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Immune system resilience -

The investigators have analyzed stored blood samples and publicly available data representing people, many of whom were healthy volunteers, who had enrolled in different studies conducted in Africa, Europe, and North America.

Volunteers ranged in age from 9 to years. They also evaluated participants in the Framingham Heart Study, a long-term effort to identify common factors and characteristics that contribute to cardiovascular disease. To examine people with a wide range of health challenges and associated stresses on their immune systems, the team also included participants who had influenza or COVID, and people living with HIV.

The short answer is that immune resilience, longevity, and better health outcomes tracked together well. Those with metrics indicating optimal immune resilience generally had better health outcomes and lived longer than those who had lower scores on the immunity grading scale.

Indeed, those with optimal immune resilience were more likely to:. The study also revealed other interesting findings. Some people also maintain higher levels of immune resilience despite the presence of inflammatory stress to their immune systems such as during HIV infection or acute COVID People of all ages can show high or low immune resilience.

The study also found that higher immune resilience is more common in females than it is in males. The findings suggest that there is a lot more to learn about why people differ in their ability to preserve optimal immune resilience.

With further research, it may be possible to develop treatments or other methods to encourage or restore immune resilience as a way of improving general health, according to the study team. It could also help to identify those individuals who may be at a higher risk of poor outcomes when they do get sick and may need more aggressive treatment.

Researchers may also consider immune resilience when designing vaccine clinical trials. A more thorough understanding of immune resilience and discovery of ways to improve it may help to address important health disparities linked to differences in race, ethnicity, geography, and other factors.

NIH Support: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute of General Medical Sciences; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Public health ramifications of immune checkups could be significant, Ahuja said.

These assessments have utility for understanding who might be at greater risk for developing diseases that affect the immune system, how individuals are responding to treatment, and whether, as well as to what extent, they will recover.

This research was supported by the following funders: 1 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIAID through grant number R37AI MERIT award ; 2 the U. Department of Veterans Affairs VA Center for Personalized Medicine through grant number IP1 CXA1 and a VA MERIT award; and 3 a Distinguished Clinical Scientist Award from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.

The study with COVID patients was supported by an inter-agency agreement IAA from the NIAID Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation DAIT to the VA.

DAIT manages this IAA; the IAA number is AAI Immune resilience despite inflammatory stress promotes longevity and favorable health outcomes including resistance to infection.

Sunil K. Ahuja, MD; Muthu Saravanan Manoharan, MS; Grace C. Lee, PharmD, PhD; Lyle R. McKinnon, PhD; Justin A. Meunier, BS; Maristella Steri, PhD; Nathan Harper, MS; Edoardo Fiorillo, PhD; Alisha M. Smith, PhD; Marcos I. Restrepo, MD, MSc, PhD; Anne P. Branum, BS; Matthew J. Bottomley, MD, DPhil; Valeria Orrù, PhD; Fabio Jimenez, BS; Andrew Carrillo, BS; Lavanya Pandranki, MS; Caitlyn A.

Winter, MS; Lauryn A. Winter, MS; Alvaro A. Gaitan, MD; Alvaro G. Moreira, MD; Elizabeth A. Walter, MD; Guido Silvestri, MD; Christopher L. King, MD, PhD; Yong-Tang Zheng, PhD; Hong-Yi Zheng, PhD; Joshua Kimani, MD, MPH; T.

Blake Ball, PhD; Francis A. Plummer, MD; Keith R. Fowke, PhD; Paul N. Harden, MD; Kathryn J. Wood, PhD; Martin T. Ferris, PhD; Jennifer M. Lund, PhD; Mark T. Heise, PhD; Nigel Garrett, MBBS, PhD; Kristen R. Canady, MD, PhD; Salim S.

Abdool Karim, MD, PhD; Susan J. Little, MD; Sara Gianella, MD; Davey M. A mix of high SAS-1 gene expression and low MAS-1 gene expression, which the researchers labeled optimal immune resilience, correlated with general longevity, as well as a wide variety of specific positive health outcomes, like survival from sepsis and COVID, resistance to acquiring HIV infection, a slower rate of progression to AIDS, avoiding recurring cancer after a kidney transplant, and avoiding flu symptoms.

To tease apart the roles of immunocompetence and inflammation in immune resilience, the researchers looked at people likely to face high, medium and low levels of immune stressors in their daily lives. For low levels, they looked at thousands of people participating in studies on aging. For medium levels, they looked at people with autoimmune disorders, kidney transplants or COVID infections, along with sex workers exposed to sexually transmitted infections.

For high levels of immune system activation, they looked at people living with HIV, who experience consistent inflammatory stress because their immune systems misread lots of things as threats.

The researchers found that immune resilience can change during inflammatory stress. In T-cell readings before and after flu season or COVID, as well as after volunteer challenges with common respiratory viruses, the researchers found that immune resilience goes down while the immune system is actively inflamed and fighting a threat.

For most people, once the threat had passed, the metrics of immune resilience returned to levels that preceded the threat. But for other people, metrics dropped and stayed lower for months.

The researchers found that periods of inflammatory stress can degrade immunocompetence, making our bodies less effective at responding to future risks.

That finding may open new avenues for research into longevity. But they did find that more competent immune systems were associated with lower mortality. COVID patients, for example, were less likely to die if they presented with metrics of optimal immune resilience. In good news for people with lower immune resilience, the researchers also found that immunocompetence may improve over time.

For degraded immune systems, it appears that just getting a break from inflammatory stress may help immunocompetence rebound.

One group of sex workers, for example, had frequent unprotected sex at the beginning of the year study — meaning lots of sexually transmitted infections for their immune systems to fight off.

But over the next decade, they shifted to using safer sex practices. Researchers found that when their immune systems had fewer infections to fight, their immunocompetence was able to bounce back. It is possible that reducing inflammatory stress in other contexts could also help to strengthen immune resilience over time, reducing the risk of poor health outcomes.

Looking at people from ages 9 to , the researchers found a mix of immune resilience levels across each age bracket. While levels of immune resilience declined with age, some younger persons had lower immune resilience levels, whereas some older persons preserved metrics of optimal immune resilience.

Often, age has been used as a proxy for immune status. For example, in response to the COVID pandemic, older people were advised to be more cautious. However, within each age bracket, people differ in their susceptibility to severe COVID outcomes; conceivably, these differences may relate to susceptibility to preserve versus degrade immune resilience during COVID Screening for immune resilience as well as factors like age and gender could allow for more individualized and accurate advice about risks.

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