth, mitochondrial activity, and coordination of fuel metabolism Solmonson and DeBerardinis With t max values between 10 and 45 min, α-lipoic acid absorbs swiftly.
It is also promptly removed, with a mean plasma elimination half-life of 0. Exogenous racemic mixture of α-lipoic acid is orally administered for therapeutic treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy and demonstrated that completely absorbed by gastrointestinal tract and limited absolute bioavailability by hepatic extraction.
The racemic misture of α-lipoic acid mg administered daily in 9 healthy volunteers and observed the metabolites S -methylated β-oxidation products 4,6-bismethylthio-hexanoic acid and 2,4-bismethylthio-butanoic acid confirmed by HPLC-electrochemical assay Teichert et al.
Several studies have provided facts that acts as a biological antioxidant and plays utilizaion leading function oxtgen cellular growth due to its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and renew endogenous antioxidants Attia et al.
Numerous women suffer from breast cancer every year and though this disease is lethal, there is a need for new therapeutic approaches which surpasses the shortcomings of the present treatments Kumar et al.
α-Lipoic acid inhibits cell proliferation via the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR and the protein kinase B PKBalso known as the Akt signaling, and induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells Na et al. α-Lipoic acid drives pyruvate dehydrogenase by downregulating aerobic glycolysis and activation of apoptosis in breast cancer cells, lactate production, Alpha-li;oic apoptosis, and diminishes cell viability, implying that the inadequate uptake might be due to reduced cell death caused by α-lipoic acid Feuerecker et al.
Most basic symptoms of colon cancer are rectal bleeding and anemia. These symptoms sum up and lead to changes in bowel habits and weight loss, with a complication of uncontrolled cell growth in the colon, leading to colorectal cancer which is the third most diagnosed cancer in the world Malgras et al.
Dihydrolipoic acid scavenges the cytosolic oxygen in HT human colon cancer cells; furthermore, it escalates in a dose-dependent manner the caspaselike activity associated with DNA fragmentation. It was concluded that α-lipoic acid induces apoptosis by a pro-oxidant mechanism triggered by utilizatipn escalated uptake of mitochondrial oxyfen in oxidizable form Wenzel et al.
This involves monocarboxylates uptake amplification in mitochondria through glycolysis after their oxidation into the citric acid cycle, and then the increased depletion equivalents delivery into the respiratory chain drastically increases the production of mitochondrial oxygen.
This high oxygen burden overcomes the high antioxidative capacity of anti-apoptotic proteins and allows apoptosis to be executed in tumor cells Kang et al. Lifestyle modification in daily activity and diet pattern is the foundation of an effective strategy to improve metabolic disorders and reduce obesity.
α-Lipoic acid shows a wide array of metabolic benefits, including glucose lowering, anti-obesity, lipid lowering, and an insulin sensitizing effect Carrier and Rideout α-Lipoic acid and coenzyme Q10 prevent apoptosis acis degeneration of dorsal root ganglion DRG neurons mediated by regulation of uncoupling protein 2 UCP2 and caspase-3 expression, inducing ATP and improving diabetic neuropathy induced changes in DRG neurons Galeshkalami et al.
It is used in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy and insulin resistance Bustamante et al. According to a clinical study, α-lipoic acid supplementation reduces body weight and body mass index Namazi et al. The combination of curcumin and α-lipoic acid reduces weight gain and adiposity.
α-Lipoic utiization helps in regenerating glutathione, along with vitamins C and E, and promotes glutathione synthesis. Hirata disease, or insulin autoimmune syndrome IASis characterized by elevated insulin levels and anti-insulin autoantibodies.
: Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization| Human Verification | Anr stimulates GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in an insulin independent manner Alpha-liloic Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization the expression of the Acis gene through enhanced binding Image resolution quality the transcription factor MEF-2 myocyte enhancer factor-2 to promoters in the GLUT4 gene Konrad et al. KowluruRA, OdenbachS. Regul Toxicol Pharm — Liu W, Shi LJ, Li SG The immunomodulatory effect of alpha-lipoic acid in autoimmune diseases. More studies are now needed, perhaps in genetically modified models, to understand better the possible role of antioxidants in the development of a supernormal ΔP o 2. Eur Urol — |
| Top bar navigation | Valdecantos MP, Pérez-Matute P, González-Muniesa P, Prieto-Hontoria PL, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Martínez JA: Oxygwn acid Alpha-lkpoic prevents nonalcoholic utilizahion linked Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization long-term oxhgen feeding Diabetic coma first aid modulating mitochondrial function. Oxygeen of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization gene expression in muscle cells by the transcriptional coactivator PGC Data obtained in clinical studies using ALA in the treatment of diabetes-related complications are summarized in Table 2. Obesity Silver Spring 19, — Prog Retin Eye Res. ALA suppresses AMPK phosphorylation and α 2 MAPK activity in the arcuate nucleus but not in the paraventricular nucleus or the lateral hypothalamic area Kim et al. |
| alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant | However in routine clinical practice good glycemic control is very difficult to be achieved [ , ]. Mitogen activated protein kinases MAPKs are the most important group of protein kinases in this regard Zeigler et al. Lipoic acid reduces the activities of biotin-dependent carboxylases in rat liver. Metwaly HH, Fathy SA, Abdel Moneim MM, Emam MA, Soliman AF, El-Naggar ME, Omara EA, El-Bana MA Chitosan and solid lipid nanoparticles enhance the efficiency of alpha-lipoic acid against experimental neurotoxicity. Expert Opin Ther Targets. A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial DEKAN Study. |
Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization -
However, despite the success of carboxylic acid drugs, the presence of a carboxylic acid residue in a drug or a drug candidate can represent a liability. For instance, a diminished ability to passively diffuse across biological membranes can raise a significant challenge, particularly in the context of central nervous system CNS drug discovery, where the blood—brain barrier BBB can be relatively impermeable to negatively charged carboxylate.
The HOMO is the highest occupied molecular orbital containing electronic charge, while LUMO is the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital with a deficit of electronic charge density Gupta and Bhattacharjee HOMO—LUMO energy gap provides information about the radiation which the molecule will absorb.
From the HOMO—LUMO plot of both α-lipoic acid enantiomers, it is very much clear that molecular orbitals of sulfur atoms play an important role in chemical reactions involving ground to excited state transitions. The high energy gap indicates that photochemical reaction would occur in near UV region.
HOMO orbital energy and spin density distribution study of the molecule may be used for describing the free-radical scavenging activities. The molecule also contains acidic moiety in the structure with a tendency of proton donation and reduction activity.
α-Lipoic acid is readily absorbed from the diet. It is undoubtedly rapidly converted to dihydrolipoic acid in many tissues. One or both components of the redox couple efficiently quench several free radicals in both lipid and aqueous cellular enviroments, such as superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hypochlorous acid, and peroxyl radicals Packer et al.
Remarkably, neither α-lipoic acid nor dihydrolipoic acid can scavenge hydrogen peroxide, possibly the most abundant second messenger ROS, in the absence of enzymatic catalysis. Lipoic acid is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial metabolism and is synthesized de novo using intermediates from mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis type II, S -adenosylmethionine, and iron—sulfur clusters.
This cofactor is required for catalysis by multiple mitochondrial 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. α-Lipoic acid also plays a critical role in stabilizing and regulating these multi-enzyme complexes.
Many of these dehydrogenases are regulated by reactive oxygen species, mediated through the disulfide bond of the prosthetic lipoyl moiety. Collectively, its functions explain why α-lipoic acid is required for cell growth, mitochondrial activity, and coordination of fuel metabolism Solmonson and DeBerardinis With t max values between 10 and 45 min, α-lipoic acid absorbs swiftly.
It is also promptly removed, with a mean plasma elimination half-life of 0. Exogenous racemic mixture of α-lipoic acid is orally administered for therapeutic treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy and demonstrated that completely absorbed by gastrointestinal tract and limited absolute bioavailability by hepatic extraction.
The racemic misture of α-lipoic acid mg administered daily in 9 healthy volunteers and observed the metabolites S -methylated β-oxidation products 4,6-bismethylthio-hexanoic acid and 2,4-bismethylthio-butanoic acid confirmed by HPLC-electrochemical assay Teichert et al.
Several studies have provided facts that acts as a biological antioxidant and plays a leading function in cellular growth due to its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and renew endogenous antioxidants Attia et al.
Numerous women suffer from breast cancer every year and though this disease is lethal, there is a need for new therapeutic approaches which surpasses the shortcomings of the present treatments Kumar et al.
α-Lipoic acid inhibits cell proliferation via the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR and the protein kinase B PKB , also known as the Akt signaling, and induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells Na et al.
α-Lipoic acid drives pyruvate dehydrogenase by downregulating aerobic glycolysis and activation of apoptosis in breast cancer cells, lactate production, induces apoptosis, and diminishes cell viability, implying that the inadequate uptake might be due to reduced cell death caused by α-lipoic acid Feuerecker et al.
Most basic symptoms of colon cancer are rectal bleeding and anemia. These symptoms sum up and lead to changes in bowel habits and weight loss, with a complication of uncontrolled cell growth in the colon, leading to colorectal cancer which is the third most diagnosed cancer in the world Malgras et al.
Dihydrolipoic acid scavenges the cytosolic oxygen in HT human colon cancer cells; furthermore, it escalates in a dose-dependent manner the caspaselike activity associated with DNA fragmentation. It was concluded that α-lipoic acid induces apoptosis by a pro-oxidant mechanism triggered by an escalated uptake of mitochondrial substrates in oxidizable form Wenzel et al.
This involves monocarboxylates uptake amplification in mitochondria through glycolysis after their oxidation into the citric acid cycle, and then the increased depletion equivalents delivery into the respiratory chain drastically increases the production of mitochondrial oxygen.
This high oxygen burden overcomes the high antioxidative capacity of anti-apoptotic proteins and allows apoptosis to be executed in tumor cells Kang et al. Lifestyle modification in daily activity and diet pattern is the foundation of an effective strategy to improve metabolic disorders and reduce obesity.
α-Lipoic acid shows a wide array of metabolic benefits, including glucose lowering, anti-obesity, lipid lowering, and an insulin sensitizing effect Carrier and Rideout α-Lipoic acid and coenzyme Q10 prevent apoptosis and degeneration of dorsal root ganglion DRG neurons mediated by regulation of uncoupling protein 2 UCP2 and caspase-3 expression, inducing ATP and improving diabetic neuropathy induced changes in DRG neurons Galeshkalami et al.
It is used in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy and insulin resistance Bustamante et al. According to a clinical study, α-lipoic acid supplementation reduces body weight and body mass index Namazi et al.
The combination of curcumin and α-lipoic acid reduces weight gain and adiposity. α-Lipoic acid helps in regenerating glutathione, along with vitamins C and E, and promotes glutathione synthesis.
Hirata disease, or insulin autoimmune syndrome IAS , is characterized by elevated insulin levels and anti-insulin autoantibodies. This disease is a rare form of autoimmune hypoglycemia caused by sulfhydryl-containing medicines, which trigger the creation of insulin autoantibodies. α-Lipoic acid has lately emerged as a cause of IAS.
Furthermore, greater care is needed for suggesting this damage as a consequence of α-lipoic acid supplementation Moffa et al. Free radical induced damaged makes an important contribution to secondary neuronal brain injury in stroke therapy Dwivedi There is currently no treatment available to prevent this effect.
The antioxidant property of α-lipoic acid is associated with its neurorestorative and neuroprotective effects. α-Lipoic acid induces the M2 phenotype in microglia, modulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1, IL, and tumor necrosis factor TNF , and inhibits the transcription factor NF-κB, a key mediator of inflammatory responses Wang et al.
Sleep is involved in regulating heat, maintaining energy, and recovering tissues. The protective effect of α-lipoic acid on social interaction memory was observed in sleep-deprived rats Rezaie et al.
This neurotoxin triggers the death signaling pathway by activating apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 ASK1 and translocating the death domain associated protein DAXX in the substantia nigra pars compacta SNpc of mice; α-lipoic acid terminates this cascade and affords neuroprotection Karunakaran et al.
In scopolamine-induced memory loss, α-lipoic acid inhibits brain weight loss, downregulates oxidative tissue damage resulting in neuronal cell loss, repairs memory and motor function, reduces reactive astrocyte proliferation, and decreases chromatolysis in the cerebello-hippocampal cortex Bastianetto and Quirion Oxidative alteration of low-density lipoprotein enhances atherogenicity Wollin and Jones It has been discovered that macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and ROS scavenger receptors on monocytes unrestrainedly take oxidized LDL, resulting in lipid accumulation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
Enhanced oxidative stresses as well as inflammatory action give rise to hydroxyl radicals, peroxides, and superoxides inside the endothelium, which accelerate the progression of cardiovascular disease.
The inflammatory conditions continue to harm the vasculature one after another Wollin and Jones Dihydrolipoic acid is reported for its blood lipid modulating characteristics, protection against LDL oxidation, and modulation of hypertension, indicating that α-lipoic acid might be a possible protective agent against cardiovascular diseases Wollin and Jones The incidence of cardiovascular diseases decreases as the dietary intake of α-lipoic acid increases.
Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of kidney function that leads to the accumulation of waste products in the blood. Diabetes and high blood pressure are two of the major risk factors for chronic kidney disease Granata et al. In this condition, cellular metabolic changes occur that may lead to the major production of free radicals that play a crucial role in the development of renal damage and the onset of treatment resistance.
Hypoxia, ROS, and oxidative stress may cause severe kidney injury and ischemic reperfusion injury Zhang and McCullough Patients suffering from end-stage renal disease and kept on hemodialysis have very high chances of cardiovascular mortality Levey et al.
Intravenous iron infusion has become an essential segment of anemia management in end-stage renal disease patients. Iron injection intake leads to oxidative stress in the patients Lim et al. After administration of intravenous iron, oxidative stress markers formed, including lipid hydroperoxide, F2 isoprostane, and malondialdehyde, a reactive aldehyde that gives rise to toxic stress in cells Del et al.
Research shows that after the administration of intravenous iron to chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients, malondialdehyde increases speedily Lim et al.
The generation of lipid hydroperoxide results in oxidative damage in lipoproteins, cell membranes, and other lipid-containing structures Girotti and Kriska The antioxidant activities of α-lipoic acid were better than N -acetylcysteine at curing oxidative stress, including diabetic neuropathy and glomerular injury.
α-Lipoic acid administration leads to a reduction in oxidative stress markers low-density lipoprotein oxidizability and plasma protein carbonyls ; thus, it is appreciable that administration of this agent may reduce oxidative stress induced by intravenous IV iron Marangon et al.
However, in diabetic nephropathy, TGFβ1 is related to MAPK and induces the production of fibronectin in mesangial cells. α-Lipoic acid ameliorates the proteinuria by decreasing expressions of the TGFβ1 and fibronectin protein Lee et al.
The patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease treated with α-lipoic acid showed a significant improvement in metabolic, inflammatory, and endothelial functions Lai et al.
As a short-chain fatty acid, α-lipoic acid is synthesized inside the human body to work as an antioxidant, safeguarding body cells from injury, and helping restore the scales of other antioxidants, like vitamins C and E Moura et al.
Several studies have shown that combining α-lipoic acid with fructose can reduce fructose-induced inflammation, hepatic oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. It is also found that α-lipoic acid can act as a chemopreventive agent because it inhibits the inflammation linked to carcinogenesis Moon α-Lipoic acid can reduce inflammatory markers in patients with heart disease, as oxidative stress is assumed to be the main cause of many cardiovascular diseases, together with hypertension, and heart failure.
Oxidative stress increases during the aging process, resulting in either enhanced ROS generation or diminished antioxidant safeguards. Aging is also related to oxidative stress, which in turn leads to hastened cellular senescence and organ dysfunction. Antioxidants may assist in reducing the incidence of some pathologies of heart diseases and have anti-aging properties Wollin and Jones Several studies also show that infusion of irbesartan and α-lipoic acid to patients with the metabolic syndrome diminishes pro-inflammatory markers and enhances endothelial function, elements that are indicated in the pathogenesis of aterosclerosis Sola et al.
Along with that, it is found that α-lipoic acid can protect the liver from inflammatory disorders as well. Additionally, α-lipoic acid may help reduce the blood levels of several inflammatory markers, including IL-6 and ICAM-1 Liu et al.
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after engaging in regular sexual activity without using contraception for at least a year.
Numerous medications have been utilized to improve sperm quality due to therapeutic limitations Dong et al.
Male infertility is partially caused by anatomical anomalies such as ductal blockages, varicocele, and ejaculatory problems. Depending on the kind and concentration of the ROS as well as the location and length of exposure to the ROS, sperm function may be positively or negatively impacted by ROS Thuwanut et al.
According to studies, male germ cells can create ROS at different stages of their development. Due to the depletion of intracellular ATP and the reduced phosphorylation of axonemal proteins, it has been discovered that somewhat elevated quantities of ROS have no effect on sperm survival but instead render them immobile Takei et al.
Excessive hydrogen peroxide concentrations, a major ROS producer, also cause lipid peroxidation and cell death. By reducing ROS generation, antioxidant medications maintain sperm viability and motility and can help safeguard sperm DNA integrity.
Consuming dietary antioxidants may also improve semen conditions. It has been determined that male infertility is associated with a lower intake of specific antioxidant nutrients, such as vitamins A, C, and E, folate, zinc, carnitine, and selenium Buhling and Laakmann α-Lipoic acid is also a powerful antioxidant that helps in the regulation of ROS production.
α-Lipoic acid or its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid quenches several oxygen-free radical species in both aqueous and lipid phases Sacks et al. The available report suggests that α-lipoic acid could improve the sperm motility rate and reduce sperm DNA damage, thereby improving sperm quality Ibrahim et al.
Also, α-lipoic acid shows the positive effect in oocyte maturation, embryo development, and reproductive outcome Dong et al. Regular administration of α-lipoic acid reduces the pelvic pain in endometriosis and regularizes the menstrual blood flow.
α-Lipoic acid represents a promising new molecule for infertility and additional clinical studies are recommended in the future.
Cigarette smoking is a detrimental effect on the genital system of rat models due to oxidative stress. Smoking has a negative effect on the genital system via hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α , TNF-α, caspase 3, and the calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP in the uterus, and α-lipoic acid protected against the negative effects on the female reproductive system Asci et al.
α-Lipoic acid also promoted decreasing effects of nicotine-induced skin, lung, and liver damage Ateyya et al. Microorganisms are responsible for various types of skin- and gut-related disorders. The gradual enhancements in the rapidity of resistance to antibiotics turn to rise in oral pathologies.
α-Lipoic acid was found to inhibit the growth of various oral microorganisms to a large extent, such as Pseudomonas species, Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Candida albicans. α-Lipoic acid can arrest the growth of Candida albicans thereby exhibiting antifungal activity which is directly proportional to its concentration Zhao et al.
α-Lipoic acid also arrests the growth of Cronobacter sakazakii strains with the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC in the range from 2. It was corroborated that α-lipoic acid shows antimicrobial potential for affecting the membrane integrity, causing dysfunction of the cell membrane and alterations in cellular morphology.
Recent studies also state that ALA is also effective against Rickettsia rickettsii , which is a constrained intracellular bacterium that generates Rocky Mountain spotted fever. α-Lipoic acid has significant ability to penetrate nucleus and affect intracellular actin-based mobility Eremeeva and Silverman ; Sahni et al.
α-Lipoic acid has the potential for protection against mycotoxin and treatment of mycotoxicosis Rogers Another report suggested that α-lipoic acid has protective efficacies against aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative damage in the liver Li et al. The beneficial effect of α-lipoic acid combined with other antioxidants, such as epigallocatechin gallate, affects the life span and age-dependent behavior of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Phulara et al.
In a nutshell, α-lipoic acid is an important molecule as antimicrobial, antifungal, antinematodal, and antiviral properties affecting multiple targets. This combination affects the menstrual rate of women with PCOS positively, irrespective of their metabolic phenotype and with a higher dose of myo-inositol more evident and insulin-independent effect is seen de Cicco et al.
D-Chiro-inositol and α-lipoic acid, in a combination treatment, may have a strong impact on metabolic profile in women with PCOS Cianci et al. In PCOS, α-lipoic acid also decreases oxidative damage and insulin resistance.
Endometriosis can be prevented and treated by a combination of N -acetyl cysteine, α-lipoic acid, and bromelain. α-Lipoic acid supplementation in patients with a suspected miscarriage to improve subchorionic hematoma resorption is a promising field of investigation.
In addition, α-lipoic acid could be used to prevent diabetic embryopathy and premature fetal membrane rupture caused by inflammation.
Finally, α-lipoic acid can be used safely to treat neuropathic pain and as a dietary supplement during pregnancy di Tucci et al.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 SARS-CoV-2 epidemic COVID has emerged as a rapidly spreading communicable disease that currently affects all nations throughout the world. Although the virus has been found in the stool and urine of infected people, the likelihood of alternative channels of transference cannot be ruled out.
The sickness is primarily spread through large respiratory droplets Princess Diabetes patients are more likely to get an infection. According to research, patients with the coronavirus that causes the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and pandemic influenza A were seen as having diabetes as a substantial risk factor for mortality with H1N1 influenza Yang et al.
Of people who died from COVID in Wuhan, China, According to a theory Sayıner and Serakıncı, , α-lipoic acid controls the immune system by controlling T-cell activation, making it a useful treatment candidate for the cytokine storm that causes SARS-CoV-2 infection.
According to studies, treating diabetic patients with α-lipoic acid will help them fight COVID Cure and Cure α-Lipoic acid is a short-chain fatty acids SCFAs derived from the fermentation of vegetables and meat and modulates the gut microbiota without reducing the microbial diversity Tripathi et al.
A recent study showed that α-lipoic acid and the SCFAs produced by Ruminococcaceae rejuvenated aged intestinal stem cells by preventing the age-associated endosome reduction Du et al. α-Lipoic acid takes part in crucial biological operations, together with the fixation and modulation of mitochondrial multi-enzyme complexes, oxidation of amino acids and carbohydrates, removal of ROS, and harmonization of energetic metabolism Shay et al.
At a younger age, the human body can synthesize α-lipoic acid itself in the required amount, but its quantity remarkably decreases with age, which is supposed to be connected to age-related organic dysfunction Hagen et al. Drosophila midgut is an appropriate prototype structure for the learning of mechanisms underlying the age-associated decline in stem cell function.
A decrease in differentiation efficiency and a malignant increase in proliferation rate takes place in the intestinal stem cells inside the midguts of Drosophila when it ages.
Thus, the mRNA and protein expression of Las in Drosophila intestinal stem cells go through a significant depletion in response to aging, which in turn causes a curtailment of α-lipoic acid in midguts of aged flies. α-Lipoic acid has so many molecular targets for disease management and biological action Fig.
It doubles the levels of PPAR-mRNA and protein while decreasing the activation of the c-Jun N -terminal kinase JNK signaling pathway Rousseau et al.
α-Lipoic acid reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and enhances glucose absorption by targeting the DNAJB3 DnaJ heat shock protein family and mRNA molecule Diane et al. According to reports, it lowers the NALP-3 inflammasome in the endometrium of women who experience idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss Di et al.
By inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, α-lipoic acid has significant antiproliferative effects. By blocking the transforming growth factor beta TGFβ signaling pathway, α-lipoic acid prevents breast cancer cells from migrating and encroaching Tripathy et al.
Glucose fluctuations in diabetic encephalopathy encourage neuronal death. α-Lipoic acid has renoprotective effects on rat kidneys damage brought on by iron overload through inhibiting NADPH oxidase 4 and p38 MAPK signaling Cavdar et al.
α-Lipoic acid diminishes the serum immunoglobulin E IgE levels of the atopic dermatitis mice model and enhances splenic B cell counts in endotoxemia mice which showed that IgE plays a modulating role in the expansion, death, and function of B-cells.
Recent studies show that α-lipoic acid enhances cAMP synthesis by activation of EP2 and EP4 prostaglandin receptors in peripheral blood T-cells. The enhanced level of cAMP inside cells reduces the expression of IL-2 and IL-2Rα CD25 that in turn influence expansion, death, and function of T-cells.
Natural killer NK cells have two main functions: cytotoxicity and interferon gamma IFN-γ secretion. IFN-γ is a powerful macrophage activator for both lysis and phagocytosis.
Although α-lipoic acid has long been discovered as an antioxidant, it has also been demonstrated to improve glucose and ascorbate treatment, activate phase II detoxification via the transcription factor Nrf2, increase eNOS activity, and lower expression of MMP-9 and VCAM-1 through repression of NF-κB.
α-Lipoic acid and its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid, could be used for their chemical properties as a redox pair to modify protein conformations by forming mixed disulfides.
Beneficial effects are accomplished with low micromolar levels of α-lipoic acid, suggesting that its therapeutic potential extents beyond the precise definition of an antioxidant agent. α-Lipoic acid is a well-known antioxidant consumed to remedy a variety of disorders, though it is assumed a very secure supplement and intoxication is extremely infrequent, acute excessive-dose ingestions can cause mortality Emir et al.
The safety of α-lipoic acid can be evaluated using sub-chronic and acute toxicity studies. Studies have estimated an adult dose of α-lipoic acid up to mg with no severe side effects; however, excessive dose of α-lipoic acid is not suggested as it does not add any other therapeutic or nutritional advantage Cremer et al.
Furthermore, studies associated with α-lipoic acid conducted on primates displayed that more lethal dose would lead to hepatic necrosis, indicating that excess doses of intravenous α-lipoic acid can be able to produce resistance Vigil et al.
α-Lipoic acid has also been shown to reverse the adverse health effects of mycotoxins Rogers Skin and gastrointestinal disorders are the most frequently reported adverse effects for α-lipoic acid-containing dietary supplements Gatti et al. Allergic reactions like rashes, hives, and itching are the side effects of the oral intake of α-lipoic acid.
However, effects like vertigo, diarrhea, and vomiting are dose dependent. It is suggested that the use of α-lipoic acid should be discouraged immediately if any allergic reaction occurs Ziegler et al. α-Lipoic acid is used either as an excipient or as a main therapeutic ingredient in various types of nanoformulations size of about 1— nm ; due to this small size, it has a very large surface area and hence high area of contact which enhances the therapeutic effect of drug particle incorporated Jong and Borm It can be formulated in the form of nanostructure lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nano-emulsion.
Silver nanoparticles AgNPs are extensively considered for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial outcome and can be employed instantly in biomaterials; however, the cellular protection of specific AgNP formulations should be profiled earlier for clinical utilization. AgNPs can be able to outcome the evocation of oxidative harm and inflammatory lesions in human gingival fibroblast cells Jin et al.
AgNPs capped with α-lipoic acid decrease toxicity as compared to other capping agents Verma et al. Studies show that α-lipoic acid-capped AgNPs possess antimicrobial effects at low concentrations 2. Docetaxel, acytotoxic taxane diterpenoid sold under the brand name taxotere, is an antimicrotubule agent effective as chemotherapy medication to treat several types of cancer, including metastatic breast cancer Lyseng-Williamson and Fenton Co-delivery of docetaxel and α-lipoic acid using solid lipid nanoparticles SLNs as a carrier demonstrated remarkably higher uptake efficiency along with better cytotoxic and apoptotic capability and assured a better treatment of breast cancer Kothari et al.
The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic actions of α-lipoic acid, as well as the effectiveness of the encapsulation approach, can boost the efficiency and stability of α-lipoic acid, and reduce the neurotoxicity caused by AlCl3.
Furthermore, α-lipoic acid-SLNs outperform α-lipoic acid-chitosan nanoparticles Metwaly et al. HOMO—LUMO plots of the two enantiomers of α-lipoic acid a S -enantiomer; b R -enantiomer. The biological roles of α-lipoic acid are highly varied, as this review has shown. In fact, as a bioactive agent, we are aware of only a few substances that act as diverse as α-lipoic acid.
Determining the specific cause-and-effect relationship between α-lipoic acid and its cellular targets will therefore be crucial. Whether α-lipoic acid directly controls the hormonal signals that trigger subsequent pharmacological effects on target organs is a subject that needs more investigation.
In this way, α-lipoic acid strengthens learning and short-term memory in aged rodents and encourages an anorectic effect in rodents that is AMPK-dependent Shay et al.
Given that α-lipoic acid is almost entirely absorbed from the human gastrointestinal tract, metabolized, and excreted, negligible free α-lipoic acid is retained in tissues.
As recently established in mice, rats, and dogs, different β-oxidation and mono- and bis- S -methylation products of the sulfydryl groups appear to be implicated in urine metabolic patterns Fig. Additionally, biliary elimination should be the focus of future research on the human metabolism of α-lipoic acid Teichert et al.
Many studies have reported on the pleiotropic and medicinal activities of α-lipoic acid since its discovery in , followed by isolation and synthesis in the s Gomes and Negrato A molecular and electronic structure study of α-lipoic acid suggests that its antioxidant potential is responsible for its anti-disease activities.
However, preclinical and clinical studies form the foundation of much of the discussion presented here. As a result, α-lipoic acid has powerful anti-disease properties, such as those against cancer, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory diseases.
Several potential molecular targets have been investigated in relation to a variety of diseases. The capacity of this substance to neutralize ROS, lessen oxidative stress, and trigger apoptosis is the fundamental mechanism underlying its effectiveness against various diseases and chronic disorders.
In all the clinical trials that were conducted with α-lipoic acid, it was either used alone or in conjunction with other medications. The safe dose for action was reported to be between and mg per day for the term stated for each illness condition.
In the context of COVID, it is also hypothesized as a repurposed drug to investigate the inhibitory action on new molecular targets.
However, it is important to design computational studies and in vitro and in vivo investigations to offer comprehensive proof. Based on the information presented here, α-lipoic acid is useful in the treatment of reproductive diseases, which has been briefly explored in the context of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Despite all these reports and multiple clinical trials, it has not yet been approved for use in humans. Although its bioavailability is increased in the form of nanoformulations, α-lipoic acid changes the metabolism and bioavailability of co-administered medicines when taken in combination.
Despite there being few active clinical trials, this chemical is the subject of an increasing number of publications. As new information about the health benefits of α-lipoic acid will be gathered, its use in the clinic is more likely to be widely accepted.
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Robin OxygeenHongmei LuanBruce A. Berkowitz; α-Lipoic Acid Corrects Alpha-lupoic Supernormal Retinal Oxygenation Response in Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy. Utulization test the hypothesis Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization preventative α-lipoic acid LPA treatment corrects an abnormal retinal oxygenation response in experimental diabetic retinopathy. These data support the hypothesis and suggest that the influence of strain differences on the interpretation of retinovascular ΔP o 2 as a surrogate of drug treatment efficacy for diabetic retinopathy may be minimized by measuring a late-phase supernormal response. The LPA data raise the possibility that oxidative stress contributes to diabetes-induced supernormal ΔP o 2. Diabetes mellitus is a multi-faceted metabolic disorder where there uttilization increased oxidative kxygen Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization contributes to the pathogenesis of ad debilitating disease. Nutrition coaching for sports performance has prompted several investigations into Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization use adn antioxidants as Alpha-lipoic acid and oxygen utilization complementary therapeutic approach. Alpha lipoic acid, a naturally occurring dithiol utilizahion which plays an essential role in mitochondrial bioenergetic reactions, has gained considerable attention as an antioxidant for use in managing diabetic complications. Lipoic acid quenches reactive oxygen species, chelates metal ions, and reduces the oxidized forms of other antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione. It also boosts antioxidant defense system through Nrfmediated antioxidant gene expression and by modulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors-regulated genes. ALA inhibits nuclear factor kappa B and activates AMPK in skeletal muscles, which in turn have a plethora of metabolic consequences.
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